MENU TITLE: NIJ Research Portfolio . Series: NIJ Research in Brief Published: August 1996 91 pages 127,337 bytes NIJ Research Portfolio Jeremy Travis, Director ------------------------------ Dear Colleague: On behalf of the National Institute of Justice, I am pleased to present the Institute's portfolio of ongoing research. In this Research in Brief, we inform researchers, practitioners, and policymakers of the entire body of the Institute's work in progress. Here for the first time readers will have access to all current NIJ activity--efforts supported by grants and contracts as well as intramural research projects by NIJ staff. Our work is categorized in three main areas: Criminal Behavior, Crime Control and Prevention, and Criminal Justice System. Through these clusters of intellectual activity, NIJ is seeking new insights into the causes of crime, assessing the best strategies for preventing and controlling crime, and improving the criminal justice system's response to crime and administration of justice. As a science institute and an investor of public funds in developing useful knowledge about crime and criminal justice, we are committed to building a varied portfolio of research that responds to practitioners' needs. NIJ's activities cover a broad spectrum of research, much of which now reflects the major initiatives of the 1994 Crime Act. As we build upon our portfolio, we will continue our commitment to these issues as well as seek out new areas for research. In this way, we can cultivate knowledge that informs and advances criminal justice policy and practice at all levels. Jeremy Travis Director National Institute of Justice ------------------------------- NIJ Research Portfolio This Research in Brief presents all ongoing research, evaluation, and program development projects supported by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) through the end of fiscal year 1995. Each project in this portfolio is a part of NIJ's overall strategic plan to respond to the Nation's critical criminal justice concerns. NIJ's Research and Evaluation Solicitations In 1993 the Institute set forth six strategic goals as the focus of its activities: (1) reduce violent crime, (2) reduce drug- and alcohol-related crime, (3) reduce the consequences of crime, (4) improve crime prevention, (5) improve law enforcement and criminal justice, and (6) develop new technologies. NIJ issues a Research Plan that solicits investigator-initiated proposals in broadly defined areas of research. In addition, the Institute issues separate, focused solicitations for research on specific problems, issues, or programs. Most recently, these solicitations emphasized four key themes of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (the 1994 Crime Act): community policing, boot camps and correctional programs, violence against women, and drug courts. Projects that have been awarded under the Crime Act are listed here. Organization of the Portfolio The portfolio is organized into three main topic areas: Criminal Behavior, Criminal Justice System, and Crime Control and Prevention. Within each topic, three types of research activities are presented: o Extramural research--awards in the form of grants, interagency agreements, cooperative agreements, and fellowships made to organizations and researchers not affiliated with NIJ. o Intramural research--projects conducted by NIJ staff. o Research Applications Contract Projects--projects that focus on the dissemination of critical research findings and important advances in specific areas of the criminal justice field. Within each of the three topic areas, extramural projects are presented according to year of award and alphabetically by title. Intramural and Research Applications Contract projects are alphabetized by title. For Further Information To receive a copy of the NIJ Research Plan 1995- 1996, or for information about NIJ programs, publications, or final reports, contact the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) at (301) 251-5500 or (800) 851-3420. The Research Plan also is available electronically via the NCJRS Bulletin Board System. To access the Bulletin Board through the Internet, telnet to ncjrsbbs.ncjrs.org or gopher to ncjrs.org.71. For World Wide Web access, connect to the NCJRS Justice Information Center at http://www.ncjrs.org. For information regarding the 1994 Crime Act, contact the Department of Justice Response Center at (800) 421-6770. ------------------------------ Criminal Behavior o Extramural Research 95-IJ-CX-0115 Changing Patterns of Homicide and Social Policy in Three American Cities North Carolina State University Margaret Zahn This project measures changes in volume and types of homicide over time in three cities. It provides preliminary assessments of the impact of homicide levels and types on police, welfare, education, and recreation policies. 95-IJ-CX-0108 Evaluating the Impact of Alternative Placement: Long-Term Followup of Adjudicated Delinquents University of Illinois--Chicago Michael Fendrich This study explores the relative impact of alternatives to State training schools on the recidivism of adjudicated delinquents. 95-WT-NX-0002 An Exploration of the Experience and Needs of Formerly Intimate Stalking Victims West Chester University Mary P. Brewster This research identifies the evolution and patterns of stalking behavior; the psychological, financial, physical, and behavioral effects of stalking on its victims; the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of legal mechanisms in protecting victims; the various needs of stalking victims; the factors related to subsequent violence in stalking cases; and related issues. 95-IJ-CX-0017 Felons Who Attempt To Purchase Guns: A Study of Prior and Subsequent Criminal Involvements Sam Houston State University Kenneth Adams This project investigates the efficacy of criminal history background checks in screening applicants for gun purchases in Florida. 95-IJ-CX-0028 Monitoring the Decline in the Crack Epidemic With Data From the Drug Use Forecasting Program John Jay College of Criminal Justice--Research Foundation of the City University of New York Andrew Golub This project uses data from the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program to analyze trends in the use of crack cocaine. 95-IJ-CX-0006 Panel on Research on Violence Against Women National Academy of Sciences Elaine Smialek This 12-month project, jointly sponsored with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, appoints a panel of experts to examine empirical and clinical research reports and data bases on violence against women, to identify gaps in the knowledge base, and to develop a research agenda aimed at improving policy and practice. 95-IJ-CX-0114 Patterns and Trends in Youth-Perpetrated Homicides in the United States Research Triangle Institute Robert Flewelling This project examines patterns and trends in youth-perpetrated homicides since 1980 and explores social and demographic determinants of the recent increases in youth homicide. 95-IJ-CX-0094 Supplemental Survey of Gun Owners President and Fellows of Harvard David Hemenway This project conducts a national random-digit-dial survey of 3,200 gun owners to supplement findings on self-defense produced in surveys by the Harvard Injury Control Center and NIJ. 95-IJ-CX-0097 Targeting Cycles of Domestic Violence: Assessment, Review, and Recommendations Seattle Police Department Dan W. Fleissner This project gathers information on the cycle of violence to promote the development of more effective measures against domestic violence. 95-IJ-CX-0027 Understanding, Preventing, and Controlling Domestic Violence Incidents University of Massachusetts, Lowell Research Foundation Eve Buzawa This project examines official records and conducts indepth interviews with batterers and victims to determine the effect of judicial intervention on batterers sentenced in the Quincy, Massachusetts, District Court. 95-IJ-CX-0005 Youth Violence, Guns, and Links to Illicit Drug Markets Carnegie Mellon University Alfred Blumstein This project studies the recent growth in juvenile homicide rates by race and age through examination of data on homicide rates, drug arrest rates, arrest rates for weapons offenses, the number of homicides involving guns, and other variables. 94-IJ-CX-0014 Classification for Recidivism Risk: A Hazard Model Approach Richard L. Linster, NIJ Research Fellow This project involves development and implementation of a management information system-based classification system for adult probationers in Florida, replication in Florida of work conducted on a population of juvenile probationers in San Diego, and analysis of the failure of two cohorts of parole releasees from the California Youth Authority. 94-IJ-CX-0051 Community Structure and Patterns of Criminal Homicide University of Maryland--College Park Brian Wiersema This project examines differences in homicide rates as they relate to differences in individual victim and offender characteristics and community characteristics. The focus will be on how community structure conditions and influences patterns of criminal homicide. 94-IJ-CX-0049 Computerization and Validation of an Inventory To Assess Adult and Juvenile Sex Offenders Brandeis University Raymond Knight This project continues the development of diagnostic instruments and offender typologies, including the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression, for both adult and juvenile offenders. 94-IJ-CX-0047 A Coordinated Response to Domestic Violence: A Field Test Victim Services Robert Davis This evaluation examines the effects of a coordinated program to reduce repeat violence in a sample of 500 households in which the male member has been arrested for partner abuse. 94-IJ-CX-0041 Developmental Antecedents of Partner Violence: Longitudinal Study From Childhood to Adulthood University of Wisconsin--Madison Terrie Moffitt This project examines the significant correlates of partner violence, such as other criminal behavior, mental disorder, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, unemployment, and social isolation from support networks. It addresses the developmental factors relevant to partner violence and seeks to clarify our understanding of the prevalence of partner violence in young adults. 94-IJ-CX-0031 Developmental Antecedents of Sexual Aggression Joseph J. Peters Institute Robert Prentky This project collects data on convicted rapists, self-reported sexually coercive college students, and two control groups to determine if the developmental antecedents of sexual aggression differ among the four groups. 94-IJ-CX-0062 Dynamics of Violent Incidents Among Inner-City Adolescents Clark Atlanta University Daniel Lockwood This project interviews 200 adolescents who have been involved in school violence to clarify the dynamics leading up to the violence and uses the information to design a school curriculum that better addresses those dynamics. 94-IJ-CX-0058 Evaluation of G.R.E.A.T. University of Nebraska--Omaha Finn-Aage Esbensen This project supports the longitudinal evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program, a school-based gang prevention curriculum taught by law enforcement officers. 94-IJ-CX-K013 Girl Scouts Beyond Bars Program: Research and Evaluation University of Baltimore Kathleen Block This evaluation of the Maryland Girl Scouts Beyond Bars program assesses the impact of enhanced visitation on the relationship between incarcerated mothers and their daughters by collecting data on the children's school and home life. 94-IJ-CX-0033 High School Youth, Weapons, and Violence: A National Survey of Weapon-Related Behavior, Crime, and Victimization Tulane University Joseph Sheley This project conducts a national survey of a random sample of 3,000 male high school juniors and seniors to determine weapon-related violence, victimization, and associated behavior. 94-IJ-CX-0010 The Impact Evaluation of the Opportunity To Succeed (OPTS) Program The Urban Institute Shellie Rossman This 4-year evaluation includes a process evaluation, an impact evaluation, and a cost-benefit analysis of the OPTS program, which provides an array of services to probationers and parolees returning to their communities. 94-IJ-CX-0030 Robbers on Robbery: Prevention and the Offender University of Missouri--St. Louis Richard Wright This ethnographic field study of robbery and offenders who commit robbery in metropolitan St. Louis focuses on the types of factors-- opportunities, risks, rewards--that robbers take into account when contemplating the commission of a crime. 94-MU-CX-K003 Youth, Firearms, and Violence in Atlanta: A Problemsolving Approach Emory University Office of Sponsored Programs Arthur Kellermann This study employs a problemsolving approach to reduce gun violence among youth in metropolitan Atlanta. The approach involves working with the community and with State and local governments to analyze the magnitude, extent, and characteristics of the problem. 93-IJ-CX-0031 Childhood Victimization and Adult Violence: Using Multiple Measures To Better Estimate Offending State University of New York--Albany, Research Foundation Cathy Spatz Widom This award, which extends funding for research on childhood victimization and adult violence, focuses on the use of multiple measures to better estimate offending. 93-IJ-CX-0033 Children of Battered Women Education Development Center, Inc. Debra Whitcomb This study seeks to clarify understanding of the needs of the children of battered women. Investigators gather data on mothers who apply for temporary restraining orders over a 6-month period and, through telephone contacts with the mothers, follow a sample of cases that proceed to criminal prosecution. 93-IJ-CX-0055 Hair Assays and Urinalysis for Drug Use Among Juvenile Offenders: A Comparison of Two Cities Based Upon the DUF Program Operation PAR, Inc. Richard Newel & Tom Mieczkowski This project measures the incidence of illicit drug use among two populations of arrested or detained juveniles in two demographically different areas-- Cleveland, Ohio, and Pinellas County, Florida. Self-report, urine testing, and hair analysis are the methods used. 93-IJ-CX-K019 Iowa State Evaluation Capacity Building Iowa Department of Human Rights Richard G. Moore This award continues and expands a project to construct a risk assessment scale for juveniles and to develop outcome measures for juvenile justice treatment programs in the State of Iowa. 93-IJ-CX-0023 Prevalence and Consequences of Child Victimization: The National Survey of Adolescents Medical University of South Carolina Benjamin Saunders This project investigates the prevalence, nature, and effects of child victimization and its relationship to the development and continuation later in life of drug abuse and other emotional and behavioral problems. 93-IJ-CX-0017 Private Ownership of Firearms in the United States: A National Study Police Foundation Earl Hamilton This project analyzes data collected from a sample of 2,600 households that participated in a national telephone survey of firearm ownership and use. 93-IJ-CX-K005 Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods President and Fellows of Harvard Felton J. Earls This longitudinal study, which is sponsored jointly with the MacArthur Foundation, collects data over an 8-year period to study the development of delinquent and criminal behavior patterns in 7,000 subjects from birth to age 26 in 80 neighborhood areas in metropolitan Chicago. 