PROCEEDINGS

SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Campaign

Planning Meeting

HELD APRIL 3^RD TO 6^TH 2000

PIETERSBURG AIRPORT, RSA

5 JUNE 2000

Compiled by

Y Scorgie¹, RJ Swap² and HJ Annegarn³

¹Matrix Environmental Consultants cc, RSA

²Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia, USA

³Department of Geology, University of the Witwatersrand, RSA

SUMMARY

Background – Aim of SAFARI 2000

The Southern African Regional Science Initiative - SAFARI 2000 - is an international science initiative aimed at developing a better understanding of the southern African earth-atmosphere-human system. The goal of SAFARI 2000 is to identify and understand the relationships between the physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic processes which underlie the biogeophysical and biogeochemical systems of southern Africa. Particular emphasis is placed upon biogenic, pyrogenic and anthropogenic emissions, their transport and transformations in the atmosphere, their influence on regional climate and meteorology, their eventual deposition, and the effects of this deposition on ecosystems. To accomplish this, SAFARI 2000 participants will:

· integrate remote sensing, computational modeling, airborne sampling and ground-based studies;

· link the biological, physical and chemical components of the regional ecosystems by integrating them within the semi-closed atmospheric gyre persistent over the region;

· combine the expertise and knowledge base of regional and international scientists.

The SAFARI 2000 vision is a 3-year ground-based and satellite data collection period, beginning in mid 1999 and ending in 2002, and period airborne campaigns including various intensive airborne and ground campaigns during wet and dry seasons. The meeting held in April 3 to 6 2000 at Pietersburg, RSA, represented a planning meeting for the intensive flight campaign scheduled to take place during August and September 2000.

Objectives of the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Campaign Planning Meeting

The key objectives of the workshop were to:

(1) outline the logistics for the campaign, in terms of airport facilities, communications, equipment shipping arrangements, etc.;

(2) provide an overview of the overall SAFARI 2000 objectives and determine how airborne flight plans could be tailored to best suite these objectives;

(3) ascertain developments with regard to ground-based activities, with the specific purpose of determining what activities will be undertaken (by whom) during the intensive flight campaign;

(4) collate information regarding the instruments to be aboard each of the aircraft, including the parameters to be measured and the types of data to be produced;

(5) practice the mission planning procedure to be implemented during the IFC, which included: (a) forecasting, presentation and interpretation of meteorological scenarios and trajectory modelling outputs, (b) determination of satellite/sensor overpass types and swath widths, and (c) development of flight plans.

(6) Establish the status of SAFARI 2000 data planning and put in place data management procedures for the campaign.

Participation at the Regional Workshop

Approximately 65 people participated in the workshop, including scientists from the region (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Mozambique, Zambia and Botswana) and from elsewhere (United States, United Kingdom, Canada). Participants primarily represented flight team members, NASA personnel charged with facilitating coordination with satellite overpasses, researchers with instruments aboard various aircraft, and researchers involved in ground-based efforts which require coordination with airborne measurements.

Workshop Proceedings Outline

The Workshop Agenda is provided overleaf. A detailed table of contents is subsequently given for the workshop proceedings. A list of all workshop participants is given in Appendix A.

AGENDA

SAFARI 2000 DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN PLANNING MEETING

PIETERSBURG, SOUTH AFRICA

APRIL 3-6, 2000

DAY 1 SESSION 1: INTRODUCTIONS AND UPDATES (9:00 am)
WELCOME		Annegarn
DISCUSSION OF AGENDA		Suttles
SUMMARY OF ON-GOING ACTIVITIES 1999 Aerocommander Campaign SAVE Tower Sites Kalahari Transect Satellites (Terra, Landsat & TRMM)		Annegarn/Piketh/Tsay/Swap Mukelabai/Hanan/Annegarn Scholes, Otter, BU/UVA King
EXTREME 2000 RAIN EVENTS Overview Kruger Park Status		Terblanche, Lucio Biggs
LOGISTICS FOR DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN OPERATIONS Facilities (Office Space, Communications) Internet, Local Transportation, etc.) Special Shipping via C-141		Symonds, Shelton, Annegarn
SESSION 2: DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN SCIENCE OBJECTIVES & MEASUREMENTS
OVERVIEW OF OVERALL S2K OBJECTIVES / CORE EXPERIMENT	Swap
LUNCH (12:00-1:30 pm)
SESSION 2.1: GROUND-BASED (PIs /Site Managers - Brief presentation to confirm status, plans, and needs) SAFARI 2000 LEAD Project SAVE Towers and EOS Val Fire Product Validation MODIS USFS/UM AERONET MISR MOPITT Maun Tower Vista Univ. Radiation Surface Soil Characterisation SMART & AERI SHADOZ	Otter Swap Justice/Roy (Swap) Ward Holben Helmlinger Drummond Veneendaal Piketh/Winkler Eckhardt Tsay Thompson (Doddridge)
SESSION 2.2 AIRBORNE NASA ER-2 MAS AirMISR MOPITT-A CLS SSFR S-HIS LAS	Shelton, Broda Platnick Conel (Vandenbosch) Drummond Spinhirne, McGill (Suttles) Pilewskie (Russell) Ackerman (Suttles) Tsay
ADJOURN FOR DAY (5:50 pm)
SOCIAL E-THEATER PRESENTATION IN PM
DAY 2 (09:00 am)
SESSION 2.2 AIRBORNE - CONTINUED UW CV-580 Investigators SAWB Aerocommanders Investigators UKMO C-130	Hobbs Russell Pilewskie (Russell) Buseck Yokelson (Ward) Others, TBD Annegarn, Piketh Novelli Doddrige, Maring Buintjes Ward/Jury Others (TBD) Francis/Haywood
LUNCH (12:00-1:30 pm)
SESSION 3: METEOROLOGY - Chairman	Eugene Poolman Director Research & Training
FORECASTING PLANS & SAMPLE PRODUCTS General Forecasting Aviation Forecasting MODELLING Forecast Model (General Description) Trajectory Modelling Combining Forecast & Trajectory Model (Case Studies) RAWISONDE PLAN TYPICAL WEATHER SCENARIOS FOR SAFARI 2000 Meteosat Imagery (temporal loops) Model output (temporal loops) Discussion - Nominal Weather Patterns & Typical Anomalies	Michael de Villiers Eugene Poolman Tali Freiman Deon Terblanche Michael de Villiers Roelof Burger / Deon
SESSION 3.1: BIOMASS BURNING PATTERNS AVHRR Fire Record MODIS DMSP Fires and Flight Planning	Tucker/Kendall (Swap) Justice/Roy/Swap Cahoon Swap
ADJOURN FOR THE DAY
DAY 3 (09:00 am)
SESSION 4: MISSION PLANNING WORKSHOP DISCUSSION OF AIRBORNE FLIGHT PLANS TO MEET SCIENCE OBJECTIVES (Ground-based, Airborne, Satellite)	Group Activity
PRESENTATION OF TYPICAL SCENARIOS (e.g. passage of westerly wave and establishment of continental anticyclone) Revisit the expected Meteorological scenarios in combination with case studies from the trajectory model output	Michael de Villiers Tali Freiman
DEVELOP EXAMPLE MISSION PLAN Formulation of flight plans Trial run on regional site communication (including web access) Contingency / Alternate flight plans Prioritization of secondary missions
DISCUSSION & INTEGRATION OF FLIGHT PLANS
PRESENTATION OF ATYPICAL SCENARIOS (e.g. cold front passing over the sub-continent) Revisit the non-typical meteorological scenarios in combination with the trajectory model output.	Michael de Villiers Tali Freiman
DEVELOP EXAMPLE MISSION PLAN Formulation of flight plans Trail run on regional site communication Contingency / Alternate Flight Plans Prioritization of Secondary Missions
DISCUSSION & INTEGRATION OF FLIGHT PLANS
REPEAT FOR OTHER SCENARIOS AS REQUIRED
DISCUSSION AND PLAN AIRBORNE INSTRUMENT INTER-COMPARISONS
WRAP UP: Suggestions for Improvement Way Forward
ADJOURN FOR THE DAY
DAY 4 (09:00 am)
SESSION 5: DATA MANAGEMENT SUMMARY OF SAFARI 2000 DATA POLICY	Annegarn/Suttles
STATUS OF DATA PLANNING NASA EOS DATA STRATEGY & DAAC NASA GSFC Activities Regional Activities S2K Lead Project UB Data Handling	Cook Landis Otter Ezibalike
SAWB DATA ASSIMILATION & ARCHIVAL PLANS (including Internet capabilities)	Andrew van der Merwe Chris Koch
INPUTS FROM TEAMS List of instruments Data acquisition plans, formats, etc. Expected data volume Data products Plans for data access Dissemination needs	Moderators - Landis/Cook
SESSION 5.1 PRODUCT TIMELINES Data Workshop on First Results - Early 2001 First Results At Science Conference - Late 2002 Data Synthesis Workshop - Early 2002 Safari Science Conference - Late 2002/2003	Annegarn/Suttles/Swap
SESSION 5.2: DEMONSTRATION OF 'MERCURY' DATA SEARCH TOOL	Cook
LUNCH (12:00-1:30 pm)
SESSION 6: LOGISTICS & MISC. Agreements & Permits Shipping & Travel Communications (Phones, Internet, Etc.) Special Support (Gases, Cryogens, Etc.) Medical Travel, $ Exchange, Etc. Accommodations
SESSION 7: WRAP UP UNFINISHED BUSINESS Handling Publicity Identify / Assign Action Items	Annegarn/Suttles Swap

ADJOURN MEETING

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SESSION 1: INTRODUCTIONS AND UPDATES.. 1

1.1 WELCOME. 1

1.2 DISCUSSION OF AGENDA.. 1

1.3 SUMMARY OF ON-GOING ACTIVITIES.. 1

1.4 EXTREME RAIN EVENTS DURING 2000. 13

SESSION 2: DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN SCIENCE OBJECTIVES AND MEASUREMENTS 17

2.1 OVERVIEW OF OVERALL S2K AND OBJECTIVES OF THE CORE EXPERIMENT.. 17

2.2 GROUND-BASED ACTIVITIES.. 18

2.3 AIRBORNE ACTIVITIES.. 31

2.4 BIOMASS BURNING PATTERNS.. 53

SESSION 3: METEOROLOGY.. 53

3.1 FORECASTING PLANS AND SAMPLE PRODUCTS.. 53

3.2 MODELLING.. 55

3.3 RAWINSONDE PLAN.. 59

3.4 TYPICAL WEATHER SCENARIOS FOR SAFARI 2000. 61

SESSION 4: MISSION PLANNING.. 61

4.1 GENERIC AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PLANS TO MEET SAFARI 2000 NEEDS.. 61

4.2 PREPARATION FOR MISSION PLANNING: EMPHASIS ON SCIENCE GOALS AND MISSION PLANNING APPROACH 65

4.3 PRESENTATION OF TYPICAL SCENARIOS.. 65

4.4 OVERVIEW OF PLANNING NEEDS IDENTIFIED.. 85

4.4 INTERCOMPARISON OPPORTUNITIES OF INSTRUMENTS.. 87

4.5 LOGISTICS.. 88

SESSION 5: DATA MANAGEMENT.. 89

5.1 EOS VALIDATION DATA ARCHIVAL POLICY.. 89

5.2 DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SAFARI 2000. 89

5.3 DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEM SUPPORT - ORNL AND GSFC.. 93

5.4 DATA MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE REGION.. 102

5.5 UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA DATA HANDLING PLANS.. 112

5.6 SAWB DATA BASES.. 166

5.6 FUTURE MEETINGS, PROJECT PUBLICITY AND ACTION ITEMS.. 187

5.7 MERCURY SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION.. 213

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Flight paths during ARREX campaigns. 2

Figure 2. Grid boxes for calculating spatial variations of aerosol data. 3

Figure 3. Transportation paths observed to occur over Port Elizabeth. 3

Figure 4. Landat 7. 8

Figure 5. QuikScat 8

Figure 6. QuikScat imagery during Hurricane Cindy. 9

Figure 7. Instrumentation aboard Terra. 9

Figure 8. Terra's global perspective. 9

Figure 9. Composite of MODIS data for 1 day, 1 March 2000. 9

Figure 10. MODIS image swath for southwestern Africa, 10 March 2000. 12

Figure 11. Swath widths or ground tracts of various instruments. 17

Figure 12 Safari 2000 instrument configuration aboard the ER-2. 138

Figure 13. Interaction of regional fields of SAFARI 2000 core experiment. 178

Figure 14. EOS validation site at Mongu, Western Province, Zambia. 268

Figure 15. ZIBBEE airborne vs ground-based comparison. 308

Figure 16. Location of sun photometer and streaker sampling sites. 448

Figure 17. Sketch map of possible flight paths for MOPITT-A. 734

Figure 18 CLS measurements of attenuated backscatter profiles. 771

Figure 19. Sketch of satellite configuration facilitating multiple views of the same earth-based target. 852

Figure 20. Typical flight paths during ARREX campaigns. 1206

Figure 21. Location of ground-based activities during the Safari 2000 campaign. 1209

Figure 22. Flight path and pattern proposed for the Zambia Box. 1323

Figure 23. ETA model and output domain with example trajectory boxes. 1506

Figure 24. Example of ETA Model trajectories. 1509

Figure 25. Synoptic conditions over Southern Africa during August 1999. 1524

Figure 26. Major transport modes over the subcontinent. 1537

Figure 27. Recommended sectors to receive attention in flight planning with AERONET sites being used as the basis for defining anchor points. 1642

Figure 28. Nominal ranges of various aircraft during the Safari 2000 IFC in August - September 2000. (Aerocommanders and ER-2 based at Pietersburg, CV-580 at Kasane, and UK Met Office C-130 at Windhoek.) 1645

Figure 29. Example of possible flight paths of SAWB's Aerocommanders (AC), UK Met Office's C-130 and NASA's ER-2 with a land focus. 1648

Figure 30. Example of possible flight paths of UK Met Office's C-130 and the SAWB's Aerocommanders with an off-shore focus. 1651

Figure 31. Surface pressure observed on 16 August 1999. 1724

Figure 32. Vertical profile of wind and temperature across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 16 August 1999. 1727

Figure 33. Wind vectors and geopotential heights plotted for the 700 hPa level for 16 August 1999. 1732

Figure 34. Relative humidity (%) observed at the surface on 16 August 1999. 1735

Figure 35. Vertical profile of relative humidity (%) across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 16 August 1999. 1740

Figure 36. Backward and forward trajectories for Pietersburg for 16 August 1999. 1750

Figure 37. Image reflecting Terra ground track image for Scenario 1. 1799

Figure 38. Possible flight path for the ER-2 given the synoptic circulation and overpass tracks outlined for Scenario 1. 1812

Figure 39. First possible flight path for JRA, JRB and the Convair-580 given the synoptic circulation and overpass tracks outlined for Scenario 1. 1856

Figure 40. Second possible flight path for JRA, JRB and the Convair-580 given the synoptic circulation and overpass tracks outlined for Scenario 1. 1871

Figure 41. Surface winds and geopotential heights observed on 12 August 1999. 1912

Figure 42. Vertical profile of wind and temperature across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 12 August 1999. 1915

Figure 43. Wind vectors and geopotential heights plotted for the 700 hPa level for 12 August 1999. 1920

Figure 44. Relative humidity (%) observed at the surface on 12 August 1999. 1923

Figure 45. Relative humidity (%) at the 700 hPa level on 12 August 1999. 1926

Figure 46. Vertical profile of relative humidity (%) across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 12 August 1999. 1929

Figure 47. Backward and forward trajectories for Windhoek for 12 August 1999. 1937

Figure 48. Image reflecting Terra ground track image for Scenario 2. 1946

Figure 49. Flight paths sketched for Scenario 2 comprising the passage of frontal depression. 1955

Figure 50. Image reflecting Terra ground track image for Scenario 3. 2001

Figure 51. Flight paths sketched for Scenario 3. 2035

Figure 52. Activities as data flows from the investigators to the archive. 2279

Figure 53. Data Flow from Investigators to Mirror Data Centers. 2282

Figure 54. ORNL DAAC Mercury Search Screen. 2527

Figure 55. Example of ORNL DAAC Mercury Metadata Summary. 2530

Figure 56. Example of ORNL DAAC Mercury Metadata Report. 2533

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Micrometeorological Instrumentation at Kruger Park Study Site. 5

Table 2 MODIS Fire validation sites. 38

Table 3. Spatial resolution, spectral bands and number of overpasses of satellite instruments. 38

Table 4. Ground-based measurements and proposed airborne measurements. 45

Table 5. Comparison of MAS and MODIS characteristics. 50

Table 6. Example of ER-2 flight times assuming full rose pattern flights over targets. 51

Table 7. Characteristics of the UW's CV-580. 57

Table 8. Support requirements of the AATS-14 sunphotometer team.. 60

Table 9 AATS-14 data formats, volumes and availability. 61

Table 10. Compounds present in smoke related to various formation processes. 62

Table 11. JRB's Supplemental measurement suite. 67

Table 12. General and aviation products available from the SAWB.. 71

Table 13. SAWB's upper air programme as from 1 April 2000. 77

Table 14. Additional ascents allocated to various stations during Safari 2000. 78

Table 15. Statistics on observational data received for the period 1 Jan to 31 Dec 1999, given in terms of the number of ascents per station. 78

SAFARI 2000 DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN PLANNING MEETING

PIETERSBURG, SOUTH AFRICA

APRIL 3-6, 2000

DAY 1

SESSION 1: INTRODUCTIONS AND UPDATES

CHAIR: HAROLD ANNEGARN, WITS UNIVERSITY

1.1 WELCOME

Harold Annegarn, University of the Witwatersrand

Delegates were welcomed on behalf of NASA, Wits University and the Research Branch of the KNP.

Flight planning paths represent focus of workshop, including arranging coordination between teams. The aim will be to outline the objectives of the campaign and to go on to discuss the specific arrangements. Fixed wing aircraft require need to know where they are going. The ground-based researchers need to help clarify the cooperation required between airborne and ground-based campaigns.

Michael King was thanked for driving the NASA satellite campaign. Tim Suttles’ role as technical programme chair and manager for NASAs overall activities was acknowledged and Betty Symonds, organiser of the ER-2 campaign and arranger of this meeting thanked.

Apologies were given on behalf of Bob Scholes, Nico Kroes, Jeff Privette and Lackson Marufu for not being able to attend the meeting.

1.2 DISCUSSION OF AGENDA

Tim Suttles, NASA

Session 2 will comprise an overview of ground-based and airborne campaigns, with specific emphasis on activities to be undertaken during the intensive flight campaign during the August-September period. Forecast planning and trajectory modelling to be undertaken during this period will be discussed in Section 3 on Day 2. The mission planning exercises forms an important part of the workshop. These exercises will comprise: weather forecasts, talks about the synoptic situation, and the meeting of the various aircraft groups within break away sessions to come up with flight paths. These mission profiles must be shown to achieve the science objectives outlined. The flight paths should be put on paper and presented. This will facilitate general discussions of flight paths and of how to facilitate integration between profiles. The flight planning exercise will be undertaken for typical and atypical scenarios. A third round may be done if time permits.

Bruce Doddridge suggested that since the CV-580 and the Aerocommanders are to make similar measurements, that they think now how intercomparisons between instruments can be done. Decided that this task be Chaired by Bruce Doddridge and co-chaired by Peter Hobbs.

1.3 SUMMARY OF ON-GOING ACTIVITIES

1.3.1 1999 Aerocommander Campaign – The Aerosol and Recirculation and Rainfall Experiment (ARREX)

Stuart Piketh, University of the Witwatersrand

The aims and objectives of ARREX are as follows:

· Characterise the nature of long range transported aerosols and some trace gas species over and off the subcontinent

· Investigate the effect that industrial emissions - in particular sulphate - has on cloud processes in South Africa

Aerosol measurement instrumentation aboard the Aerocommanders includes PCASP-ASAP, FSSP 100, airborne streaker, an aetholometer and CCN monitoring equipment. Modifications have been made to the SAWB Aerocommanders in order to enable then to carry 6 PCASP probes on board. Trace gases sampled include O₃, SO₂, CO, NO and NO₂, with the potential for VOC canisters to be added.

The main activities of ARREX to date have included the following:

· December 1997 – wet season transportation study;

· May 1998 – dry season transportation investigation;

· January – February 1999 - aerosol CCN and cloud interactions for continental industrial and coastal air masses were studies, combined flights with NASA having taken place.

· July 1999 – The PCASP 100x were acquired and modifications made to both SAWB Aerocommanders, i.e. JRA and JRB. (The modifications made it possible for the planes to carry 6 PCASP probes on board at a time.)

During the August - September 1999 intensive flight campaign, the following activities will take place:

· Flights in the Kruger National Park (Skukuza) with NASA

· Testing modifications on JRB

· Testing PCASP 100x

· Combined flights with NASA with two aircraft in use

The ARREX flight paths are shown in Figure 1. Attention was focused on the transport of aerosols off the subcontinent.

Figure 1. Flight paths during ARREX campaigns.

Grid boxes used to summarise the data collected for the aircraft and to calculate spatial variations over the subcontinent are illustrated in Figure 2. Such data included, for example, spatial variations in aerosol height. Previously the African haze layer was perceived to be relatively homogeneous. The ARREX flights showed that this is not true. Instead of a distinct layer, the haze occurs in various filaments with well defined plumes of aerosols being evident at the 700 hPa level. An example of the transportation of plumes for Port Elizabeth is shown in Figure 3. Three distinct zones of transport are evident: (i) recirculation below 900 hPa; (ii) transport out over the Indian Ocean between 900 hPa and 700 hPa and (iii) recirculation in the upper air above 700 hPa. Images from Micropulse Lidar showed that the haze layer over the Lowveld was not continuous over night, but rather builds up during the night to reach a maximum at about 2 am. Wind flow patterns are anticipated to be responsible for this temporal trend. This appears to represent a substantial transport structure not previously noted.

Figure 2. Grid boxes for calculating spatial variations of aerosol data.

Figure 3. Transportation paths observed to occur over Port Elizabeth.

All the ARREX data are in MS Access format and available from Stuart Piketh (A CD comprising these data could be made available).

1.3.2 SAVE Tower Site at Mongu (Mukelabai)

M Mukelabai, Zambia Meteorological Department

A SAVE tower site is located at Mongu (Zambia), approximately 600 km from Lusaka in the Miombo Rangeland. The tower, situated 22 km to the south of Mongu town, is 29 m in height. The tower comprises 3 platforms, viz. (i) in the canopy, (ii) above the canopy, and (iii) 29 m above ground. During the Kalahari Transect campaign, the equipment ran for 21 days. It is not yet certain how much equipment will be running during the August-September 2000 intensive flight campaign. There is currently more place for equipment. Mr Mukelabai has a vehicle available at the site to assist with the transportation of equipment to the tower.

1.3.3 SAVE Tower Site at Kruger National Park (Skukuza) (Hanan)

Niall Hanan, Colorado State University

The tower at Skukuza is 21 m in height representing 2.5 times the height of the canopy. The site was installed in September 1999 at the interface between the two predominant vegetation types, viz. (i) combretum and (ii) acacia. The site was ideally located, experiencing a good frequency of winds from both vegetation types.

Activities associated with this site include: EOS Validation (Privette), CO₂, H₂O and energy fluxes (Hanan), vegetation characterization (R. Scholes), soil respiration (Mavundla), phenology (Bengis), and trace gas fluxes (M. Scholes, Otter). Skukuza activities undertaken in addition to the tower measurements, which are of interest in terms of the Southern African Validation of EOS (SAVE) include:

· Radiation balance & albedo

- tower measurements (K&Z CM14)

- aircraft measurements

· Canopy gap fraction and radiative transfer

- ground measurements (TRAC, LAI2000)

· Cimel sunphotometer

· Streaker sampler

Investigators on the long term carbon, water and energy balance of savanna ecosystems in southern Africa project include Niall Hanan, Bob Scholes and Mike Coughenour. The KNP eddy covariance study suffered some delays but should be finished within the next few days. The measurements made and instrument types on the eddy covariance, acacia and combretum towers are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Micrometeorological Instrumentation at Kruger Park Study Site

Eddy Covariance Tower
Measurement	Instrument Type	Make & Model*	No. Units	Output Units
Turbulence (u,v,w)	3-D Sonic anemometer	Gill Wind Master Pro	1	m s^-1
CO2 mixing ratio	Infrared gas analyzer	LiCor 6262	1	µmol mol^-1
H2O mixing ratio	Infrared gas analyzer	LiCor 6262	1	mmol mol^-1
Air pressure	Barometric pressure sensor	Vaisala Barocap	1	mb
Air temperature	PT1000	Vaisala HMP45C	1	C
Relative humidity	Capacitive RH sensor	Vaisala HMP45C	1	%
Incoming/reflected shortwave radiation	Pyranometer	Kipp & Zonen CM14	1	W m^-2
Incoming/emitted longwave radiation	Pyrgeometer	Kipp & Zonen CG2	1	W m^-2
Precipitation	Tipping bucket	Texas Instruments TE525	1	mm
Wind speed	Cup anemometer	Climatronics F460	1	m s^-1
Wind direction	Wind vane	Climatronics F460	1	Degrees North
Combretum Tower
Measurement	Instrument Type	Make & Model*	No. Units	Output Units
CO2 concentration profile	Infrared gas analyzer	PP Systems CIRAS-SC	1	mmol mol^-1
H2O concentration profile	Infrared gas analyzer	PP Systems CIRAS-SC	1	mb
Air temperature profile	PT1000	R.M. Young 41342	4	C
Soil temperature profile	Thermistor	Campbell Scientific 108	8	C
Soil moisture profile	Water content reflectometer	Campbell Scientific CS615	8	m^3 m^-3
Soil heat flux	Thermopile gradient	REBS HFT3	3	W m^-2
Acacia Tower
Measurement	Instrument Type	Make & Model*	No. Units	Output Units
CO2 concentration profile	Infrared gas analyzer	PP Systems CIRAS-SC	1	mol mol^-1
H2O concentration profile	Infrared gas analyzer	PP Systems CIRAS-SC	1	mb
Air temperature profile	PT1000	R.M. Young 41342	4	C
Soil temperature profile	Thermistor	Campbell Scientific 108	10	C
Soil moisture profile	Water content reflectometer	Campbell Scientific CS615	10	m^3 m^-3
Soil heat flux	Thermopile gradient	REBS HFT3	3	W m^-2

The role of the Kruger Park Study Site within SAFARI-2000 may be characterised as including:

• Contrasting broad-leaved Combretum savanna on coarse texture, low nutrient soil and fine leafed Acacia savanna on fine textured, higher nutrient soil.

