APRIL? 1885. MON1’HLP WEATEER REVIEW. 97
. . -
east side of garrison. At about 12.65 a. m. the wiud, which had been blowing &rougly from sout.heast, abated, and a calm prerailed for about one miuute. I then noticeaa large black, funnel-shaped cloud, slightly west of south from where I sbood. Tlie upper and larger part wiLS inclined to the.uorth, the lower portiou appareutly dragging along behiud. It appeared to be a,bout a mile distant froin me. It had gretat att,ractive power
for other clouds close to it, a.8 it drew them rapidly into it8elf. The cloud hac1 a violent whirling motion from right to left. The wind struck and curried me five oreiglrt feet aid dropped me into a pool of water. From the-time I first noticed tlie cloud iiutil I was knocked down, about fire or eight minutes hnd elapsed. I saw uothing of the cloud after it passed me,
as I was frightened too much to look up. This cloud came from the east side of the garrison, or towitrds me from the south-soiibhwest.” The storm was particularly severe ancl destructive at the
southeast end of the garrison, and, while t,he biiilcliugs on the nortlieil.st, east, and west aides of the piiratle ground were mostly unharmed, ninny out-houses ou the north side of the garrison were blown down. The damage caused by the tor-
nado at this post is estimated at about 83,000. Fort Sill, Iiidiau Territory : high southerly winds prewiled on the 20th. At 11 11. IU. a violent storni occurred, which con- tinued until the morning of the Slst. The niasimum wind velocity, sixty-flve miles per honr, occun.ed at 3.30 a. ni., a.ud
for a short time the wiud blew at the rate of eighty-four miles per hour. Tlie roofs of several of the most important buildings
at this post were blown off, while many sni;ill houses were blown down. The storm, wlieu at its height, was accompanied by very heavy rain, tlinuder, ancl lightning, Dodge Cig, Kausas, 20th : high southessterlg winds pre- vailed during t,lie day wibli rain from 5.40 to G.40 p. in. ilud
from 8 1). m. mitil 1.30 a. m. 011 the 31st; at 4 11. in. a tliutitler sturru passed over the station from southwest to northeitst ; at 7.15 p. ni. the wind, for five miuutes, blew at the rate of sev-
euty-eight miles per hour from the southeast,. But lit.tle dam- age resulted iu this vicinity; several mall houses on the pra.irie were blown down. From 11 a. m. oil the 18th to 7 a.
m. on the 31st, tlie wind blew st,eadily from the Routheast. Oberlin, Decatur coiinty, Kansas : the witid blew from the south with considerable force nearly a.11 day on tlie SOtli, aud
at about 6 1). tu. a tlireakeniug ba,nk of clouds appenred iu the southwest over which vivid flashes of lightiiing played cou- tinuously. At 7 p. m. rain and hail begau to fall which soou ended; this was shortly followed by three siiddeu gusts of
wind occurring in qnicli auccewiou. At 7.30 p. in., mituy i!er- sous living west of the town observed R tornado-cloud ])itssiug down the rallep of the north fork of tlie 8Rppa river, t81ie cloud being high in the air, but WRS particularly noticeable on account of its rotary inotioii and inky blackness. Tlie roaring and rumbling sound was plaiulg heard for a distauce of two niiles preceding its approach. The cloud passed down the valley for e distance of four miles before it descended to the ground ; it; soon ascended irito the air again, bot struck the groinid i L second time near tlie outskirts of the town, through which it passed,
destroying or damaging iI,bOnt a dozen buildings. The tornado pursued a zigzag course from southwest to uortheest, and its path was about seventy-five feet in width. No clitninge has beoii reported as having been caused by the tornado after leaving Oberlin. Iteports from Hooker, about six miles southeast of Oberlin, state that one dwelling was destroyed aud nuother unroofed at that place. Ellsworth, Ellsworth wuuty, Knnsa,e : the heaviest rain and wiud storm experienced for iiiany years occurred duriug the night of the SO-2lst.
Denison, Grayson county, Texas : a tornado occurred at Mi pla,ce at 5.35 p, rn. on the Blst, moving in a northeasterly di-
rection. After t,he storm R heavy rain fell, wliicli continued for tweuty-four hours. One peiwon was killed itlld much dam- age was clone to buildings. The total raliiatiou of proljerty destroyed is estimated at $20,000.