93-IJ-CX-0028 The Role of Drug and Alcohol Abuse in Domestic Violence and Its Treatment: Followup of the Domestic Violence Court Experiment Crime and Justice Research Institute John S. Goldkamp This project examines the role of alcohol and drug abuse in domestic violence by studying predictors of reoffending and by experimentally assessing the impact of a new approach that integrates violence reduction therapy and drug abuse treatment. 93-IJ-CX-0019 Soviet Emigre Organized Criminal Networks in the United States Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey James Finckenauer This project examines the evolution, current status, and future projections of organized criminal networks, including their structure, operations, and enterprises. The project is conducted with the collaboration of a task force of investigative and prosecutorial agencies in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. 93-IJ-CX-0012 Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women in America Center for Policy Research Patricia G. Tjaden This national telephone survey of 8,000 women age 18 and older in U.S. households collects data on the extent, nature, and consequences of various forms of violence and threats of violence against women, including stalking and childhood victimization. 92-IJ-CX-K008 Delinquent Networks in Philadelphia: Policing Gangs Temple University Joan McCord This project focuses on gang structures, delinquent networks, gang interaction patterns, the ways in which gang structures affect individual involvement in criminal activities, and the criminal justice system's response to these activities. 92-IJ-CX-K036 Gangs and Organized Crime Groups Police Executive Research Forum Deborah Lamm Weisel This project examines the relationships between traditional and newly emerging organized crime groups and youth gangs through a mail survey of large police agencies, interviews with law enforcement officials in four cities with chronic gang problems, and field studies that include interviews with gang members. 92-DD-CX-0031 Longitudinal Implementation of the Children at Risk Program The Urban Institute Adele Harrell This 4-year evaluation of the Children at Risk Program--the 3-year program interval plus 1 year of followup for the last cohort completing services-- includes a process evaluation, an impact evaluation, and a cost-benefit analysis. 92-IJ-CX-0013 Secret Service Exceptional Case Study Project Robert A. Fein, NIJ Visiting Fellow This study examines the behaviors, including stalking, and ideas of persons who had lethal means, or had access to lethal means, and have assassinated, attacked, or approached public officials or figures in the United States since 1950. The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) Program Researchers at DUF sites interview and perform drug tests of persons arrested and brought to booking facilities. The test findings indicate levels of illicit drug use, determine what drugs are used in specific jurisdictions, and track changes in drug use patterns. Researchers also use DUF sites to collect data and conduct other investigations. 95-IJ-CX-A014 DUF--Gun Addendum St. Louis, Missouri, Metropolitan Police Department Scott H. Decker This project supports the gathering of information about arrestees' use of guns. 94-IJ-CX-K002 AutoDUF Project University of Maryland--College Park Eric Wish Under this project, staff at 12 Drug Use Forecasting sites receive training in automated interviewing (AutoDUF) of arrestees to significantly reduce data collection errors and the time required after collection to correct errors and aggregate data. 94-IJ-CX-A009 Laboratory Analysis of Urine Specimens National Center for Forensic Science Lionel Menard This project screens urine specimens collected from adult and juvenile sampled arrestees for 10 drugs and confirms the specimens testing positive for amphetamines with gas chromatography. 93-IJ-CX-A002 DUF Program--Statistical Analysis Aspen Systems Corporation Georgette Semick This project provides assistance in preparation of DUF interviews and urine specimen data and maintenance of data files; in data analyses and preparation of reports and monographs; and in the training of project personnel. 92-IJ-CX-K011 Use of DUF Results To Inform and Shape Drug Prevention and Treatment Programs San Diego Association of Governments Susan Pennell This project demonstrates how data collected under the DUF program can be enhanced to develop drug control and treatment programs in a Weed and Seed area. DUF--Atlanta Georgia State University Kirk Elifson DUF--Birmingham Birmingham, TASC Foster Cook DUF--Chicago TASC of Illinois, Inc. Melody Heaps DUF--Cleveland Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Department Bob Pace DUF--Dallas Dallas County Sheriff's Department Charles Fawns DUF--Denver Colorado Division of Criminal Justice Kim English DUF--Detroit Michigan State University Tim Bynum DUF--Ft. Lauderdale Broward County Sheriff's Department Ron Cochran DUF--Houston Houston-Galveston Area Council Brett Arkinson DUF--Indianapolis Marion County Justice Agency Cindy Mowry DUF--Los Angeles Los Angeles County, Inc., Public Health Foundation Karen Garcia DUF--Manhattan New York City Department of Mental Health, Retardation, and Alcoholism Services Patricia Thomas DUF--Miami Metro Dade County Dorothy Fletcher DUF--New Orleans Orleans Parish Criminal Sheriffs Office William C. Hunter DUF--Omaha Office of Public Safety, Police Division Frederick Power DUF--Philadelphia Center for Public Policy, Temple University Jack R. Greene DUF--Phoenix TASC of Maricopa County, Arizona Barbara Zugor DUF--Portland TASC of Oregon, Inc. Linda Tyon DUF--San Antonio San Antonio Metropolitan Health District Sergio Soto DUF--San Diego San Diego Association of Governments Susan Pennell DUF--San Jose Santa Clara County Bureau of Drug Abuse Services Robert Garner DUF--St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri, Metropolitan Police Department Larry Pattison and Scott H. Decker DUF--Washington, D.C. District of Columbia Pretrial Services Agency Janis Bergin ------------------------------ o Intramural Projects The following research is being conducted by NIJ staff: Analysis of Juvenile Drug Use Trends and Patterns Jack Riley and Angela Moore Parmley Using data from Drug Use Forecasting sites, researchers are analyzing drug use among juveniles. The work examines prevalence, initiation into illicit drug use, living arrangements, and education, and compares juvenile self-reports of drug use with test results. Additionally, trends in the DUF data will be compared with trends reported in the Monitoring the Future program. Arrestees in Emergency Rooms: Linking DUF and DAWN Data James Trudeau and Thomas E. Feucht This research will help adjust national prevalence estimates that have attempted to incorporate data from the Drug Use Forecasting program, which gathers data on drug use among arrestees, and the Drug Abuse Warning Network, which tracks drug abuse-related incidents in emergency rooms. Count Models of Postrelease Arrest of Youthful Offenders Pamela K. Lattimore and Richard L. Linster Multiple rearrests are a frequent occurrence among parolees from the California Youth Authority. This research focuses on the expected number of arrests per unit street time as a function of prior criminal histories, criminal justice environment variables, and various personal and family descriptors. Crack and Powder Cocaine Use Among Arrestees: Trend Analysis of the DUF Data Christy A. Visher and Thomas E. Feucht This research will analyze 12 years of data on crack and powder cocaine use to determine whether there has been a significant shift in patterns of use and, if so, whether these changes are associated with specific demographic groups. Geometry of Crime: Feasibility Study Robert Langworthy and Nancy La Vigne This study is developing a model based on where crime is committed and how the location relates to the offender. It will answer such questions as: Are arrested persons charged with activities in spaces they routinely use or is the space exceptional? Housing Circumstances of Arrestees in 23 U.S. Cities Thomas E. Feucht and Jordan Leiter By analyzing Drug Use Forecasting data about offenses, circumstances of arrest, drug use, and housing situation at the time of arrest, investigators are developing a portrait of the living situations of arrestees in 23 major cities. Mobility of DUF Arrestees Robert Langworthy and Nancy La Vigne This study is analyzing ZIP code data from arrestees in Drug Use Forecasting samples to determine the concentrations of arrestees, the concentrations of offenses, and the relationship between where offenders live and where they commit crimes. Patterns and Correlates of Assaults on Police Robert Kaminski and Robert Langworthy This project examines assaults on police officers in 77 cities from 1980 to 1994 and analyzes a variety of police organizational factors, socio-demographic characteristics of cities, and officer and suspect attributes. Rearrest Among DUF Arrestees: Prior Arrests and Current Drug Use Thomas E. Feucht and Gabrielle M. Kyle This project analyzes self-report data on prior criminal activity among arrestees in the Drug Use Forecasting program and compares the relationship between drug-test results and prior criminal activity. Risk of Death Among Serious Young Offenders Pamela K. Lattimore and Richard L. Linster This research focuses on the death of serious, chronic offenders who are parolees of the California Youth Authority. The research tests the hypothesis that because of their criminal lifestyle, these young people are at abnormally high risk of death. Role of Drugs in Crime: Arrestees Under the Influence and in Need of Drugs Jack Riley and Thomas E. Feucht Using new Drug Use Forecasting data, investigators are analyzing the relationship between the crime and the offender's drug use and "need" for drugs or alcohol at the time the offense was allegedly committed. Special attention is paid to patterns that may emerge from subsets of arrestees (for example, male and female arrestees). Target Selection in Personal Fraud Richard Titus This project builds on earlier research on fraud to identify which factors increase the likelihood that an individual will be subject to a fraud attempt, how offenders select potential victims, and how policy-makers can use this information in prevention programs. Information from fraud investigators and incarcerated fraud offenders will be used to design a questionnaire for a national survey. Use of Methamphetamines Among Arrestees: An Analysis of the DUF Data Thomas E. Feucht and Gabrielle M. Kyle The Drug Use Forecasting data show increasing methamphetamine use among arrestees in several data collection sites. This research is determining the criminal history and demographic and geographical characteristics of methamphetamine users. ------------------------------ o Research Applications Contract Projects OJP-C-94-007 Abt Associates, Inc. Joan Mullen Gang Research Update Through a series of reports, this project synthesizes research in three specific gang-related areas: (1) drugs and gangs, (2) the role of gangs in delinquency, and (3) intervention and prevention. Rise in Hallucinogen Use Among Youth Recent data suggest a reemergence in the popularity of hallucinogens, particularly among young drug users. This investigation discusses the trends in hallucinogen use and the implications for treatment and law enforcement. ------------------------------ Criminal Justice System o Extramural Research 95-IJ-CX-0010 Assessing the Feasibility of Creating Centralized State Data Bases on the Incidence of Sexual and Domestic Violence Justice Research and Statistics Association Joan C. Weiss A group of experts will study and report on how to create centralized State data bases on the incidence of sexual and domestic violence. 95-IJ-CX-0014 Develop a Rapid, Immobilized Probe Assay for Detection of mtDNA Variation Roche Molecular System, Inc. Rebecca L. Reynolds This project is developing a simple and rapid method for typing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation using polymerase chain reaction amplification. 95-IJ-CX-0033 Developing an Internet Model for Cross-National Information Sharing and Dissemination Sergey S. Chapkey, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project further develops the Institute's cross-national information sharing and dissemination capabilities. 95-IJ-CX-0018 Development of a Dynamic Mugbook Using Multimedia Computers Southeastern Louisiana University Hunter A. McAllister This project involves development and testing of a dynamic mugbook procedure that uses multimedia computer technology to enable eyewitnesses to consider an individual mugshot in the context of other cues about the person pictured. 95-IJ-CX-0034 Development of a Program Plan for Improving Alien Adjudication and Pretrial Release Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Christopher E. Stone This project designs, implements, and assesses a demonstration program that aims to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of adjudication and pretrial release procedures for aliens. 95-IJ-CX-0002 DNA Training and Technical Assistance American Prosecutors Research Institute Cabell C. Cropper This project establishes a DNA Legal Assistance Unit to assist prosecutors involved in DNA cases and provide training and technical assistance regarding both legal and scientific issues surrounding the use of DNA analysis. 95-IJ-CX-0105 Domestic Violence Cases: What Happens When Courts Are Faced With Uncooperative Victims? American Bar Association Barbara Smith This project studies the effects of changes in policy to accept more domestic violence cases and examines what happens when cases are prosecuted with uncooperative or hostile victims. 95-IJ-CX-0102 The Effects of Court Dispositions on the Likelihood of Rearrest for Domestic Violence Arrestees in Cincinnati University of Cincinnati John Wooldredge This project assesses the effectiveness of pretrial detention, conviction, or jail sentences for preventing and delaying further domestic violence by suspects arrested for misdemeanor domestic violence in Cincinnati, Ohio. 95-IJ-CX-0099 Estimating the Costs and Benefits of Mandatory Sentencing Laws Rand Corporation Peter Greenwood This project helps public officials and the general public better understand the potential costs and benefits of three-strikes-and-you're-out and other such mandatory sentencing laws and helps administrators plan for the implementation of such laws. 95-WT-NX-0004 Evaluation of a Coordinated Response to Domestic Violence Applied Research Associates Stan Orchowsky This evaluation assesses the effectiveness of the Alexandria, Virginia, Domestic Violence Intervention Project, which combines a mandatory arrest policy with a no-drop prosecution strategy and court-mandated treatment for batterers in addition to providing services for battered women, such as emergency shelter, counseling, and court advocacy. 