• Continuous measurements, at 30 minute averaging interval, starting February 2000 of meteorological parameters, turbulent fluxes (momentum, CO2, H2O and energy) and soil processes (temperature and humidity profiles). Canopy architecture, phenology and radiative transfer. Biogeochemistry and soil/canopy exchanges of nitrogen and other trace gases.

• SAFARI-2000 aircraft and satellite acquisitions should where possible include Skukuza (and the other terrestrial process sites) to benefit from the mutual synergy between detailed point measurements and process understanding and coarser-scale state measurements: (1) provide regional perspective to site-based flux, scalar and remote sensing measurements, and (2) provide ground-based process understanding and “ground truth” to regional atmospheric and remote sensing measurements.

Comments:

Harold Annegarn – an area is available at Skukuza Airport for the placement of instruments. The area is open, flat and protected from direct winds by a 12 ft high earth berm and is within the airport fence. A streaker is currently in operation here and a micro-meteorological station has been ordered for this site and is to be installed in two weeks time. This meteorological station will be established as a permanent site and will form part of the SAWB’s network.

1.3.4 Kalahari Transect Campaign

Luanne Otter, CSIR

Two weeks ago and intensive 3 week field campaign was undertaken along the Kalahari Transect involving 18 – 23 persons from 5 countries and various institutions. The UK, UVA, NASA, Australia, Meteorological Services in Botswana personnel were involved in addition to UB students. The campaign focussed on (i) vegetation characterisation, (ii) nutrient cycling, (iii) flux measurements; (iv) aerosols and (v) meteorology. A list of the persons involved under each of these focus areas and their specific field of interest is outlined below:

Vegetation Characterisation:

Jeff Privette -

Yuhong Tian - LAI

Yujie Wang - percentage land cover

Yu Zhang - leaf optics

Karyn Tabor - overstory transmission

Gareth Roberts - canopy reflectance

Bob Scholes - PAR

Kelly Caylor - stem maps

Pete Dowty - percentage cover

Lynette Sobehart - canopy cover

Peter Frost - percentage grass green

Bob Scholes - biomass, soil moisture

Nutrient Cycling:

Chris Feral - species composition

Nutrient concentrations

Julieta Aranibar - N cycling

Luanne Otter - nitrification, mineralization, NH4 and NO3

Flux Measurements:

Todd Scanlan - CO2 flux

John Albertson - H2O flux

Lindesay Huntley - 3D wind speed

Air temperature

Relative humidity

Soil moisture

Soil heat flux

Soil temperature

Radiation

Guy Midgley - leaf level CO2/H2O fluxes

Light and temperature effects

Luanne Otter - soil NO flux

Hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation

Aerosols:

Muke Mukelabai - aerosol optical depth

Kaycie Billmark - 12 hr samples

Margie Barenbrug - total suspended particulates

Meteorology:

Botswana Meteorological Dept - basic climatic data collected at each site

Students involved in the Kalahari Transect Campaign included: Martin Hipondoka (Etosha National Park), Chipongura Chirara (University of Zimbabwe) and Maondla Ligavha (University of Venda). These students moved between the groups but also did a lot of root characterisation of some dominant tree species. A further 6 students from university of Botswana also moved between the various groups and assisted with vegetation characterisation.

Data Base – A meta data base is currently being set up indicating who has what data and how it was collected. This meta data base will be put on the web, or you could contact Luanne Otter in the interim if need be.

Comments:

Brent Holben indicated that Ross Nelson (NASA Goddard) was interested in flying at a low altitude over the Kalahari Transect. It was indicated as being a good option during the Wet Season Flying Campaign to take place during 2001. Persons wishing to contact Ross Nelson could do so via Brent Holben (see delegates list).

TERRA was capturing images along the Kalahari Transect prior to being finally set up – these images will be made available (reference made to Mike King’s presentation).

1.3.5 Satellites (Terra, Landsat and TRMM)

Dr Michael King, NASA GSFC

The meeting was informed of the status of the first series of EOS flights:

· Landsat 7 (Figure 4) - was launched at Chesapeake on April 15, and is currently in orbit, descending at 08h05 every day. Data has been collected from April 16, and a good data set of Africa exists already. The impacts are 180 km by 180 km in spatial extent.

· QuikScat (Figure 5) - this mission was launched on 19 June 1999 with data collection starting in July 1999. Data collected by QuikScat includes all-weather global ocean surface wind speed and direction measurements (measures all major surface vector winds). Such data are used for:

- Characterising tropospheric dynamics and improved weather forecasting, particularly over the Southern Hemisphere.

- Upper-ocean circulation characterisation

- Air-sea interaction investigation

- Improved forecasting of El Nino and La Nino

QuikScat also gathers non-ocean scattering cross-sections which are used for vegetation classification and monitoring, and ice edge and type investigations.

Figure 4. Landat 7

Figure 5. QuikScat

The capability of the scattermeters were tested during Hurricane Cindy (Figure 6). The wind vectors predicted by QuikScat/SeaWinds are shown in red in Figure 6. Wind speeds of up to 80 knots were predicted. The 1800 km wide swath and 25 km resolution of SeaWinds yielded an unprecedented description of the weather system. This component of QuikScat facilitates improved forecasting of El Nino and La Nino.

The TRMM orbit is indicated at the bottom of Figure 6. TRMM/TMI facilitated the collection of surface precipitation during Hurricane Cindy. Surface precipitation is given as the colour image in Figure 6.

Whereas conventional satellite data only provides cloud imagery at the top of the storm the data assimilation from QuikScat/SeaWind and TRMM/TMI provided the resolution capability to trace and predict hurricanes. The coincident measurement of wind and precipitation are fundamental to understanding the structure of the storm and predicting its course. These tools are being used to great effect in mission planning in Norway, Sweden and Russia to study the solar vortex.

Figure 6. QuikScat imagery during Hurricane Cindy.

· Terra (Figure 7) - was launched on 18 December 1999. It cost in the order of $10 million per minute to get it into orbit. By 24 February all instruments aboard Terra had opened their doors. All images and data from all instruments collected during the Kalahari Transect campaign which took place in February-March 2000.

Figure 7. Instrumentation aboard Terra

Instruments aboard Terra include MODIS, MOPPIT, CERES, MISR and ASTER. MODIS and CERES will see the entire surface of the earth nearly every day. MISR has a 9-day global coverage, whereas ASTER takes 5 years to cover the globe (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Terra's global perspective.

· MODIS - A composite of MODIS data for 1 day is illustrated in Figure 9. An example of one of the MODIS data sets for Africa is illustrated in Figure 10.

Figure 9. Composite of MODIS data for 1 day, 1 March 2000.

Figure 10. MODIS image swath for southwestern Africa, 10 March 2000.

The image swath shown in Figure 10 was generated on 10 March 2000. The swath is 2300 km wide by 6498 km long and represents a true colour composite (0.645 µm - red, 0.55 µm - green, 0.469 µm blue). The Namibian stratus cloud characteristic of the region is evident on the image. Attention was drawn to swath widths of the various instruments. MODIS has the widest swath width (2300 km). MISR's swath width is in the order of 360 km, with the swath widths of MOPPITT being wider and ASTER being narrower that MISR (see Figure 11).

Figure 11. Swath widths or ground tracts of various instruments

TRMM, Landsat 7, QuikScat, Terra (AM) and ACRIMSAT are currently in orbit. Digital data will be made available after the press conference on April 19th. In addition to the Kalahari Transect experiment in February-March this year, there are several other validation studies. An airborne campaign is underway in Wesconsin, requiring clear sky imagery from MODIS and MISR (etc.). Coordination with such ground-based measurement campaign are essential. It needs to be ensured that the instruments are not pitching upside down at the time when ground-based measurements are required.

Questions and Answers

Q Scientists need to know the timing of the ground tract passes for instruments.

A These can be predicted for future passes. The run predictions for the dry season campaign have not been run. As soon as they are this information will be made available on the web site to facilitate planning. The web site address is as follows:

http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/datacenter/terra/AFRICA2000_03_30_090.gif

Note: The coordinates of all study sites are needed to ensure that they are captured by paths. The coordinates of ground-based projects and their information requirements should be placed on a wish list for consideration.

1.4 EXTREME RAIN EVENTS DURING 2000

1.4.1 South Africa

Eugene Poolman, South African Weather Bureau

During the period 8^th to 22^nd February 2000 extreme rainfall events occurred due to the development a tropical depression and it movement over Madagascar, the northeastern parts of South Africa and Botswana. This system did not reach tropical cyclone status. The impact of the depression over the Limpopo catchment was devastating since there are no significant reservoirs within this catchment to control flooding. This provide highly problematic for Mozambique which suffered the most damage due to flooding. Rainfall figures indicated that five to ten times higher rainfall amounts were experienced over the northeastern parts of South Africa during February 2000 than is characteristic of this period. Such rainfall events generally occurs event 6 – 7 years, having taken place in 1986, during the 1970s and during the 1950s.

1.4.2 Zimbabwe

S Chidzambwa, Zimbabwe Meteorological Services

Rainfall amounts occurring due to Cyclone Elaine were discussed. During February 2000 rainfall amounts experienced were equivalent to total annual rainfall amounts. At the Chipinga Station 343 mm was experienced during the first 3 days, with 318 mm having been recorded at the Beitbridge station which has an annual average rainfall of between 300 mm and 400 mm.

Problems were experienced in responding to the rainfall events due to the lack of preparation by the Civil Protection Unit. Cyclone Elaine resulted in approximately 100 human deaths in addition to considerable loss of livestock and infrastructure. Lessons learned from this event are that the media need be involved in disaster management and response, and that large benefits could be obtained in integrating the airforce into planning strategies.

1.4.3 Botswana

S Nchwengwa, Botswana Meteorological Services

The most damage occurred during the period 8^th to 10^th February 2000. The second cyclone experienced after this date had petered out by the time it reached Botswana. Warnings of high rains and the potential for flooding were issued.

Comments:

Harold Annegarn informed the meeting that an international project had been initiated which was concerned with water management within the Limpopo catchment.

1.4.4 Kruger National Park Flood Update

Dr H Biggs, South African National Parks

A video was screened of the recent Skukuza blood. The following points were made:

· Apart for this flood during 2000, other floods which have burst the macro-channel bank occurred in 1925 (1.5 m higher than current flood) and apparently one in 1893.

· The fact that the flood rose in the daytime and peaked in the late afternoon was probably a major factor in there being no loss of life in the town.

· The damage to Beigh Water bridge was mainly at the two ends, and could be repaired in a reasonably short period. Most research and other infrastructure is up and running, though most gravel and firebreak roads are sill damaged (not yet re-graded) or too wet to use.

· Some extremely important predictions/hypothesis about reparian and river function have now been “tested” although we must wait for river levels to fall to see clearly the outcomes. There are many expected positive ecological effects. Although the river retreated back into the macro-channel the day after the flood, flows have remained consistently high since then, and low water bridges are periodically inundated (fore more often than is usual).

Although the above applies specifically to the Sabie River, much the same applies for the Crocodile during the same time period (7^th period) and many of the same functions applied to the Letase, Shongwedzi and Limpopo rivers, especially in the second phase of intense rain about 2 weeks later, this time associated with Cyclone Eline.

1.4.5 Logistics for Dry Season Campaign Operations

Gary Shelton and Betty Symonds, NASA

Dr Shelton introduced the ER personnel present, namely Betty Symonds and Ken Broda. Betty Symonds is the ER-2 contact person and the ER-2 sensors contact person. Ken Broada is the project pilot. The ER-2 schedule for the August-September intensive flight campaign was presented as follows:

Ferry to Pietersburg 5 August - 12 August 2000

· 5 August - NASA Dryden Flight Research Centre (DFRC) to Patrick AFB, Fla - Saturday - 5 hrs

· 9 August - Partick to Recife, Brazil - Wednesday - 9 hrs

· 11 August - Recife to Pietersburg, RSA - Friday - 10 hrs

· 12 August - Open House Display - Saturday

Science Flights 13 August - 24 September 2000

· 14 Science Flights (approximate)

i.e. ~100 science hours of flying time

Ferry to Dryden 26 September - 20 September 2000

· 26 Sept - Pietersburg to Recife - Tuesday

· 28 Sept - Recife to Patrick - Thursday

· 30 Sept - Patrick to NASA DFRC - Saturday

Two C-141 aircraft will also be used in the experiment to transport equipment to Pietersburg. The tentative schedule for the first of these aircraft was given as follows:

Ferry to Recife from Dryden

· Palletize equipment 31 Jul - 3 Aug 2000

· Aircraft pallet loading of all equipment 4 Aug

· Depart DFRC with ER-2 crew 5 Aug

· Arrive Recife NLT 6 Aug

· Meet customs at 08h00 in Recife 7 Aug

· Depart Recife 8 Aug

Ferry from Recife to Dryden

· Aircraft arrive NLT (with LOX CRT) 25 Sept 2000

· Aircraft pallet loading of all equipment 28 Sept

· Depart Recife 29 Sept

· Arrive DFRC for unloading 1 Oct

· Depart DFRC 2 Oct

The schedule for the 2nd C-141 aircraft was outlined as follows:

Ferry to Pietersburg from Dryden

· Palletize equipment 31 Jul - 3 Aug 2000

· Aircraft pallet loading of all equipment 4 Aug

· Depart DFRC (no passengers) 5 Aug

· Arrive Pietersburg NLT 9 Aug

· Meet customs at 12h00 in Pietersburg 9 Aug

· Unload 10 Aug

· Depart Pietersburg 11 Aug

Ferry from Pietersburg to Dryden

· Aircraft arrive NLT 25 Sept 2000

· Aircraft pallet loading of all equipment 27 Sept

· Depart Pietersburg 27 Sept

· Arrive DFRC for unloading 29 Sept

· Unload 30 Sept

The C-141 aircraft will be used for equipment only. Scientists wishing to use the aircraft to transport their equipment were advised of the following:

· Scientists need to fill out an information sheet obtainable from Betty Symonds regarding the weights of their cargo (12 cargo pellets are to be filled). The shipping information also need to include contact numbers and names of scientists.

· The decision as to what equipment will be included will be made on 15 MAY 2000.

· Scientists are to have all equipment palletized for loading no later than 3 AUG 2000.

· Scientist must be able to abide by the C-141 aircrafts' schedules.

Instruments to be aboard the ER-2 include MOPPIT-A, AirMISR, MODIS, SSFR, and CLS. The Safari 2000 instrument configuration aboard the ER-2 is illustrated in Figure 12.

Requirements for the August-September 2000 intensive flight campaign includes office space, lab space, power, place for fuel storage (etc.). The sensor people will need to stay with the instruments and will therefor required space at the airport. It is necessary to find out who needs what space from various people including: Peter Hobb's assistant, Deon Terblanche (Aerocommander), Stuart Piketh (JRA and lab space), and Bruce Doddridge (instruments for JRB).

Meeting rooms for mission planning will be required. This needs to be at the airport of at the Meteorological office. The forecast station is likely to be at the meteorological office. In order to gain access to the hanger Safari 2000 participants will be classified as airport personnel (identity cards will be issued).

3 car hire schemes will be represented during the IFC, viz. AVIS, Budget and Imperial. Maximum car hire discounts have been negotiated with these firms for the August - September 2000 flight campaign.

Figure 12 Safari 2000 instrument configuration aboard the ER-2.

Contact numbers for ER-2 key personnel were given as follows:

Director, Airborne Science Gary Shelton - 661-258-2919

gary.shelton@dfrc.nasa.gov

Mission managers Larry Montoya - 661-258-2775

larry.montoya@dfrc.nasa.gov

Bob Jones - 661-258-2169

bob.jones@dfrc.nasa.gov

Walter Klein - 661-258-3243

walter.klein@dfrc.nasa.gov

Logistics Betty Symonds - 650-604-3495

bsymonds@mail.arc.nasa.gov

Crew Chief Dave Gutierrez - 661-258-7576

dave.gutierrez@mail.dfrc.nasa.gov

SESSION 2: DRY SEASON CAMPAIGN SCIENCE OBJECTIVES AND MEASUREMENTS

CHAIR: BOB SWAP, UVA

2.1 OVERVIEW OF OVERALL S2K AND OBJECTIVES OF THE CORE EXPERIMENT

Dr Bob Swap, UVA

The objective of SAFARI 2000 is to determine and quantify regional aerosol and trace gas emissions, transports and transformations, deposition and impacts. To meet this objective, the core experiment of SAFARI 2000 is designed to create:

· Regional fields of aerosol and trace gas emissions

· Regional fields of aerosol and trace gas transports and transformations

· Regional fields of aerosol and trace gas deposition and impacts

The interaction of these regional fields is illustrated in Figure 13.

Figure 13. Interaction of regional fields of SAFARI 2000 core experiment.

The main objectives of the core experiment have already been agreed on and no further debate is required in this regard. What is needed is synthesis activities and synthesized data sets across the various regional fields and disciplines indicated in Figure 13. The creation of synthesised data sets is the responsibility of SAFARI 2000 synthesis teams. Funds and working teams are currently needed for the synthesis activities and data set development.

The SAFARI 2000 Synthesis activities will require the use of SAFARI 2000 Data Bundles. These bundles comprise hygraded data sets, Golden Days collections, or aggregated data products that have been cleaned and/or compiled. Examples of such data sets include: fire; biogenic emissions; LAI validation, tower data, and Aeronet data sets (etc.). These data bundles will depend on data from individual investigations and data collections associated with SAFARI 2000 science and validation activities and published findings.

The key to the overall success of SAFARI 2000 was given as being the coordination and synergy between SAFARI 2000 intensive flying campaigns, ground-based science and validation activities and remote sensing efforts.

2.2 GROUND-BASED ACTIVITIES

2.2.1 SAFARI 2000 LEAD Project

Dr Luanne Otter, CSIR

A project report has been compiled with details of all the Safari 2000 LEAD Projects. Copies may be obtained from Luanne Otter. A synopsis of the LEAD projects was given as follows:

(1) Anthropogenic emissions - regional modelling of emissions was being undertaken. Obtaining emissions for countries other than South Africa was proving to be difficult. Sulphur, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and VOC emissions data are being collated within an Arc Info Grid format. This data set is nearly complete and will be available shortly.

(2) Domestic bio-fuel combustion - Lackson Marufu was in the process of collecting data in Zimbabwe during the time of this workshop.

(3) Leaf-area dynamics - Bob Scholes was investigating leaf-area dynamics during the February-March 2000 campaign, with more work being scheduled for November 2000. No activities are planned in this regard during August-September 2000.

(4) NO emissions from soils - research being undertaken by Luanne Otter. Temperature and rainfall effects were being modelled over the southern African region. NO emissions and fluxes over different soil types were investigated during the Feb-March 2000 (wet season) campaign. Data has been collated and will be overlaid over climate and vegetation maps. Additional sampling will be conducted during November 2000.

(5) Hydrocarbon emissions - adaptations for hydrocarbon emissions from southern African species were being undertaken. Species compositions are being put together by the National Botanical Institute (NBI) in South Africa. Spatial maps of species composition will be available in about June 2000. The hydrocarbon data collection was done in December 1999.

(6) Aircraft projects - to be discussed by Stuart Piketh

(7) Streaker sampling - undertaken at Skukuza (KNP), Inhaca Island (Mozambique) and Mongu (Zambia). All of these sites are up and running. Sampling at Skukuza will represent one of the most intensive activity during the August-September 2000 campaign. Aircraft activities over Skukuza and Mongu during the August-September 2000 campaign would be most beneficial.

(8) DEBITS - 14 dry deposition sampling sites have been established as part of the DEBITS project. The project is lead by University of Potchefstroom. Data are available from Luanne Otter.

(9) Sulphur and Nitrogen dispersion modelling using the CALPUFF suite - undertaken by the CSIR. It is hoped to set up passive sampling sites within the April to May 2000 period to collect field data for the modelling project. This sampling will be conducted continuously over the next few years.

In conclusion it was emphasized that the main ground-based activities being conducted under the LEAD project during the Aug-Sept 2000 campaign were the continuous measurements at Skukuza and Mongu. Most of the other activities would take place during November and December 2000 to coincide with the rainy season.

2.2.2 SAVE Towers and EOS Validation

Dr Bob Swap, UVA

EOS / SAVE validation towers have been erected at Mongu (Zambia) and at Skukuza in the Kruger National Park (South Africa). An additional tower is planned for Maun. Instruments are located on a platform at the top of the tower. Isolation and meteorological parameters are recorded, in addition to ground based leaf index measurements. Mongu is still lacking equipment.

Detailed information on the SAVE sites are given on the web. During the dry season campaign instruments will be funning continuously at these sites and there is no need to direct specific flights over the sites.

2.2.3 Fire Project Validation

2.2.3.1 MODIS Fire Validation Plan

Dr Bob Swap, UVA presented on behalf of Chris Justice (UVA) and David Roy (University of Maryland, NASA GSFC)

MODIS active fire and burned area product validation activities were described as being complementary. Active fire product validation focuses on quantifying, errors of omission (e.g. small cool fires), and errors of commission (e.g. sunglint, hot reflective surfaces, sub-pixel cloud). Burned area product validation focuses on quantifying errors of omission (e.g. small & fragmented burns, burns with low combustion completeness), errors of commission (e.g. data misregistration, sunglint, hot reflective surfaces, sub-pixel cloud), and error bars on area estimation as a function of size. The emphasis of the study is on pragmatic validation. The study will involve:

• Comparisons of MODIS products with other satellite data;

• Focus on burned areas at sample ‘sites’ over a range of conditions;

• Validation sites defined by Landsat 7 scenes (~185*185km);

• Collect field measurements over ~5 day periods at each site; and

• Use of prescribed burns and airborne data as available.

Initial planning/coordination for fire product validation was undertaken at the Matopos Miombo Network Meeting during 1999. (Matopos is located in the NW corner of Zimbabwe.) Fire validation sites were selected in Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (others can be added). Coordination of validation activities with African scientists from the International Miombo Science Network and other EOS scientists is planned. Measures to be taken in this regard will include:

• The development of a field measurement protocol with participants (10-20 July 2000, Vic. Falls to Mongu).

• Implementation of field protocol by collaborators at distributed validation sites, July-October 2000.

• Follow up evaluation meeting planned for early 2001 to assess performance and to design 2001 field program.

MODIS validation sites are outlined in Table 2. At each site activities will include field checking of high resolution burn scar mapping (purposive sampling) and the identification and preliminary description of ambiguous scars. Observations will be undertaken on the ground conditions associated with ambiguous areas.

Landsat 7 data (ASTER and IKONOS data where available) will be used for intermediate comparison at higher spatial resolution and for statistical calibration of burned area estimates. Comparison of high - resolution burn scar maps with MODIS derived burn scar maps will be undertaken.

Table 2 MODIS Fire validation sites

The MODIS fire validation plan has no critical requirements for prescribed burns or aircraft data but will use whatever data is collected as targets of opportunity. Coordination with Ward and Hao’s EOS Fire Validation Project prescribed burns in Mongu Sept 2000 and ER2 MAS (MODIS bands, 50m pixel) overflights were indicated as being highly desirable.

MODIS fire products are to be compared at fire validation test sites with IKONOS; ASTER (onboard EOS-TERRA with MODIS); and Landsat 7 (same orbit as EOS-TERRA, ~30 minute different overpass). MODIS fire products will be compared synoptically over southern Africa with AVHRR (onboard NOAA series) and ATSR-2 (onboard ERS-2). The spatial resolution, spectral bands and numbers of overpasses of southern Africa of ASTER, Landsat 7, AVHRR, ATSR-2 and MODIS Fire is given in Table 3.

Table 3. Spatial resolution, spectral bands and number of overpasses of satellite instruments

	Spatial Resolution	Spectral Bands	No. Overpasses of a southern African Location
ASTER	15m, 30m, 90 m	(14) vis, nir, swir, tir	every 16 days
Landsat 7	15m, 30m, 60m	(8) vis, nir, swir, tir	every 16 days
AVHRR	1.1, 4.0 km	(5) vis, nir, mir, tir	0-2 per day
ATSR-2	1km	(4) vis, mir, tir	once every ~3 days
MODIS Fire	1km	product	daily

Example: Mongu Dry Season 2000 Campaign

Validation performed over Landsat path 175 rows 70 and 71. At Mongu (Landsat path 175) overflight dates include: JUNE 13, JUNE 29, JULY 15 *, JULY 31, AUGUST 16, SEPT 1 **, SEPT 17, OCT 3, and OCT 19. The Mongu site is indicated in Figure 14. The MODIS fire validation field session with collaborators will take place at Mongu during ~12-17 July 12-17. Roy and Giglio are to implement measurement protocol at Mongu during ~2-12 September (activity indicated to be taking place on 10 September 2000).