Sterliug, Rice county, Kansas : a tornado occurred at this place at 2 ii,. m. of the 31st, moviug i n a northeasterly direc-
tion ; width of path three hnudred and fiitg feet. Solrie hail aiid R ~R Q a very heavy rain awompauied the stortu. The sugar works were cleniglished and sereritl houses and barns destroxed.
Peoria, Hill countv, Texas : a t.ornado occurred at this place
at 10 a. ni. on the Y3il. I t moved iu a northeasterly direction, its path being four niiles in length and four hundretl feet in width. One person was killed and three were wouuded. Ilincli stock WRS killed, sncl two dwelliugs, a school-house, and many outbuildings were deatmyecl. The damage clone to pro- perty is estimated at $10,000. ’
Prairie Grove, Limestone county, Teras : a torusclo occurred a,t this place n t 1 p. m. on the 22~1. It, iuoved in a northeast- erly direction ancl tlie width of the destructive path was 2,500 feet. The tornado-cloud was funnel-shaped. A very heavy
raiu fell duriug aud itfter the st;orni. One person was killed, eighteen were injured, m d five houses, one mill and one store were blown down.
Ddlits, Texas: at 3 a. 111. on the 39t1, 8 very severe storm occurred at this place, causing coasiderable damage to build-
iugs, rnauy of which were iuiroofed; fences were also blown down aud the fruit crop wits badly damaged. Itesdiug, Peurisylvania : a violent wind-storm pre\~i~iled in this (Berks), ahd the adjoining counties duriug the early morn- ing of the 29th ; mauy trees were blown down. The change in temperature during the st.orui was very uuiisua,l, tlie thermom- eter fdling from 35O to 3 0 O in a short time. At Lenharts- ville, IIerks county, ix, umnber of buildings were unroofed. Cilnitjoharie, Montgomery county, New York : during the moruiitg of the 99tl1, R whirlwind clestroj-eel about thirty trees at Argusville, a few miles south of this place. Harrisonville, Cass couiity, Missouri : a tornado occurred five miles north of this place at 8.30 p. m. on the 39th. It movscl in an east-northeasterly direction and occupied but an inuts.nt in passing a given poiut. During tlie progress of the tornado one persou watd struck by lightning at Olathe, Kausas,
a m 1 oue killed a t Riug~ville, Missouri. Seven houses, two stores, and inany oulbuildings were destroyed. Near Pleasant Hill, Missouri, fourt,eeu freight cirs were thrown from the track.
NAVIGATION. ’
ICE IN RIVERS AND HARBORS.
Black river.-Port HIIIVII, Michigan : the ice began to break
011 the 7th ; during the uigltt of the 7 4 t h the river rose rapidly, and ou the followiug day 100,000 logs floated down the river, forming a jam at the bridge; the river begau to fall at. about noon, but i-me agaiu during the night of the 8-9th; at 3.30 p.
m. on the 9th a litrfit! raft broke away, carrying with it a steam barge ancl two schoouers; one of the schooners was sunk, and
the bridge was clauiaged to the extent of $G,OOO; tlie river bega,u t,o fill1 during the evening ofthe 9th. Chm.m.ont Bay.-Matdisou Barracks, New York : the ice broke up on the 54th. Delnioare ritier.--.Eastou, Pennsylvania : the ice dam at Delaware Water-Gap broke during the night of the 2 3 d ; on the 3d tlie river at Easton was filled with heavy ice. Detroit river..-Detroit, Michigan : flwating ice timu 1st to Gth, and from 18th t.0 92~1.
Devil’s Idie.-Fort Totten, Dakota : crossing ou the lake was discontinued on the lGth, there being 1a.rge openiugs in the ice j
the ice began to break near the station ou the 29th. Dm Mohes rZper.-Des Moines, Iowa : river free from ice on Si1 . DuZutlr. bmg.-Duluth, Minnesota: the ice begau to break on the 4th; by the 15th ice had disappeared from around the
clocks. Escmmbn river.-Escanaba, Michigan : the ice began to break
on the 91~t.