95-IJ-CX-0040 Evaluation of JABS: The Joint Automated Booking Station Program PRC, Inc. Randy Young This project evaluates the JABS Program under consideration by several Federal law enforcement agencies and determines to what extent JABS can reduce resources required for bookings in the criminal justice system, improve the quality of the booking data collected, and increase the availability of the data to all appropriate law enforcement agencies. 95-WT-NX-0001 Extent and Nature of Sexual Victimization of College Women University of Cincinnati Bonnie Fisher This project collects data from a national sample of women enrolled at postsecondary institutions in the United States, using structured telephone interviews to obtain incident and victimization data. 95-IJ-CX-A025 Family Violence and the Courts: Exploring Expert Testimony on Battered Women National Association of Women Judges Esther Ochsman This award supplements a State Justice Institute grant, "Family Violence and the Courts: Exploring Expert Testimony on Battered Women," in order to support additional work required to prepare the Report on Battered Women's Syndrome as mandated by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. 95-IJ-CX-0013 Impact of Police Order Maintenance on Fear, Crime, and Urban Decay Northeastern University George Kelling This project examines the impact of police order maintenance activities on fear, crime, and urban decay as well as police organizational changes involved in departments' implementation of community policing. 95-IJ-CX-0031 Infrastructure and Governance Planning for the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center Network Pymatuning Group, Inc. Ruth M. Davis This project supports the development of infrastructure and governance planning for the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center Network. 95-IJ-CX-K010 Installation and Evaluation of an Intercity Automatic Vehicle Location System Rockwell International Corporation John T. Neustadter This grant installs and evaluates an intercity, multijurisdictional automatic vehicle location system in four police departments in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County, California. 95-IJ-CX-A037 Joint DHHS--NIJ Domestic Violence Studies The Urban Institute Martha Burt This award provides partial support for two studies being conducted through the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services: (1) Domestic Violence Policy and Program Development and (2) Child Welfare and Domestic Violence--An Exploratory Study. 95-IJ-CX-K006 Law Enforcement, Technology Transfer, and Policing Liability Assessment SEASKATE, Inc. E. A. Burkhalter, Jr. This project focuses on assessing the legal liability of law enforcement and corrections that might arise from the deployment of certain technologies being considered for research and development by NIJ's less-than-lethal program. 95-WT-NX-0006 Models of Community Coordination in Response to Partner Violence State University of New York--Albany, Research Foundation Alissa Worden This evaluation complements an ongoing analysis of the impact of legislated reforms in family violence cases in New York State and develops a typology of community coordination models. 95-DD-BX-K009 National Evaluation of Correctional Options Programs National Council on Crime and Delinquency James Austin This project expands the scope of a national process evaluation of correctional options demonstration sites to include a detailed evaluation of five additional sites and provides opportunities for researchers to disseminate information on the national evaluation requirement for corrections options at two planning conferences. 95-WT-NX-0005 National Evaluation of the Violence Against Women Act Grants The Urban Institute Martha Burt This 2-year evaluation examines the activities funded through grants to combat violent crimes against women under Chapter 2 of the Violence Against Women Act. The grant program aims to develop and strengthen effective law enforcement, prosecution, and victim services in cases involving crimes against women. 95-IJ-CX-K002 National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center Aspen Systems Corporation David Shinton This project maintains the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center, which serves as the main clearinghouse for information dissemination and provides product information data bases and functions. 95-IJ-CX-K011 Net Deployment Module for a Snare Net Projectile Foster-Miller, Inc. Arnis Mangolds This project develops a nonlethal net deployment module to enhance the safety and practicality of an existing projectile-delivered antipersonnel snare net system. The net is designed to entangle and incapacitate fleeing offenders or, in a stand-off situation, those armed with hand-held weapons other than firearms. 95-IJ-CX-A017 NIJ Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization at the National Technology Transfer Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jonathan Root This project develops and operates an NIJ Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization at the National Technology Transfer Center, which provides effective resources for technology transfer and commercialization. 95-IJ-CX-K004 Operation of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center--Rocky Mountain Region University of Denver--Colorado Seminary Deborah Bradford This project establishes the Rocky Mountain Regional Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center to assist in the transfer of command, control, and communication technologies developed by the U.S. Department of Defense that meet the needs and requirements of the criminal justice system. 95-IJ-CX-0098 Profiling the Needs of California's Female Youth Authority Population California State University--Fresno Barbara Owen This applied research project develops a protocol to assess the needs of the female youthful offender population nationwide. 95-IJ-CX-0096 Prosecution in the Community: A Study of Emergent Strategies President and Fellows of Harvard George Kelling and Catherine Coles This study documents and develops profiles of prosecutorial strategies in State prosecutors' offices in five cities; explores the congruence between operational strategies of police and prosecutors; and determines indicators to measure community prosecution's effectiveness in dealing with specific problems. 95-WT-NX-0003 Prosecution Strategies in Domestic Violence University of Iowa Carolyn Hartley This study examines the prosecution of domestic violence-related cases to identify those strategies associated with a successful outcome of conviction on the original charge. 95-IJ-CX-0004 Prosecutorial Response to Bias-Motivated Crimes American Prosecutors Research Institute Don Rebovich This 12-month study gathers information on the prosecution of bias-motivated offenses through a mail survey administered to approximately 800 district attorney's offices nationwide. 95-IJ-CX-A039 Provide Support to the Border Research and Technology Center U.S. Attorney, Southern District of California Alan D. Bersin This project provides support to the Center by identifying the short-term technology needs and requirements for enhancement of U.S. border agencies' activities. 95-IJ-CX-0112 Rethinking Organizational Strategies and Criminal Justice Performance Measures: The Case of Community Prosecution Barbara Boland, NIJ Visiting Fellow This award supports development of performance measures for the Portland, Oregon, model of community prosecution; assessment of the applicability of the performance measure methodology to Manhattan's community prosecution model; and documentation of the characteristics of community prosecution strategies nationwide. 95-IJ-CX-0029 The Self-Evaluating Justice Organization: Building Local Evaluation Capacity Michael G. Maxfield, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project examines the role of self-evaluation as a problemsolving management tool in criminal justice agencies and will produce a series of publications that focus on the role of evaluation and on methods for carrying out an evaluation at the local level with limited resources and expertise. 95-IJ-CX-0003 Study of Alternative Structures for the U.S. Trustee Program National Academy of Public Administrators Jennifer Hughes Investigators are conducting a review of the U.S. Trustee Program to assess the strengths and weaknesses of its current structure and evaluate the feasibility of an alternative administrative and management structure that relies on greater private-sector involvement. 95-IJ-CX-0095 A Study To Assess the Feasibility of Conducting a Demonstration of In-Prison Substance Abuse Programming Abt Associates, Inc. Dale Parent This feasibility study focuses on the utility of boot camps and therapeutic communities for reducing drug use and drug dependence among offenders. 95-IJ-CX-K005 Support to the Border Research and Technology Center The Aerospace Corporation Robert Pentz This award establishes a Border Research and Technology Center that will receive technical support from NIJ's Western Regional Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. The Center will transfer the information to NIJ's National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center for national data base purposes. 95-IJ-CX-A016 Technical Requirements for Implementation of Technology Information Network and Technical Support U.S. Department of the Navy Joseph Knoefel This project provides resources, advice, and recommendations on the technical requirements for implementation in the first phase of construction of the hub Technology Information Network (TIN) in the Regional Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. 95-IJ-CX-A030 Test and Evaluation of a Rear Seat Air Bag Restraint System U.S. Department of the Navy Tom Milhous This project tests and evaluates a rear seat air bag restraint system designed to control violent subjects being transported in the rear seat of a patrol vehicle. 95-IJ-CX-0032 Test, Modify, and Retest: An Agenda for Evaluating Intensive Supervision and Probation Council of State Governments and American Probation and Parole Association Timothy H. Matthews This project evaluates a prototypical intensive supervision and probation model to promote behavioral change in offenders by focusing on the provision of intense services rather than exclusive surveillance and incapacitating measures. 95-IJ-CX-0026 Three-Strikes-and-You're-Out: A Comparative Study of Two States' New Legislation National Council on Crime and Delinquency James F. Austin This research project analyzes how three-strikes-and-you're-out laws are being implemented by the courts and the consequences for criminal justice system charging practices, pretrial detention, court delay, court disposition, and prison population growth. 95-IJ-CX-0016 Toward Common Sense in Sentencing Thomas J. Quinn, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project examines the emerging interest in restorative justice from the perspective of State and local criminal justice officials and policymakers. 95-IJ-CX-A019 When Domestic Violence and Custody Disputes Coincide National Center for State Courts Susan Keilitz This project, funded by NIJ and the State Justice Institute, examines effective court responses to domestic violence cases involving custody disputes. 94-IJ-CX-K016 Creation of a Working Group on Law Enforcement Technology and the Private Sector Eagan, McAllister Associates, Inc. Robert Greenberg This project examines how best to facilitate the broader involvement of the private sector in producing new, low-cost technology for all sectors of the criminal justice system. 94-IJ-CX-0052 Domestic Violence Cases: Effects of a Specialized Court American Bar Association Barbara Smith This project evaluates a domestic violence court in Milwaukee by examining the effects of the no-drop policy on convictions and victim satisfaction; the effects of various dispositions on recidivism of batterers; and whether the new court reduces time to disposition in domestic violence cases. 94-IJ-CX-A051 Drug Court Intervention Project of the D.C. Superior Court D.C. Pretrial Services Agency John A. Carver This award, in conjunction with the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment of the Department of Health and Human Services, supports the implementation and evaluation of a drug court in the District of Columbia. 94-IJ-CX-0019 Enhancing the Evaluation Outcomes of Innovative Boot Camp Programs Southern Illinois University Tom Castellano This project explores the factors associated with the implementation and development of innovative correctional boot camps and examines program impacts on such offender traits as self-esteem and problemsolving skills. 94-IJ-CX-0053 Evaluating Nevada's Anti-Gang Legislation and Gang Prosecution University of Nevada--Las Vegas Terance Miethe This evaluation examines two approaches to increasing formal responses to gang activity-- anti-gang statutes and specialized prosecution units--in two Nevada counties. 94-IJ-CX-K011 Evaluation of the District of Columbia Drug Court The Urban Institute Adele Harrell This evaluation of the Drug Court Intervention Program of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia assesses the effectiveness of two different drug treatment strategies and will provide a process evaluation, an outcome evaluation, and a cost-benefit analysis of the program. 94-IJ-CX-0005 Guidelines for Physical Security of Court Facilities National Sheriffs' Association Aldine Moser, Jr. This project convenes an advisory group representing all interests and possible contributors to improved courthouse security to develop guidelines for the design and execution of a national survey of existing courthouse security resources and managerial problems. 94-IJ-CX-K005 HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Correctional Facilities Abt Associates, Inc. Ted Hammett This project, sponsored by NIJ and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, provides an update on the impact of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in correctional facilities, including juvenile facilities. 94-IJ-CX-0040 Impact of Mandatory Minimum Sentences on Felony Case Processing National Center for State Courts John Goerdt This study examines the impact of two sentencing trends--mandatory minimum sentences for first-time drug offenders and mandatory minimum sentence enhancements for habitual offenders--on trial rates, backlog, delay, and conviction rates. 94-IJ-CX-0003 The Influence of Court, Prosecutor, and Defense Resources on Felony Adjudication Procedures and Interagency Coordination of Felony Case Processing National Center for State Courts John Goerdt This project examines court, prosecutor, and defender resources; case management procedures; and methods of interagency coordination and their impact on the pace and outcomes of felony adjudication in 10 large urban jurisdictions. 94-IJ-CX-0016 Measuring Probation/Parole Effectiveness Using Alternative Outcome Measures Regents of the University of California--Irvine Crystal Garcia This evaluation reanalyzes the data from the 14-site National Intensively Supervised Demonstration Project to compare the findings with previously reported results and offer policy recommendations. 