Figure 14. EOS validation site at Mongu, Western Province, Zambia

Collaboration Required

Ideally, the MODIS validation team would like prescribed burns (by Ward and Hao) a day or several days before Sept 1, in the period Sept 2-12, and a day or several days before Sept 17. The team would like ER2 (MAS) flown Sept 2-12 over Mongu along the Mongu N-S road East of the Zambezzi and where any prescribed burns are performed in this period.

2.2.3.2 Biomass Burning and Emissions of Trace Gases and Aerosols: Validation of EOS Biomass Burning Products

Darold Ward, US Forest Service

An outline was given of the Zambia validation study. Immediately following the launch, at least eight areas will be established for large burns. These sites will include Miombo and Dambo sites in the western province of Zambia. Burns will be conducted upwind and downwind of the grid of handheld sun photometers so as to compare with automatic sun photoms.

The ignition time of burns need be planned with the AM overpass in mind (10 AM?). Each burn will comprise an area of about 500 ha. The burns should coincide with airborne sampling of CO/CO₂, b-scat and meteorology.

50 hand-held sun photometers are under construction and are to be distributed to various sites, including Mongu, Lusaka, Ndolo (etc.). These instruments will be of great value to validation efforts. Mr Mukelabai has been operating the photometers for Brent Holben for the past few years. The hand-held sun photometers necessitate good local support. Data is recorded every half hour between 08h00 and 17h00. The data is included in spreadsheets generated by Mr Mukelabai. The data from the hand-held photometers correlated well with the automatic sun photometers.

An increase in aerosol loading in the atmosphere is evident as the dry season (October) progresses. The trend in biomass burning in southern Africa coincides with this trend. Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) was measured. These measurements correlate well with CIMEL aerosol optic depth measurements. A low aerosol index is evident to the south of Mongu with a high aerosol indices occurs to the north of Mongu (TOMS Aerosol Index). AOT thus increases in a northerly direction across the Zambizi River.

Data collected during 1999 is being integrated and will be put of a group homepage. The team is currently still adjusting algorithms. The new sun photometers will comprise automatic downloading capabilities.

Questions and Answers

Q How are sun photometers cross-calibrated.

A They are run side by side with CIMELS twice - once when they are taken out into the field and once when they are brought back.

2.2.4 AERONET

Brent Holben, NASA GSFC

The objectives of the AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sites were given as follows:

• To provide diurnal regional characterization of aerosol optical properties

• EOS validation - through the characterisation of spatial and temporal variations in aerosol optical properties

• Aerosol flux characterization

• AERONET validation (on Peter Hobbs' plane)

• Measurement of direct aerosol forcing at the surface

Particle size distribution measurements in Zambia revealed a wide range of particle size ranges. During the Zambia International Biomass Burning Emission Experiment (ZIBBEE) airborne aerosol loadings were compared with ground-based in situ aerosol loadings measured at AERONET sites. A good correlation was obtained between AERONET and airborne measurements indicating that these sites are able to estimate the volume concentration (Figure 15).

Figure 15. ZIBBEE airborne vs ground-based comparison

AERONET sites (current and proposed) which will be in operation during the August-September 2000 flight campaign include:

• Mongu - in operation

• Etosha - to be established following conclusion of international agreement

• Maun - to be established following conclusion of international agreement

• Inhaca Island - established at the end of May 2000

• Skukuza - in operation

• Bethlehem - in operation

An AERONET site is proposed for Johannesburg but will not operational for Safari 2000. A site is needed in northern Mozambique. This site will be established depending on instrument availability.

During the intensive flight campaign, 5 AERONET sites will be established in Zambia. Instruments to be in operation at each of these sites are as follows:

• Mongu - Cimel, Pyranometer, PAR, MFRSR and Michael Pulse Lidar (MPL)

• Zambezi - Cimel and PAR

• Senanga - Cimel, PAR and Pyranometer

• Kakombe - Cimel, PAR and Pyranometer

• Kafui - Cimel, PAR and Pyranometer

Coordination and Collaboration Required

It is necessary to get the international agreements in place to get the AERONET sites at Maun and Etosha operational. Assistance is required from the Zambia Meteorological Service in terms of ensuring the necessary infrastructure requirements at Mongu. Coordination with Ward's network is required to determine burn times and locations. Finally, coordination is necessary with the airborne platforms is necessary to obtain the necessary profiles and transects.

Questions and Answers

Q Why are so may Cimels being employed in Zambia?

A To characterise the Zambian "box" well in terms of what is going in and coming out. The Cimels quantify concentrations and provide a good representation of aerosol properties and volumes. Darold Ward will be lighting fires in the area (box) during this time.

2.2.5 MISR (Multi-angle Imaging Specto-Radiometer)

Mark Helmlinger, JPL

The science goals of the MISR field operations during the Safari 2000 campaign were given as follows:

• To provide local validation and radiometric assessment of MISR via AirMISR and field data to enable the construction of a long time series of MISR geophysical products for all MISR local mode sites.

• Site selection for aerosol retrievals from field data to be compared with MISR retrievals.

• Site selection for biodirectional reflectance factor (BRF) retrievals from field data to be compared with MISR retrievals.

• Gathering of optical depth, aerosol model, and BRF data at the chosen (representative) sites.

MISR can distinguish between different types of clouds, atmospheric particles and surfaces. Uses of MISR therefore include: the characterisation of the abundance and type of aerosols and investigations into the impact of aerosols on climate; cloud detection and classification by type and altitude; and classification of land cover type. The main MISR geophysical products include:

• Aerosol

- Optical depth

- Scattering/absorption model (size distribution, composition, phase) from climatology

• Surface reflectance

- Hemispherical directional reflectance factor (HDRF)

- Biodirectional reflectance factor (BRF) in 3 parameter Martonchik, Raman, Pinty, Verstraete model

- Clear sky surface albedo

• Leaf Area Index derived from BRF

• Clouds

- Top heights (reflecting level reference altitude)

- Cloud field albedo

- Statistics of cloud heights, aerial coverage

The benefits of multiple angle imagery was demonstrated through reference to various images.

MISR Field Validation - Field Instruments, Products and Timing

In order to verify that MISR's instruments are reliable, instruments are taken to the field to measure upward towards the sun and sky form a location as MISR is looking downward, measuring the same location on the earth. Other field instruments measure the intensity of light from the ground itself. Properties of the atmosphere and the surface characteristics made by ground-based instruments are well understood and can be used to verify that MISR is providing consistent results. Field validation instruments include:

· REAGAN Solar Radiometers - which measure optical depth, ozone, aerosol optical depth

· MFRSR - measure surface spectral irradiance

· CIMEL - measure optical depth, sky radiance in almucantar and principal plane

· PARABOLA - sphere scanning radiometer for BRF and HDRF measurement

· ASD field spectrometer - facilitates moderate resolution determination of spectral HDRF.

PARABOLA III - The Portable Apparatus for Rapid Acquisition of Bidirectional Observation of the Land and Atmosphere third generation instrument (PARABOLA III) is owned and operated by JPL. It is a sphere scanning radiometer with a 5° field of view and 72 azimuthal x 37 elevation positions. Data products from the PARABOLA III include surface biodirectional reflectance factor (BRF) with the effects of diffuse illumination having been removed, and hemispherical directional reflectance factor (HDRF) as measured reflectance.

CIMEL - This instrument measures direct sun, aureole and sky radiance. It has a 1° field of view and operates in 8 channels, 10 nm each ranging from 300 to 1 020 nm. Data products include aerosol phase function and single scatter albedo.

REAGAN - This tracking solar radiometer was developed at the University of Arizona. It operates within the following spectral channels: 380, 398, 437, 520, 606, 668, 781, 868, 938, 1028 nm. The instrument retrieves atmospheric optical depths, including aerosol and water vapour components.

MFRSR - The Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer (MFRSR) is manufactured by Yankee Environmental Systems. It measures total and diffuse downwelling irradiances, operating in the following spectral channels: 413, 500, 616, 670, 865, and 930 nm (plus one broadband channel).

A synopsis of the products to be produced during the field operations was given as follows: (i) instantaneous aerosol and ozone optical depths via Flittner et al. Method; (ii) instantaneous aerosol model including single scattering albedo, phase function to provide a complex refractive index and size distribution via the Pilorz method; (ii) BRF from interpretation of PARABOLA III sphere-scanning radiance data; and (iv) spectral HDRF (normal incidence view) from ASD observations.

Timing of field operations - The field operations need to coincide with the coordinated ER-2 and MISR/platform overflights.

Field Data System Needs

Data types are instrument dependent. Data will be downloaded to a laptop to facilitate "quick looks" following which it will be processed at JPL and placed on the MISR website, viz.:

http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/valid.html

The approximate data volume anticipated will be in the order of ~10 Mb per day of full operation. During the post-campaign period, data will be available via the MISR website for approximately 4 weeks after the end of the campaign.

Data format - ASCII with headers and "README" files. Archiving will be undertaken via the MISR web site.

Field Support Needs were given as including:

· Protected instrument deployment site adjacent to simple lab space with 110 vac.

· Inclement weather storage space.

· Access to site before dawn through dusk and reasonably close to lodging.

· All clearances and badging.

· Securing arrangements (guards).

· Communications with other SAFARI 2000 participants.

Field Measurement Strategies may include:

· AirMISR overflight of bright parts of Etosha Pan to give radiance-based calibration of MISR. Assumes AirMISR is radiometrically well-calibrated since Etosha will not be manner by MISR.

· Attempt to find large area (grass?) measurement site that can be used by MISR and AirMISR for BRF recovery (Skukuza or surrounds).

· Perform field measurements of BRF using PARABOLA III at chosen site centered to extent possible on MISR and AirMISR overpasses and flights.

· Characterise surface cover botanically/physically using published descriptions of in situ measurements by others, e.g. plant lists, LAI, NDVI.

· Provide coordinated CIMEL measurements from a given site not already covered by AERONET (e.g. Pietersburg) for detection of potential aerosol changes between stations.

The following Issues were identified as requiring consideration:

· What are important field-measurable quantities needed for "ecological" modelling (e.g. C, P, S, N material balances, effects of smoke and pollutants on nutrient sources and/or changes in albedo).

· What geophysical parameters derived from MISR / AirMISR multi-angle measurements contribute to modelling exercises? (BRF, albedo, LAI, faPAR?)

· Does vegetation hotspots (retroreflection opposite sun) contribute useful information to modelling or canopy study efforts?

· AirMISR flight lines are 150 km in length (75 km each about target). Are there problems crossing country boundaries for targets near borders?

AirMISR Overflights

A total of six lines (each full nine angles) will be undertaken over each target to sample BRF in a parsimonius but robust fashion in azimuth, including.: (1) MISR ground track, (2) solar principal plane, and (3) line bisecting (1) and (2) above. Two lines (down and back) will be used for each azimuth to help insure coverage at all nine angles and improve sampling statistics. AirMISR overflights will need to be timed to coincide with MISR/platform overpasses. Target coordinates should be double-checked with pilots before the ER-2 launch. A heading of 190° will be used with an overpass time of around 08h15 UT for the first run. "cam.run" files for AirMISR will be supplied for each target to be flown.

2.2.6 VISTA University Radiation

Stuart Piketh, Climatic Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand

The locations of streaker and sun photometer sites are illustrated in Figure 16. The Mongu, Skukuza and Inhaca Island both has sun photometer and streakers. Bethlehem has a sun photometer in place, with the streaker having been placed at Ben MacDhui. A shadow band is in operation at Sutherland.

An AERONET sun photometer and a streaker is to be installed at Etosha by the time of the intensive flight campaign during August-September 2000. The Max Planck Institute will establish a sun photometer at a west coast site (site to be determined), and a CIMEL sun photometer will be placed at a site in central South Africa (site to be determined) prior to the IFC.

The need for measurements within Northern Mozambique must be addressed. A CIMEL sun photometer and simultaneous streaker is available for establishment there. The challenge is to get someone to run the sun photometer. It was also noted that there was currently no measurements being made in Zimbabwe.

Figure 16. Location of sun photometer and streaker sampling sites

2.2.7 Air Pollution Measurement in Botswana

Frank Eckardt (UB) presented on behalf of M Lenkopane (Dept. of Mines)

Air pollution monitoring was initiated in Botswana due to growing anthropogenic emissions. The Air Pollution Control Division of the Department of Mines, Botswana, request flights to make similar measurements over the ground-based sampling sites to facilitate comparison and contrast with and interpretation of ground-based measurements.

The ground-based sampling points include: Maun (0₃), Francistown (SO₂, NO_x), Tonota (SO₂, O₃), Mmadinare (SO₂, CO), Selebi Phikwe (SO2), Serowe (SO₂, NO_x, CO), Palapye (SO₂), Gabarone (SO₂, O₃, NO_x, CO, HCs), Moshupa (O₃) and Lobatse (NO_x). These points have the highest possibility of impacts from industries. Ghanzi was chosen as a control site.

The longitude and latitude of the ground-based measuring sites and the proposed airborne measurements requested for consideration over each site are listed in Table 4.

Table 4. Ground-based measurements and proposed airborne measurements

Ground-Based Measurement	Location	Proposed Airborne Measurements (height 500 to 600 m above ground)
Selebi Phikwe SO2, H2S, NOx (NO, NO2), HCs (CH4, NMHC), CO, O3, Particulates, NH3, meteorology (WD, WS, RH, T, Grad)	21°51' lat; 27°50' long	SO2, NOx, Particulates, sulphates, Ni & Cu fractions, CO, O3, chlorides, nitrates, NH3, WD, WS, sy,sx, sz
Gaborone As for Selebi Phikwe	24°31' lat; 25°56' long	SO2, NOx, Particulates, CO, O3
Mahalapye As for Selebi Phikwe	22°59' lat; 26°50' long	SO2, sulphates, particulates
Sowa As for Selebi Phikwe	20°25' lat; 26°08' long	SO2, particulates, sulphates, H2S
Gantsi As for Selebi Phikwe	21°35' lat; 27°39' long	As for Selebi Phikwe

For additional information contact:

mlenkopane@gov.bw

2.2.8 Rangelands Project, Botswana

Frank Eckardt (UB) presented on behalf of Arntzen (UB)

The Rangelands Project involves the investigation of rangeland and livelihood dynamics. The spatial focus of the project includes an area just west of Tshane and can area centred on Ukwi in southwestern Botswana. The aim of the project is to analyse the dynamic relationships between rangeland state and rural livelihoods and to identify, within the southern African context, policy options and interventions that will optimise, sustainably, the welfare of the range communities while maintaining productivity and ecological diversity and integrity. Current activities are focussed on: (i) the analysis of existing information, (ii) the identification of data gaps and priorities for data collection, and (iii) the collation of available data in a systematic framework.

When the project was initiated, the mapping component of the project was started late. The area of interest is covered only by old and medium scale aerial photography. This shortcoming needs to be addressed. To address the situation, satellite imagery could be used if it is available.

Landsat TM 7 with a resolution of 15 m would serve to provide both basemap and thematic data. Higher resolution imagery may be procured to cater for data that is being collected at village level, at Tshane and Ngwatle villages, if funds are available 1 m resolution imagery such as the Ikonos can be used for these villages.

For additional information contact:

Arntzen@mopipi.ub.bw

2.2.9 Aeolian Mineral Deposition and Soil Chemistry

Frank Eckardt, University of Botswana

Soil development is a function of climatic factors, parent material (geology), local conditions(n use, hydrology, etc.) and the EXTERNAL input of mineral aerosols. Salt pans are one of the most significant sources of mineral dust in arid regions. Such salt pans:

· Effect soil and water quality downwind;

· Contribute to salinity in soil and water;

· Influence the nutrient status of soil; and

· Promote the formation of duricrusts (silcrete, calcrete and gypcrete)

The Double Lake in East Texas which is 4 km² in area, produces 750 tons of airborne salts each year which can be traced 25 km downwind in soils and groundwater (Wood, 1994).

Southern Africa has some of the largest pans (Etosha in Namibia, Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana), and has a high density of pans (130 pans per 100 km² have been identified in South Africa). Ongoing research is being conducted with the focus on the Sua Pan in Botswana. The objectives of this research is as follows:

· Determination of hydrological pan inputs - origin and evolution of brines (PI Eckardt, UB)

· Soil quality around Sua Pan (PI Wood, USFS)

· Determination of soil mineralogy from remote sensing (PI White, University of Reading, UK) - considering the use of MODIS.

Information still required includes the following:

· Specific source points (pan surface conditions)

· Heading and range of plumes

· Composition and quantity of dust

· Deposition areas

· Frequency of plumes

Imagery, optical depth and in situ chemistry could go a long way to providing the necessary data to full some of the information gaps.

2.2.10 SMART (Surface Measurements for Atmospheric Radiative Transfer)

Si-Che Say, NASA GSFC

The SMART instrument package includes solar flux radiometers, and ASD flux/radiance spectrometers, a thermal flux radiometer, a Cimel sun photometer, a total/diffuse solar spectroradiometer, a MPL lidar pointing profiler and a SMiR scanning microwave radiometer. Two operators are needed of over a 4 hour period to get SMART operational. It is, however, a self-calibrated instrument.

The Micro Pulse Lidar (MPL) is a ground-based instrument with a maximum altitude range of 60 km. The sensor has the following characteristics: Nd:YLF diode pumper laser with pulse energy of 10 µJ; visible wavelength at 0.532 µm; beam divergence of 1.2 µrad; a field of view of 50 µrad for the transmitter and 100 µrad for the receiver; and a pulse repetition rate of 2500 Hz. The MPL has a vertical resolution of 30 to 300 m, with a one month recording capacity and the ability to self-calibrate against molecular scattering.

The Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer measures total and diffuse components of solar irradiance. The instrument operates at 6 filter channels at 415, 500, 615, 673, 870 and 940 nm and at 1 broadband ranging from 0.3 - 1.0 µm.

The Cimel sun photometer comprises 2 detectors for direct sun/aureole and sky radiance. This instrument has a 1.2° field of view with 0.05° zenith and azimuth angular accuracy. Other characteristics of the Cimel include: 8 filter channels at 340, 380, 440, 500, 670, 870, 940, and 1020 nm, DCP satellite telemetry and almucantar and principal-plane observation modes. During the Aerosol Recirculation and Rainfall Experiment (ARREX) inaccuracies in Cimel sun photometer measurements became apparent. This was partly due to the thermal dome effect. Corrections for the thermal dome effect were more successful during the night-time where near thermal equilibrium allowed the off-set to be explained. Solar heating and other effects during the daytime made corrections complex.

2.2.11 Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI)

Si-Che Say, NASA GSFC presented on behalf of Dr Steven Ackerman (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

AERI has a spectral resolution of better than 1 cm-1 wavenumber from 520-3000 cm-1 (3 - 20 µm). This instrument can be calibrated to within 1% ambient radiance, i.e. better than 1 ambient temperature. AERI is automated and environmentally hardened with a time resolution of 6 - 10 minutes. This time resolution is adjustable.

AERI applications include the following:

· Planetary boundary layer temperature and water vapour retrievals

· Sea surface temperature and emissivity

· Land surface emissivity

· Cloud radiative properties

· Carbon monoxide and ozone retrievals

· Line-by-line model validation

Temperature and water vapour mixing ratio profiles can be retrieved from high resolution AERI spectra up to 3 km. The vertical resolution of the instrument is currently 100 m at the surface, increasing to 250 m at 3 km up. Constraints, however, arise due to cloud base heights. Active ceilometer retrievals can be produced to cloud base.

Models such as GOES/NWP can be used to improve the first guess above the boundary layer (> 3 km) which in turn improve the AERI physical retrieval and the GOES/NWP profile (termed AERIPLUS retrievals). The AERI has been found to effectively detect the erosion of the planetary inversion in various studies.

2.2.12 Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesonde (SHADOZ) Project

Dr Bruce Doddridge, University of Maryland, presented on behalf of Dr Anne Thompson (NASA GSFC)

Shadoz was initially initiated by NASA as a two year project to remedy the lack of groundbased balloon sonde data in the tropics and subtropics. Such data is required to validate satellite tropospheric ozone estimates and to provide a data set for process studies and model comparisons. Using TOMS data to retrieve ozone profile data is useful in the investigation of large scale aerosol transport. For Safari 2000 the data set can be used to look at the stratification of the atmosphere and at regional transport.

It was decided to coordinate and/or supply additional sondes and collect weekly data from 10 tropic and subtropic stations during a 1998-2000 sampling period. A central public archive location has been established to facilitate access to the data collected, viz.:

http://code916.gsfc,nasa.gov/Data_services/shadoz

A link to this site has been established on the SAFARI 2000 website. Jacquelyn Witte is the data keeper and webmater of the Shadoz site. Data accessible via the website includes site information, a data disclaimer, a listing of the date on which the data was last updated, and the archived data by month and year. The data status for the 1998-2000 Shadoz period was given as follows by March 2000: Ascension (99 sondes), Fiji (90 sondes), Irene (25 sones), Java (23 sones), Nairobi (94 sondes), Natal (40 sondes), Reunion (55 sondes), Samoa (88 sondes), San Cristobal (77 sondes) and Tahiti (77 sondes). The data base currently needs more end users.

Irene (Pretoria, RSA) represents the Shadoz site in southern Africa. Station and sonde information for the Irene site is given as follows:

· Station location - 25.25°S and 28.22°E

· Elevation - 1524 m

· Ozonesonde type - ECC

· Radiosonde type - Vaisala

· KI Solution - 1% buffered.

· Station chief - Gerrie Coetzee, South African Weather Bureau

The Irene site was started in October 1998. Two sondes are routinely undertaken per month.

SHADOZ Activities during 1999-2000 were given as including:

· First Workshop in Natal, Brazil during November 1999 (seven of the 10 site representatives were present).

· WMO and Payerne visits during November 1999

· Dobson Intercomparisons in March 2000 in South Africa - Irene Ozonesonde demonstration.

· Julich Ozonesonde Intercomparison Experiment (JOSIE) participation during May 2000.

· Relevant meetings during 2000 including: Cape Town International Symposium on Remote Sensing in March 2000, EGS in Nice during April 2000, AGU Special Session in Washington DC in June 2000 entitled "Analysis and Modeling with SHADOZ Data" (http://www.agu.org/meetings), the Quad. Ozone Symposium during July 2000 at Sapporo (http://www.eorc.nasda.go.jp/AtmChem/O3sym), and the COSPAR conference in Warsaw during July 2000 (sss.copernicus.org/COSPAR). A SHADOZ workshop will be held on 29 May 2000 in Washington DC.

Interaction of SHADOZ with SAFARI 20000

A partnership has been developed with SAVE - which includes J Privette (principle investigator), B Doddridge and R Swap. A further partnership have been established with the South African Weather Bureau (SAWB) through liaisons with Gerrie Coetzee.

During the SAVE and SAFARI 2000 campaigns more ozonesondes will be undertaken. One sonde will be taken each week with EOS validation funds being used for this purpose. Three sondes per week were undertaken during the wet season campaign which took place during February-March 2000.

A two week intensive will also be taken at Mongu during mid to late August 2000 with three to four ozone sondes taking place per week.

2.3 AIRBORNE ACTIVITIES

2.3.1 NASA ER-2

Dr Shelton, NASA GSFC

A brief description was given of the ER-2 aircraft. The aircraft is 62 feet in length with a wingspan of 100 feet and a GE F-118 Turbofan (17 K lbs thrust) engine. One pilot is required for the aircraft which has its base at the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards, California. Key performance indicators were given as follows:

· Altitude - up to 70 000 feet

· Range of 3000 nautical miles

· Flight duration of 8 hours

· True airspeed of 410 knots (467 mph)

· Payload: 650 lbs in the nose, 650 lbs in Q-bay (Q-bay max 300 lbs with empty nose), and the superpods each take 650 lbs.

Attention was again drawn to the instrument configuration aboard the ER-2 (see Figure 12). It was emphasised that the weight of instruments to be placed on the ER-2 needed to be monitored very carefully.

It was envisaged that the team would set the take off time the day before and have a briefing session of the sequence of events necessary. The first 2 take-offs more time would be given for mission planning, with about 4 hrs required to get ready for the first mission. It is crucial that take-off times be adhered to so that crew rest time is not affected.

Attention was drawn to the RC-10 film camera which will be aboard the ER-2 aircraft making available imagery whilst flights are in progress. Two cameras will be used in case one breaks. The RC-10 film camera comprises two 12" focal length and a 9" by 9' image format. It is a passive optical instrument used for earth imaging. The principle investigator of the PC-10 film cameras is Bruce Coffland, NASA Ames Research Centre (bcoffland@mail.arc.nasa.gov). Further information regarding this instrument is available at the site: http://www.asapdata.arc.nasa.gov/. The imagery will be processed by the South African Airforce. A photo-interpretation office is needed in Pietersburg to support the utility of this instrument. Colour imagery is required for AirMISR. During the data management discussions it will be determined what should be done with the imagery once the teams leave Pietersburg.