Qrniad river.-Qraud Haven, Michigan : the river opened
during the uight of the 4 4 t h ; heav3-floating ice continued
98 MOXTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. APRIL, 1&35.
until the 9th. The stea,mer LiBarret” a,rrired from Gra.u? Rapids on the 15th. Iouie, Michigan : ice went out of river on the 3cl. Cfraitd I’rnrarae bay.-Nort.liport, Michigil~i : ice in harboi
begau to move on t.he 56th ; on the 59th the b9,y \vans free fioir
ice. Traverse City, Michigan : t.he ice went out of tlie west aril: of the bay on the 99th. Hicd8on rdrer.-Albany, New Pork: ice beg;in to niove 01:
the 3 4 and during tlie night meut out, leaving the river deartr During the iiioruiug of tlie 4th the ice from the Mohawk rive] came clowu and forrnetl iiii ice clam at Va.n Wie% Point, cans. ing the water to rise rapidly ant1 to submerge tlie docks on QUi1.J
street. The ice-dam gave way on the 6th, learing the rive] open for navigation from Troy bo New York City. Float,iug ice continued from the 5th t.0 8th. The first steamer of thc
s8wson arrived on t,lie 9t.h. ~ennebecriz.crr.--ltichinon(l, Maiue : ou the 10th the ice be. tween this place and South Gardiner was broken and ruiiuing with tlie tide. Waterville, Keunebec county, Maine : the ice meut out of the river at this pointl on the 17th.
Lake Ciramn~Zaiic.-Burlingtoii, Verniout : the ice passed out of the lake during the night, of the 34th; navigation was re sumed on the 95th. Lake h’rie.-Bnffalo, New York; the ha.rbor \vas filled with ice ou the 26th. Toledo, Ohio : t h e nteam barge Mills7’ left port for Detroit on the 13th, being the first departure of the Rei18sOn; the schooner L L J. E. Pelton” from Cleveland on the 93d, was tlie first arrival. Clereland, Ohio : navigation for the season was resnined on the lith.
Lake H?woit.-Port Huron, Michigau : the steamer “Idle- wild” arrived from Detroit on the 33d, being the first arrival of t h e season, a.nd the steam barge “City of Concord,” de-
parted for the upper lake portms on the same date. Lake Michigan.-Alpena, Michigan : navigat.ion was re- sumed on the 36th; the first steamer of tlie season arrived on that date.
Omnd Haven, Michigan : tlie propeller ‘‘ Wiscoiisiu ’7 ar- rived on the 3 4 after having been ice-bouud in mid-lake since
March 16th ; the tug ‘‘ Arctic,” which was also ice-bound for several weeks, arrived 011 tlie 3cl; the hiwbor wan blocka,rled with ice on the Stli : the propeller (‘ Oneida,” which left Mil- waukee for this port ou the 7tl1, arrived or1 the 15th, linviiig encountered ice-fields, which delayed her for several d q s ;
the harbor wzm filled with heavy ice on the 39d, when no opeu water could be seen from this port’; the heavy drift-ice in the harbor continned on t,he 33d.
Manistique, Schoolcraft county, Michigan : the harbor was clear of ice on the 19th; lake opeued on tlie 93d; first bont (.from Chicago) of seasou arrived ou the 97th. Milwaukee, Wisconsin : at t h e close of the mouth there were still large ice fields in the lake, but steam vessels were able to ply between ports on the easteru and western shores withont experiencing much difficulty.
Lake Onlrcrio.-Rochester, New Pork : there were 1 arge fields of ice in the lake on the 6th. Oswego, New York: the high minds on the 36th drove tlie ice out of the harbor into the lake; on t,he 27th the liarbor wax again closed.