94-IJ-CX-0020 Study of Juvenile Justice Programs in Prosecutor Offices Ann Taylor, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project involves a review of the relevant literature and a process evaluation of three prosecutor offices in diverse jurisdictions to determine which juvenile justice programs can be replicated, modified, or adopted in other jurisdictions. 94-IJ-CX-0064 Substance Abuse Treatment Using Cognitive Behavior Therapy: The Oklahoma Department of Corrections Systematic Strategy University of Maryland--College Park Doris MacKenzie This project investigates the impact of a systemwide substance abuse treatment program that follows offenders throughout their time in correctional institutions as well as after their release into the community. 94-IJ-CX-0025 Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromographic Analysis University of Florida--Gainesville, College of Pharmacy Ian R. Tebbett This study perfects a procedure, developed and tested in previous NIJ work, for the dating of inks. The final product will be a reference document for crime laboratories to use in dating inks on questioned documents. 94-IJ-CX-A004 Technology Assessment Program U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Office of Law Enforcement Standards Kathleen M. Higgins This project continues NIJ Technology Assessment Program efforts, such as the development of DNA polymerase chain reaction standards and armor-piercing ammunition testing, and will update the law enforcement standards for concealable body armor used by the military in situations other than war. 94-IJ-CX-0039 Testing the Reliability of Animal Models in Research and Training Programs in Forensic Entomology Louisiana Tech University James D. Liberatos This study authenticates a currently used method for determining the post mortem interval by scientifically testing the yet unsupported claim that the domestic pig is a reliable human surrogate in forensic entomology. 94-IJ-CX-0054 Use of Closed-Circuit Television and Videotaped Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Trials: An Evaluation of the Bureau of Justice Assistance's Funding Program American Bar Association Sharon Elstein This project documents how 28 jurisdictions are using Bureau of Justice Assistance funding to implement closed-circuit televised and videotaped testimony in child sexual abuse cases, including how often the technologies are successfully introduced into the prosecution and adjudication process. 94-IJ-CX-0028 User Accountability and Long-Term Recidivism Arizona State University John Hepburn This project evaluates the effects on recidivism of a Maricopa, Arizona, program that is based on a philosophy of zero tolerance to drugs. 93-IJ-CX-0013 Children's Out-of-Court Statements Regents of the University of California Gail Goodman Researchers conducting three interrelated studies are investigating effective ways to introduce children's testimony in domestic violence cases and juror decisionmaking regarding the reliability of hearsay versus live trial testimony. 93-IJ-CX-4048 Day-Reporting Centers as an Intermediate Sanction: A Process and Impact Evaluation Pacific Institute for Research Evaluation Amy Craddock This project examines how and to what extent three day-reporting centers have been implemented. Findings will include assessments of planning activities, barriers to implementation, service coordination, policy development and operations, and program impact. 93-IJ-CX-0030 Development of Capillary Electrophoresis for Application in Forensics DNA Testing Procedure University of Virginia Ralph Allen This study examines sequence polymorphisms from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to answer the questions of genetic variability in racial and ethnic subpopulations. The research also makes improvements to mtDNA sequence data bases and evaluates genetic mutation rates. 93-IJ-CX-0032 Dispensing Justice Locally: The Implementation and Effects of the Midtown Community Court Fund for the City of New York Michele Sviridoff This project supports a cooperative effort between the Fund for the City of New York and the National Center for State Courts to examine the implementation process, operation, and preliminary impacts of misdemeanor case processing by a Manhattan community court. 93-IJ-CX-0036 Divorce Mediation and Spousal Violence Center for Policy Research Jessica Pearson This project documents the screening and mediation practices developed to meet the needs of abused women, determines how widespread the adoption of these practices is, assesses the degree to which the practices are perceived as effective and efficient, and identifies recommended methods for better serving these women. 93-IJ-CX-0008 DNA Forensic Science: An Update National Academy of Sciences Eric Fisher This study clarifies the statistical and genetic issues related to determining the probability that a DNA match is not random. The project involves a committee that reviews and explains the major alternative approaches to the statistical evaluation of DNA evidence, along with their assumptions, merits, and limitations. 93-IJ-CX-0035 Effectiveness of Civil Protection Orders in Deterring Domestic Violence National Center for State Courts Susan Keilitz This project examines factors that can influence the effectiveness of protection orders to deter domestic violence. 93-IJ-CX-0025 Effects of Different Criminal Justice System Strategies on Completion of Mandated Treatment Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Douglas Young This project evaluates a program in Brooklyn, New York, that mandates offenders to attend and remain in a residential treatment program. Investigators examine whether the concept of mandatory treatment influences retention rates and thus reduces recidivism. 93-IJ-CX-0056 Evaluation of the New York City Department of Probation's Drug Treatment Initiative National Development and Research Institute Gregory Falkin This process and impact evaluation examines four models of implementing drug treatment currently used for felony offenders on probation in New York City. 93-IJ-CX-0041 Evaluation of Two Models for Treating Sentenced Federal Drug Offenders in the Community National Council on Crime and Delinquency James Austin This project supports a process and experimental design impact evaluation of two drug treatment models for Federal offenders under community supervision. 93-IJ-CX-0011 Experiments in Special Deterrence: A Meta-Analysis Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey David Weisburd This meta-analysis assesses five randomized experiments that evaluated traditional criminal justice sanctions as well as crime reduction programs administered by nonjustice agencies. 93-IJ-CX-0007 An Extended Computer Sourcebook of Forensic Science Information Regents of the University of California--Berkeley John Thornton This followup study updates and expands versions of existing forensic science hypertext computer sourcebooks (such as firearms evidence, serology evidence, fingerprints evidence, and trace evidence) on CD-ROM disks, so that they can be disseminated as a single product. 93-IJ-CX-0010 Massively Parallel DNA Typing by Capillary Array Electrophoresis (CAE) Regents of the University of California--Berkeley George Sensabaugh This project adapts the CAE technology to criminal justice DNA testing for a variety of markers, including short tandem repeats, and enables the criminal justice system to rapidly generate large numbers of DNA profiles. 93-IJ-CX-K024 New Initiatives in Correctional Technology American Correctional Association John Greene III This evaluation examines the relative effectiveness of technology currently in use by corrections personnel in seven areas and identifies opportunities to improve and promote the effectiveness of correctional institution operations in general by introducing additional technologies. 93-IJ-CX-0042 Parental Drug Testing in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases The Urban Institute Lisa Newmark This study examines the use of parental drug testing to aid judicial and social service system collaboration in preventing further maltreatment in child abuse and neglect cases. 93-IJ-CX-0016 The PLM/Microprobe: An Electron Microprobe for Use on a Light Microscope Stage Designed for Trace Evidence Analysis McCrone Research Institute David Stoney This award supports the development and construction of an electron microprobe that works on the stage of a light microscope to detect the elemental composition of trace evidence and that allows direct observation of the sample's optical properties and visible cathodoluminescence. 93-IJ-CX-0045 Probationer Compliance With Conditions of Supervision University of Maryland--College Park Doris MacKenzie This project provides a wide range of information on the imposition of technical conditions during community supervision and assesses the relationship between violations of technical conditions of supervision and criminality. 93-IJ-CX-0039 Prosecution of Domestic Violence Offenses American Prosecutors Research Institute Cabell C. Cropper This project identifies and explains domestic violence prosecution needs, accomplishments, and obstacles for local prosecutors' offices across the Nation. 93-IJ-CX-K021 State Evaluation Capacity Building California State Board of Corrections Thomas E. McConnell This project involves both process and impact evaluations of three jail-based life skills development programs for local prisoners in Los Angeles, Mendocino, and Sacramento counties. 93-IJ-CX-K017 State Evaluation Capacity Building Colorado Division of Criminal Justice Kim English This project evaluates aspects of a juvenile intensive supervision probation to enable staff to expand their knowledge of employing experimental research techniques beyond basic applications. 93-IJ-CX-0020 Use of Juvenile Records in Adult Court Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. J. Thomas McEwen This study examines the extent to which States are authorized to consider juvenile record information in adult prosecutions through a national assessment of legislation and practice. 93-IJ-CX-A031 Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory Division Trace Evidence Identification Project Washington State Patrol David M. Northrop This award supports the development of capillary electrophoresis as a technique to provide courtroom evidence of firearm use and rapid and sensitive analytical evidence of the organic residues that remain after firearm discharge. 92-IJ-CX-0009 Americans With Disabilities: Implications for Criminal Justice Paula N. Rubin, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project continues research on the implications for criminal justice agencies of the Americans With Disabilities Act and its effects on the policies and programmatic responses of the field. 92-IJ-CX-K027 Identifying Effective Strategies of Managing Female Offenders Michigan State University Merry Morash This evaluation assesses special populations to determine the ways in which correctional officials are managing the increased numbers of female offenders in the criminal justice system. 92-IJ-CX-K041 Justice System Processing of Child Abuse Cases American Bar Association Susan Wells This project combines the resources of the American Bar Association's Center on Children and the Law; Westat, Inc; and James Bell Associates to track cases, victims, and perpetrators through the justice system. 92-IJ-CX-K017 Less-Than-Lethal Weapons: Application/Evaluation in Jails and Patrol Situations National Sheriffs' Association Jacob Griffin This project evaluates the potential utility of less-than-lethal method technologies for application to criminal justice operations, particularly in jail and patrol situations, to contain or deescalate hostile actions, such as rioting or individual violence. 92-IJ-CX-K040 Mitochondrial DNA Variation in North American Populations of Forensic Interest Pennsylvania State University Mark Stoneking This project continues a study to type mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in five geographical subpopulations of four groups (Caucasians, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians) to determine the extent and forensic significance of mtDNA subpopulation heterogeneity; ascertain whether any significant association exists between mtDNA types and genotypes at other loci used forensically; and increase the size of the mtDNA data base. 92-IJ-CX-K002 Research Applications for Sheriffs National Sheriffs' Association Aldine Moser, Jr. This project expands the outreach efforts of the National Sheriffs' Association, which works with the Nation's sheriffs to apply the results of NIJ research and evaluation through training, technical support, and information dissemination. 92-IJ-CX-K032 Sexual Violence: Utility of Rapist Classification for Criminals Forensic Training and Research Associates Robert Prentky This project evaluates the generalizability of a proposed classification of rapists to correctional settings beyond the prison where it was developed and is preparing a simplified version for use by a wide variety of criminal justice officials. 91-IJ-CX-K023 Drug Testing for Youthful Offenders on Parole: An Experimental Study California Youth Authority Rudy Haapanen This study compares the effects of different levels of routine, unscheduled drug testing on criminality and parole adjustment among young adult offenders on parole supervision. 91-IJ-CX-0016 Sexual Assault Evidence: National Assessment and Guidebook University of New Haven--School of Public Safety R.E. Gaensslen This assessment of evidence handling and analysis procedures in sexual assault cases surveys all relevant criminal justice agencies and victim service organizations as well as medical and forensic science facilities to identify the systems and methods used in handling sexual assaults and the physical evidence resulting from the investigation. 