Questions and Answers

Q Which hours of the day can flights take place?

A The crews have 12 hour shifts. Taking into account the mission planning time required, a 6 hour mission would imply that already 9 hours of the crew shift has been taken up. The ER-2 can take-off and land after dark.

Various of the collaborating scientists on the ER-2 were invited to give a description of their instruments and research efforts.

2.3.1.1 MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS)

Dr Steven Platnick, NASA GSFC

MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) is a satellite sensor on the EOS AM-1 satellite. The objectives of the MAS is as follows:

· Simulation of the majority of atmosphere and land spectral channels of MODIS for algorithm development. (MAS has fifty spectral bands covering 0.55 to 14.2 µm.)

· Obtain measurements of reflected and emitted radiation with a single instrument under a wide variety of earth-atmosphere conditions.

· Validate retrievals of atmospheric and surface properties with nearly simultaneous in situ aircraft and surface observations.

· Calibration intercomparisons during MODIS overflights.

MAS has a much higher spatial resolution and a different swath width when compared to MODIS. A comparison of the spatial resolution, spectral bands, platforms and detectors of MAS and MODIS is given in Table 5.

Table 5. Comparison of MAS and MODIS characteristics

	MAS	MODIS
Platform	ER-2 (20 km)	Terra (705 km, 10h45 descending node)
Spectral banks	50	36
Spatial resolution at surface (nadir view)	50 m	250 m (0.65, 0.86 µm) 500 m (0.47, 0.56, 1.24, 1.64, 2.13 µm) 1 km
Swath width	37 km 716 pixels/scan (scan rate of 6.25 Hz)	2330 km 1600 pixels/scan
Detector (filter radiometer)	Single	10 km along track array

MAS is useful for two components of investigation of SAFARI 2000, viz. aerosol retrievals and fire characterisation, and the Namibian stratocumulus study. MAS atmosphere algorithms include the following:

· Cloud mask for distinguishing clear sky from clouds - 48/(25) bit mask

· Aerosol optical properties

- Optical thickness over the land and ocean

- Size distribution over the ocean (ration between the assumed tow log-normal modes, mean size of each mode)

- Land: use reflectance of dense dark vegetation where aerosol is most transparent (2.13 µm) and use to infer reflectance at 0.47 and 0.66 µm.

· Cloud radiative and microphysical properties

- Cloud top pressure, temperature and effective emissivity

- Cloud optical thickness, effective radius and thermodynamic phase

· Atmospheric profiles of moisture, temperature, column water vapour amount

MAS Level 1B data is archived in HDF format. The data is processed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Ames Research Centre. Most data is archived at NASA Goddard DAAC, with some being archived at NASA Landgley DAAC. The MAS homepage is:

http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/MAS/Home.html

Questions and Answers

Q How long does it take to get access to data.

A Level 1 "Quick Look" imagery will be available the day after the flight.

2.3.1.1 AirMISR - Airborne Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer

Dr Jeannette van den Bosch, NASA DFRC

AirMISR is essentially an aircraft emulator of a satellite sensor (MISR) to study atmospheric dust and aerosols, and ocean and land surface properties. AirMISR utilizes a single camera in a pivoting mount to view the same scene from different 'look ' angles. Dr Jim Conel (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) is the principal investigator. MISR/AirMISR science objectives were outlined as follows:

· Provide radiometric calibration of MISR to supplement on-board and vicarious calibration exercises conducted elsewhere.

· Provide local validations for: MISR aerosol optical depth and model retrievals, MISR BRF/HDRF retrievals and surface albedo, TOA/Cloud morphology and top and base height and albedo.

· Provide correlated MISR - AirMISR overflights with simultaneous measurements at intensive field measurement sites and AERONET stations.

Based on the above mentioned objectives having been met, it is the intention to provide a stand-alone basis for the construction of a long-term series of MISR geophysical products and cloud retrievals at regionally representative scales.

MISR comprises various view angles (670.5°, 660.0°, 645.6°, 626.1°, 0° (nadir)) and operates within 4 wavelength bands (446 - blue, 558 - green , 672 - red and 866 nm - near infrared). The spatial resolution of MISR is in the order of 1.1 km (BRF) and 17.1 km (aerosol) with a local mode of ~250 m. The local overpass time at southern mid-latitudes of the MISR is around 08h20 hrs UT. Repetition time for coincident local observations is given as 16 days. The ground tack azimuth is in the order of 190°.

AirMISR was fabricated from a spare MISR camera. It is attached to a gimbal system with rotation to facilitate occupation of all MISR view angles. Air MISR will be mounted in the nose cone of ER-2, operating at 20 km above ground level. The attached software generates motion-corrected and registered image data for MISR algorithm interpretation. AirMISRs target overflight strategy will include:

· Ground azimuths: (i) colinear pattern to provide statistical average response for calibration exercises, and (ii) crossing pattern (MISR ground tack, principal plane and bisector) to provide multiple azimuth multiangle data for study of BRF and hotspots, i.e. the so-called "rose" pattern.

· Overpass azimuth pattern and time to coincide with MISR overpasses.

The MISR has 233 paths which are fixed with respect to the Earth's surface. The MISR's swath width is 350 km with block lengths along the track of about 141 km. Paths 168, 169 and 167 are of interest in terms of Skukuza calibration requirements.

Clear sky conditions will be sought for aerosol and BRF retrievals.

Field Measurements and Timing

A field measurement campaign will be in progress at the time of AirMISR deployment. Instruments to be used in the field will include REAGAN solar radiometers (optical depth, ozone, aerosol optical depth measurement), MFRSR (surface spectral irradiance measurement), CIMEL (optical depth, sky radiance measurement in almucantar and principal plane), PARABOLA sphere scanning radiometer (BRF and HDRF measurement) and ASD field spectrometer (moderate resolution determination of spectral HDRF). Field measurements need to coincide with ER-2 and MISR platform overflights.

Four potential sites for field measurements are to be determined. Mark Hemlinger will be in the field during the experiment. In selecting the sites the team wants to be close to other instruments and within the satellite overpasses for the local mode to be optimized. Co-siting with active AERONET stations and sites with meteorological or flux instruments and/or ground measurements of BRF and reflectance would be beneficial.

ER-2 Flight Hours for Selected Sites

It is important to determine the sites which the AirMISR would need to fly over in order to quantify how much time is required for ER-2 flights. An example is given in Table 6 of the elapsed times assuming a full rose BRF pattern flown on each target.

Table 6. Example of ER-2 flight times assuming full rose pattern flights over targets

Site	Elapsed Waypoint Time	No. of Waypoints	Turn Time (6 min / turn)	ER-2 Total Elapsed Hours	Geographic Issues
Skukuza	2 hrs 29 min	9	54 min	3 hrs 23 min	Mozambique, Swaziland (?)
Mongu	4 hrs 47 min	9	54 min	5 hrs 41 min	Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia
Etosha	5 hrs 33 min	9	54 min	6 hrs 17 min	Botswana, Namibia
Makgadigadi	3 hrs 05 min	9	54 min	3 hrs 59 min	Botswana

AirMISR Data

Data types required by AirMISR include navigation data and spectroradiometric images. AirMISR raw data volumes are in the order of 0.25 GB/run for Level 0 data (a run comprises nine angles, four wavelengths.) After processing to Level 1 the data volume will be in the order of 1.25 GB/run. Data formats include native HDF and HDF-EOS.

Data will be available through the Langley DAAC 3 months after the campaign. Level 0 archiving will take place at MISR SCF, with Level 1 data archived at Langley DAAC.

Further reading regarding AirMISR is available at:

http://www.misr.jpl.nasa.gov/armain.html

2.3.1.2 MOPPIT-A

Dr James Drummond, University of Toronto

MOPITT, an instrument for the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere, is a satellite sensor on the EOS AM-1 satellite. MOPITT collects CO at 3 levels at all times, with Co and methane columns only being collected during the daytime. Images produced are in the order of 22 km by 22 km per pixel.

MOPITT-Airborne or MOPITT-A is a nadir-staring infrared radiometer, using correlative spectroscopy with on-board gas cells to measure carbon monoxide and methane in the atmosphere. MOPITT-A has a field of view of ~1.8°, yielding a spot size on the ground of ~630 m. The instrument represents an aircraft version of MOPITT. It is based on a space engineering model, and uses the same correlation cells, detections and signal processing as MOPITT. Further information can be obtained from the following website:

http://www.atmosp.physics.uto

MOPITT-A has a ground pixel size of 630 m (along tract) x 2500 m (across tract). Data sampling is undertaken at 0.45 seconds per sample. MOPITT-A operates across 4 channels and has a ground speed of 210 m/s. A sketch map was presented of possible flight paths with MOPITT-A aboard is given as Figure 17.

Figure 17. Sketch map of possible flight paths for MOPITT-A.

The main objective of the MOPITT-A study were given as follows:

· Validation of MOPITT Level 1 data product;

· Validation of MOPITT Level 2 data product;

· Key SAFARI 2000 objective is the measurement of CO and methane in various environments including pristine conditions, biomass burning areas and areas subject to extensive industrial pollution.

In terms of logistics, 3 persons will be required with a lab space of about 14 by 14 feet (200 m²) necessary for the instrument.

Description of Data

The MOPITT-A data is not real time data, but rather a true Level 2 product. Data will be collected on hard drives and downloaded in Toronto for storage and processing (etc.). The final data product will be CO and CH₄ column profiles.

Questions and Answers

Q When and where will the MOPITT-A data be made available?

A MOPITT-A data will be available at the same website as MOPITT data. The team will negotiate with the DAAC people for space at the site. Although an attempt could be made to give people Level 1 data, it is not considered to be of much use.

2.3.1.3 Cloud LIDAR System (CLS) SAFARI 2000 Deployment

Dr Tim Suttles, NASA GSFC presented on behalf of PIs James Spinhirne and Matthew McGill (NASA GSFC)

The CLS is a LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging ) instrument which provides the true height of cloud boundaries and the density structure of less dense clouds, by measuring the time interval and intensity of reflected laser pulse. The science capabilities of CLS for SAFARI were given as including:

· Three wavelengths (355, 532, 1064 nm);

· Cloud and aerosol profiling with 30 m vertical and 200 m horizontal resolution at all three wavelengths;

· Determination of cloud optical depth (up to OD3);

· Aerosol, boundary layer, and smoke plume structure;

· Depolarization at 1064 nm to determine cloud phase;

· Direct optical depth determination from Rayleigh attenuation at 355 nm; and

· Photon-counting detection to minimize data calibration needs and data processing time.

Types of data which can be collected using the CLS includes attenuated backscatter profiles and cirrus cloud structure profiles. An example is given in Figure 18 of CLS measurements of attenuated backscatter profiles.

Figure 18 CLS measurements of attenuated backscatter profiles.

CLS Data Products and Data Volume, Storage and Dissemination

Fully analysed and calibrated profiles will be available within 3 to 6 months after the campaign. The storage format has not yet been determined (possibly HDF). Data to be available within 24-hours will include:

· Quick-look pictures of cloud and aerosol backscatter;

· Quick-look pictures of depolarization ration; and

· Text file with 1-second average of optical depth and cloud boundaries.

The 24-hour data (quick-look pictures and text files) will amount to 10-50 Mbytes per day. Processed data will be 270 Mbytes per hour of flight time. The team can store the analysed, quality-confirmed data in HDF format if desired or required.

All data will be archived on computers at Goddard, or can be archived on a NASA DAAC facility if desired. Processed data will be available from the principle investigators on DVD or tape or via the CLS web site. The primary data contact will be Bill Hart, with Dennis Hlavka being the secondary data contact.

CLS Support Needs

CLS will be staffed by two people at all times. Office space with a desk, chair and phone would be beneficial. An internet connection would also be desirable. Two hotel rooms would be needed for the period August 10 to September 24.

Dry nitrogen is needed for purging the instrument. Some of the support equipment will be shipped on the transport aircraft.

2.3.1.3 S-HIS (Scanning High Resolution Interferometer Sounder)

Dr Tim Suttles, NASA GSFC presented on behalf of PIs James Spinhirne and Matthew McGill (NASA GSFC)

The S-HIS represents a Michelson Interferometer which forms interferograms from upwelling atmospheric and surface radiation in the 3.8 to 19 micron spectral region. The principle investigator of the S-HIS is Hank Revercomb of the University of Wisconsin (hankrevercomb@ssec.wisc.edu). The S-HIS will be placed on the DC-8 and on the ER-2. The instrument provides high-spectral resolution, operating within the 3-4 µm to 20 µm range.

Terra/Aqua related objectives were given as follows:

· Direct comparison of S-HIS radiance measurements to those of MODIS/MAS to validate radiometric calibration of MODIS/MAS in the infrared. This important function provides accuracy information about the MODIS spectroradiometer.

· MODIS Cloud Detection/Properties product validation

· Validation of clear atmospheric temperature and moisture structure retrieved by MODIS through comparison with S-HIS measurements.

· Continue to develop and validate cloud detection, cloud height, and cloud particle characteristics measured by high-spectral resolution measurements in the infrared.

· Improve radiative transfer modeling in the IR.

Specific SAFARI related objectives were given as including:

· The provision of a well-calibrated data set of high spectral and spatial resolution radiation measurements to support the objectives of SAFARI 2000;

· Characterization of the infrared spectral properties of clouds (maritime stratus); and

· Mapping of environmental tropospheric temperature and water vapor distributions in support of SAFARI 2000 objectives.

Cloud retrieval approaches adopted include the development of algorithms that combine MAS and S-HIS to retrieve cloud properties. MAS provides cloud cover within the SHIS footprint, with the SHIS being used to retrieve IR properties. S-HIS capabilities are combined with MODIS and AIRS for application within the aqua field.

Additional information on the S-HIS may be obtained from the University of Wisconsin website: http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/.

2.3.1.4 SSFR (Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer)

Dr Peter Pilewskie, NASA Ames Research Centre

The SSFR project team includes Warren Gore, Maura Rabbette, Larry Pezzolo, John Pommier and Steve Howard (NASA Ames Research Centre, Moffed Field, CA). The SSFR measures spectral solar irradiance at moderate resolution to determine the radiative impacts of clouds, aerosols, and gases and also to infer the physical properties of aerosols and clouds. The package comprises identical instruments looking up and down to determine upwelling and downwelling fluxes. The net solar flux is obtained from the up- and down-welling information.

The SSFR measures in the spectral wavelength range of 300 nm to 1700 nm, facilitating simultaneous zenith and nadir viewing. The instrument has a spectral resolution of 9 nm (300-1000 nm) to 12 nm (1000-1700 nm), and a sampling resolution of 3.25 nm. The sampling integration time is in the order of 100 minutes, and the spectral sampling rate is approximately 1 Hz. The light collector used comprises a spectralon integrating sphere with a conical baffle. Data storage is facilitated by a 225 Mbyte PCMCIA flash memory card.

Plans and objectives for the deployment of SSFR as part of the SAFARI 2000 campaign were expressed as follows:

• Deployment of nadir- and zenith-viewing SSFR on the University of Washington's CV-580 and on NASA's ER-2.

• Deployment of zenith-viewing SSFR by Si-Chee Tsay at a ground site.

• Measurement of solar spectral irradiance with a 0.1% precision and 1-3% accuracy.

• Determine the net solar radiative forcing due to aerosol, water vapour and cloud.

• Quantification of the solar spectral radiative energy budget.

• CERES validation.

• Archiving of data at several levels.

An example was shown of how the SSFC has been implemented in Oklahoma on 10 March.

Support needs were emphasized as including:

• Laboratory space for one 6 ft work bench/table and 100 square feet storage space.

• Office space for 2 tables and 4 chairs.

• A network with 2 10-basedT ports.

• A phone.

• Data support including aircraft navigational data (pitch, roll, heading, latitude and longitude data).

2.3.1.5 LAS (Leonardo-Airborne Simulator)

Dr Si-Chee Tsay, NASA GSFC

Dr Tsay emphasized that no formal funding has yet been obtained for the development and implementation of this instrument. Initially a satellite version of the instrument has been developed and they are currently working towards a ER-2 version of the instrument. The instrument design addresses the issues of angles of measurement which represents one of the most important issues in satellite science.

The multi-dimensional nature of the Leonardo Spectrometer means that it views the same spot from randomly distributed directions. Alternatively the same spot can be viewed at random times during a 24-hour cycle. Leonardo Science was developed in an attempt to gain a better understanding of both the angular and spectral variations of radiative forcing. Angular variation cannot be well measured by a single satellite, and represents by far the biggest uncertainty in instantaneous radiative forcing. A fleet of formation-flying micro-satellites with spectrometers, all pointing at the same Earth target, can measure BRDF in the most natural way. Such spectral information enables understanding of what is being viewed. A sketch of a possible satellite configuration based on the Leonardo Concept is given in Figure 19.

Figure 19. Sketch of satellite configuration facilitating multiple views of the same earth-based target.

The Leonardo Spectrometer measures instantaneous radiative forcing, comprising the net radiation energy flux leaving the earth at 30 km altitude. Radiative forcing is the common language through which diverse phenomena such as hurricanes, biomass burning and ozone hoes (etc.) can be compared in terms of their effect on global change.

In developing the instrument one of the most important requirements was that the instrument be inexpensive, inter-changeable and that it use off-the-shelf parts. Small optics and detector modules, with no moving parts were preferred for easy calibration. It was required that the instrument be integrated with a data processing system to facilitate fast data collection and space processing. Further requirements included space programmable instruments, spaceborne calibration technologies and the delivery of usable data directly to a variety of users.

It is proposed that the LAS be included in the rear of one of the ER-2 superpods should funding be obtained and the instrument be completed in time for the intensive flight campaign.

2.3.2 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Convair-580

Dr Peter Hobbs, University of Washington

The main aim is to improve remote sensing algorithms and resolve discrepancies by in situ measurements. Characteristics of the UW's Convair-580 research aircraft are outlined in Table 7. The flight time (6-7 hours) and cruise speed (255 knots) of the aircraft was emphasized to provide an indication of the likely spatial range possible.

Table 7. Characteristics of the UW's CV-580

FAA N Number	N3UW
Call Sign	Husky One
Maximum Research Altitude	32 000 ft
Maximum Range	14000 nautical miles
Maximum Endurance	7 hours
Cruise Speed	255 knots
Research Speed	156 knots
Slow Speed	130 knots
Climb rate at take-off	1400 ft/min
Climb rate at mid-mission	1650 ft/min
Max gross take-off weight	58 000 lbs
Min runway length	5 000 ft
Required runway width	100 ft
Aircraft dimensions	Length of 82 ft, height of 29.5 ft and wing span of 105.5 ft
Fuel	25050 gallons jet fuel
Oil	10 gallons turbine oil
Fuel burn rate	2100 lbs or 300 gallons/hr
Radios	VHF, UHF, HF

Bases for CV-580 Flights

The CV-580 will be based out of Pietersburg for the first 5 weeks. The aircraft is due to move to Walvis Bay for the last few weeks. It was still to be decided whether the aircraft should be based for 1 week further north to address biomass burning issues in Zambia. The aircraft could potentially be established at Kasane in northern Botswana to cover this area. (This was to be decided at the workshop on Thursday.) Lusaka was raised as another alternative to the Kasane site. A possible problem of locating the aircraft at Kasane was that it was uncertain as to whether the plane could be parked off the runway.

Scientific Objectives of CV-580 in SAFARI 2000

(a) The specific objectives to be met in flying out of Pietersburg during the period August 13 - September 9, and in coordinating whenever possible with ER-2 flights, were given as follows:

• Characterisation of physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the horizontal and vertical to distances of about 400 nautical miles from Pietersburg;

• Establish horizontal and vertical trace gas profiles for 400 nautical miles from Pietersburg;

• Characterise emissions (including emission factors when possible for: (i) biomass fires (prescribed and unplanned), (ii) industries, and (iii) other. (The nature and location of potential industries to be investigated needed still to be established.)

• Document the evolution of aerosols and gases in the sub-continental gyre. (The best locations to do so still needed to be determined. Forecasts are needed as to how/when the gyre is set up so as to allow for flight planning. The forecasters and trajectory modelers were asked whether rough Langrangian points in the gyre could be estimated at which sampling could be conducted on successive days.)

• Vertical profiles over ground-based sun photometers for "closure"-type studies. (The meeting was asked which sites would be most suited for this purpose.)

(b) Flights out of Kasone (should this be decided on) would concentrate on the measurement of prescribed fires in Zambia. Information required in this regard included:

- The location of fires (latitude, longitudes)

- Timing of fires

- Number of fires to be set

- Duration of burns

- Manner in which coordination could be facilitated

· CAR measurements of surface bi-directional reflection function (BRDF) represented a further objective. (Recommendations were invited as to where such measurements should be undertaken.)

· Other goals? (suggestions invited)

(c) Flying out of Walvis Bay Bay (September 13 - 22) would involve:

• Coordinated flights with the ER-2 over:

- The ocean to study marine stratus. (The exact target area and issue of coordination were to be determined during the course of the meeting.)

- Recommendations regarding other locations of coordinated flights were invited.

· CAR measurements of BRDF over oceans and possible other locations.

· Characterisation of aerosols and gases in outflow "exit" region of gyre (specific location needs to be determined).

· Other goals? (suggestions invited)

CV-580 Measurements

The main types of measurements to be made aboard the CV-580 during the SAFARI 2000 campaign include the following:

· State parameters - temperature, humidity, winds

· Aerosol - total number concentrations, size distribution (0.01-47 µm), light scattering coefficient, light extinction coefficient, light absorption, aerosol humidification factor, aerosol shape, total mass, ionic species, elemental composition, total organic carbon, total black carbon.

· Gases - hydrocarbons, CO2, CO, SO2, O3, NO/NOx/NOy, reactive and stable gaseous combustion emissions.

· Remote sensing -

- Surface BDRF and albedo (13 wavelengths from 470-2300 nm)

- Optical depth, water vapour and ozone columns (14 wavelengths, 350-1550 nm)

- Solar spectral irradiance or radiance, spectral transmission and reflectance (300-2500 nm)

- UW hemispherical up and down broadband irradiance

- Surface radiation temperature

- Video camera (forward-looking)

Support Needs

In order to maximise the usefulness of the CV-580 flights it is necessary that the following information requirements be met:

· List and locations (latitudes and longitudes) of major anthropogenic sources to be studies, including:

- Power plants (coal)

- Mines (e.g. platinum)

- Smelters (e.g. aluminum)

- Extractive industries

- Domestic burning

- Biomass fires

· List of major natural sources - main ecosystems.

· List of major ground observing sites over which aircraft should fly.

· Best locations for sampling gyre in various stages of its evolution.

CV-580 Schedule

Arrival on August 7 and subsequent installation of instruments arriving separately to be ready for the open house on Saturday August 12. The first flight will take place on August 13, with departure from Pietersburg on Saturday 9 September. The CV-580 will start flying out of Walvis Bay on 12 September, to be completed by 23 September.

Collaborating Scientists

Collaborating scientists (and their instruments or measurements) on CV-580 include:

· Michael King and Steve Platnick (scanning radiometer)

· Philip Russel (sun-tracking photometer)

· Peter Pilewskie (solar spectral flux radiometer)

· Robert Yokelson (Fourier Transform IR Spectrometer)

· Donald Blake (hydrocarbons)

· ^#Delbert Eatough (organic sampling system)

· ^#Tica Novakov (black and organic carbon)

· ^#Peter Buseck (TEM etc. of aerosols)

^#Funding is still to be confirmed for these scientists.

Questions and Answers:

Q Are fluxes to be measured?

A No.

Q When and how will data be made available?

A This will differ between the instrument teams. Basic data will be available in real time. The University of Washington will archive the other data within a few months. This data will be available on a server there. (Dr Hobbs will provide the name of a contact person.)

Various of the collaborating scientists on the CV-580 were invited to give a description of their instruments and research efforts.

2.3.2.1 CAR - Cloud Absorption Radiometer

Dr Michael King, NASA GSFC

CAR will be located in the nose of the CV-580, scanning from horizon to horizon. The instrument can be orientated to 4 different configurations depending on the science objective. Most of the work done to date using CAR concentrated on biodirectional reflectance fluxes (BDRF). During the last year it was decided to redesign the instrument. The same engineering team as is working on the Leonardo Simulator (presented by Si-Chee Tsay) is currently working on the redesign of the CAR.

The measurement of BDRF is one of the most interesting applications of CAR. With the plane flying in a circle it is possible to map the entire down radiation and bi-directional reflectance fluxes with the entire upward and downward hemispheres being seen.

2.3.2.2 Airborne Sunphotometry and Integrated Analyses of Smoke and Haze Aerosols, Thin Clouds, Water Vapour and Ozone in SAFARI 2000

Philip Russell, NASA Ames

Co-investigators include Beat Schmid and Jens Redemann (Bay Area Environmental Research Institute), John Livingston (SRI International) and Peter Pilewskie (NASA Ames). SAFARI 2000 represents the first opportunity to fly Russell and Pilewskie's instruments together and to compare data.

Objectives of the investigation were given as including:

· Climate / radiation science - Improve the understanding of smoke, haze, thin cloud, water vapour and ozone effects on the radiation budget and climate of southern Africa and its surroundings.

· Satellite validation: Test and improve the ability of satellite and A/C remote sensors to measure these constituents and their radiative effects, viz. (i) EOS Terra MODIS and MISR, (ii) TOMS, (iii) ER-2 MAS and AirMISR.