Lake Superior.-Duluth, Minuersota : on the 15th the ice wax solid as far a8 could be seen from this station; the ice near Minnesota Point was brokeu by the southwesterly winds on the morning of the 35cl; on the 27th the propeller “R. G. Stewart,” with pas8eugerR and freight, made a trip bo Agate bay; on the 29th the propeller ‘‘ Isle Royal ” left for the north
shore, the lake being entirely free from ice. Jake Whitney.--\ew Haven, Connecticut: the ice broke q) on the 4th; in 1854 it broke up on March 35th; in 18~3, ou
April 5th; and in 1885, on March 3 1 . Dnring the winter of
lSS4-’85 tlie ice ou the lake was sufficient to bear the weight of pedestrians for oue Iiuudred aiid five CIi1J’N; during the win- ter ot’ 1883-’Sd-the lake was frozen one hundred days. Little bmg De Nopuet.-Escaiia.ba, Micliigam : the ice beginn t.0 break near Ford river on tlie 57tmh ; the liigli southerly wiutls on the 39th broke up the ice in the bay. Mnitiatique riaer.-M~i,iiist,iqne, Schoolcraft couiity, Miclii gan :
rirer opened on the 17th. Afmumee bay and river.-Toledo, Ohio : t,he ice broke u p on the 1st aut1 3d; the river WiU3 tilled with floating ice on the 3~1, Sth, and 5th ; on tlie Gtli the river was nearly free from ice, but
the ice in the biiy reniained solid, closiug the ha.rbor. Miaaiaippi riser.-Saiut Paul, Minnesota : 011 the 5th the river to the southward was clear of ice 11,s fitr as could be seen ;
the first steamer of the seawn arrived on t,lie 31xt. L:L Crosee, Wisconsin: river clear of ice on the 1st; first
stea.nier arrived on t#he 10th. Ihbnque, Iowa: floating ice ou tlie Scl and 3d; river free from ice 011 the 4th; first steamer iifl’ived 011 the 5th. Niaaouri r.iver.-Fort Buford, Dakota : ice broke up on tlie
3d; floating ice contiiiiied on the 3d and 4th ; the first uorth-
boaud steamer of the season amired on the 28th. Bismarck, Dakota : ice began to break on the 5t.h. Fort Yates, Dakota: the river wasfillecl with floating ice on
the 7th and 8th. Fort Bennett, Dakota : heavy drift ice on t,he 8th and 9th ; the first steamer of the season paseed the station ou the 18th.
Ningnrn rCaer.-BufTiilo, New York : floating ice on the 3d, 4th and 26th. North Bramicll-S~csqrielinnna river.-Williamsport, Pennsyl- \.aniit: ou tlie 3d tlie river was clear of ice from Northumber-
land to FaiTandsville, a few miles above Lock Haven, but an ice-dam extended from new Farrandwille up the river for ;~r
dist.ance of fifteen mil$s. Omego ri.oer.--Osaego, New York : the ice in tlie lower part
of the river began to brea.k up on the 5th ; on the 13th, the ice went out without oausiug clamage.
Otsego lake.-Uooperstown, Otsego couut.y, New York: the Lake opened on the %th, being uine days later than the aver-
age (We of opening. Penobacot riw.-Bangor, Maine: the ice began to break up
DU the 17th; on the lSth, the ice left the river, aud the first
b a t of the season arrived. Red river of the north.-Saint Vincent, Minnesota : the ice began to break up on the 14th : an ice dam formed on t h e l G t t i ; river free from ice on the 30th ; the first steamer of the season arrived on tlic 97th.
Snitdusky bny.--8itudnsky, Ohio : the bay was clear of ice on
tlie 7th.
Ruequeh,annn riaer.-Wilkesl)ai.re, PennAylrauia : the ice-
lam between this place and Nanticoke broke on the 5d. On this date the rirer was reported clear of ice froin Pittston to
Z’unkliannock, a distauce of a.bout eighteeu miles.
Hwre de Grace, Marxland : on the ad, there was but little ice between t h i s place and the mouth of the river. Strait of Mmkinac. - Mackinaw City, Michigan : tlie
steamer bL Algomah ” arrived 011 the 17th, liaving been eight
hyJ’s in forcing passage through heavy ice from Saint Iguace,
t distance of seven miles. Vehicles continued to cross the ttrilit until the 17th ; strait clear of ice on the 39th. MiecaZlnm~eoua.-Dover, Morris couu ty, New Jersey : na,viga-
;iou on Morris CitUHl was resumed on the 15th. Bangor, Maine: the ice in KendiisKeag creek began to weak up on tlie 8th; the creek wm free from ice on t h e
13th.
Madison, Wiscoiisiu : the ice in Monoua lake broke up ou ;he 28th, and iu Menrlota lake on the 20th.
The. following extrilct is from the Xew Pork IC JOlIImiI1 of 20mrnerce’~ of April 37, 18s5 :
The Toronto hay was clear of ice on Saturday, it having been closed for he longest time this rear that is on record since 1823, with the exception of
836, when the ice broke tip one day later than this )-ear.
APRIL, 1885. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 99
Augusta. Georgia .......................
Mobile. AlaI~~nia ....................................
Red Bluff. Callfurnia ................................ Iscruniento, California .............................
Portland. Oregon ...................................
Ynnia, Ariscmn .......................................