90-IJ-CX-0027 Dissemination of Criminal Justice Research to Local Prosecutors American Prosecutors Research Institute Cabell C. Cropper This project addresses the problem of underutilized criminal justice research among local government prosecutors by issuing the periodical "Prosecutors Perspective," which highlights recent criminal justice research findings for application to the prosecutorial function, and identifying promising areas of future research for the National Institute of Justice. ------------------------------ o Intramural Projects The following research is being conducted by NIJ staff: Assessment of Sentencing Outcomes for Drug Offenders in State Courts Jordan Leiter and Angela Moore Parmley This research compares sentencing outcomes for black and white drug offenders convicted in State courts in Virginia and Minnesota. Both the likelihood of being incarcerated and the length of incarceration are being studied. Automated Risk Classification for Probationers Pamela K. Lattimore and Richard L. Linster Using data from the Florida Department of Corrections management information system, researchers are developing a model-based classification system for probation populations. The intent is to develop a quick and inexpensive method for classifying regular probation populations. Drug Assay Cutoff Levels for Marijuana: A Comparison of 100- and 50-ng/ml Cutoffs for Drug Testing Arrestees Christy A. Visher and Thomas E. Feucht During 1995, the Drug Use Forecasting program conducted tests for marijuana at both 100 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml. This research is examining the empirical consequences of changing the cutoff level for a positive test result for marijuana from 100 ng/ml to 50 ng/ml for screening assays such as the widely used EMIT(TM). Identifying Optimal Risk Classification Schemes for Probationers Pamela K. Lattimore This project, which continues NIJ work with the Florida Department of Corrections, is developing methods to establish appropriate cutoff points for assignment to maximum, medium, or minimum probation supervision levels. Prison Drug Use: Results of Drug Testing in a State Prison System Thomas E. Feucht and Gabrielle M. Kyle In cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Correction, researchers are measuring the extent of drug use in prisons and assessing the impact of specific drug control strategies, including drug-detection dogs, electronic drug-detection equipment, and randomized drug testing. Violence in U.S. Cities: Homicide Trends in Eight Cities Pamela K. Lattimore This examination of trends in murder and violent crime rates in large U.S. cities entails extensive study of eight cities (plus two pilot cities), where data will be collected and key policymakers will be interviewed. The research is analyzing the ways in which changes in local factors are associated with changes in homicide rates. Violence in U.S. Cities: Homicide Trends in Large Cities Pamela K. Lattimore and Jordan Leiter This project is examining homicide rates between 1980 and 1994 in U.S. cities with populations of more than 200,000. Data are being collected to investigate the relationships between homicide trends and changes in criminal justice system activities, socioeconomic factors, and criminal activities (such as involvement with guns, gangs, and drugs). ------------------------------ o Research Applications Contract Projects OJP-C-94-007 Abt Associates, Inc. Joan Mullen Business Involvement in Correctional Reform This project explores business and corporate involvement in corrections, such as job training for inmates, private-sector prison industries, and corporate contributions to improve corrections management. "CEO" (Center for Employment Opportunities) This report takes an indepth look at the Center for Employment Opportunities Neighborhood Work Project and Vocational Development Program and describes how the program gives former offenders transitional, minimum-wage jobs to meet their immediate needs, in addition to preemployment training and placement in permanent, unsubsidized jobs. Community-Backed Anti-Drug Tax: COMBAT in Jackson County, Missouri This report describes the efforts and results of an anti-drug sales tax now in place in Jackson County (Kansas City), Kansas. The tax has generated more than $75 million since 1990. The revenue has been distributed to more than 88 programs to combat drugs and drug-related crime. Community Dispute Resolution This report explores the expanding role of dispute resolution in the administration of justice and examines several variants of conflict resolution programs that have emerged around the Nation. The Dispute Settlement Center of Durham, North Carolina This indepth review of the creative services offered by the Dispute Settlement Center of Durham, North Carolina, focuses on the problems the Center has confronted and various issues involved in its development and operation. Developing Law Enforcement Stress Programs for Officers and Their Families Building on previous work on how law enforcement officers cope with stress, this analysis of the range and types of stress programs for officers and their families identifies and describes the characteristics of effective programs. HIV/AIDS and STD's in Juvenile Facilities This report presents the findings of the 1994-95 survey of juvenile correctional facilities by NIJ and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In particular, it discusses the findings as they pertain to policies and programs regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Immigration and Naturalization Service Detention Centers This project is a broad study of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) procedures for contracting with and managing private firms that provide detention services. The study will analyze INS procedures for procuring and managing privately operated detention services and the costs of private versus government-operated facilities. Intermediate Sanctions and Structured Sentencing Although sentencing guidelines and intermediate sanctions are widely used around the country, the two have tended to develop in isolation. This project examines the ways in which jurisdictions are integrating intermediate sanctions and comprehensive sentencing guidelines. Jail-Based Vocational and Educational Programs in Orange County, Florida This project will report on several vocational and educational training programs that have become an integral part of jail services in Orlando, Florida. Provided in conjunction with the local community college, the program allows inmates to continue their education when they are released. The Maryland Shelter Plus Mental Health Care Program for Dually Diagnosed Offenders Released From Jail This report will describe and assess a new program for mentally ill offenders who are newly released from jail and detention centers. Through housing vouchers, the program reduces the likelihood that this population will become homeless. No-Frills Confinement This work summarizes the issues surrounding policies to make imprisonment more unpleasant (for example, by eliminating recreation equipment and televisions and restricting conjugal visits). The report examines the extent to which such laws have been passed, the effects of those laws on the administration of prisons, and the extent to which trends conflict with professional standards and case law regarding minimum conditions of confinement. Pretrial Services This report explores developments in the field of pretrial services, describes an ideal model of pretrial release, and contrasts it with current practices. It emphasizes the ways pretrial services respond to the pressures of emergency release, three-strikes-and-you're-out legislation, juveniles, and the increasing number of drug-related crimes. Project SEEK This report will highlight Project SEEK (Services to Enable and Empower Kids), a Michigan program for families and children of incarcerated persons (primarily fathers). Public Defenders in the Neighborhood: A Harlem Law Office Stresses Teamwork, Early Investigation This report highlights an innovative, community-based approach to indigent defense services. The Neighborhood Defender Service is a public law office serving the residents of Harlem's neighborhoods who are accused of crimes and cannot afford private lawyers. Restorative Justice: Principles in Action Many justice system innovations implemented in recent years have restorative justice features. This report will provide a stimulus for discussions about restorative justice by examining what it looks like in practice. Sentencing This series of reports explores key sentencing issues: mandatory sentencing, sentencing commissions, intermediate sanctions, and the transfer of juvenile offenders to adult facilities. Serving Crime Victims and Witnesses, 2nd Edition This report updates the issues and new developments in victimology and victim services. Structured Sentencing: The Case of North Carolina This work examines North Carolina's implementation of two major legislative reforms: the Structured Sentencing Act (presumptive sentencing guidelines explicitly tied to available correctional resources) and the Criminal Justice Partnership Act (a comprehensive community corrections act). The report highlights not only how the structured sentencing system works but also how key officials kept the system on track during volatile and emotionally charged times. Treatment Programs for Batterers A number of approaches are being implemented to respond to domestic violence. This report explores the features and findings of a number of model programs. Tuberculosis in Correctional Facilities, 1994-95 This report presents the findings of the 1994-95 survey of correctional facilities as they pertain to HIV and tuberculosis. Women's Prison Association and Home, Inc. This report will highlight a community program in New York City that provides a variety of support services for newly released women inmates to ease their transition into the community. ------------------------------ Crime Control and Prevention o Extramural Research 95-IJ-CX-0104 An Analysis of Police Use of Force Data University of South Carolina Geoffrey P. Alpert This project reanalyzes and compares the data sets on police use of force from the Metro-Dade, Florida, and Eugene and Springfield, Oregon, police departments. Through data analysis, researchers will determine the relationship between the amount of resistance met by police and the amount of force used to control suspects. 95-IJ-CX-0024 Analysis of the Juvenile Curfew in New Orleans University of New Orleans Ralph E. Thayer Using mapping techniques, this study examines the impact of the New Orleans curfew on both delinquency and violent crimes committed by juveniles against juveniles. 95-IJ-CX-0001 Assessment of Family Violence Interventions National Academy of Sciences Rosemary Chalk A committee of experts is developing a synthesis of the relevant research and expert opinions regarding the strengths and limitations of existing program interventions in the area of family violence. 95-IJ-CX-0042 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Police Family Group Conferencing Project Community Service Foundation, Inc. Theodore Wachtel This project evaluates the effectiveness of family group conferencing, an innovative community policing technique that involves victims, offenders, and their families and friends in addressing moderately serious juvenile crimes. 95-IJ-CX-0054 Beyond Arrest: The Portland, Oregon, Experiment Portland State University Annette Jolin This study explores whether arrest, in the context of a coordinated domestic violence response system, has a greater deterrent effect than arrest by itself and evaluates the effectiveness of the Portland Police Bureau's Domestic Violence Reduction Unit. 95-IJ-CX-0081 Building Effective Strategies for Community Policing State University of New York--Buffalo Raymond Hunt This project supports the collaboration between a university team and the Buffalo, New York, Police Department to help define, clarify, develop, and deploy a vision and strategy for community policing. 95-IJ-CX-0015 Citizen Feedback on Individual Officer Performance Lincoln, Nebraska, Police Department Terrence K. Sherrill This project evaluates the Police Department's Quality Service Audit using an ongoing systematic survey of citizens involved in contacts with the police. Feedback on citizen satisfaction will be provided monthly to the officers involved in the contacts. 95-IJ-CX-0092 Citizen Involvement in Community Policing Institute for Social Analysis Royer F. Cook This evaluation focuses on police-citizen interaction and community policing in two cities where the national impact evaluation of Operation Weed and Seed is being conducted. 95-IJ-CX-0079 Collaboration Between Abt Associates and the Hartford Police Department Abt Associates, Inc. Joan Mullen This evaluation examines an innovative joint police-community program in Hartford, Connecticut, that directly addresses two key aspects of the 1994 Crime Act: development and implementation of innovative programs to permit members of the community to assist law enforcement agencies in re- orienting the emphasis of their activities from reacting to crime to preventing crime. 95-IJ-CX-0046 Collaboration Between the Oakland Police Department and the University of California Regents of the University of California--Berkeley Jerome Skolnick This project supports collaboration between the Oakland Police Department and the University of California--Berkeley to encourage police accountability to the department and to the citizens of Oakland. It will also evaluate the department's move to implement community-oriented policing through decentralization. 95-IJ-CX-0074 Community Policing Activities: Ohio Task Analysis Project University of Cincinnati, Office of Sponsored Programs Lawrence F. Travis This study examines whether the job function of police officers, particularly street-level officers, has developed and changed with the adoption of community-oriented policing over the past decade. 95-IJ-CX-0049 Community Policing in El Centro, California: Strengthening Police-Citizen Cooperation in a Bilingual, Multicultural Community City of El Centro Harold D. Carter Working with faculty from San Diego State University, the El Centro Police Department is identifying and testing strategies for improving cooperation and building trust between police officers and citizens who may not speak the same language or share a common cultural experience. 95-IJ-CX-0071 Community Policing in Neighborhoods Michigan State University Stephen D. Mastrofski This study addresses several aspects of community policing, including how the police and the community interact with each other in a community policing environment, how officers spend their time and use their authority to intervene in citizens' lives, how police control problem citizens, and how law enforcement agencies obtain cooperation between the police and the public. 95-IJ-CX-A040 Concealed Weapon Technology Support and Establishment of National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center--Northeast Region U.S. Department of the Air Force--Rome Laboratory John A. Ritz This project provides NIJ with technical expertise for the oversight of the NIJ-funded concealed weapon technologies and establishes the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center-- Northeast Region. 95-IJ-CX-0067 Consent to Search and Seize University of Missouri--St. Louis Scott H. Decker This project evaluates the St. Louis Firearm Suppression Program, an innovative policing effort to: (1) reduce youth firearm possession and violence by obtaining parental consent to search the homes of juveniles suspected of possessing a gun, and (2) document aspects of problem-oriented policing most responsible for successful outcomes. 95-IJ-CX-0039 Controlling Crime and Disorder Hot Spots Using Civil Remedies University of Cincinnati Lorraine Green-Mazerolle This 18-month study assesses the Oakland, California, Police Department's Beat Health Unit Initiative, which uses civil remedies for drug and crime abatement, neighborhood improvement, and cooling down of hot spots. The assessment's aim is to inform policymakers of the types of communities most likely to provide successful environments for such initiatives. 95-IJ-CX-0030 Controlling Fraud in Small Business Health Benefits Programs St. John's University Robert H. Tillman This project develops estimates of the magnitude of fraudulent health care provider schemes, the effectiveness of the law enforcement response, and the legislative and regulatory gaps that facilitate these kinds of fraud. 