· Atmospheric correction: investigation of the effects of aerosols, H₂O, and ozone on remote measurements of surface ecosystems, ocean colour and associated biogeochemcial processes.

Measurements Planned:

Measurements to be made from aboard the UW CV-580 in vertical profiles and on horizontal transects include:

(a) Smoke, haze, and thin cloud optical depth spectra (354 - 1558 nm)

(b) Water vapour column content

(c) Ozone column content

(a) and (b) will be measured continuously, in realtime, whereas (c) will be available 1 day after the flight.

Derived products would include: (i) extinction spectra and gas concentrations (z derivatives of above in A/C profiles), and (ii) aerosol size distributions, surface areas and volumes. These products were found to be useful in previous studies of Saharan Dust in which elevated Saharan dust levels were recorded with no aerosol being recorded between this elevated layer and the polluted marine boundary layer. Many dust properties measurement comparisons are undertaken to determine whether the dust/no-dust difference is statistically stable. The envisaged products will be useful to the Safari 2000 campaign given that distinct aerosol layers, each with their own characteristics, will be studied.

Support Needs

NASA Ames 14-channel airborne tracking sunphotometer (AATS-14) support needs are outlined in Table 7. A maximum of 4 people will be in the field at Pietersburg. At Wavlis Bay, 7 people are needed hence the need for 7 addresses.

Table 8. Support requirements of the AATS-14 sunphotometer team

Office/Lab Space (could be combined)	6 tables (3 ft x 6 ft) 5 chairs 300 sq ft of space
Power	220 V 50 Hz ; 40 A (8800 W) 115 V 50/60 Hz ; 8.7 A (1000 W)
Network	5 10BaseT ports, 7 addresses (1 printer, 4 Macs or PCs)
Gases	Zero Air (preferred) or N2. Consumption approximately 3 - 4 cu. ft/day. Prefer 1 large size (Matheson size 1A, Linde size K, 9" x 55", 225 cu ft) bottle carried in aircraft and 1 spare. Smaller bottles OK, but more spares would be required.
Cryogens	None

Clarity Required on Possible Walvis Bay Measurements

It needs to be determined where the measurements need to be made. The measurement needs at Pietersburg are clear but it is uncertain whether or not measurements should be undertaken at Walvis Bay. The main goal of the investigations at Walvis Bay is to determine the characteristics of the marine stratus. However, the presence of such stratus means that the sunphotometer team can not take its measurements.

The characterisation of the nature and extent of the continental outflow from Walvis Bay represents a further possible objective of study at this site. A decision needs to be made as to whether or not the team needs to concentrate on this.

Data Management System Planning Information

Types of data are labeled as Products A, B and C. The characteristics of each of these data types were described as follows:

Product A: NASA Ames 14-channel airborne tracking sunphotometer (AATS-14) data acquired from aboard the CV-580; included are aerosol optical depth at 13 wavelengths, water vapour and ozone columns. One file for each flight. Included in the fields will be the following:

- Time

- Aircraft latitude, longitude, altitude

- Atmospheric pressure

- Detector outputs

- Water vapour column content

- Absolute uncertainty in water vapour column content

- Ozone column content

- Absolute uncertainty in ozone column content

- Aerosol optical depth at 13 wavelengths between 354 and 1558

- Absolute uncertainty in aerosol optical depth at the same 13 wavelengths

Product B: AATS-14 data acquired from aboard the CV-580; included are aerosol extinction at 13 wavelengths and water vapour density profiles. Only during suitable up or down spirals. One file per spiral. Included in file will be the following:

- Time

- Aircraft latitude, longitude, altitude

- Atmospheric pressure

- Water vapour density

- Absolute uncertainty in water vapour density

- Aerosol extinction at 13 wavelengths between 354 and 1558 nm

- Absolute uncertainty of aerosol extinction at the same 13 wavelengths

Product C: Aerosol size distributions. Selected cases.

Data volumes, formats and availability are addressed in Table 9.

Table 9 AATS-14 data formats, volumes and availability

Approximate volume of data expected:	2 MB per flight (depending on duration)
Format to be used:	Column oriented ASCII files, with header information
Approximate time when data would be available after campaign:	Preliminary data in real time, during and after campaign. Archived data set available 1 year after campaign.
Where will data be archived:	NASA Ames Website, SAFARI archive?
Data contact:	Beat Schmid Bay Area Environmental Research Institute NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-5 Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 Phone: +1 650 604 5933 Fax: +1 650 604 3625 Email: bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov

AATS-14 Investigations and Applications:

(1) Use realtime, quick-look aerosol optical depth (AOD), column H₂O and O₃ in flight direction and planning.

(2) Calibration and validation studies for AOD, column H₂O and O₃ measurements by: (i) EOS Terra MODIS and MISR, (ii) TOMS, and (iii) ER-2 MAS and AirMISR (also with NOAA 14/GOES 8 and AATS-6). In cases of disagreement, causes will be investigated and retrieval algorithms improved.

ATSR, the predecessor of MISR has 2 look angles. The team wants to try the same within for Safari. By determining the nature of aerosol changes the fidelity of the satellite imagery changes can be determine. Experience has shown that when no dust is present in the atmosphere, satellite imagery is biased high, whilst being biased low when dust is present.

(3) Combine the teams' data with in situ measurements of aerosol chemical composition, size distribution, hydroscopic growth, and single-scattering albedo. Provide tests of closure and integrated assessments of aerosol and trace gas radiative effects.

(4) Combine out data with those from the Pilewskie SSFR and conduct new analyses of aerosol radiative forcing sensitivity, single scattering albedo, and the solar spectral radiative energy budget.

(5) Investigate effects of aerosols, H₂O and O₃ on remote measurements of surface ecosystems, ocean colour and associated biogeochemical processes.

Comments

In terms of requirements for gas mentioned under support needs, the ER-2 group is organizing with AFROX to meet such needs. The team needs to talk to Betty Symonds in this regard (Tim Suttles).

2.3.2.3 Airborne FTIR

Darold Ward, US Forest Service presented on behalf of Dr Robert Yokelson, University of Montana

The FTIR measures molecules in real time. It can be used to quantify various gases. The airborne FTIR (AFTIR) is 69" long, 11" wide and weighs about 135 pounds. Air is admitted to the glass cell through a sampling port on the aircraft exterior. The in situ mixing ratio for the gases present above (~10 ppbv) is measured. This instrument has successfully been installed on the CV-580.

To date, in ground-based open-path FTIR (OP-FTIR) and airborne FTIR (AFTIR) experiments, the team has quantified the a number of the compounds in smoke (Table 10). The large majority of other compounds present in smoke, not included in the table, are apparently less abundant. Compounds indicated by an astrix in the table have been measured by AFTIR. Many of the compounds on this list are common and important, but hard to measure by other techniques. The primary emphasis with be on hydrocarbons during the SAFARI 2000 campaign.

Table 10. Compounds present in smoke related to various formation processes

Dominant Formation Process:
Flaming	Smoldering	Pyrolysis	Photochemistry
Carbon dioxide*	Carbon monoxide*	Acetic acid*	Ozone*
Nitric oxide*	Methane*	Formic acid*
Nitrogen dioxide	Ammonia*	Formaldehyde*
Sulphur dioxide	Ethane	Methanol*
Water*	Carbonyl sulphide	Ethylene*
		Acetylene*
		Phenol
		Glycolaldehyde
		Propene
		Isobutene
		Terpenes
		Furan
		Hydrogen cyanide*

Although SAFARI-92 was highly successful, there is sill no data on the emissions of many important trace gases from Southern African fires. Andi Andreae's 1997 review article on emissions from savanna fires stated that no reliable data on ammonia emissions from savanna fires could be obtained during SAFARI-92. Andreae further stated that "[i]n spite of its obvious atmospheric chemical importance the emission of this compound class from biomass fires has not yet received much scientific attention, mostly due to the difficulties associated with the quantitative determination of the oxygenates".

In an experiment at Camp Lejeune (April 1997), the FTIR was found to be effective in characterizing emissions of ammonia. An understanding of the photochemical reactions and the aging of aerosol emissions as they are transported downwind was found to be crucial. AFTIR results from the Camp Lejeune experiment also demonstrated that the four most common oxygenated organic compounds (CH₃OH, HCHO, HCOOH and CH₃COOH) can exceed methane emissions. It will be important to see if the model developed by the team applies to tropical fires. Most of the biomass burning occurs in the tropics and the oxygenated compounds will strongly effect ozone formation in biomass burning plumes. Ozone is an important pollutant, and is strongly linked with the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. Ozone is also an important greenhouse gas, especially in the upper tropical atmosphere. As a result of the improved understanding of oxygenated HC it is therefore also possible to establish the ozone plume as we move downwind, especially 2 to 4 hours after the release of these compounds.

The OP-FTIR system is being used for continuous emissions monitoring in "small fire mode" in the lab. This approach will allow the measurement of the compounds on the fill list (see Table 10) from domestic fuel use. In addition, the OP-FTIR setput works well (with the addition of a teflon chamber) to measure biogenic emissions. On the aircraft (CV-580) the instrument will be used in a flow through mode, i.e. the sample will be captured and spend 1 min or so in the chamber for analysis.

DAY 2

2.3.2.3 AEM - Analytical Electron Microscopy

Peter Buseck, Arizona State University

Many aerosol studies concentrate on bulk samples to determine the chemical nature (XRF, INAA, PIXE, etc.) and structure (XRD) of particles. Such bulk analyses are averaged and have important limitations. The AEM allows for the characterisation of individual aerosol particles. The effect of aerosols on climate, haze, health depend on properties of individual particles, not averaged values. For example:

· elements dispersed as traces amount all particles vs concentrated in a few particles (e.g. As)

· speciation and concentration of elements on particle surfaces or interiors influence radiative properties

The goals of AEM are as follows:

· To show what real particles look like

· To compare mixing states, coatings etc of natural and anthropogenic particles

· To see whether useful new information can be obtained from studying individual particles

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides comprehensive data about individual particles, including:

· Composition, crystallographic structure, which is needed for speciation

· Sizes and shapes of particles

· Extent of aggregation – interval vs external mixing

· Degree of reaction, scavenging, and recycline (e.g. in clouds)”:

- surface coatings

- mixed composition

Assumptions frequently made about aerosol particles include the assumption that most aerosol particles are simple in shape and consist of only one species. Speciation is therefore often ignored or deemed unimportant. Aerosol coatings are also assumed to be uncommon or it is believed that coatings can not be studied in detail.

Observations have shown that real particles are vastly more complex that theoretical ones. Individual particles show wide ranges in composition, being comprised of multiple species, and having highly complex shapes. In terms of speciation, the composition, structure, size, shape and mixing state can all be determined on the same particle using TEM. Observations have also shown that the occurrence of coatings is widespread and can be studied in detail. Such studies provide information about reactions in the atmosphere with regard to the scavenging of gases, absorption of pollutants, and volcanic emissions. The two most important particles in terms of haze were identified as being soot and sulphate. Soot particles are frequently found to be attached to the sulphate.

It was noted that in the application of AEM a small number of samples are to be looked at. Samples characteristic of certain features (e.g. pollution plumes) need therefore to be obtained for analysis. Samples are collected for analysis in the lab. No real time measurements are done.

Dr Buseck indicated that they were looking for a student to do work on the project, assuming they get funding.

2.3.3 SAWB AEROCOMMANDER ACTIVITIES

Two Aerocommander 690 A's (JRA and JRB) will take part in the campaign: (i) JRB is to be funded by NASA - UVA and will be under the coordination of Bruce Doddridge, and (ii) JRA is funded by the SAWB and its operations during SAFARI 2000 will be coordinated by Stuart Piketh.

2.3.2.1 Aerocommander Activities (ARREX)

Stuart Piketh, University of the Witwatersrand

The key issues to be addressed by the Aerocommander activities include the following:

· Transport in the anticyclonic gyre

· Regional characteristics of the aerosol

· Transport out of the Highveld industrialised region of South Africa

· Characterise emissions from industrial, biomass burning, marine and dust aerosols

· Determine CCN characteristics over the subcontinent

· Characterise the variability in the boundary layer

The investigation of the mass flux of aerosols over the subcontinent represents the main focus. For example, 48 to 58 tonnes of material has been estimated to be transported to the Indian Ocean (estimates vary with in situ measurements). The actual value needs to be determined with more certainty.

Instrumentation aboard the planes to facilitate aerosol measurement and characterisation will include PCASP, FSSP, 2DC, airborne streaker, CN TSI. Trace gases to be measured include O3, SO2, CO, NO and NO2 and VOCs. The airborne streaker is designed to look at individual aerosols.

ARREX Activities during SAFARI 2000

The two Aerocommander 690 A's (JRA and JRB) will be based at Pietersburg. The SAWB have hanger facilities in Pietersburg. JRA will be operated by the WITS/SAWB operated and JRB operated by UVA/UMD. These aircraft will operate out of Pietersburg between 12 August and 12 September. JRA will thereafter be transferred north to Kasane or Livington for 2 weeks to fly experiments for Darold Ward and his colleagues. Mark Jury also indicated an interest in operations within the Zambian Box.

Flight paths during ARREX campaigns are illustrated in Figure 20. The circle indicated in the figure represents the area that can be covered in 1 day, the range of the aircraft being 6 hours. This flight path can:

· touch on biomass burning emissions which generally occur north of 28°S;

· characterise CCN on flights to the coast;

· characterise biomass burning over Mozambique;

· investigate industrial aerosols as move of the lowveld and through southern paths; and

· flights over Botswana could be used to characterise aeolian dust.

Careful note must be made of the ground based activities to facilitate as much collaboration and calibration/validation opportunities as possible. Such ground-based activities are indicated in Figure 21.

Figure 20. Typical flight paths during ARREX campaigns.

Figure 21. Location of ground-based activities during the Safari 2000 campaign

Potential instrumentation to be included on the Aerocommanders were listed as follows:

· Wyoming CCN counter

· TSI CN counter

· SPP-100 probe

· PCASP and FSSP and 2DC probes

There was also the possibility that a third Aerocommander 500 would be available by way of collaboration between the University of Potchefstroom, Eskom and Wits University. This aircraft would comprise a bubbler system for chemistry and filter samples. There would be place for other instruments aboard this plane.

It is important to gather information on the space required by each of the instruments and of their weights. A matrix will be placed on the web and key principal investigators required to provide information regarding the size and weights of their instruments.

A tethersonde has been made available by Eskom, should anyone have any ideas on where best to use it they should contact Stuart Piketh.

2.3.2.2 JRB Activities

Bruce Doddridge, University of Maryland

Co-investigators for the project include Harold Annegarn, Bob Swap, Deon Terblanche, Stuart Piketh, Dr Dickerson and Anne Thompson. Funding for the SAWB Aerocommander 690 A ZS-JRB from the US NSF is currently pending. The goal of the JRB's activities is to investigate, characterise, quantify, and interpret trace gas and aerosol sources and sinks over southern Africa, in terms of meteorology, atmospheric dynamics, transport and photochemistry.

JRB will only operate during the first month of the August - September 2000 Intensive Flight Campaign, being based at Pietersburg from August 13 to September 13. JRB's measurement suite during the SAFARI 2000 campaign is outlined in Table 11.

Table 11. JRB's Supplemental measurement suite

Parameter	Temporal Resolution	Detection Limit	Instrument
O3 NO CO SO2 CO2/H20 Aerosol absorption Aerosol size Aerosol scatter	4 s 10 s 1 min 1 min 1-10 s 1 min 5-7 min 1 min	1 ppbv 50 pptv 20 ppbv 30 pptv 0.2 ppmv 0.9 Mm-1 - 0.1-0.4 Mm-1	TEI 49 C Custom TEI 42 C Modified TEI 48 Modified TEI 43C LI-COR LI-6262 Modified Rad. Res PSAP Modified TSI 3934L TSI 3563

The measurement of H2O is very important for the Weather Bureau and for ecologists. Most of the equipment which will be aboard the aircraft has been specially modified or customized. The George Washington University is currently in the process of developing a small NO monitoring instrument, which may be included in the JRB's monitoring suite.

Support Needs

Support needs for the campaign were described as being minor, with arrangements being made with the SAWB and Wits University for what was needed.

Bruce Doddridge is, however, currently looking for a post doc student to work on the project.

Data Management

Data can be generated overnight and would include ASCII data and MS Excel spread sheets with embedded plots. These data will be made available to all Safari 2000 principal investigators.

Key Elements:

· Aircraft coordination is deemed critical for the success of the campaign, with "team players" being required.

· Vertical profiles to be collected aimed at: (i) covering air parcels of diverse character, (ii) evaluating surface products (lidars at Mongu and Skukuza) and satellite products (Terra, TOMS, GOME), and (iii) ozone sonde intercomparison (Irene, Mongu sites).

· Constant altitude transects.

· Tower fly-bys are necessary for: (i) intercomparison of measured scalars, and (ii) placing surface data in a regional context.

Hal Maring is to add his instruments to JRB. Many of these instruments are the same as those of Bruce Doddridge, but included in an ultrafine condensation particle counter for aerosol concentration measurement.

2.3.3.2 Vertical Profiles of CO, CH₄ and other Trace Gases as part of the MOPITT Validation Programme (measurements to be taken from JRB aircraft)

Paul Novelli, NOAA/CMDL

Other member of the team include Brad Gore, Doug Guenther, Patricia Lang and Ken Masarie (NOAA.CMDL). The home page of the Carbon Cycle Group is http://www.cndl.noaa.gov/ccg. The following three studies are being undertaken by NOAA/CNDL is support of the validation of MOPITT, viz.:

(1) Long-term monitoring of CO and CH₄ in the low and mid troposphere at 5 sites: Poker Flats, Alaska (65.1 N, 147.5 W), Harvard Forest, MA (42.5 N, 71.2 W), Carr, Colorado (40.1 N, 104.4 W), Molokai, Hawaii (21.4 N, 157.2 W), and Raratonga, Cook Islands (21.2 S, 159.8 W). The Alaska site provides background levels and the Colorado, Hawaii and Cook Islands sites are ocean sites.

(2) Pre-MOVE ad MOVE experiments undertaken in March 1998 and May 2000 at the ARM Cart Site.

(3) SAFARI 2000 dry season (August 2000) and potentially wet season (March 2001) campaigns.

Long-term Monitoring Activities

At the long-term monitoring sites small aircraft (unpressurized turboprops) which can achieve heights of 7 to 9 km are used to sample on a monthly or biweekly basis. Grab samples of air are collected using a portable pump unit and suitcase container holding 20 2.5 litre glass flasks. After the flight, the flask package is returned to Boulder for analysis. CO, CO₂, CH₄, H₂, N₂O and SF₆ are measured. All measurements are internally consistent and calibrated against internationally recognized reference scales.

MOVE (MOPITT Validation Exercise) Activities

The goal of Pre-MOVE activities, undertaken at the ARM – Cart site during March 2-6 1998, was to compare CO correlative measurements obtained by various groups using different methods, including: Grab samples / GC analysis (NOAA/CMDL), MATR (NCAR), FTIR (University of Denver) and grating spectrometer (University of Toronto). Results from this experiment indicate generally good agreements between NOAA and the University of Denver. Problems were identified with MATR retrievals. These results are published in the Earth Observer (vol. 11, no.1, Jan-Feb 1999).

MOVE activities, undertaken at the ARM-Cart site during May 8 – 28 2000 aimed to compare CO correlative measurements obtained by various groups using different methods, and to test correlative data processing and compare data to MOPITT retrievals.

SAFARI 2000 Activities

CMDL participating in the Safari 2000 dry season campaign will be in the order of 3 weeks. Grab samples will be taken during the SAFARI 2000 campaign in a similar manner to what is being done at the long-term sites. This is believed to be long overdue for Africa. With CO, CO₂, CH₄, H₂, N₂O and SF₆ being measured and samples being sent to Boulder for analysis. SF₆ is a good tracer of anthropogenic emissions. The grab sampling system to be placed aboard JRB is automated. Such a system has been working well in Colorado for several years.

Details on the grab sampling to be conducted were given as follows:

· 4 – 5 flask units, with sampling being undertaken the first and third weeks.

· Shipping of samples from Pietersburg to Boulder (~3 days by Fed Ex).

· 20 flasks per unit with samples taken at a height of 10 km and a resolution of 500 m.

· Sample off vertical spirals maintaining altitude every 500 m.

The pump unit dimensions are 16 x 50 x 60 cm, and it weighs 150 kg. The flask unit dimensions are 25 x 50 x 70 cm, with a weight of 120 kg.

In situ measurements will comprise:

· VURF instrument (vacuum UV resonance fluorescence) use.

· Continuous measurement with a 0.1 second response, and a 1-2 second signal average.

· The instrument will be deployed during selected flights during weeks 1 to 3.

The VURF instrument dimensions are 48 x 15 x 53 cm and it weighs 22 kg. Three compressed gas tanks weighing 150 kg will be used. (Connect to the intake line, mount on rack.)

2.3.2.4 Operation of JBA within the Zambia Box

Darold Ward, US Forest Service

During the Zambia International Biomass Burning Emission Experiment (ZIBBEE) a good relationship was developed between the Cimel AOD and the column integrated particulate samples. It is hoped to improve on this with the aerocommander flights to be undertaken as part of the Safari 2000 IFC. The point of the flights are to use the sun photometer measurements at the various sites (Mongu, and probably Kaloma, Lusaka, etc.) and to interpolate between those points in order to produce isoline plots which are representative of the spatial distribution of AOD over the western part of Zambia. This exercise is useful since it allows ratios to be calculated with in situ measurements.

2.3.2.5 Recommended Additional Objectives for the Zambia Box

Mark Jury, University of Zululand

It was recommended that account be taken of the local meteorology in establishing the flight paths of the aircraft. It was indicated that some flights to the NW of Angola would be useful to track the airflow leaving the Zambia Box.

Flights within the band 18° to 12°S was suggested, with a north-south flight path being followed. The target of such flights was to observe the easterly flow and try to pick up jets overlooked previously. Strong moisture gradients also exist in this region, and it is hoped that these gradients may be characterised. North-south flight paths should follow Darold Ward's fires within the Zambia Box. This would take approximately 4 hrs of flying time. It is envisaged that 12 flights at 4 hrs flying time would be required. Flights are needed at 5h00 to 9h00 am and some in the afternoon (13h00 to 17h00) in order to characterise diurnal trends. An example of the possible sawtooth flying pattern presented by Mark Jury is indicated in Figure 22.

Figure 22. Flight path and pattern proposed for the Zambia Box

(A work plan drafted by Mark Jury subsequent to his presentation is provided in Appendix B. The plan provides more information on the desired location and pattern of flights.)

Comments

Sulphur dioxide should be added as a parameter to be measured over Zambia if it has not been added already. The copper belt to the east of the site is an important source of sulphur dioxide emissions. The transportation of these emissions will be towards Namibia. The flights could therefore serve to confirm the suspected sulphur dioxide transport (Harold Annegarn, Wits University).

2.3.3 UK MET OFFICE C-130 - MEASUREMENTS FOR SAFARI 2000

Dr Peter Francis, UK Meteorological Office

Scientific Objectives

The scientific objectives of the UK Met Office C-130 campaign for SAFARI 2000 were outlined as including (i) investigation of optical properties and direct radiative effects of biomass-burning (and other) aerosols, and (ii) in situ measurements of aerosol composition, gas phase chemical composition, and their interaction.

Planned Timetable (as at March 28 2000):

· JET 2000 - August 25 to August 31, based between Sal, Cape Verde Islands and Niamey, Niger.

· SAFARI 2000 - September 3 to September 18, based in Windhoek, Namibia.

· SHADE - September 21 to September 30, based at Sal, Cape Verde Islands.

Instrumentation to be Aboard the C-130:

· Broad-band radiometers (SW and LW)

· Infrared (3-16 µ) interferometer

· Filter radiometer (0.55 µm - 2.26 µm)

· SW spectrometer (0.4 µm - 1.7 µm)

· PMS probes (PCASP, FSSP, 2D-C)

· Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI)

· Nephelometer (450, 550 & 700 nm)

· Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (565 nm)

· Filter sampling (MPIC Mainz):

- Water-soluble ions and total elemental mass (ion chromatography and PIXE analysis)

- Speciation of carbon components (thermal analysis)

· CCN spectra

· Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (APCIMS, MPIC Mainz):

- Sulphur dioxide

- Oxygenated hydrocarbons, including acetone, acetonitrile, methanol and organic acids

· Water vapour

· Ozone

· Carbon monoxide

· Sulphur dioxide

· NO_x (NO and NO₂)

· Non-methane hydrocarbons (University of Leeds)

Flight Plans

Flight plans were fairly flexible at the time of the workshop. It was envisaged that there would be an even balance between radiation legs (above and below aerosol layers) and in situ legs within the aerosol layers. Flying was being planned over the sea off the Namibian coast, and over the land over Namibia and Botswana. Other potential flight paths included:

· Flights over SAFARI ground-based sites.

· In situ validation flights for satellite measurements.

· Coordinated flights with other aircraft.

Informational Requirements:

· Information on logistical support for SAFARI 2000, e.g. meteorology, trajectories, burning patterns, evolving flight plans, campaign dates, etc.

· Information on ground-based sites, e.g. proposed instrumentation, possibility of over-flying.

· Information on satellite overpasses.

Data Availability

Data processed after the flight can be made available relatively quickly, e.g. cloud physics and aerosol data, radiation measurement calculations. Some data measurements are taken by outside researchers and the availability of their data will be up to them. It is intended that the data be place on a local ftp site so as to be available to all Safari participants. It could also potentially be place on the Langley DAAC as was done for a previous project.