Mubile:
5crammto :
a'illatnrttr :
C70iorarlo:
. STAGE OF WATER IN RIVERS.
In the table below are sho\rii the danger points in tlie riverr a t the various statiom, tlie highest and lowest stages for April 1885, with tlie dates of occurrence, and the montllly ranges :
Heights of riners above lowuater nurrk. April. 1885.
[Ezpunrd mfeef and h f h u 3
32 o
Missonri :
Yanktou. Dnkuta ........ ................I O m a l ~~ Nebraskn ......................... Leavniworth, Kansas ................... I
sni n t ~a e l .Pi ii nesotat ................. La Cromw. Wiicunnln ................... Dubuque. Iuwa ............................
Keukuk, Inwu .............................. I
Pnht Lolib, Pisrourl .................. Cairo. Illiuuin .............................. Meniphis, Tmnweee ..................... Viclisburg. Mirsiaaiyyi ................ New Orlrana, Lonisiana+ .............. I
Mirehi i :
Davenport, l n w i .......................... !
Rvd Rirer :
Arkauurs :
Plrrevepurt, Lonlainlla ................ 29 g
Furt Smith. Arkausas .................. 15 o
Little Rock. Arknnens .................. 23 0
24 0
IS 0
20 0
11 5
24 0
Ib 0
1.5 0
14 0
32 0
40 0
3 4 0
41 0
-3 0
Higheat watcr.
21
4
I
--
Height.
22 0
28 I
25 8
10 3
10 7
12 4
7 3 9 4 10
I I 2
25
9 :
:: 0
............. -3 3
16 2
37 I
'3 9
19 6
15 5
16 2
9 6
19 4
15 2
8 6
19 5
...........
2 0
- ---_
Lowest water.
~-
Height. Date.
18 4
7 0
6 2
:s 9 5
4 0
7 2 3
5 %
16 7
21 3 15 4 ........ -4 s
6 4 8
S S
7 0
4 1
6 4
6 7
16 5
............
1 3 13 5
6 2
16 6
3
3 7 3 3 4 0 9 2 r6
3 2
12 2 .............
Below high-water mark of 1874 aud 1883. t No record on ut, ad, and 3d.
The Arkausaa river at Port Sulith, Arkausas, was 38.1 feet
when at its highest stage ou the 25th, the danger line at that
place being fifteen feet. At Little Rock the highest stage (2.8
feet above tlie daiiger line) \viis recorded on t h e 27th. The otlier rivers have remaiued Below the danger line, a9nd na sudden or daugerous rises have occurred.
FLOODS.
Sa,int Louis, Missouri, 3d: the heavy rains ahiclr fell in the western part of the state 011 the 1 R t causcd all streams to ri8e
rapidly, cimrrjing away bridges nncl causing other clamage. Pork Gibson, Claiborne county, Mississippi : the heavy rains of the Gth and 7th caused Bayou Pierre a.ud other streams in this vicinity to overflow, resulting in damage t.0 bridges, feuc- ing, and crop, estiuia.ted a t F20,OOO.
Port Euron, Michigan : Black river reached a da,ugerous height ou the 9th and loth, ctiusing clamage estimated at
820,000. A new iron bridge was destroyed on the 9th. Carlinsville, Macoupin connty. Illiuois : a very heavy fall of rain occurred during the night of the lG-l7th, citnsiug all st,reams in thi8 vicinity to overflow; much rlnmage WM done bo bridges and culverts.
Hannibal, Marion county, Missouri : tlie heavy raius during t,he night of the l&l?th caused several land-slides ou the Saiut Louis, Keokuk, and Northwestern railroad, near this place. Vevay, Switzerland county, Indian:&: tlie heavy raius of the 16th and 17th caused dest,mctive freshetw in the streanis in t.his
vicinity. A saw mill at the junct.iou of Indian aud Bushy
creeks was washed away. Kiugmau, Kingnian county, Kansas : a destructive flood oc- curred in the south fork of the Ne Ne Squaw river et t h i s place on the morning of the 2184 which is supposed to have been due
to a ' 6 cloud burst." Hea\-y rains fell during the night of the
3
30-21st; about 9 a. IU. the river began to rise with great rapid- ity and in thirty minutes i t had risen fire feet; it continued to rise and so011 flooded the town. Fifteen dwellings were waslied away and e number of persons drowned. At 3 p. m. tlie water began to recede. Rep0rt.s from Medicine Lodge, Barbour county, Kansas, about thirt,j-fi\-e miles southwest from Kingman, state that during the early moriiiug oftlie Slst the wa,ter cawe down suddenly over t h e
low lands east of that place, flooding them to the depth of from five to twelve feet. Mediciue Lodge is situated at the junc- tiou of Medicine Lodge mid Elk creeks. I n the Elk creek bot-
tonis, east of the town, about a dozen houses were entirely de- strojed and many of their occupa.nt8 drowned, while many others were ouly saretl 1,s being rescued from the branches of trees. North of Medicine Lodge whole families were
drowned. A large nhniber of cattle were also drowued aud
extcusive fields of crops w'ere ruined.