95-IJ-CX-0069 COPS Youth Firearm Violence Initiative Abt Associates, Inc. Terry Dunworth This evaluation of an initiative of the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) assesses the impact of various strategies to address youth firearms violence and identifies and describes those that are successful and transferable to other jurisdictions. 95-IJ-CX-0045 Council Grove-Kansas State University Law Enforcement Team Project Kansas State University Kay K. Cogley This project forms a long-term partnership between law enforcement in the rural community of Council Grove, Kansas, and Kansas State University to provide systematic data on public perception of the area's style of community policing. 95-IJ-CX-0077 Criminology Against Crime: Criminologists and Crime Control for the Indianapolis Police Department City of Indianapolis Donald Christ This evaluation examines two key elements of police accountability. One is the IMPACT (Indianapolis Model of Police Accountability for Community Problemsolving Targets) program, a computer-aided management information and evaluation program for community policing. The other is the New York City police department's model of weekly crime control strategy meetings, which promote intensive review of local crime patterns by top police commanders. 95-IJ-CX-0058 A Cross-Cultural Study of Police Corruption University of Delaware--Newark Carl B. Klockars This study surveys police officers and administrators in U.S. police agencies about corruption and compares the results with those obtained in a survey completed by a researcher in Croatia. The ensuing report will be the first systematic cross-cultural study of police corruption. 95-IJ-CX-0083 Cross-Site Research on Locally Initiated Collaboration Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. J. Thomas McEwen This national evaluation conducts cross-site research on local collaborations developed under this program to determine how researcher-police partnerships are formed, how they operate, and what factors lead to success. 95-IJ-CX-0047 Demonstrating a Cost-Effective Approach for Locally Initiated Police Research in Small- and Medium-Sized Cities LINC Marcia R. Chaiken This project facilitates interaction, via the Internet, among research institutions and police departments in four cities that are geographically distant from each other and from institutions that conduct policing research. The project develops, tests, and evaluates new interactive processes. 95-IJ-CX-A027 Detection and Classification of Concealed Weapons Using Magnetic Gradient Measurement Techniques U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Jonathan Nadler This project is developing a method of detecting and classifying concealed weapons using magnetic gradient measurement techniques to provide quantitative estimates of weapon size, location, and other characteristics. 95-IJ-CX-K007 Detection of Concealed Weapons and Other Contraband Using Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging Millitech Corporation Roger Boyce This project is producing a series of proof-of-principal and prototype passive millimeter wave camera systems for the remote detection of concealed weapons and contraband hidden under clothing. 95-IJ-CX-0076 Developing and Expanding Problemsolving and Research Partnerships in Jersey City Jersey City Police Department Frank Gajewski This project expands the partnership between the Jersey City Police Department and the Center for Crime Prevention Studies at Rutgers University to enhance the department's information management and research capabilities, particularly in community policing, problem-oriented policing, and crime prevention projects. 95-IJ-CX-0085 Development of the Florida Law Enforcement Research Coalition (FLERC) Florida State University (FSU) Tony Pate and Lorie Fridell The Florida State School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, in collaboration with the FSU College of Social Sciences and relevant law enforcement agencies, has formed the Florida Law Enforcement Research Coalition to identify research and policy needs of the law enforcement community and promote working relationships between practitioners and researchers. 95-IJ-CX-0053 DI-LEARN: Downstate Illinois Law Enforcement Research Network (Phase I) Southern Illinois University James Garofolo This award supports a network of small police agencies, sheriffs' departments, and researchers from Southern Illinois University to identify and prioritize the agencies' research needs as related to community policing. 95-IJ-CX-0055 Educating the Public About Police: The Lima Public Service Announcement Project University of Cincinnati, Office of Sponsored Programs Mitchell Chamlin This evaluation examines the ability of four educational public service announcements on police-citizen interaction to affect police-citizen outcomes. 95-IJ-CX-0038 The Effects of Juvenile Curfews on Violent Crime Sam Houston State University Kenneth Adams This project investigates whether juvenile curfews reduce violent and nonviolent crime and increase school attendance. 95-IJ-CX-0052 Enhancing Dissemination of Technological Innovation Indiana University--Bloomington Alexander Weiss This project examines patterns of information sharing among 600 State, county, and municipal law enforcement agencies to illustrate the nature and frequency of communication, the factors that influence these patterns, and whether a group of law enforcement agencies serves as a clearinghouse for the dissemination of information. 95-IJ-CX-0057 Establishing a Research Partnership Between the Omaha Police Department and the University of Nebraska at Omaha University of Nebraska--Omaha Vincent Webb This project builds on an ongoing collaborative research partnership in which Omaha Police Department professionals and university researchers identify the department's research needs, develop a community policing-related research agenda, carry out the agenda, and assess its impact on the department and the community. 95-IJ-CX-0007 Estimation of Population Structure Parameters North Carolina State University Bruce S. Weir This project seeks to estimate the standardized variance of allele frequencies over a group of subpopulations, a sample of the FBI's worldwide compendium of DNA typing data, and a geographic sampling of Roche parentage lab data from North Carolina counties. 95-IJ-CX-0041 Evaluating Community Policing in Public Housing Temple University Jack R. Greene This evaluation assesses the implementation of a community policing strategy by the Philadelphia Housing Authority and its resident police agency across six public housing developments in Philadelphia that are linked by a common thoroughfare. 95-IJ-CX-0090 Evaluation of Community Policing in Tempe, Arizona Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. J. Thomas McEwen This continuing evaluation considers how a police department changes, adapts, and sustains community policing over time in efforts that encompass the entire city. 95-IJ-CX-0068 Evaluation of Community Policing in Two Medium-Sized Cities University of Illinois--Chicago Dennis P. Rosenbaum This evaluation assesses two types of initiatives: long-term organizational efforts to implement community policing strategies on a citywide basis and new, multiagency efforts to reduce violence and fear in and around local schools. 95-IJ-CX-0051 Evaluation of Community Policing Project Hagerstown Department of Police Dale J. Jones This project, conducted by researchers from Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania, assesses the implementation of the Hagerstown, Maryland, Police Department's community policing program, which was designed to reduce fear of crime and improve the quality of life for residents and merchants in two neighborhoods. 95-IJ-CX-0011 An Evaluation of the Chicago Housing Authority's Anti-Drug Initiative Abt Associates, Inc. Susan Popkin This project examines the overall impact of the Chicago Housing Authority's anti-drug initiative on crime rates and residents' perceptions of safety and willingness to participate in organized anticrime efforts. 95-IJ-CX-0070 An Evaluation of the Dallas Police Department's Interactive Community Policing Program University of Texas--Arlington Charles H. Mindel This evaluation examines the implementation of an Interactive Community Policing Model (ICPM) in Dallas, Texas; codifies and measures the ICPM; develops a replicable implementation technology; and assesses the effects of the ICPM on the community and the police department. 95-IJ-CX-0078 Everyday Perceptions of Disorder, Self-Protection Against Crime, and Community Policing Regents of the University of California--Los Angeles Jack Katz This ethnographic study of five contrasting neighborhoods in the Hollywood area of Los Angeles describes the differences among the residents in their perceptions of disorder and fear of crime, personal strategies for avoiding risk, and definitions of community policing. 95-IJ-CX-0091 Examining the Transformation to Community Policing: Organizational Development Characteristics and Issues Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. Edward F. Connors This evaluation examines the critical elements involved in making a successful transition from a traditional law enforcement agency to a community policing organization. 95-IJ-CX-0101 Facilitating Organizational Change: Shaping Philosophies Through Individual and Organizational Evaluations University of South Carolina Geoffrey P. Alpert These evaluations assess the efforts of police officers and their departments, using input that focuses on the processes of policing in the community and the consequences of the actions taken by officers. 95-IJ-CX-0020 Federal Funding of Police Overtime: A Utilization Study State University of New York--Albany David H. Bayley This project examines the use of Federal funds for police overtime by municipal police departments and multijurisdictional drug task forces to determine whether and how such funds can be used more effectively to support strategic innovation, especially in community policing. 95-IJ-CX-0050 Fighting Disorder Within the Law: How Community Policing Officers Can Combat Street Disorder and Protect Civil Liberties American Alliance for Rights and Responsibilities Roger L. Conner This project develops case studies of cities that have faced lawsuits related to street-level disorder. The case studies will provide practical and timely guidance to police and others for development of policies that minimize the chances for lawsuits. 95-IJ-CX-0093 Forming a Research Partnership: Lansing Police Department and Michigan State University City of Lansing Richard Cook This project links the Lansing Police Department and the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University to conduct a process analysis of the implementation of a team approach to policing and to analyze the informational needs of officers. 95-IJ-CX-0106 Handgun Intervention Program Evaluation The Urban Institute Jeffrey A. Roth This study evaluates the Handgun Intervention Program in the 36th District Court in Detroit, Michigan. The goal of the Program is to prevent gun violence among defendants charged with carrying a concealed weapon. 95-IJ-CX-0113 Identification of Work and Family Services for Law Enforcement Personnel Police Research Education Project Elizabeth McGee This project identifies the work and family stress factors in police officers' lives and the programs provided to assist them. It also surveys a national sample of law enforcement agencies to determine the availability and success of such programs. 95-DD-BX-0134 Impact Evaluation of the Weed and Seed Program Abt Associates, Inc. Terence Dunworth This 24-month study evaluates eight Weed and Seed sites (using eight comparison sites) and the National Performance Review Laboratory as it is applied to Weed and Seed. 95-IJ-CX-0060 Implementing Community Policing in Los Angeles: A Partnership Between the LAPD, UCLA, and USC Training Research Corporation Edward Smith This project establishes a partnership between the Los Angeles Police Department and the city's two largest research universities to test whether the implementation of community policing can be accelerated by feeding data at strategic points in the organization and whether such a partnership can be a catalyst in transforming a large and complex police agency. 95-IJ-CX-0080 Increasing the Effectiveness of Rural Police Departments Alfred University William Hall Alfred University and two neighboring towns are conducting a field study to determine how the police departments in the towns can more effectively and efficiently provide services to their communities by using community policing strategies and sharing programs and resources. 95-IJ-CX-0065 Integrating Community Policing into the San Diego Regional Law Enforcement Training Center Curriculum San Diego Police Department Donna Warlick This project enables the San Diego Police Department to analyze the Training Center curriculum, develop modifications that incorporate community policing and problemsolving as a common theme, train instructors in the modifications, and evaluate the outcome. 95-MU-MU-0026 Intervention for Elementary School Children Exposed to Community Violence Howard University Hope Hill This project, cofunded with the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, supports an initial evaluation of a culturally appropriate, multilevel, after-school intervention designed to reduce children's likelihood of experiencing the negative psychological effects of violence and engaging in violent behavior. 95-IJ-CX-0023 Investigating the Scope of Measurement Error in Calls-for-Service as a Measure of Crime University of Houston David A. Klinger This project compares initial police dispatch and observers' descriptions of calls for police service to yield a variety of error counts. 95-IJ-CX-0008 Isolation and Characterization of Population-Specific Alleles University of Pittsburgh Mark D. Shriver This award supports the development of a data base that estimates the ethnic affiliation of unknown suspects by typing a random sample of Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic residents for the identified markers. 95-IJ-CX-0061 Joint Police and Social Services Response to Abused Elders Victim Services Bruce Taylor This evaluation, conducted in cooperation with the New York City Police Department, examines a joint community policing and social service response to elder abuse. 95-IJ-CX-0062 A Joint Research Partnership for Community-Oriented Policing St. Louis University James F. Gilsinan This collaborative project between the university and the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department examines the commitment of first-line supervisors to a community-oriented policing approach and develops criteria that will recognize and reward activity that results from this approach. 95-IJ-CX-0089 Law Enforcement Family Support Survey and Focus Groups Center for Criminal Justice Studies Elizabeth Langston This study provides information on the extent and nature of police stress as identified by focus groups of police officers and spouses. 95-IJ-CX-K001 Law Enforcement Technology, Technology Transfer, Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Technology, and Policing Assessment SEASKATE, Inc. E.A. Burkhalter, Jr. This project supports a panel of experts who will identify the law enforcement technologies that are most promising in the short and long term and that should be the focus of development or adaptation. 