2.4 BIOMASS BURNING PATTERNS

2.3.1 AVHRR Fire Record

Dr Bob Swap, UVA

A series of satellite images were shown to illustrate the progress of fires occurring over the period May 1 to October 2. Fire counts were indicated, with the whiter the colour on the image the higher the fire count. It was stated that Jim Tucker could get the data to the SAWB so as to obtain a forecast for smoke transport. The giff files comprising the fire count plots would be sent across the web for flight planning purposes.

Discussion

Q It was asked whether the plots reflected morning or afternoon fire counts.

A Most probably afternoon fire counts.

Concerns were raised, on the basis of the fire count presentation, of whether Pietersburg was still too far south a site considering the locations of most of the fires. It was indicated that Pietersburg had been chosen for logistic purposes and that the site did facilitated the investigation of biomass burning in, for example, Mozambique in addition to facilitating the investigation of other issues (e.g. industrial and aeolian dust sources).

SESSION 3: METEOROLOGY

CHAIR: Eugene Poolman, SAWB

3.1 FORECASTING PLANS AND SAMPLE PRODUCTS

Michael de Villiers, SAWB

The SAWB will have a full time forecaster in Pietersburg during the intensive flight campaign. Local and international weather charts will be made available during the campaign. International charts comprising temperature and wind field predictions for 18 to 24 hours in advance will be made available every 6 hours. Domestic sigmets charts are produced every 3 hours and issued 4 hours in advance. All forecasts required for landing purposes will be made available. It was indicated that the UK Met Office should ask Windhoek for weather data. All aviation data and forecast data will be archived and kept available for use later on. More detailed information regarding the aviation and general products available from the SAWB is given in Table 12.

Table 12. General and aviation products available from the SAWB

Aviation Products

Significant weather charts: International - 6 hourly synoptic times. Issued by WAFC Bracknell. Domestic / Regional - 3 hourly synoptic and intermediate synoptic times. Issued by WAFC Bracknell. Upper winds and temperatures: International - 2 daily based on 0000 and 1200 UTC UKMO model for 24 and 36 hours ahead. Issued by WAFC Bracknell for Flight Levels 100, 180, 240, 300, 350, 390, 450, 530. Domestic / Regional - 2 daily. Based on 0000 and 12000 UTC UKMO model up to 36 hours ahead. Issued by SAWB Pretoria for Flight Levels 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 130, 150, 170, 210, 240, 270, 300, 350, 400, 450. Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFS): International (FT 24 hour) - 6 hourly. Bulletins compiled by the SAWB from the GTS. Domestic / Regional (FC 9 hour) - 3 hourly. Bulletins compiled by the SAWB from the GTS. Meteorological Aviation Reports (METARs and SPECIEs): Bulletins compiled by the SAWB from the GTS. Hourly METARs, half hourly at FAJS, FADN, FAEL, FAPE, FACT. Ad hoc SPECIEs issued. SIGMETS: Issued by the SAWB and obtained from the GTS.

General Products

· Eta NWP model in PCGRIDDS format - numerous weather elements, indexes, cross and time sections, etc. · UKMO wide are model (EGRR) - humidity (850, 700, 500 hPa), wet-bulb potential temperature, showalter index, rainfall, sea-level pressure up to 120 hours. · ECMWF model - sea level pressure, 500 hPa GPM's, 850 hPa temperatures up to 168 hours. · Surface 6 hourly synoptic chart. · Radar - composite of SAWB radars with animation. · Local Radar images from a temporary Radar station at Pietersburg. · Satellite images - half hourly Southern Africa and South Africa Infrared and visual images with animation. · Tephigrams - diagrams of Rawisonde atmospheric soundings · RAOB - manipulation of Rawisonde data for the presentation of SkewT's, indices, etc. · Weatherman - GTS communication system.

SAWB Forecast Office Contacts:

Website: http://www.sawb.gov.za

Physical Address: Forum Building, 150 Struben Street, Pretoria

Postal Address: Private Bag X097, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. 0001.

Central Forecast Office

Tel: +27 12(0)82 233 9800

Fax: +27 12 309 3990

Email: svk@sawb.gov.za

Kees Estie

Director: Forecasting, communication and observations

Tel: +27 12 309 3098

Fax: +27 12 309 3990

Email: estie@sawb.gov.za

Michael de Villiers

Deputy Director: Meteorological technical services

Tel: +27 12 309 3054

Fax: +27 12 309 3990

Email: mpdev@sawb.gov.za

Michael Edwards

Deputy Director: General and aviation forecasting

Tel: +27 12 309 3105

Fax: +27 12 309 3990

Email: edwards@sawb.gov.za

Ian Hunter

Deputy Director: Marine forecasting and analysis

Tel: +27 12 309 3104

Fax: +27 12 309 3990

Email: ian@sawb.gov.za

Kevin Rae

Assistant Director: Central forecast office

Tel: +27 12 (0) 82 233 9800

Fax: +27 12 309 3990

Email: kevin@sawb.gov.za

Questions and Answers

Q Can the SAWB provide Lagrangian air parcel information?

A Trajectory modelling is undertaken by Wits University and will be discussed later on.

Q Will the forecaster attend the flight planning meetings to give advice and explain the forecasts?

A Yes

Q Are maps and charts available for Kasane?

A It would be necessary to contact the Botswana Met Office for access to these.

Q The regional head of the Met Offices in the region are having a meeting next week, can the issue of providing information for Safari 2000 participants be raised?

A Yes, we can think about that.

3.2 MODELLING

3.2.1 NCEP REGIONAL ETA PREDICTION SYSTEM

Hilarie Riphagen, SAWB

The NCEP regional Eta prediction system has been operational at the SAWB since 1993, and has been configured for South Africa's needs. This system provides the forward and backward input files required for the forward and backward trajectory modelling required for the Safari 2000 campaign. The model uses: modified Betts-Miller convection schemes, the Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure model, the Cloud water model, and the Four-layer soil model.

The NCEP model has underwent upgrades in 1996, 1998, 1999 and will be further upgraded in 2000. The November 1999 upgrade facilitated improvements in the data ingest system, and provided for a new analysis system and forecast model enhancements. Boundary conditions are accounted by the NCEP global spectral model by either gridded, p-level from GTS or spectral coefficient, o-level from the inhouse GSM. Many data types are ingested by the NCEP preprocessor to assimilate initial conditions. Such data are introduced into the model, on an intermittent basis, through a 3-hourly cycle data assimilation process 12 hours prior to the model starting time.

Model Domain and Resolution:

The modelling domain is within 53° S to 1° N and 30° W to 70° E. In August 1999 the model resolution was 48 km, and facilitated the prediction of 38 eta layer with a time step of 120 seconds. By August 2000 the resolution will have been improved to 32 km, with 45 eta layers and a time step of 72 seconds.

Output Domain and Resolution:

The output domain is between 48°S to 9°S and 13°W to 53°E, with a resolution of half a degree S/N and E/W. Predictions are given for 19 pressure levels ranging from 1000 hPa to 100 hPa at 50 hPa intervals. In August 1999 predictions were only available on a 6-hourly basis. During August 2000, such predictions will be available on a 3-hourly basis.

Model Application during SAFARI 2000:

The model output domain can be centred on any are of interest, in this case Pietersburg. The model provides decode u, v, w and psfc, and forwards and backwards inputs for trajectory modelling which will be of value to the IFC. The NCEP model outputs allow trajectory modelling to be done interactively or in batch mode. Figure 23 shows model grid points and examples of boxes where trajectories could be run. An example of ETA model trajectories is given in Figure 24.

Figure 23. ETA model and output domain with example trajectory boxes.

Figure 24. Example of ETA Model trajectories.

3.2.2 FORECAST TRAJECTORY MODEL

Tali Freiman, University of the Witwatersrand

The trajectory model, driven by the forecast meteorological data, as well as the thermodynamic profiles of the troposphere will be used to position the aircraft for sampling trace gases, aerosols and other species during the field campaign and to predict regions of high aerosol and trace gas concentrations downwind.

Absolutely Stable Layers

Several absolutely stable layers are located over the subcontinent, including layers at 700 hPa (~3 km amsl), 500 hPa (~5 km amsl) and 300 hPa (~7 km amsl), and a fourth layer present over coastal areas at 850 hPa. These layers are persistent in time and space and develop a wave-like structure over the subcontinent. On some days a merging of the stable layers is present or a layer is missing (e.g. due to dissipation of lowest layer due to passage of frontal depressions). The absolutely stable layers serve to trap aerosol and limiting their vertical dispersion, whilst promoting horizontal transport.

The synoptic scale circulation determines the location and intensity of the stable layers. These layers are most intense during times when the continental high pressure prevails over the subcontinent. The synoptic conditions which prevailed over the subcontinent during August 1999 are illustrated in Figure 25. During August and September 1999, subtropical high pressures were observed to dominate for 48% and 41% of the time, respectively.

Figure 25. Synoptic conditions over Southern Africa during August 1999.

Major Transport Modes

Major transport modes evident over the subcontinent are illustrated in Figure 26, viz.:

(1) Direct easterly or westerly transport

(2) Anticyclonic recirculation

During winter, a high percentage of the Indian Ocean transport exits at 600 to 500 hPa (occurs more that 50% of the time). Recirculation dominates in the lower troposphere.

Figure 26. Major transport modes over the subcontinent.

Lagrangian Kinematic Trajectory Model

The Lagrangian Kinematic Trajectory Model, run by the Climatology Research Group of Wits University, uses ECMWF data at input. Such data have a resolution of 2.5° and are available for 8 pressure levels. The model caters for an advection time of up to 10 days forwards and backwards from the point of origin. Multiple trajectories may be run from an initial location for numerous levels and for multiple days.

The Lagrangian Kinematic Trajectory Model will be coupled with the SAWB's NCEP Regional Eta Prediction System for the purpose of the IFC. A description of the Eta data to be used is given as follows:

· Resolution - 48 km, 38 eta layers, time step 120 s (August 1999), 32 km, 45 eta layers, time step of 72 s (August 2000).

· Eta data output at 19 pressure levels at 50 hPa intervals, with horizontal resolution of 0.5 ° N-S and E-W.

· Advection time of 48 hours - available 6-hourly (August 1999) and 3-hourly by August 2000.

3.3 RAWINSONDE PLAN

Deon Terblanche, SAWB

A plan is in place for South Africa to provide the data necessary for the winter season IFC. The SAWB's upper air programme as from 1 April 2000 is outlined in Table 13. Additional ascents during the Safari 2000 period are planned for Durban, De Aar, Lusaka (Zambia) and Beira (Mozambique) (See Table 14). Mozambique currently has 3 upper air stations but not have GPS. Zambia has 4 upper air stations.

Statistics on observational data received during the period 1 January 1999 to 31 December 1999 were presented to indicate the poor data availability in the region (Table 15). Poor communication and equipment maintenance was seen to be responsible for the poor results in terms of the number of rawisonde ascents.

Table 13. SAWB's upper air programme as from 1 April 2000

Station	Number	Lat & Long	00:00 Obs	12:00 Obs
Irene	68263	29.5S 28.2E	GPS	PTU/Pilot
Bloemfontein	68442	29.1S 26.3E		Pilot
Durban	68588	29.9S 30.9E	PTU(W) GPS(S)	Pilot
Cape Town	68816	33.9S 18.6E	GPS	PTU/Pilot
Port Elizabeth	68842	33.9S 25.6E	PTU	Pilot
Upington	68424	28.4S 21.3E		PTU(S)/Pilot
Pietersburg	68174	23.7S 28.9E	PTU(S)	Pilot
Springbok	68512	29.5S 17.8E	PTU(W)	Pilot
Bethlehem	68461	28.2S 28.3E	GPS(W)	Pilot
De Aar	68538	30.7S 24.0E		PTU/Pilot
Gough Island	68906	40.3S 09.9E	GPS	GPS
Marion Island	68994	46.9S 37.8E	GPS	GPS
Notes: GPS: Radiosondes recording PTU and winds PTU: Radiosondes recording PTU only - no winds (W): Winter - 1 April to 30 September (S): Summer - 1 October to 31 March Minimum height is 200 hPa and only one second attempt may be made. 12:00 PTU soundings: winds to be determined by optical theodolite.

Table 14. Additional ascents allocated to various stations during Safari 2000

Location / Country	No. of Instruments	Remarks
Lusaka (Zambia)	140	Instruments to be provided sufficient for 2 ascents daily
Beira (Mozambique)	140	Instruments to be provided sufficient for 2 ascents daily. A proposal was submitted to USAID to fund the resurrection of the upper air infrastructure here.
De Aar (South Africa)	70	Supplement instrumentation to be sufficient for 2 ascents daily.
Durban (South Africa)	70	Supplement instrumentation to be sufficient for 2 ascents daily.
TOTAL	420	Type of instrument: Vaisala RS80 15 G TX Frequency: 399 - 407 MHZ RX Frequency: 403 MHZ (SA)

Table 15. Statistics on observational data received for the period 1 Jan to 31 Dec 1999, given in terms of the number of ascents per station

Station Name	Synoptic Number	No. Ascents 00:00 GMT	No. Ascents 12:00 GMT
Tananarive	67083	2	2
Fort Dauphin	67197	1	1
Lusaka	67666	1	1
Harare	67774	58	67
Bulawayo	67964	41	51
Maun	68032	36	49
Letlhakane	68040	11	17
Gabarone	68240	111	113
Windhoek	68110	192	200
Irene (Pretoria)	68263	318	322
Cape Town	68816	323	309
Durban	68588		304
Port Elizabeth	68842	249
Upington	68424		259
Springbok	68512	253
Bethlehem	68461	No statistics	No statistics
De Aar	68538	No statistics	No statistics
Gough	68906	253	259
Marion	68994	266	269

Discussion

Botswana Met Office Personnel indicated that more data are available from Botswana stations that is indicated in Table 15. Penny Lesolle indicated that there are 4 rawisonde stations and that all are working perfectly. It appears that the small number of data received by the SAWB for certain stations may be due to communication errors rather than an actual absence of data. It was suggested that the issue of improving communications between various Met Offices in the region be taken up by the personnel of Met Offices present at the meeting.

Meeting participants discussed the best location to allocate instruments for 140 additional ascents at a station during the Safari 2000 campaign. Recommended sites included: Lilongwe, Luanda and Maun. Luanda (Angola) was not seen as presenting a feasible option.

3.4 TYPICAL WEATHER SCENARIOS FOR SAFARI 2000

Michael de Villiers and Roelof Burger, SAWB

Typical weather scenarios were presented through the use of Meteostat imagery being shown in a temporal loop. Imagery for the period August 1999 was selected for the demonstration. (These images will not be included in these proceedings but are obtainable from the SAWB.) It was indicated that the synoptic patterns which characterised this period may not necessarily be typical of the August month in general.

Anticyclonic conditions dominated though much of August 1999. Average airflow during August 1999 reflected the presence of the continental high pressure with its core over the northwestern part of the region at the surface. At 700 hPa the core of the anticyclone was situated over the central part of the region, whilst at 500 hPa the core was located over Namibia and Angola. On occasions when cold fronts passed over the subcontinent, strong NW airflow was observed to occur ahead of the cold front, with slightly weaker SW airflow prevailing to the rear of the front.

SESSION 4: MISSION PLANNING

CHAIR: BOB SWAP, UVA

4.1 GENERIC AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PLANS TO MEET SAFARI 2000 NEEDS

Bob Swap, UVA

Given the main aims of investigating (i) biomass burning, (ii) industrial pollution, and (iii) cloud-aerosol interactions, the following potential flight path types were indicated:

· Gyre multi a/c wall-volume flights

· Gyre single a/c probe

· Fire flights

· Satellite underflights

· Aircraft (ER-2) underflights

· Coastal stratus flights

Attention was drawn to the map indicating the location of ground-based activities (see Figure 21). It was emphasized that the location of these activities be taken into account in the flight planning exercises. What was needed for the IFC was a map comprising specific latitudes and longitudes of sampling locations and information regarding the instruments to be operational at these locations during the IFC. . The AERONET sampling points were recommended as potential anchor points for flight paths (Figure 27). Flight paths should attempt to cover as many of the sectors as is possible. Such paths must be planned with the relevant synoptics in mind

The confirmed bases at Pietersburg and Windhoek were acknowledge and attention drawn to the proposed bases at Lusaka and Kasane. During the meeting a strong desire was expressed that aircraft operate out of Kasane. The nominal ranges of the various aircraft operating during Safari 2000 are illustrated in Figure 28, with the Aerocommanders and the ER-2 flying out of Pietersburg, the CV-580 out of Kasane, and the C-130 out of Windhoek. Examples of operational areas with land and off-shore focuses are presented in Figures 29 and 30, respectively.

Figure 27. Recommended sectors to receive attention in flight planning with AERONET sites being used as the basis for defining anchor points.

Figure 28. Nominal ranges of various aircraft during the Safari 2000 IFC in August - September 2000. (Aerocommanders and ER-2 based at Pietersburg, CV-580 at Kasane, and UK Met Office C-130 at Windhoek.)

Figure 29. Example of possible flight paths of SAWB's Aerocommanders (AC), UK Met Office's C-130 and NASA's ER-2 with a land focus.

Figure 30. Example of possible flight paths of UK Met Office's C-130 and the SAWB's Aerocommanders with an off-shore focus.

Flight Planning taking into account Overpasses

Close attention must be paid to swath widths during the flight planning exercises. MOPITT personnel was inflow and outflow measurements. In situ flights are currently planned off the west coast. MOPITT personnel want measurement over the east coast to facilitate closing the loop.

Measurement of biomass burning, industrial pollution and offshore cloud needs to be balanced with the overpasses of MODIS, MISR and MOPITT. The types of flight profiles most suited to such overpasses need also be determined (e.g. saw tooth).

Steve Platnick (NASA GSFC) and Jim Drummond (University of Toronto) are to come up with the cycles of the various overpasses (16 day cycle of overpasses).

DAY 3

4.2 PREPARATION FOR MISSION PLANNING: EMPHASIS ON SCIENCE GOALS AND MISSION PLANNING APPROACH

Bob Swap, UVA

In the flight planning exercises, teams were asked to remember the Safari 2000 science goals and to plan accordingly. These goals were listed in two classes:

(1) Emissions:

· Biomass burning (widespread, episodic, dependent on meteorology)

· Industrial (static source, constant, independent of meteorology)

· Mineral (very dependent on meteorology)

· Biogenic (important for Zambia and lowveld which do not usually get early rains - can fly through clean air and look at impacts on vegetation)

(2) Transports and Transformations:

· Wall flights across the gyre - 'eularian' stacked flights; parallel flights

· Transit flights - 'lagrangian' type flights

The Mission Planning Approach to be adopted is as follows:

AFTERNOON BEFORE MISSION:

(1) Determine aircraft status (ER-2, CV-580, JRA, JRB, C-130)

(2) Meteorology Report - standard forecast

(3) Satellite fields analysis - determine presence and location of clouds and fires

(4) Review context in term of satellite overpasses (determine optimum locations and look angles)

(5) Science discipline leads have been nominated

- Land surface / burn scar

- Land vegetation / BRDF

- Atmosphere aerosol / clouds / radiation (Peter Hobbs)

- Atmospheric chemistry (Bruce Doddridge, Paul Novelli)

(6) Mission proposals

(7) Mission discussions

(8) Mission decisions

(back to back if necessary)

DAY OF MISSION:

(1) ER-2 and project lead scientist to meet 4 hours prior to ER-2 takeoff with Meteorological Officer.

(2) Mission decision made - go / no go based on latest meteorology.

4.3 PRESENTATION OF TYPICAL SCENARIOS

Brief for this session: for each scenario the pertinent people would present the synoptic charts, trajectories, satellite imagery and satellite overpass information relevant to a particular synoptic circulation type. Following which, flight planning team would meet to determine the most suitable flight paths taking into account the science goals in terms of (i) emissions and (ii) transports and transformations to be investigated.

4.3.1 SCENARIO 1: 16 August 1999 - High Pressure Prevails over Subcontinent

4.3.1.1 Synoptic Scale Circulation and Vertical Moisture Profiles

Mark de Villiers, SAWB

Wind, temperature and pressure plots and vertical profiles were shown for 16 August 1999 demonstrating conditions occurring as a result of a high pressure (HP) prevailing over the subcontinent. The spatial distribution of surface pressure illustrated in Figure 31 reflects the location of the HP's core over the easternmost parts of the subcontinent. Temperature and wind profiles for 25°S (which coincides with the location of Pietersburg) were extracted for review (Figure 32). The location of the HP core (at 25°S lat) between 27°E and 30°E at the surface, and the anticyclonic airflow around this core is evident. Off-shore flow dominates over the west coast, with on-shore flow occurring over the east coast. Cooler temperatures ahead (to east of) the core are indicative of the influx of moist maritime airflow over the subcontinent.

Figure 31. Surface pressure observed on 16 August 1999.

Figure 32. Vertical profile of wind and temperature across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 16 August 1999.

The core of the HP slopes towards the NW with height as is evident from the analysis of the wind field at 700 hPa, where the core of the HP is located over the central interior (Figure 33). The depth of the anticyclonic flow over the subcontinent is clearly apparent.

Figure 33. Wind vectors and geopotential heights plotted for the 700 hPa level for 16 August 1999.

Figure 34. Relative humidity (%) observed at the surface on 16 August 1999.

The higher relative humidity which occurs to the east of the HP core, which is due to the influx of moist marine air, is evident from the analysis of the vertical RH profile presented in Figure 35. Much drier conditions are experienced to the west of the HP core, with moisture having been lost during the flow of air over the land.

Figure 35. Vertical profile of relative humidity (%) across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 16 August 1999.

4.3.1.2 Trajectory Modelling

Tali Freiman, SAWB

Two day forward and two day back trajectories were run for the region to demonstrate likely paths to be followed by air parcels on 16 August 1999. Very stable and dry conditions prevailed on 16 August, as is evident from the plots presented in the previous subsection. The back trajectories run for Mongu clearly reflect the on-shore flow of moist air over the east coast, with the off-shore flow over the west coast being evident from the forward trajectories run for this site. Trajectories were also run using Pietersburg (Figure 36), Windhoek and Springbok as starting points. The ascent and descent of the trajectory, indicated by pressure level values given along the trajectory, should also be taken into account in the flight planning. Trajectories therefore indicate points, in both the vertical and horizontal, that flights may be able to intersect with specific air parcels is flight planning is done effectively.

Figure 36. Backward and forward trajectories for Pietersburg for 16 August 1999.

One of the main issues in trajectory modelling is WHERE the trajectories are run from. Fire locations would need to be determined (Jackie Kendal and SAWB).

Questions and Answers:

Q Will the trajectories be run for multiple points to determine their validity?

A Trajectories can be run from points which are, for example, 0.5° apart of less. Too much divergence between the trajectories may indicate a break down of the model assumptions (exception to this is when systems such at the ITCZ result in widely divergent airflow over short distances.)

Recommendation: That multiple points be run and the validity of trajectories evaluated as part of the planning process.

Q Can the plume rise of fires be obtained?

A It would be possible to archive 1 km data to enable someone going back and doing post-plume rise calculations. There are not sufficient funds to do this currently.

Q In terms of fires in the Kruger National Park, should park personnel indicate renegade burns to the Safari 2000 teams?

A Yes. Lines of communication should be set up to facilitate communication between the KNP and Pietersburg.

Q Could Harry Biggs work with people from other parks in the region (e.g. Chobe, Wanke) and determine their willingness in communicating fire occurrences with the Safari 2000 team, particularly Peter Hobb who will be flying over this area?

A A fire communication person is needed in Pietersburg during the campaign to communicate with the various parks on fire occurrences.

4.3.1.3 Satellite Imagery

Eugene Poolman, SAWB

A series of satellite images were shown to demonstrate the amount and location of cloud cover over the subcontinent during the period 13 August to 16 August 1999. No cloud cover occurred during this period with most of the subcontinent experience fine, mild and cloud-free conditions characteristic of the predominance of high pressures over the region.

4.3.1.4 Satellite Passes

Jim Drummond, University of Toronto

Ground track files, including 1 week and 7 week predictions for Terra, are available from the following site:

ftp://198.118.192.20/pub/outgoing/FDD

The file format is as follows:

· Header line with satellite name (AM1) and the file type

· Line with time information: creation time, start time for data, end time for data

time format - yyyyddd.hhmmss - where:

yyyy - year

ddd - julian day

hhmmss - time (UCT, hours, minutes, seconds)

· several thousand data lines

· time, orbit number, latitude, longitude (0 to 360 increasing eastwards from prime meridian)

The Terra ground track image presented for Scenario 1 is given in Figure 37. Such images will be necessary to demonstrate the swaths of MODIS, MISR, MOPITT, and LANDSAT, etc. TOMS has a wide enough swath width to cover the region, making it unnecessary to modify flight paths to fit in with the TOMS swath.

Figure 37. Image reflecting Terra ground track image for Scenario 1.

4.3.1.5 Flight Paths Planned

Steve Platnick - ER-2 Flight Planning

The path planned for the ER-2, given the meteorological conditions prevalent on 16 August 1999, is sketched in Figure 38. The small MISR swath width determined the take-off time. Take-off was scheduled at 09h00 to get to the area of interest before the MISR overpass at 10h00.

Figure 38. Possible flight path for the ER-2 given the synoptic circulation and overpass tracks outlined for Scenario 1.