Breckenridge, Stephens minty, Texas : the henvy rains of tlre 2lst and 35cl caused all Rtreams iu this section to rise to
unusnal heights; :I. large number of hogs and catt.le were
drowued. Abileiie, Taylor county, Texils : the heitrg ra.iiis ou tlie 30th
ant1 Slst, in the western ptwt of t'he state, ca.imed t,he streams to overflow, :iird i l l many cmes caused interruption to t.ravel. A serioiis wasliout occurred ou tlie Texas PiIcific railroad between tliin place aiid Fort Worth.
Gainewille, Cook couiit.j, Teras : a destructive ff ood occurred at this place on the 20th. Very heavy rain fell duriug the night of the 19-90tl1, cansiug Pecan creek, which runs through the emteru part of the town, to rise rapidly. At 3 a,. m. many houses were flooded and some were washed away; many per-
ROIIFJ uarrhwlg escaped drowning. The flood is considered the most destructive that has ever occurred liere; the water row to a height two feet higher than it w a ~ tu-enty-seven years ago, when great loss of life :inti property occurred. Sai tit Louis, Illissouri, 3:Jd : reports from southeastern Kansas
stste .that tlie heaviest raius ever experienced in that section occurred 011 the 31st; more than twelve inches of rain is re- ported to hwe fallen. Traffic on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad for many miles both to the north and south of Parsous was suspended, a,ud a.large number of hogs and cattle
were drowned near PiINOllS. The Marmaton river overflowed nud itltl~dilted a Rettlenieut of from six to eight hundred inhabi- tauts, known as North Fort Scott, the water beiug from three ta fire feet deep i n the hoii~ew. Tho Missouri Pacific railroad was badly washed llei1r Fort Scott, causing suspension of travel.
Fort Scott, Bourbou couiit,v, Kansas, 9313 : the da.ma.ge to property in this town and vicinity is estimated at from $5,000
Austiu, Teum : w destructive flood occnrred 011 the 23rl and begau to subside 011 the 24th. On all railroads riiuning to this place extenrjire wasli-outs occurred and many bridge8 were washed amy. The Missouri Pnci fic and International Great Northern raillmi1d companies susta.ined heavy losses. A11 streams in the viciiiity of Austin were much swollen and
many houses along their bank# were ciamied away. In Aus- bin the water rudied through thest,rkets and ma.ny stores were flooded. The Colorado r k e r rose eighteen feet ill three hours, wbmerging the neighboring lowlands.
Fort Smith, Arkausas: more than four inches of rain fell at this place on the 23d. At about 3 p. m. the rirer began to rise rapidly aurl by 9 1). m. it bad risen 10.4 feet; i t continued to rise on tlie 33~1, and at 3 p. ni. the rirer gauge read
37.3 feet, or a rise of 17.3 feet in twenty-four hours; the lowlands in this vicinity were ~nbmergecl, causing but little
Iama'ge. The river fell slowly on the Sdth, but rose again on bhe 25th, reachiug a, height of 98.1 feet during the night ; it began to fall on the 36th. Little Rock, Arkansas: the river rose at the rate of half% bot per hour on the 54th and reached the danger line &out
30011; i t coutiuued to rise on the 25th a,nd 36th with mnch
Lo 18,000.
100 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. APRIL, 1885.
_.