95-IJ-CX-K003 Less-Than-Lethal Technology Assessment and Transfer Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, Inc. Donald Vincent This project designs and implements a process for assisting in the transfer of less-than-lethal technologies to policing and correctional operations. 95-IJ-CX-0012 Linguistic Methods for Determining Document Authorship Carole Elizabeth Chaski, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project develops, demonstrates, and tests a technique that linguistically analyzes a document to provide evidence of the author's identity. 95-IJ-CX-0100 Locally Initiated Research and Evaluation Project Salem State College Resource Center Edward LeClair This project supports the Salem State College Criminal Justice Institute in Massachusetts and three local police departments in developing an innovative research and evaluation collaboration that will measure the effectiveness of community policing programs at the local level. 95-IJ-CX-0088 Locally Initiated Research of Community Policing Initiatives in Jefferson County, West Virginia: Process and Outcome Evaluation Jefferson County, West Virginia, Coalition on Substance Abuse Diane C. McCoy This project evaluates the COPS FAST/COPS AHEAD project in three collaborating police forces to develop a research and analysis agenda for the future. 95-IJ-CX-0103 Measuring and Analyzing Crime Patterns and Trends With the Geographic Information System (GIS) John Jay College of Criminal Justice--Research Foundation of the City University of New York (CUNY) John Mollenkopf This collaborative project between the New York Police Department and two CUNY research centers improves analysis and evaluation techniques to increase understanding of crime incidence and control dynamics. 95-IJ-CX-0059 Organizational Change and Leadership: Conditions and Strategies for Creating a Culture of Community Policing President and Fellows of Harvard Mark Moore This evaluation determines what internal and external organizational conditions and what leadership and management techniques facilitate change. The researchers will then develop hypotheses to be tested in future research. 95-IJ-CX-0056 Partners for Prevention? Obstacles to Police-Community Cooperation in Problemsolving Northwestern University Wesley G. Skogan This project evaluates Chicago's community policing effort and the impact of its problemsolving strategies. 95-IJ-CX-0072 A Partnership for Research in Community Policing Strategies in a Rural County and Three Small Cities University of South Alabama Robert Galbraith This project is a demonstration of the mutual value of a research, evaluation, and program development-oriented relationship between small and rural law enforcement agencies and a criminal justice faculty from a local urban university. 95-IJ-CX-0117 A Partnership To Evaluate the Lincoln Police Department's Quality Service Audit University of Nebraska--Omaha Julie Horney This project supports the Lincoln Police Department in designing and implementing an evaluation of the department's Quality Service Audit, an ongoing, systematic survey of citizens involved in contacts with the police. 95-IJ-CX-0109 Police Officer Experience in Interpersonal Policing: The Crisis Negotiation Example University of Michigan Jane Sachs This project examines police crisis negotiations in an effort to gain a more complete understanding of the effects of interpersonal policing methods. 95-IJ-CX-0043 Policing Evaluation Through Academic Research: Creating a Special Policing Analysis Network City of Colorado Springs Teresa Schultz This project establishes a research alliance of the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, the Colorado Springs Police Department, and the El Paso County Sheriff's Office to build an interdisciplinary team of researchers and practitioners who can identify and coordinate community policing research within the area. 95-IJ-CX-0075 Policing Local Illicit Gun Markets Carnegie Mellon University Jacqueline Cohen This project, a partnership between a local research institution and the Pittsburgh police, examines the nature of local gun markets, particularly the sources of guns to juveniles, and assesses the effectiveness of law enforcement and investigatory strategies directed against these markets. 95-IJ-CX-0086 Policing on American Indian ReservationsPresident and Fellows of Harvard Francis Hartmann This 18-month project works with American Indian tribes to discover what policing strategies are and are not working, why they seem to be working or not, and how tribes and private and public agencies concerned with the welfare of American Indian communities might apply the findings. 95-IJ-CX-0025 Population-Based Monitoring of Firearm Violence: Georgia United Notification System Emory University Arthur L. Kellermann This award supports development of a data surveillance system for police investigators that integrates information on nonfatal gunshot injuries from police reports, health care providers, and hospital emergency rooms in the Atlanta area. 95-IJ-CX-0021 Problem-Oriented Policing Case Studies Ronald V. Clarke, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project identifies a small number of promising problem-oriented policing interventions and assists police in conducting evaluations of their effectiveness. 95-IJ-CX-0073 Process Evaluation of Title I of the Violent Crime Control Act of 1994 The Urban Institute Jeffrey A. Roth This project evaluates the progress made and problems encountered through implementation of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) under Title I of the 1994 Crime Act. The evaluation includes site visits to 60 locations and a national survey of 1,800 police executives. 95-IJ-CX-0111 Process Evaluation of Title XVIII of the Violent Crime Control Act of 1994 The Urban Institute Jeffrey A. Roth This evaluation analyzes the impact that the Crime Act's bans on semiautomatic assault weapons and large-capacity ammunition magazines have had on violent crime and drug trafficking. 95-IJ-CX-0063 A Proposal To Integrate Objective Performance Evaluation into Community Policing Boston Police Department James T. Jordan This two-stage project seeks to create an effective program for ongoing evaluation of the Boston Police Department's community policing strategy and will conduct two projects to assess the progress of neighborhood policing. 95-IJ-CX-0009 Public Access to Information Concerning the Whereabouts of Abuse Victims National Criminal Justice Association Gwen A. Holden In response to a mandate of the 1994 Crime Act, experts are studying and reporting on the means by which abusive spouses obtain information concerning the addresses or locations of estranged or former spouses and providing recommendations on potentially effective and enforceable regulation of access to such information. 95-IJ-CX-0019 Reducing Firearms Crime and Injuries: Interdicting Guns and Bullets Indianapolis, Office of the Mayor Craig Fishburn This project tests several strategies to encourage gun safety and reduce gun carrying and gun violence. 95-IJ-CX-A032 Reducing Injuries to Women in Domestic Assaults Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Jeffrey Fagan This supplement to a grant awarded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention supports additional analysis of data on injuries to women who are victims of domestic assault. 95-IJ-CX-0116 The Reporting and Nonreporting of Racially Motivated Hate Crimes in Robeson County, North Carolina: A Case Study North Carolina Central University Alice J. Mayer This project explores the factors that influence the reporting and nonreporting of racially motivated hate crimes in Robeson County, North Carolina. 95-IJ-CX-0048 A Research Partnership Between the Lexington Division of Police and Eastern Kentucky University Lexington/Fayette Urban County Government Larry Gaines This project establishes a research partnership to support one initial research project, plan a second one, and establish a system within the Division of Police for soliciting, prioritizing, and supervising subsequent research projects. The second project will evaluate the police department's move toward more geographically based deployment in support of community policing. 95-IJ-CX-0110 The Role of Local Law Enforcement in Controlling Illegal Immigration and Other Transnational Crimes Georgetown University William McDonald, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project studies State and local law enforcement efforts against transnational crime, including illegal immigration, street crime committed by illegal immigrants, organized crime initiated outside U.S. borders, and immigrant involvement in the drug trade. 95-IJ-CX-0064 Scanning for Innovation National League of Cities Institute Renee Winsky This project identifies innovative and exemplary community policing programs, practices, and procedures by means of a nationwide competitive Award for Excellence in Policing program. 95-IJ-CX-0044 Stage Model of Community Policing Seattle Police Department Dan W. Fleissner This project investigates the "stage concept" of the change process for a police department implementing community policing, examines the process in several cities to determine its validity, and identifies the components of community policing and their evolution as the agencies progress through the stages. 95-IJ-CX-0107 State and Local Participatory Evaluation of the Safe Neighborhoods Program Connecticut Statistical Analysis Center Dolly Reed This project supports the evaluation of the Connecticut Safe Neighborhoods Program, which provides funds to establish and administer police substations in high-crime areas. 95-IJ-CX-K009 Support for the NIJ Surplus Property Program Ultimate Enterprise Limited Michael C. Simpson This project assists the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center in developing a plan and procedures for identifying select U.S. Department of Defense surplus property and transferring it to State and local law enforcement agencies. 95-IJ-CX-0036 Systemic Neighborhood Organization and Control Oklahoma Division of Criminal Justice Services Robert J. Bursik This research examines how the success of urban neighborhood organizations in confronting crime and delinquency is affected by the larger urban context in which these neighborhoods are located. 95-IJ-CX-0084 Temple University-Philadelphia Police Department Collaboration Temple University Jack R. Greene This collaborative project between the Center for Public Policy at Temple University and the Philadelphia Police Department assesses the department's research and information needs in managing its continuing shift from traditional to community-based policing. 95-IJ-CX-K008 Test and Evaluation of a Handgun Detection System Based on Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Raytheon Company Charles Ciany This project supports development of a concealed weapons detection system based on low-frequency electromagnetic radiation. 95-IJ-CX-0087 The Two-Stage Model of Change: Madison Police Department Police Executive Research Forum Mary Ann Wycoff This evaluation examines and documents the Madison, Wisconsin, Police Department's implementation of the second stage of a two-stage model of the transition to community policing. 95-IJ-CX-0066 The Use of Force By and Against Police Joint Centers for Justice Studies Joel Garner This project builds upon prior NIJ-funded research on police use of force in Phoenix, Arizona, by surveying arresting officers in four cities regarding the nature of force used and the nature and circumstances of the arrest. 95-IJ-CX-0082 Using Technology To Enhance Police Problemsolving Board of Trustees of University of Illinois-- Champaign John Gardiner This project automates the analysis of large crime data sets to help police identify patterns in the data that point to the activities of career criminals and to achieve a form of problemsolving appropriate to problem-oriented policing. 95-IJ-CX-0037 Vermont Incident-Based Crime Analysis and Mapping: Developing Research Capabilities for Problem-Oriented Policing Vermont Center for Justice Research William Clements This project analyzes data on offender and offense relationships using new technologies in geographic information systems to analyze data spatially and visually. 95-IJ-CX-0022 Victims of Nonfatal Gunshot Wounds Howard University Vernetta D. Young This study provides specific information on the demographic characteristics of the victims of nonfatal gunshot wounds and the nature of circumstances surrounding these incidents. The research also assesses alternative solutions and preventive measures to reduce nonfatal gunshot injuries. 94-IJ-CX-K012 Assault Crisis Teams: Preventing Youth Violence Through Monitoring, Mentoring, and Mediation St. Louis, Missouri, Metropolitan Police Department Richard Rosenfeld This project creates assault crisis teams that work in an emergency medical treatment center serving high-risk populations, in a juvenile detention facility, in an adult medium-security institution, and in one or two neighborhoods with high levels of violence. The project includes an evaluation of the teams' impact. 94-IJ-CX-0048 Collection of Baseline Impact Data for the Weed and Seed Program Institute for Social Analysis Janice Roehl This project, with the assistance of the Police Foundation and locally recruited interviewers, collects baseline data for a national impact evaluation of eight Weed and Seed sites. 94-IJ-CX-K014 Community Police Officer Survey Center for Criminal Justice Studies Elizabeth Langston This project examines the attitudes of 100 community police officers toward various components of community policing by measuring their perceived value of community policing, support of management, cooperation within the community, and changing job roles. 94-IJ-CX-0027 A Coordinated Response to Motor Vehicle Thefts: Evaluation of Enforcement and Crime Prevention Efforts San Diego Association of Governments Susan Pennell This evaluation examines the effectiveness of using enhanced crime analysis information and mapping techniques targeted at enforcement and prevention of motor vehicle thefts to improve efforts to control and prevent auto theft. 94-IJ-CX-0050 Corporate Sector Response to Domestic Violence President and Fellows of Harvard Nancy Isaac This study explores the responsiveness of the corporate sector to domestic violence by conducting surveys and interviews with individuals working in employee assistance programs. 94-IJ-CX-0035 Crime-Induced Business Relocations and Prevention Programs University of Texas--Austin David Huff This project examines the influence of crime on business relocation decisions within and outside the Austin metropolitan area and identifies crime prevention strategies for the business community. 