Peter Hobbs - Convair-580

The team is to be based in Lusaka this week. Potential sources to be investigated and activities to be undertaken were identified as including:

· 3 prescribed burns

· flights over the Mongu tower

· coordination with the ER-2 and satellite overpasses

· copper smelting in north of the country

· Zambian box

It was decided that the impacts of pans and copper smelting was best done out of Pietersburg. Prescribed burns were given priority. The flight profile was described as comprising spiraling up in the vertical to 1500 ft, and to do horizontal tracts at different layers of interest depending on the location of the stable layers and the location of good sun photometer and other ground-based measurements.

Issues raised by Peter Hobb's team:

· Air to ground scientist communication (e.g. using radios - need to know the frequencies). Telephones are preferred by map not be up and running.

· More fires occur in the afternoon, but at present all flights are scheduled for the morning.

Questions and Answers and Points raised:

Q (asked of Darold Ward) How may fires will be set?

A Three. One morning fire, which will be coordinated with the Terra overpass. Two afternoon fires.

P If there is a lidar on the ground, it will be necessary to coordinate with Darold Ward on the ground who is responsible for setting the fires.

P In terms of spiralling over the sun photometer sites, coordination with Brent Holben would be necessary to determine if the sun photometer is working and whether additional instruments may have been added to the site. (Brent Holben has 2 phones.)

P Radio availability and frequencies should be addressed in the implementation plan.

Q Is the entire project to use UTC or South African standard time?

A UCT preferred by all participants.

Stuart Piketh - JRA and JRB Flight Plans - Option 1

The "High Pressure predominant over the region" synoptic situation is likely to occur 3 times during the campaign. It was therefore decided to determine more than on flight plan for this scenario, in order to facilitate the focussing on different science objectives. The assumption is made that the Convair-580 is also based at Pietersburg during this planning period, with plans also having been sketched for this aircraft to coordinate with JRA and JRB's paths.

The first flight path is illustrated in Figure 39. This path aims to characterise: (i) the recirculation of material over the subcontinent, and (ii) biomass burning emissions from Mozambique which are transported westwards. JRA will fly towards the coast - over the sea along the east coast in a northerly direction - and return to Pietersburg. One of the main aim of this flight would be to characterise the recirculation of material. JRB would fly along a path to the west of Pietersburg, for example, to characterise the industrial pollution plume being transported from the Highveld region. The CV-580 would fly along a north-south trajectory aimed at investigating industrial emissions from copper smelting in Botswana and mineral dust generated from the Sowa pan.

There was disagreement amongst the team as to the most suitable vertical profile for the flight plan. The main focus would be to optimise the equipment aboard the various aircraft (the equipment differs between aircraft). The three possible flight patterns are also illustrated in Figure 39.

Figure 39. First possible flight path for JRA, JRB and the Convair-580 given the synoptic circulation and overpass tracks outlined for Scenario 1.

Question and Answers:

Q Does this flight path satisfy Paul Novelli's requirements?

A Yes.

Stuart Piketh - JRA and JRB Flight Plans - Option 2

Should the "High Pressure predominant over the region" synoptic situation occur again the flight paths sketched in Figure 40 would be proposed. JRA and JRB would both fly northwestwards from Pietersburg, covering as wide a consecutive area as possible. The aim of their flights would be to investigate wind blown dust (e.g. from Sowa pan). The Convair-580 would fly along a N-S orientated path. The aircraft would be underflying the return flight of the ER-2 outlined previously.

Figure 40. Second possible flight path for JRA, JRB and the Convair-580 given the synoptic circulation and overpass tracks outlined for Scenario 1.

Questions and Answers:

Q What time of the day would the flights be scheduled for?

A Coordination with the ER-2 team would be necessary in this regard. The flight over the industrial area should preferably take place in the early morning prior to the dissipation of the inversion layer.

Peter Francis - UK Met Office C-130 Flight Plans

Three possible flight paths were identified:

(1) Take-off from Windhoek at 08h30 local time - transit to Maun to reach there by around 10h30 local time so as to coincide with the Terra overpass - column closure over sun photometers and underflying MODIS. The flight path would be within all 3 swaths.

Questions asked of the meeting in relation to this flight path: (i) could data collected during this flight path be useful for MOPITT validation?, (ii) what type of aerosols would be present?, (iii) would a biomass burning component be present?, (iv) would wind blown dust be present? Responses: dust may be picked up from Angola. Although some biomass burning component may be evident the path is not too close to the source of emissions and this component is therefore likely to be small.

(2) Take-off from Windhoek at 08h00 local time and move over Etosha National Park for the Terra overpass at 10h50 local time - column closure over sun photometers.

(3) Take-off from Windhoek and fly to Walvis Bay - overfly the WB sun photometers under MODIS - column closure. This path could be particularly relevant for dust. Transits over the ocean are mainly intended for cloud characterisation.

Comments:

One hour needs to be taken off Windhoek local time to coincide with UCT during the winter. (i.e. have to take-off by 08h30 local time).

Issues Raised by Harry Biggs Regarding Flights over the KNP and Accommodation with thin the Park

Dr Biggs indicated that Holger Eckhardt is the single contact person for the Kruger National Park (holgere@parks-sa.co.za). If teams were to fly higher than 1500 ft above the KNP there was no formal need to contact Holger, although it would be preferred if he was informed. For flights below 1500 ft, it is mandatory to inform Holger. It is necessary to phone Holger at an early date to get a block (6 week) booking and then phone immediately prior to each flight.

Since the IFC falls within the high tourist season it should be noted that accommodation may be full if prior arrangements are not made. They have arranged subsidized accommodation in the science camp for Safari 2000 participants, but this needs to be booked in advance.

Q Are spirals over the park possible?

A Yes, please arrange with Holger.

4.3.2 SCENARIO 2: 12 August 1999 - Frontal System Approaching

4.3.2.1 Synoptic Scale Circulation and Vertical Moisture Profiles

Mark de Villiers, SAWB

Scenario 2 comprised a frontal depression approaching the subcontinent. The surface airflow (Figure 41) indicates strong convergence behind and divergence ahead of the frontal depression coinciding with strong SW and NE airflow, respectively. Anticyclonic airflow occurs over the northeast of the region. The pressure gradient which develops between the HP to the NE and the frontal depression results in strong off-shore flow and bergwind conditions over the east coast. Strong on-shore airflow occurs over the southwest coast. The depth and strength of the airflow pattern which develops is evident from Figures 42 and 43.

Figure 41. Surface winds and geopotential heights observed on 12 August 1999.

Figure 42. Vertical profile of wind and temperature across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 12 August 1999.

The off-shore flow over the east coast coincides with elevated temperatures and low relative humidities as is typical of bergwind conditions. High relative humidities and low temperatures are experienced over the southwestern parts of the country due to the cold maritime airflow behind the cold front (Figures 42, 44, 45 and 46).

Figure 43. Wind vectors and geopotential heights plotted for the 700 hPa level for 12 August 1999.

Figure 44. Relative humidity (%) observed at the surface on 12 August 1999.

Figure 45. Relative humidity (%) at the 700 hPa level on 12 August 1999.

Figure 46. Vertical profile of relative humidity (%) across the subcontinent, as taken along 25°S latitude as observed on 12 August 1999.

4.3.2.2 Trajectory Modelling

Tali Freiman, SAWB

Backward and forward trajectories generated for 12 August 1999 for Windhoek are illustrated in Figure 47. Subsidence and anticyclonic airflow is predicted to dominate at Maun and Pietersburg, with westerly wave airflow being predicted to occur at Windhoek and Springbok.

Figure 47. Backward and forward trajectories for Windhoek for 12 August 1999.

4.3.2.3 Satellite Passes

Jim Drummond, University of Toronto

The image of the Terra overpasses presented for Scenario 2 is illustrated in Figure 48. It was indicated that given the ground track, attention could be given to outflow from the region with all flights off the east coast being within the track. This was seen as a window for flights between Durban and Maputu.

Figure 48. Image reflecting Terra ground track image for Scenario 2.

4.3.2.4 Flight Paths Planned

Flight paths outlined by the various aircraft teams are indicated in Figure 49, and discussed below.

Figure 49. Flight paths sketched for Scenario 2 comprising the passage of frontal depression.

JRA and JRB Flight Plans for Scenario 2

There may be some merit in looking at the boundary between the clean cold (polar) air occurring to the rear of the frontal depression and the dirty, recirculated air ahead of the depression. It was therefore decided to orientate JRB's flight path along the frontal area, with the path extending over the ocean in order to meet Paul Novelli's validation objectives. JRA would fly northwards from Pietersburg.

ER-2 Flight Plans for Scenario 2

The ER-2 would fly southward from Pietersburg - exiting off the east coast and flying for 30 minutes southwards over the ocean - following which a 5 minute turn would be made over the ocean and the ER-2 would follow a path northwards over the ocean - then route back to Pietersburg.

UK Met Office C-130

The C-130 would take-off from Windhoek and follow a meandering path out over the ocean, potentially passing over the Etosha and Walvis Bay ground sites.

Potential Sub-Project Objectives which may be addressed during these flight paths:

· Spontaneous combustion which represents an issue for the coal mines (suggested by Harold Annegarn).

· Flights over Inhaca Island (Brent Holben).

· Flights over swamps - important for several ground based studies (Harold Annegarn).

The resolution required by these additional objectives was questioned. It was asked how close the flights would need to be over these area and which look angles would be most acceptable.

4.3.3 SCENARIO 3: Large Trough Approaching and Cloud Development over Subcontinent

4.3.3.1 Synoptic Scale Circulation and Vertical Moisture Profiles

Mark de Villiers, SAWB

The approach of a large trough towards the southwest coast was described. The HP still prevails over the northeast of the region with onshore flow to the east of the HP core. Weak low pressures develop off the southwest coast ahead of the trough resulting in the development of upper air cirrus off the coast. Coastal lows moving southwards along the coastline from Alexander Bay towards Cape Town giving rise to lots of stratus cloud ahead of the coastal lows. Northwesterly airflow predominates over the west coast with off-shore flow occurring over the east coast. The relative humidity profiles demonstrated that the cloud is limited to the lower atmosphere over the SW parts, with high relative humidities occurring over the NE parts due to the influx of moist maritime air from the Indian Ocean as part of the anticyclonic HP circulation.

No trajectories were available for this scenario.

4.3.3.2 Satellite Passes

Jim Drummond, University of Toronto

The image of the Terra overpasses presented for Scenario 3 is illustrated in Figure 50.

Figure 50. Image reflecting Terra ground track image for Scenario 3.

4.3.3.3 Flight Paths Planned

Namibian Stratocumulus Focus - ER-2, CV-580 and C-130

(12/9/00 to 23/9/00)

Since the presence of the stratus cloud will determine the nature of the flight path it was decided to ask Steve Platnick to do the planning. Objective to be addressed include:

(1) Terra validation (nature of validation will depend on whether or not cloud in present)

· Stratus (MODIS, MISR cloud validation)

· Clear sky ocean scenes (MODIS, MISR aerosol validation, MOPITT validation)

(2) Continental outflow

(3) Stratocumulus science

· Cloud-CCN interactions

· CCN variability (temporal, spatial)

· CCN sources

· Diurnal variations

Possible flight paths are indicated in Figure 51. The flight strategy is to fly the region as much as possible during the CV-580, C-130 overlap. Synergies between these aircraft and their measurements must be noted, e.g.:

CV-580: cloud (Nd, re,...) aerosols, BRDG

C130: cloud (Nd, re,...), CCN, aerosols

Close attention must be paid to the following needs:

· Daily CCN sampling in the boundary layer; and

· Aircraft monitoring of cloud and aerosol in the same region for intercomparison - this is required for validation and to investigate relative changes.

Figure 51. Flight paths sketched for Scenario 3.

4.4 OVERVIEW OF PLANNING NEEDS IDENTIFIED

Bob Swap, UVA

The following needs must be met if flight planning is to be optimised:

(1) Explicit site information collected, including:

- Coordinates of site

- Instruments operational at site

- Contact details of principle investigator / site coordinator

- Start and stop dates

(2) Creation of a target-objectives matrix - with suitable look angle being indicated.

(3) Fully available sensor overflight or overpass information - this information needs to be compiled and made available to planners. It should be noted that the Terra over pass drives most activities. This information could be made available on the SAFARI 2000 website and could potentially also be put on CDs to be distributed to people in the field.

(4) Near real-time satellite imagery, particularly for:

- Fire - Terra, AVHRR, Meteorsat

- Aerosols - Terra, Seawifs, TOMS

(Brent Holben and Phil Russell made responsible. Aerosol data from half hour Meteosat to be obtained from Phil Dirkie).

(5) Overlay predictions in terms of meteorology with fire retrievals in order to predict aerosol dispersion. Possibly need a student to help Tali Freiman (Wits University) with this.

(6) Fire coordinator, to keep in contact with the various parks (Chobe, Wankee, KNP) with regard to fire occurrences - Winston Trollope suggested by Darold Ward for this purpose. (Point of contact given as Darold Ward, US Forest Service.)

(7) Dust coordinator - collate information on location of major dust sources - point of contact for this is Frank Eckardt (University of Botswana).

(8) Industrial coordinator - collect information on location and nature of emissions of major industrial emitters - points of contact are Neil Snow and Jonas Mphepya (Eskom).

(9) Revisit meteorological brief page and information page. Determine the possibility of fire behaviour and fire forecasting potentials. The Institute for Soil, Climate and Water may be approached in this regard. Mark Jury and Eugene Poolman to discuss this issue.

There is a need for fire weather forecasting - 48-hours in advance to adjust flight plans the day before the flying event and to know the fire's behaviour on the day that the mission is planned for.

(10) Air to ground radios or telephones?

The ER-2 group has long-wave radios which is used for communication between the pilot on the ground and the pilot in the air. CV-580 could use this. Further discussion on this issue was needed. The frequencies needed, and obtaining of licenses for such frequencies for ground sites in Zambia was specifically to be discussed.

(11) Potential use of Comsat Satellite phones. More of these phones could be obtained for people on the ground.

(12) Aircraft permission person - to liaise with KNP personnel with regard to gaining permission for low flying over the park. The ER-2 office indicated that they would take responsibility for this.

The timetable of a the ER-2 flight operational plan on a typical day was outlined as an example to assist with future planning exercises. The mission timeline is as follows:

Hours	Events
-4:00 to -3:00	Instrument upload begins
-3:30	Pilot obtains weather information
-3:00	Crew Brief: Go / No-Go Senior Manager, Crew Chief, Life Support, Mission Manager, Scientist, and Pilot
-2:00	Scientists hands off aircraft Aircraft towed for fueling and LOX Service
-1:00	Back up pilot begins preflight Pilot completes flight planning and filing IFR flight plan Pilot begins pressure suit dressing
-0:30	Back up pilot completes flight Pilot enters cockpit
-0:15	Engine start
0:00	Take off
+6:00 to 8:00	Landing
+6:30 to 8:30	Post flight debrief Mission manager completes reports and processing of navigational data

4.4 INTERCOMPARISON OPPORTUNITIES OF INSTRUMENTS

Bruce Doddridge, University of Maryland

In addressing the opportunities for the inter-comparison of instruments during the IFC it needs to be clearly understood what the inter-comparisons will involve (i.e. airborne comparison of instruments, ground-base comparison of calibration standards). The following questions should also be answered:

· Do we want to do this?

· Is informal comparisons sufficient?

· When and how should the inter-comparisons be done?

Inter-comparison issues to be addressed: meteorological, trace gases, particle microphysics, particle optical properties and radiometrics.

Recommendations in this regard were as follows:

· That formation flights of opportunity be considered during transit out of collocated fly-by areas.

· That the exchange of calibration standards during "hard down" days be considered.

· That a person be appointed for the dry season IFC to undertake the inter-comparison. This should ideally be done by a student or post-doc but not by a principle investigator.

· That a matrix be set up indicating which team has which instruments and how these may be compared. This could be done by Bruce Doddridge with assistance by Tim Suttles.

Discussion:

Mark Hemlinger indicated that he does inter-comparison studies and has a similar plan for Safari 2000. He indicated that it is not necessary to overfly the area at the same time, but that atmospheric radiance predictions could be used to do the relevant radiometric calibration.

Peter Hobbs indicated that calibrations are routinely done prior to coming to the field, with one being done during the campaign, if time permits, and one calibration exercise being conducted afterwards. He indicated that there is rarely time to calibrate with other people. There are too many instruments, e.g. 3 CCN counters - and only 2 engineers to look after every thing. Dr Hobbs suggested coordinated flights with in situ comparisons.

Stuart Piketh indicated that external technicians were responsible for the calibration of their instruments and therefore the inflight comparisons would definitely be preferred from their team's point of view.

The similar flight paths over the Sowa Pan area was identified as providing the opportunity for inflight comparisons.

Darold Ward stated that PIs should be responsible for reporting calibration protocols and errors, etc.

DAY 4

4.5 LOGISTICS

4.5.1 LOGISTICS FOR THE IFC

Gary Shelton, NASA DFRC

Logistics with regard to the Pietersburg base:

· Two passport photos are required in addition to a copy of the front page of an identity document for people to be based at the Pietersburg airport. These people will be listed as airport personnel for the duration of the project.

· A very favourable deal was negotiated with Imperial Car hire with corporate rates being extended to all Safari participants.

· Olivia Lode and Palm Inn offers accommodation within the US per diem.

· A corporate rate can be obtained for membership at the Health and Racquet club (contact Harold Annegarn for details).

Judy Opacki (University of Washington) provided the following information with regard to arrangements for Namibia:

· Rates are being negotiated with various car hire places in Namibia. (Windhoek airport is located about 11 km outside of Windhoek.) (Contact Judy Opacki for further information).

· DhL and Fedex serves Walvis Bay.

· American Express is not accepted in many places, with Visa and Master cards being preferred.

· Compressed gas can be obtained from Afrox (contact Judy Opacki for more information).

4.5.2 SAFARI 2000 WEBSITE

Bob Swap, UVA

A detailed TRAVEL ADVISOR has been placed on the Safari 2000 website. All information in this regard needs to be posted here including: information pertaining to health, travel documents, telecommunication, financial assistance, shipping equipment (etc.). Contact numbers of airports and emergency numbers are currently being added.

Bob Swap highlighted the utility of the ATA Carnet which is a 1 year passport issued for equipment.

It was requested that field sites interested in obtaining the travel advisory information on a CD for use in the field should indicate this. (It was indicated that only DhL should be used for this purpose for sites within Botswana since it is the only one with an agency in the region.)

Based on experience gained during the BOREAS experiment, it would recommended that a letter of invitation be obtained from the relevant Minister in the country to assist with arrangements. Detailed information regarding who will be entering the country, at what date and with what equipment would be necessary to gain such a letter.

Bob Swap was congratulated by members of the meeting on compiling the very comprehensive and useful travel advisor.

The need for spatial data for the SAFARI 2000 campaign was emphasized by Bob Swap for the compilation of the OPERATIONAL PLAN. He called for the preparation of various maps including maps for the following activities/disciplines: ground-based sites, aerosols, radiation, industrial, pan sites, EOS validation sites (etc.). A "wish list" should be developed to indicate the priorities of each of these fields in terms of data requirements. The operational plan will be drafted within the next few weeks. All the required data should be sent to Bob Swap with a copy to Yvonne Scorgie.

4.5.3 STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

Tim Suttles, NASA GSFC

The status of the international agreements having been or to be completed with four countries was indicated, viz.:

· Zambia - agreement in place

· Botswana - agreement should have been signed last week (i.e. end of March 2000)

· South Africa - draft agreement to cover August-September 2000 campaign

· Namibia - agreement submitted to Department of Environment and Tourism, but generally Namibia prefers applications for research permits on a project by project basis. Permission for aircraft overflight clearances also have to be secured on a separate basis.

SESSION 5: DATA MANAGEMENT

CHAIR: BOB COOK, ORNL

5.1 EOS VALIDATION DATA ARCHIVAL POLICY

Tim Suttles, NASA GSFC

In outlining the following EOS Validation Data Archival Policy, it was emphasized that the policy was only applicable to people within the NASA EOS programme:

· Measurements must be publicly accessible though a team SCF, and EOS DAAC or a functionally comparable alternative (DAAC = distributed active archive centre);

· Access should be expedited, delays beyond 6 months from data collection is only allowed for the most exceptional circumstances;

· Whenever possible, public on-line access to validation data should be provided - the "homepage" approach is desirable;

· For non-DAAC approaches, minimum configuration should be anonymous ftp access with catalogue information and a 5-year commitment.

5.2 DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SAFARI 2000

Bob Cook, ORNL

The presentation aimed at informing the meeting of how data and information generated by the Safari 2000 would be managed. Data from Safari-92 was only collated 4 years after the programme had been completed. It is intended that the data management process being designed for the Safari 2000 campaign will facilitated more efficient data collation and the timely completion of an end product. Although the data and information system described essentially indicates what is in place in the US, it is intended that the system be mirrored within the region.

Topics covered in the presentation included: (i) lessons Learned from other field campaigns, (ii) SAFARI 2000 Data Policies, (iii) goals for a Data and Information System (DIS), (iv) description of Project DIS Activities, and (v) roles and responsibilities for investigators and the DIS.

Data Lessons Learned from SAFARI 92:

· The absence of a data management plan during SAFARI-92 hindered data availability for synthesis activities. This indicates the need to get the PI data into a project data and information system quickly, so that investigators are able to analyze and synthesize the data and so make best use of the data.

· Packaging of critical data sets for specific days or areas of interest is needed.

· Experience during SAFARI-92 indicated the benefit of keeping remote sensing data grouped with ground-based observations.

· Awareness of regional sensitivity to data access, both during and after the campaign. There was a desire by the region to have a copy of processed data at an in-region facility for future use.

· Training to regional scientists needs to be provided, so that data and data center can be used effectively.

Benefits of a Project Data and Information System

Benefits to be gained through the establishment of the system include: (i) promotion of common methodologies, (ii) encouragement of PIs to distribute and document their data, (iii) facilitates proper credit being given to data originators, (iv) allows for synthesis, modeling, and validation of data sets, (v) facilitates inter-comparisons among sites and across environmental gradients, (vi) provides support to data requesters, and (vii) it gives visibility to both the project and data.

Elements of the SAFARI 2000 Data Policy

A Data Policy was established at the SAFARI 2000 Regional Implementation Workshop held at Gaborone, Botswana, in July 1999. The main aspects of the policy included:

· Open access to and sharing of data - reference was made to the ICSU/IGBP data policy and the START-DIS model.

· No privileged data access period beyond essential data preparation (up to 12 months), but will the assurance of (i) the protection of intellectual property rights, and (ii) the protection of key data sets for graduate students.

· Need for data sources to be recognized and for co-authorship, particularly for regional scientists.

Goals and Activities of the Data and Information System

The SAFARI 2000 Science Team will establish a project data and information system for implementing the data policy. The short-term goal of the DIS is to:

- make data readily available to the project team both in the United States and southern Africa (data will be available to the SAFARI 2000 participants within 12 months and to the public within 18 months); and

- prepare selected data sets for synthesis and analysis.

The long-term goal of the DIS is to assist in preparing selected data for archive and distribution after the SAFARI 2000 project.

Activities required to meet the short-term goal were identified as:

(1) Establishing SAFARI 2000 Data Centers in US and southern Africa, using the Mercury System

The mercury is an easy-to-use search system which enables relevant data to be found. In using the Mercury System, data will be distributed via the Internet or hard media. The system includes a metadata and documentation editor.

(2) Metadata, data, and data center software are to be shared so that both the US and within-region centres have identical data holdings.

(3) Estimating number and volume of expected data sets, and identifying "Golden Days" remote sensing data, regional data, field site data, tower flux data, (etc.).

(4) Registration of data sets from PIs, sites, and networks in Mercury in a timely manner.

(5) Compiling of general information about SAFARI 2000 sites (different PIs, multiple sources, published reports).

(6) Compiling regional data of key characteristics for use in models and synthesis. Such data sets may include data from various disciplines such as climate, soil, vegetation, land cover, land use history, hydrology (etc.).

Activities to meet the long-term goal of assisting in the preparation of selected data for archive and distribution include:

(1) Application of the 'Twenty Year Rule', i.e. to ensure that 20 years from now, any scientist will be able to understand the data that were collected and archived. This will ensure that the who, what, where, when, how, why questions are answered with regard to the data.

(2) Collect selected data from investigators and data centers.

(3) Quality assure the metadata and documentation.

(4) Prepare the selected project data for archive at the ORNL DAAC and the southern Africa Data Center.

The activities of the data centres is outlined in Figure 52 at data flows from the investigators to the archive. Data flows from investigators to the mirror Data Centers are illustrated in Figure 53.

Figure 52. Activities as data flows from the investigators to the archive.

Figure 53. Data Flow from Investigators to Mirror Data Centers.