Atlustic Clty, New Jersey .............................. Alpenu, Mlchignn. ........................................... Aiignetr. Georgiu ............................................ Baltimore. Purylund ._ ..................................... Block Islund. Rhode Island ............................ Bostun, Muen:ichunrtts ._ .................................. Bnffrlo. New york! ...................................... Canliv Fort, Wasliington l'erritury ._ ................ Ce& &e, Florida ......................................... CIiicago. hinuin ....................... ...................... t!liurleaton. South C a ~~l l n a ............................... Cllirrcoteagiie, Virginia .................................... Clevelund. Ohio* ........................................ Detroit Michigan* ........................................ ~l l i u t i ~: nfinnenotu* ...................................... Eaatport, Muine ............................................... Escairaba. Michigun* ......................................... Gulrcston. Texus ............................................. Grurld Haven, Mlchigun* .......................... - .... Indianuls. Terus ............................................. Juckaollville. Florida .......... .. ............................ Key Weat Floridu. ......................................... Mackinaw! Citv Michigan* ............... ................. Macon Furt, %' A orth Curulinu ...........................
Pilwsokee. Wiseunsin* .............................. Mobile Alahninu ._ ...........................................
Naw London. Cunnectlcut ............................... New York City ................................................
Murpi:e:te. Michlgun ........................................
~r w ~k v e n , Connecticut .................................
Norfolk. Virginia _ .......................................... Penesroln. Florida .................................... Portland Maine I
...........................................
Sandimky, Ohio* .- ...........................................
Portland: Oregun ............................................
Sandv Hook. New Jersey ................................. Sun irmcisco, Califomiu ................................. Suvairnnh, Grorgia .......................................... Smithrille, North Carolina .............................. Toledo. Ohio+ .................................................. Wilniiirgton. North Carolinu ..............................
floating debris; at noon of t h e 37th it became stationary, hav-
ing reached a point two feet and eight-tenths above the dmger
line; on the 288th it begnu to fall slowly. Reports from Montreal, Quebec, ou the 23d, stated tliat the Saint Lawrence river had risen oue foot and three inches dur-
ing the preceding twenty-four hours and that tlie bnsemeuts of' many buildings ou the lower streets were floocled. A large part of the village of La Prairie was inundated. The village
of Saint Gabriel, near Quebec, was submerged in maug places to depths of from six to eight feet. On tbe 39th it was reported
that the damage caused by the freshet at Moutreitl WRS esti- mated at $10O,ooO. Fort Edward, New Yorli, 24th : about thirty feet of the dam aerofls the Hudson river at this place has been carried awity ;
the water reached the highest point tlmt has been known here for fifteen years. Saint John, New Brunswick, 97th : a destructire tkesliet lias
occiirred it1 the Saint Johii river; inany bridges lime beeu washed away and extensive washouts have occurred aloug the railroad froni Woodstock to Prexque Isle.
Indianola, Texat3, 13th, Xst, 23cl,24th. New London, Connecticut, 36th.
New River Inlet, North Carolina, 30th, 31st, 33d.
HIGH TIDES.
LOW TIDES.
VERIFICATlONB.
INDICATIONS.
The detailed comparison of the tri-daily indications for
April, 1885, with the telegraphic reports for the succeeding
twenty-four hours, shows the general werage percentage of verifications to be 83.36 per cent. The percentages for the four elementt3 are : Weather, 87.42; direction of t-he wind, 79.07; temperature, 79.83 ; barometer, 88.46 per cent. By geograph- ical districts, they are: For New England, 81.16; middle At- lantic states, 85.57; south Atalantic states, 83.13 ; eastern Gulf states, 83.56 ; western Gulf states, 84.71 ; lower lake
region, 80.96; upper lake region, 80.98; Ohio vallej and Ten- nessee, 85.96; upper Mississippi valley, 85.04 ; Missouri valley,
82.09; north Pacific coast region, 84.30: middle Pacific coiwt region, 78.16; south Pacific coast region, 86.60. There were forty-six omissions to predict out of' 3,753, or 1.33 per cent. Of the 3,707 predictious that bare been macle, eighty-five, or 9.39 per rant., are considered to have entirely failed; one hundred and thirty-nine, or 3.76 per cent., were one-fourth
verified; five hundred and forty-two, or 14.62 per cent., were one-half verified; six hundred and forty-one, or 17.2%
per cent., were three-fourth8 verified; 3,300, or 63.05 per cent., were fully verified, so far as cttn be ascertained from the tri- daily reports.