94-IJ-CX-0063 Crime Prevention Programs in Public Housing: The Jersey City Approach to Drug and Violent Crime Problems in Public Housing Jersey City Police Department Frank Gajewski This evaluation examines a coordinated and integrated crime prevention approach in six public housing sites in Jersey City that have an exceptional crime-reporting rate relative to other areas of the city. 94-IJ-CX-K009 Developing a Research Capacity for Problem-Oriented Policing Eastern Kentucky University Gary W. Cordner This demonstration project in Lexington, Kentucky, involves the implementation of a problem-oriented policing strategy to reduce the impact of mental health emergencies upon the community, health and social services agencies, and police department. The project also aims to enhance the research, problem-solving, and evaluation capacities of the police. 94-IJ-CX-0046 Evaluation of Chicago's Citywide Community Policing Program Northwestern University Wesley G. Skogan This evaluation of Chicago's citywide community policing program analyzes how the program developed and changed and will provide a detailed description of program efforts. 94-IJ-CX-K006 Evaluation of Oleoresin Capsicum and Stun Device Effectiveness National Sheriffs' Association Jack Griffin This evaluation of pepper spray and handheld electrical stun devices--both commercially available less-than-lethal devices--will assess their reliability and effectiveness for use in jail settings. 94-IJ-CX-0065 Evaluation of the Bureau of Justice Assistance's Comprehensive Communities Program BOTEC Analysis Corporation Ann Marie Rocheleau This project expands a process evaluation of the Comprehensive Communities Program to include an additional six sites, at a reduced level of study, and increase the intensity of study at six sites currently under evaluation. 94-IJ-CX-0056 Firearms and Violence: Juveniles, Illicit Markets, and Fear President and Fellows of Harvard David Kennedy This project tests the applicability of preventing juvenile gun violence through problemsolving policing focused on disrupting the illicit market in firearms and reducing juveniles' fear. It also assists the Boston Police Department in analyzing its juvenile gun problem and designing an intervention strategy. 94-IJ-CX-0044 First-Line Supervision in the Community Policing Context Earl Hamilton Police Foundation This project provides empirical and theoretical articulation of the role of a first-line supervisor in a community policing context and will suggest methods of designing training, measuring performance, and providing managerial support. 94-IJ-CX-0038 Gun Density vs. Gun Type: Did More, or More Lethal, Guns Drive Up the Dallas Homicide Rate, 1978-92 Crime Control Institute Christopher Koper This project tests three hypotheses on the relationship between gun type, gun availability, and homicide by exploring the effects of guns of varying lethality on urban homicide rates. 94-IJ-CX-0045 Mapping Violence and High-Frequency Calls for Police Services Southern Illinois University Jim LeBeau This project uses 10 years of police data from Charlotte, North Carolina, and a raster-based Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze, assess, and display violent crime and high-frequency calls for police service. 94-IJ-CX-0042 National Assessment of Community Policing TrainingInstitute for Law and Justice, Inc. J. Thomas McEwen This project assesses the nature, quality, and scope of training in community policing through indepth telephone interviews and a national mail survey of a representative sample of police chiefs, sheriffs, and training academy directors. 94-IJ-CX-K008 A Problemsolving Study: An Examination of Efforts Aimed at Impacting Crime and Disorder Problems Rana Sampson, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project collects, studies, and describes successful problemsolving efforts of police and community members. 94-IJ-CX-K015 Safe Travel to and from School: A Problem-Oriented Policing Approach Temple University Jack R. Greene This project helps Philadelphia's North Central Police Department implement problem-oriented policing strategies to address the safety of school-age children as they travel to and from school. 94-IJ-CX-0037 The Study of Convenience Store Crime in Five States Justice Research and Statistics Association Charles Wellford This project complements the Association's ongoing National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health study of robbery-related convenience store employee assaults and homicides. 94-IJ-CX-0015 Understanding and Reporting of the Effects of Crime on After-School Voluntary Youth Programs LINC Marcia R. Chaiken This project examines the crime-related problems faced by community-based organizations that provide youth programs during after-school hours and explores how the organizations deal with these problems. 93-IJ-CX-0038 Building a Culture and Climate of Safety in Public Schools Temple University Jack R. Greene This project explores the relationships among student demographics, community safety surrounding the school, and school "climate" in Philadelphia to determine their effects on school safety and performance. 93-IJ-CX-K011 Community Policing in Lansing, Michigan Michigan State University David Carter This project continues research and analysis of community policing and related activities, such as community policing training and programmatic problemsolving initiatives. 93-IJ-CX-0034 Discipline, Control, and School Crime Bowling Green State University Steven Lab This study examines the relationships between school discipline and control practices and the consequences for school "climate" and student performance in all schools, grades 7-12, in Lucas County, Ohio. 93-IJ-CX-0058 Evaluation of Tempe Police Department's Use of Self-Directed Work Team Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. Edward F. Connors This project evaluates how and to what extent a self-directed work team program of community policing has been implemented in Tempe, Arizona. 93-IJ-CX-0051 Evaluation of Youth Gang Drug Intervention and Prevention Programs for Female Adolescents Development Services Group Alan M. Bekelman This project conducts a process and impact evaluation of three programs that attempt to prevent the involvement of at-risk female adolescents in gangs. 93-IJ-CX-0043 Expansion of the School Management and Resource Teams (SMART) Program Anaheim Union High School District Jack Fischer This project extends the SMART program to 10 new school districts and expands the existing Resource Center in this California school district. The program includes a community-based conflict resolution component and development of curriculum materials for a gang-suppression program. 93-IJ-CX-0022 Longitudinal Effects of Crime and Signs of Disorder Temple University Ralph Taylor This project supplements a longitudinal study of the effects of crime and signs of disorder in communities. 93-IJ-CX-K023 Police-Community Initiatives for Effective Law Enforcement North Carolina Central University Harvey L. McMurray This project follows the development of a cooperative, rural community policing program in Beaufort and Columbus counties, North Carolina, for a better understanding of how to organize and establish similar operations in other multicounty, rural areas. 93-IJ-CX-0061 Police Pursuit Driving and the Use of Excessive Force University of South Carolina Geoffrey P. Alpert This project examines the nature and extent of police pursuit incidents and the effects of various administrative guidelines in controlling police pursuits and subsequent excessive force behavior. 93-IJ-CX-K013 Problem-Oriented Policing in a State Police Agency: A Demonstration and Evaluation State University of New York--Albany, Research Foundation Hans Toch This collaborative project applies the philosophy of problem-oriented policing to a State police agency to demonstrate to agencies nationwide that they can achieve significant benefits by using a local research and development capability. 93-IJ-CX-K012 Public Acceptance of Less-Than-Lethal Technologies Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. J. Thomas McEwen This study assesses and predicts public reaction to the use of new less-than-lethal weapons and related technologies by law enforcement personnel. 93-IJ-CX-0054 Reducing Disorder, Fear, and Crime in Public Housing Washington State University Quint Thurman This project supports an evaluation of the Reclaiming Our Area Residents (ROAR) program, including an analysis of official crime data, physical signs of disorder, and indicators of the strength and integrity of the program and its implementation. 93-IJ-CX-0046 Reducing School Violence in Detroit: Evaluation of Alternative Conflict Resolution Strategies Michigan State University Timothy Bynum This evaluation assesses a conflict resolution and violence reduction intervention program being implemented in 10 middle schools in Detroit, Michigan. 93-IJ-CX-K008 Security by Design: Revitalizing Urban Neighborhoods Conference of Mayors Research and Education Foundation Laura Waxman This project establishes a national effort to encourage greater use of security by design--also known as crime prevention through environmental design--to decrease criminal opportunity, increase safety and security, and revitalize urban neighborhoods. 93-IJ-CX-0049 Understanding Crime Victimization on College Campuses: Implications for Crime Prevention University of Cincinnati, Office of Sponsored Programs Bonnie Fisher This project examines how individual and contextual factors interact to affect campus crime victimization and provides information for developing strategies to reduce campus crime. 92-IJ-CX-K038 Community Policing and Accreditation Eastern Kentucky University Gary W. Cordner This study explores the compatability of two controversial reform efforts in modern community policing and police agency accreditation. 92-IJ-CX-0003 The Cutting Edge of Technology: An Information Campaign International Association of Chiefs of Police Charles E. Higginbotham This project seeks to ensure that the innovative law enforcement technology applications developed and researched by the National Institute of Justice are incorporated into police operations. 92-IJ-CX-4011 Defining the Characteristics and Role of "The Community" in Community-Oriented Policing Initiatives Michael E. Buerger, NIJ Visiting Fellow This project explores the variations in the community role and participation in community-oriented policing initiatives in three jurisdictions: Ft. Worth, Texas; Minneapolis, Minne-sota; and Montgomery County, Maryland. 91-IJ-CX-K007 Comprehensive Analysis of Community Policing Strategies Police Executive Research Forum John E. Eck This project helps fill the information gap on community policing strategies by identifying a representative set of currently operating strategies in urban, suburban, and rural areas. 90-IJ-CX-K006 San Diego Drug Market Analysis and Street-Level Enforcement San Diego Police Department Kimberly Glenn This evaluation tests the effectiveness of problemsolving policing in controlling street-level drug trafficking and updates the computerized information systems developed under Phase I of the Drug Market Analysis Program. ------------------------------ o Intramural Projects The following research is being conducted by NIJ staff: Crime Prevention Through Design: The Case of the Washington, D.C., Metro Nancy La Vigne This research analyzes crime data from the Washington, D.C., Metro transit police, municipalities served by Metro, and other subway systems to test two questions: (1) Is the Washington, D.C., Metro safer than expected, given what is known about crime rates on other subway systems and those outside the systems? (2) Are Metro's low crime rates explained by the design, management, and maintenance of the system? Effects of Mandatory Sentences and Sentencing Guidelines on Local Drug Markets Jack Riley This research examines the impact of mandatory sentences and sentencing guidelines on the structure of, and participation in, drug markets. The research measures how stricter sentencing for drug offenses has affected the age distribution of offenders and the size of transactions. Optimal Use of Multiple Methods of Drug Testing Pamela K. Lattimore A variety of technologies can now detect illegal drug use, and for each technique (for example, urinalysis and hair analysis) specimen collection involves different costs and response times. This project will develop methods for determining when and how to use different types of drug tests. Perceptions of Police Use of Force Robert Langworthy and Stephanie Bourque Police have a unique license to use force in pursuit of legitimate State ends, but are prohibited from using excessive force. This research explores definitions of excessive force from several perspectives--that of the public, the workplace, the legal profession, the mass media, and government agencies. Relationship Between Crime and Changes in Public Housing Jordan Leiter This research addresses the ways in which current initiatives to restructure and reorganize public housing affect crime rates. Repeat Victimization in Residential Burglary Richard Titus This research will use segment-level analysis of burglary in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to determine whether one housing unit in the segment is dispro-portionately victimized during the 3 years the segment is in the NCVS sample and in the 6 months following a burglary. Shelter Availability and Murder and Nonnegligent Homicide Rates Bernard Auchter and Stephanie Bourque This research examines the possible relationship between the availability of shelter beds for victims of domestic abuse and the rate of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter. For example, when fewer beds are available in shelters for battered women, are more women murdered by their domestic partners? Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Homicide in Washington State Eric Jefferis and Robert Langworthy This project will examine homicide patterns using data collected for Washington's Homicide Investigation and Tracking System (HITS). The HITS system contains statewide information on homicides (solved and unsolved) from 1981 through 1995. The project will provide a microlevel spatial and temporal analysis of homicide trends and patterns. Studies in Community Preparedness for Local-Level Domestic Terrorism and Politically Motivated Violence Jack Riley This study analyzes approaches to terrorism preparedness in up to seven communities. Factors studied include how the types and range of strategies communities develop to address local terrorism differ; how communities define the threat; how strategies vary with threat type; and how communities operationalize, review, and evaluate strategies. ------------------------------ o Research Applications Contract Projects OJP-C-94-007 Abt Associates, Inc. Joan Mullen Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design This report summarizes several studies about designing public buildings and spaces to ensure better security, implementing the designs, and assessing their effectiveness. Federal Initiatives To Aid Communities This article for issue 231 of the National Institute of Justice Journal reports on the status of federally supported, community-based efforts to address crime. The initiatives described include Project PACT, Weed and Seed, Comprehensive Communities, SafeFutures, and the Youth Firearms Violence Initiative. ------------------------------------------------ The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. NCJ 162204