Diiring April, 1885, one huudred and eigli ty-three cautionary
signals were ordered. Of these, one hundred and forty-nine, or 81.42 per cent., were justified by winds of twenty-five miles or more per hour at or within oue hnuclred miles of the station. Thirty-seven oE-shore signals were ordered, of which uumber,
twenty-nine, or 78.38 per cent., were fully justified both m to direction and velocity ; thirty-four, or 91.89 per cent.? were justified as to direction; and thirty-two, or 86.49 per cent.,
were justified as to velocity. Two hnudred and twenty signals of d l kinds were ordered, one hundred and seventy-eight, or
80.9 per cent., being fully justified. These do not include Rig- nals ordered at display stations where the velocity of the wind is only estimated. Of the above cautionary off-shore signals, twenty-six were changed from cautionary. Five sig- nals were ordered late. I n ninety-three cases, winds of
twenty-fire miles or more per hoar were reported for which
no signals were ordered.
CAUTIONARY STGNALS.
COLD-WAVE SIGNALS.
During April, 1885, there were seventpsiu cold-wave signals
-
I
__ --
ordered, o l which uumber sixty-six, or 86.8 per cent., were jus-
tified.
The following extract irJ froin the April report of the "Ala-
bama Weather Service," under direction of Prof. P. E. Mell, jr. :
Since the last bullerin was issued the Northeastern railroad of Georgia and the division crf tlie East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia railroad system. extending from Ilome, Georgia, to Selma. Alabama, have been added to the service ; on the latter road the signals are exposed on the trains and not at the st*tions, as at other points i n the state. Besides the roads mentioned. stcctions along the Western, the South and North, the Mobile and Girard. the Montgomery and Mobile, Atlanta and West Point, and the Georgia Pacific railroads have furnished reports which show the verification of predictions to be, for the whole state, 92 per cent. for temperature and 91 per cent. for
weather.
TEiUPEBATURE OF WATER.
The following table shows the highest and lowest tempera- tures of water observed at tlie several stations; tlie monthly
ranges of water temperatiire ; end t h e mean temperature of the air at the statioii. Observatlions were interrupted by ice during the month as follows: Grand Haven, Michigan, from
1st to 4th; Toledo, Ohio, from 1st to 5th; Detroit, Michigan and Sanrlusky, Ohio. from 1st to 6th; Cleveland, Ohio, from
Ish to 11th; Buffalo, New York aut1 Milwaukee, Wisconein, from 1st to 18th; Alpena, Michigan, froin 1st to 20th; De- troit, Micliigau, on 3lst atid 35d; Duluth, Minnesota, fmm 1st to 38th ; Escauaba and Mackinaw City, Michigan, throughout
tlie month.
RAILWAY WEATHER BIGNALS.
'I'rmpelnfrcre of wnler for April, W85.
25 3
12.2
11:a
THmperatura
I ut bottoni.
1: : a4 4
0
56.0
59.2
45.6 51.3 44.1
54.3 78.0
40.0 72.0
$3 01.2
46.8 46.2
35.9 37.4
77.4 599.6
.........
7 i -z
g3:7 .........
69.1
45.1 73.5
.........
$;
04.3 71.9 45.4 57.4 54.0
50.5 59.9 73.0
61.2
8::
-
Mln.
0
43.1
31.5
9.0
39.4 38.0
33.7 33.5
30.7 54.0 37.0 35.6 34.0 35.6 33.5
64.5 32.7 67.5 65.
49.6
39.1
58.8 38. I
35. I
36.8
47 .8
60.3 33.3 51.1
35.0 40.a
f : ;
........
74.2 ........
........
$:E 50.6 39.2 51 .O
Mean ampere Ireofthe aIr at Itallan.
-. .
0
46.6
34.7 63.0
54.2 u .6 46.3 39.9 48.9 69.4 45. 63.8
50.8
39.8
71.9 42.7 71.5 67.7 76.0
ss .9
$;%
.............
.............
40.4
66.2
46.0
47.0 47.7 57.1
67.0
46. I
53.1 44.9 47.2
57.1
65.9 59.2 46 0
61.8
Observatioiia Interrupted by ice- text.
ATMOSPEIERIC ELECTRICITY.
AURORAS.
Auroral displays were uot numerous during April, 1885. The principal and most extensively observed display wm that of the 7-8th ; i t was reported frotn stations in the north Paci-
fic coast region, t h e extreme northwest, Mississippi and Mis- souri valleys, and in northern Maine. This display waa not noticed in the lake districts, owing probably to the cloudiness which prevailed in that region.