Critical Data Sets and their Management

Critical data sets to be generated during SAFARI 2000 will include:

· Satellite derived products:

- Fire distribution and Burn Scar (MODIS; AVHRR)

- Aerosol Optical Thickness and Size Distribution (MODIS; MISR; AVHRR)

- fPAR/LAI (MODIS)

- Land Cover Regional Distribution (% tree cover - AVHRR/MODIS/L7)

- Vegetation characteristics (MISR; ASTER; IKONOS)

- Carbon Monoxide and Methane profiles (MOPITT)

· Airborne activity products:

- ER-2 Data (MAS, MOPITT-A, CLS, AirMISR transects)

- CV580, SAWB 690, MRF C130 data (aerosol and trace gas chemistry, aerosol physical, optical and radiative properties)

· Ground-based activity products:

- Aerosol optical thickness and size distribution - AERONET

- Vertical Structure of the atmosphere - Micro Pulse LIDAR data (Ozonesonde Profiles from SHADOZ, Regional Rawindsonde Observations and wind field analyses)

- Plot Level Vegetation Composition, Canopy Structure, Land Cover Distribution (% tree cover)

- Aerosol and Trace Gas Chemistry and Fluxes

- Soil Characteristics

Critical data products for SAFARI 2000 should be kept together for easy long-term access by the community. This includes both field data and selected remote sensing data. The SAFARI-2000 Steering Committee / Science Team should select the data sets required for archive. These data sets will be archived at a data center in southern Africa and at the ORNL DAAC for Biogeochemical Dynamics.

The raw satellite and airborne remote sensing data (source data) will be archived at appropriate data center, e.g. data collected under NASA sponsorship will be archived at responsible DAACs.

Roles and Responsibilities for the SAFARI 2000 Data System

· Responsibility for acquisition and submittal of data:

- PIs are to acquire data, perform initial QA and register with the DIS with appropriate metadata.

- EOS supported investigators should submit their raw data to the DAAC for their discipline.

· Timely data distribution will be done by the data centres using the Mercury System.

· US-Regional Data Liaison will be driven by the ORNL DAAC. Responsibilities in this regard will include quick and long-term data distribution; transporting data sets to the region; and regional training on Mercury Data System.

· Defining data for focused studies and synthesis is to be the responsibility of the SAFARI 2000 Science Team, to be achieved through Data Workshop(s).

· Metadata quality assurance and packaging of synthesis data sets will be done by the Goddard Space Flight Center (Dave Landis and Jamie Nickeson).

· Long-term data archive will be the responsibility of the regional data centre and the ORNL DAAC. Raw data will be stored at the appropriate archive.

Discussions

Participants at the meeting made the following recommendations:

* Regional meteorological departments should get together to product a comprehensive description of the regional meteorology.

* In terms of the data flow process illustrated, the importance of the Weather Bureau as a regional data source should be noted.

* Scientists should identify colleagues in the region and integrate them into the process, not just offer co-authorships.

* The SAWB and the other climatological data archives in the region (including Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia) should keep as comprehensive data sets as possible for the duration of the campaign including: forecast data, and Meteosat imagery (30 min intervals), (etc.). Such data may be held by the bureaus in the short term, but should thereafter be transferred to the Regional Data Centre.

* Data from ground-based activities should also be submitted to the Regional Data Centre.

* The forecast trajectories and the data used to run the trajectories and the model itself is to be archived.

5.3 DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEM SUPPORT - ORNL AND GSFC

David Landis, NASA GSFC

David Landis acknowledged his colleague from GSFC, Jaime Nickeson. GSFC data management activities will include the packaging of synthesized data for distribution to the science team. It was emphasized that the content of the data set must be determined based on science team inputs. Distribution of the synthesized data is done through the preparation of CD-ROMS or DVDs. DVDs are preferable since they are able to accommodate a much greater volume of data (each DVD can hold 5 Gbytes, whereas CDs only store 600 Mbytes).

In synthesizing and packaging the data for broad distribution, the need for the standardization parameter names, measurement units, data format/content (dates, times, coordinates, sites), and data documentation was highlighted. The aim being to facilitate the implementation of the "20-year Rule". Standardization is crucial particularly considering the multi-disciplinary nature of the data streams.

Partnership between Scientists and Information Managers

It is important that scientists and information managers work together to define the science objectives and to establish priorities with regard to data to be acquired and processed, website development (etc.). Data needs of projects need therefore to be determined in order to identify where most of the resources should be concentrated. Science teams must drive this process. Although the information managers have the tools available to do the job, they need feedback and direction from the science teams.

It is recommended that a Working Group be established to interact with the Information System Staff. This working group should be organized either by disciplines, by sites or by both. The chairperson of the working group will be interacted with by the Information System Staff and will be expected to contact the necessary PIs. The Working Group should facilitate decision making and consensus on key data issues and provide feed back to the information managers.

Data Documentation

It is crucial that data documentation be complete! Experience has shown that it is best completed near the time of data collection. Where the gap between documentation and data collection is too large, information will be lost. The data documentation ensures usability of the data for long-term studies yet to be defined and is the key to the "20-year Rule". Information System staff will work with the science teams to develop the documentation.

In generating the data documentation a standardized 20 page information sheet was established for the BOREAS experiment. It is recommended that information on instruments, methodologies (etc.) could be 'cut and pasted' from the BOREAS data sets, so that time is spent only on entering information of actual activities specific to the site/campaign, field team details, data collected (etc.).

Data Flow and Data Maturation

The maturation of data can be perceived to occur in a three stage process:

STAGE 1	STAGE 2	STAGE 3
Data/doc status	Data/doc status	Data/doc status
Raw data / doc	Refined data/doc	Finalized data/doc
Who	Who	Who
Individual science team	Information managers	Scientific community
Data access	Data access	Data access
Individual science team	Project members (peers)	Public

GSFC and ORNL Responsibilities and Science Team Responsibilities

GSFC and ORNL will find external data sources, process data ensuring both standardization and procedural quality assurance, and will make data available to the science team and community. A web page will be established for the dissemination of information and for the provision of data links for teams.

The Science Team needs to clearly define all requirements (e.g. content of data sets, manner in which data are synthesized, priorities for archiving) and to ensure that data are scientifically acceptable. The individual investigators will be responsible for compiling the data documentation for their respective data sets.

5.4 DATA MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE REGION

Harold Annegarn, Wits University on behalf of Luanne Otter (CSIR)

Delays have been experienced in setting up a Regional Data Centre, as recommended during the SAFARI 2000 Workshop in Gaborone, Botswana in July 1999. (At the Gaborone meeting it was envisaged that a Regional Data and Training Centre be established at the University of Botswana). In the absence of such a larger structure, it has been necessary to make interim arrangements. These arrangements currently involve the contracting of a professional person, namely Lance Coetzee from Environmental Management Services, as the within-region data manager. He will be employed on a retainer basis, with additional fees being allocated when required. The focus of the within-region data manager will be to capture data sets existing in the region and to integrate new data sets as they become available.

The physical location of the of the (interim) data management centre will be within the Environmental Engineering Department at Wits University. The department has a host of tools, including PCs and the provision of web services (etc.), to facilitate the collection and initial screening of data. The responsibility for data screening is to be that of Leon Herbert, an MSc student at the department. Leon Herbert will work in conjunction with Lance Coetzee in establishing and maintaining the data base.

If a larger regional Data Centre is formed, plans will be put in place to merge the established structure with the new one and to make it a co-operative venture. Both data and experience will be shared. The main aim of commencing with the interim measures is to collate as much of the information currently available prior to the August-September flight campaign.

5.5 UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA DATA HANDLING PLANS

Dozie Ezigbalike, University of Botswana

Dozie Ezigbalike titled his presentation “Progress, Problems and Plans”, and started by indicating what was required in terms of the establishment of a data centre at UB, including:

· Minimum configuration of a mirror of the ORNL data centre

· Space, computers and peripherals

· Network connectivity through university’s IT infrastructure

· Staff of two: Manager/Director and Assistant

· Funding?

Possible funding for the establishment of a rational data centre at UB could be obtained from USAID. UB were interested but required to know “What’s in it for them”. It was decided that more than a mirror site was needed, and that the establishment and functioning of the centre would respond to RCSA’s mandates which include:

· Sustainable Natural Resources Management;

· Inclusion of training for policy makers and support for environmental policy analysis; and

· The prerequisite of a regional outlook.

The REDMAT Concept

The concept of Regional Environmental Data Management And Training Center (REDMAT) has been introduced at UB. Any developments with regard to the SAFARI 2000 data centre would need to be evaluated in terms of the this concept. REDMAT incorporates:

· SAFARI data management requirements;

· RCSA’s Strategic Objectives #3 (i.e. cross border management of environmental data and policy development);

· SADC environmental management programs; and

· UB’s teaching, research and community engagement mandates.

SAFARI-friendly objectives of REDMAT include the following:

· Acquiring and maintaining equipment for downloading, storing, processing and disseminating environmental monitoring data, specifically remote sensing and other geo-spatial data;

· Act as a data archival and dissemination center for the SAFARI 2000 Regional Science Initiative; and

· Act as a regional resource center for servicing requests for unprocessed and semi-processed images or final data products.

In terms of the staffing requirements of the data centre it is envisage that between 8 and 11 people need to be employed on a phased-basis over a four year period. The salary bill of meeting such a staffing requirement would exceed $ 1 million by year four. The office space requirements could be accommodated through integration with UB's proposed IT centre building. Hardware and network capabilities could similarly be shared with this proposed facility.

UB Concerns Regarding the Safari-2000 Data Centre

UB was uncertain how the proposal would impact on other funding proposals, specifically KELP/EDDI (Education for Democracy and Development Initiative) with its emphasis on educational technology. The recommendation was made that the two proposals be integrated by taking the following steps:

· Adopting an environmental management theme for KELP/EDDI;

· Establishing a data center to support the activities;

· Use modern edu-tech to deliver REDMAT instructional objectives; and

· Increase research contents of original KELP.

The position of REDMAT in UB's organizational structure was also questioned. A semi-autonomous center with Board of Directors drawn from SAFARI, SADC, UB, Government was envisaged. Further UB concerns included: questions regarding the duration of RCSA and EDDI funding, and reluctance to adopt a natural resource/environmental management theme for KELP.

Current Status and Next Steps

A final proposal has been submitted for KELP/EDDI funding and has high chance of success, but no explicit data archiving component has been included in this proposal. The RCSA is still, however, interested in the data management components of REDMAT. Further consideration will be given regarding the equipment and staff required by the two aspects.

It should be noted that the question was asked during the data management team discussion held at this workshop yesterday, whether the data centre should still be at UB. The LEAD South African Project is to create independent data bases and a metadata system at Wits University with professional support. The data centre to be established there will use compatible tools to the ORNL DAAC (i.e. it will most likely implement the Mercury System). During April and May, Dozie Ezigbalike will visit Wits University to work on a proposal for RCSA with Leon Herbert and consult (via email) with Bob Cook and David Landis. This proposal will be structured so as to address RCSA’s strategic objectives and expressed desire.

The proposal will ask for essential equipment and staff, and will motivate for the establishment of more than just mirror site. A centre which will facilitate some data preparation services for to the region is envisaged, in addition to the coordination of training in the region on use of the data. The proposal will suggest to RCSA to call for EOIs from other institutions, not just UB. If UB is selected as the base, RCSA will need to ask UB for space, rather than UB proposing it. In short, African Data Handling Plans need not necessarily be focussed on UB.

5.6 SAWB DATA BASES

Andrew van der Merwe, SAWB

The South African Weather Bureau maintains the regional meteorological data on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), incorporating data from Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Swaziland, Lesotho, and Botswana. Telex machines and email is used to collate the data. Further arrangements are needed to get the data timeously.

A climatological data bank (120 years of data) for southern Africa is available from the SAWB. Climate surface data is available from 1930. Meteosat satellite imagery has been stored for the past 7 years in CD format. Raw meteorological data is stored in WMO message format (one would need to know the codes and format to make use of these data). Data can be sent to whichever regional data centre was established.

Information subsequently received from Louis Botha with regard to facilities at the SAWB Databank is included in Appendix C

Questions and Answers:

Q Are there any restrictions on the production and distribution of data from the SAWB?

A There is a copyright on the Meteostat data. All other data is classified as Resolution 40 data, i.e. available to everyone.

Comment Data originators such as the SAWB must be recognized by co-authorships.

Comment Internet access for Pietersburg is currently being worked on. The option of dial-up accounts would be expensive. Ideally UNINET could be used so that it is not necessary to pay for individual calls. Leon Herbert is to investigate the possibility of this so that individual dial-up accounts are not necessary.

5.6 FUTURE MEETINGS, PROJECT PUBLICITY AND ACTION ITEMS

Bob Swap, UVA and Tim Suttles, NASA GSFC

Future Meetings

The following workshops are anticipated within the next three years:

· A Data Workshop will be held early in 2001. It is uncertain whether this workshop should deal with data handling or first results. This workshop could possibly be coupled with the wet season campaign, its aim being to get the dry season science team together to talk about the best case studies and about quality assurance. It was agreed that 6 months after a campaign is the best time to do this.

· It is likely that First Results will be presented as a scientific conference in the later half of 2001.

· A Data Synthesis Workshop will be held early on in 2002. This is likely to be at Lusaka, and will represent the next major meeting in Africa after the experiment. Mr Mukelabai is the champion for this meeting.

· The Science Safari Conference will be held late in 2002 or early 2003. The American Geophysical Union will hold the conference.

Publicity

The handling of publicity from NASA's perspective was addressed by Tim Suttles. Dr Suttles indicated that a publicity officer, namely Steve Cole, will be in charge of publicity for the campaign from NASA's side. A plan is in place to compile a video of all NASA's activities. As part of the making of this video, it was proposed that footage be taken at Pietersburg during the flight campaign. The meeting was asked whether scientists would feel it an intrusion and whether it was possible to film from an aircraft. The meeting felt it would not interfere, and the Aerocommander team indicated that if filming from one of their aircraft was done during a one hour flight outside of project activities then it would be fine.

Scientists were asked to include poster material for the public open day to be held on 12 August. All aircraft will be on the apron and posters and ground displays will be in place on this day. The E-Theatre will be out to the region during the campaign.

Item Requiring Action:

The loss of capabilities in Mozambique in terms of Rawisonde capabilities. The recommendation was made to the SAWB use the additional sondes for data validation and inter-comparison. SAWB personnel were requested to put together a proposal in this regard to submit to the committee. (Beira, Lilongwe and Harare were indicated as potential sites for the use of the additional sondes. Beira was indicated as being the location of choice. Equipment at Lusaka and Mongu are to be repaired.) The meeting indicated that only a dozen of the sondes would be needed in Pietersburg to facilitate inter-comparison studies. Others would be needed north of Harare.

5.7 MERCURY SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION

Bob Cooke, ORNL DAAC

Mercury represents a metadata search and data access system which is designed to provide access to dynamic, distributed research data. Advantages of the system include:

· Low requirements for the data provider;

· It incorporates a software tool available to help produce data documentation;

· No complicated data ordering function;

· It is easily implemented for new projects (i.e. weeks, no months);

· It is currently being used by EOS Land Validation, SAFARI 2000, DAAC's Regional and Global Data Initiative, and LBA.

Mercury Support for SAFARI 2000

The system is an internet-based, distributed system that will search metadata to identify data sets of interest and delivery them to a user. As such it facilitates up-to-date (nightly) links to SAFARI 2000 data. Metadata and data files reside on investigators’ servers connected by the Internet, e.g. field measurements for Kalahari Transect at UVa, ETM+ data at EROS Data Center, AERONET data at NASA Goddard, and regional data at ORNL DAAC.

Mercury can be used to identify data of interest. Where Internet connections are fast, data can be downloaded from investigator’s Web site. Where Internet is slow or data are voluminous, the Data Center can package files on tapes or CD-ROMs and distribute these data to the necessary parties.

Overview of Mercury

Documentation, data files and standards represent the foundation for Mercury. The investigator uses the software tools to document the data. The metadata and data are linked and placed in a predefined location at the investigator's computer and the investigator's computer connected to the internet. The metadata downloaded from the ORNL has links to the full metadata, documentation and data at the researcher's site.

The ORNL DAAC Mercury search screen is illustrated in Figure 54. From the pull-down topic menu it is evident that searches can be done per site, project, source, (etc.). If data were grouped for a specific site (e.g. Skukuza or Mongu) it would be possible to gain access to all data for these sites across all disciplines and including ground-based, airborne and satellite data.

In order to facilitate access to your data set through Mercury you would need to fill in the on-line form which will create the metadata and documentation required for your data set. Metadata descriptors enable data to be found. The documentation facilitates the understanding of the data. Metadata variables include:

· Contact information of principal investigator(s);

· Data set information (e.g. data set title, project, site, spatial coverage, time period, parameter description, keywords, abstract)

· Data access information (e.g. data set status, data center contact, data centre URL, data set citation and data set link.)

Mercury makes available an extensive glossary in order to explain what is meant by certain terms in the on-line questionnaire, and offers tutorials on how to complete the information required for the creation of the metadata and documentation.

An example of the metadata summary for one data set is given in Figure 55 and the metadata report generated for this data set indicated in Figure 56. The underlined text in Figure 56 represent active areas which may be used to gain direct access to the websites at which the data are stored.

Figure 54. ORNL DAAC Mercury Search Screen.

Figure 55. Example of ORNL DAAC Mercury Metadata Summary.

Figure 56. Example of ORNL DAAC Mercury Metadata Report.

Regional Data Sets for SAFARI 2000

Key regional SAFARI 2000 data sets are currently being compiled at the ORNL DAAC for use in SAFARI 2000. These data will be of value to the SAFARI 2000 modeling teams as well as to SAFARI 2000 researchers in general. All data will be available through the Mercury metadata search and data access system.

The approach being adopted is as follows: a series of southern Africa data sets for historical and future climate, hydrology, soils, digital elevation, and vegetation will be generated from existing global and African data sets. These data will be subsetted using the following bounding coordinates:

Westernmost long. +5

Easternmost long. +60

Northern most lat. +5

Southernmost lat. -35

Based on discussions with the SAFARI 2000 science team, data sets that will be subsetted include:

Climate data:

· East Anglia Climate Research Unit Data (monthly mean climatology for 20^th Century)

· Cramer and Leeman’s Potsdam Climate

· Future climate scenarios from Hadley Centre, Canadian Climate Centre, and NCAR

Soil Data:

· IGBP DIS Soils Data Set

· ISRIC -WISE Data Set

· Zobler data

· Zinkie data

Vegetation Data:

· Olson’s Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation

· Wilson, Henderson-Sellers’ Global Vegetation & Soils, 1-Degr

· Haxeltine and Prentice

· 1km Land Cover Data, Global Land Cover Facility, University of Maryland

· Treecover data, Global Land Cover Facility, University of Maryland

· Potential Vegetation data set, Ramankutty and Foley

Land Cover/Land Use Change

· Leeman

· 1700-1992 Historical Croplands data set, Ramankutty and Foley

Hydrology

· Cogley Global Hydrographic Data

· Freshwater Wetlands (Stillwell-Soller)

· Climate, People, and Environment Program (Global River Discharge Data)

Others

· Digital Elevation Model

· Population

At this time, three data sets have been subsetted, viz.:

1. Olson's Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation

2. Wilson, Henderson-Sellers' Global Vegetation & Soils, 1-Degree

3. ISRIC-WISE Global Data Set of Derived Soil Properties on a 1/2 x 1/2 degree grid

It is envisaged that 22 data sets will eventually be available. The data files will be provided in ASCII Grid format for ArcInfo. Each file contains a single ASCII array in a geographic (lat/lon) projection. The ASCII file consists of header information containing a set of keywords, followed by cell values in row-major order. The file format is

<NCOLS xxx>

<NROWS xxx>

<XLLCORNER xxx>

<YLLCORNER xxx>

<CELLSIZE xxx>

{NODATA_VALUE xxx}

row 1

row 2

row n

where xxx is a number, and the keyword NODATA_VALUE is optional and defaults to -9999. NCOLS and NROWS are the number of columns and row in the array, XLLCORNER and YLLCORNER are the longitude and latitude value for the lower left corner of the array. Row 1 of the data is at the top of the grid, row 2 is just under row 1 and so on. The end of each row of data from the grid is terminated with a carriage return in the file.

The files will be in UNIX compressed format (".gz") in order to provide for faster download. Each data set will include a README file with information specific to that data set as well as information on the procedure used to subset the data.

All data sets are provided in geographic projection and retain their original resolution. The data sets will be clipped to an area roughly contained within the following latitude longitude coordinates:

minimum longitude 5W maximum longitude 60E

minimum latitude 35S maximum latitude 5N

A short data summary taken from the metadata that will be on-line in Mercury for the three data sets currently available is given in Appendix C. For questions or comments with regard to the regional data sets, please contact Bob Cook and/or Veronica Fisher:

Bob Cook cookrb@ornl.gov

Veronica Fisher vfisher@facstaff.wisc.edu

Or visit Mercury on-line at:

http://mercury.ornl.gov/servlet/ornldaac

The Metadata Editor Tool URL is:

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/MDE/S2K/access.pl

To request an ID for access it is necessary to call DAAC User Services (+1) 865-241-3952, or send an e-mail to mye@ornl.gov. All comments on this tutorial, Metadata Editor, or Mercury should be sent to editor@daacs.esd.ornl.gov.

DATA INFORMATION SHEETS

Questionnaires on the types, volumes and dates of availability were circulated at the workshop. All data sheets completed at the workshop, or prior to the finalization of these proceedings are included in Appendix E. Supplementary information were also obtained from the UK Met Office in terms of their instrumentation which will be in use during the campaign (Appendix F). Information is also available from the Kruger National Park Scientific Services on their metadata listings (please contact Harry Biggs for the more current listing at biggs@parks-sa.co.za).

APPENDIX A - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Name	Affiliation	Telephone/Fax	E-mail	Website
Annegarn, Harold	Univ of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, SA	Tel:27-11-716-2663 Fax:27-11-403-7555	annegarn@src.wits.ac.za
Aplin, Paul	University of Nottingham, UK	Tel: +44 115 8466210 Fax: +44 115 9515249	paul.aplin@nottingham.ac.za
Biggs, Hary	South African National Parks	Tel:27-13-7355611 Fax:27-13-7355467	biggs@parks-sa.co.za	www.parks-sa.co.za
Broda, Ken	NASA DFRC, Edwards, CA/ Lockheed	Tel:661-258-7586 Fax:661-277-7515	ken.broda@dfrc.nasa.gov
Burger, Roelof	South African Weather Bureau, Bethlehem, SA	Tel: 27-58-3035571 Fax: 27-58-3032352	roelof@metsys.ofs.gov.za
Buseck, Peter	Arizona State University	Tel:480-965-3945 Fax:480-965-8102	pbuseck@asu.edu
Cahoon, Donald	NASA LARC, Hampton, VA	Tel:757-864-5615 Fax:757-864-7996	d.r.cahoon@larc.nasa.gov
Chidzambwa, Simbasashe	Zimbabwe Meteorological Services	Tel: 263-4-778175 Fax: 263-4-778161/72	Schidzambwa@utande.co.zw	www.weather.utande.co.zw
Cook, Robert	Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN	Tel:865-574-7319 Fax:865-576-8646	cookrb@ornl.gov
Dawson, Terry	University of Oxford / University of Virginia	Tel: +44 1865-281189 Fax: +44 1865-281189	terry.dawson@eci.ox.ac.uk
Doddridge, Bruce	Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD	Tel:301-405-7628 Fax:301-314-9482	bruce@atmos.umd.edu
de Villiers, Michael	South African Weather Bureau, Pretoria, SA	Tel: 27-12-3093054 Fax: 27-3093990	mpdev@sawb.gov.za
Drummond, James	Univ of Toronto, Toronto, CA	Tel:416-978-4723 Fax:416-978-8905	jim@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca	http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca
Eckardt, Frank	Univ. of Botswana	Tel:00267-3552540 Fax:00267-585097	eckardt@mopipi.ub.bw
Eckhardt, Holger	South African National Parks	Tel:27-13-7355611 Fax:27-13-7355467	Holgere@parks-sa.co.za
Ezigbalike, Dozie	University of Botswana	Tel: +267-713-04461	dozie@global.bw
Ferraz, Fatima	Anglo American Technical Services, Marshalltown SA	Tel:27-11-638-3619 Fax:27-11-638-4953	fatima@gsd.is.co.za
Francis, Peter	UK Met. Office	Tel:44-1252-395403 Fax:44-1252-376588	pnfrancis@meto.gov.uk
Freiman, Tali	Univ. of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, SA	Tel:27-11-717-6534 Fax:27-11-717-6535	tali@crg.bpb.wits.ac.za
Gatebe, Charles	NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD	Tel:301-614-6228 Fax:301-614-6307	gatebe@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov	ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAR
Hanan, Niall	Colorado State University	Tel:970-491-0240 Fax:970-491-1965	niall@nrel.colostate.edu
Helmlinger, Mark	JPL, Pasadena, CA	Tel:818-354-0547 Fax:818-393-4619	mch@jord.jpl.nasa.gov	http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov
Herbert, Leon	University of the Witwatersrand, RSA	Tel: 27-11-7177111 Fax: 27-11-3391762	leonh@civen.civil.wits.ac.za
Hobbs, Peter	Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA	Tel:206-543-6027 Fax:206-685-7160	phobbs@atmos.washington.edu
Holben, Brent	NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD	Tel:301-614-6658 Fax:301-614-6695	brent@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov	http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov:8080/
Jury, Mark	Univ. of Zululand	Tel:27-357933911 x 2626 Fax: 27357 933911 x 2261	mjury@pan.uzulu.ac.za
King, Michael	NASA GSFC, Greenbelt MD	Tel:301-614-5636 Fax:301-614-5620	king@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov	modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov
Kroese, Nico	South African Weather Bureau, Bethlehem, SA	Tel:27-58-3035571 Fax:27-58-3032352	nico@metsys.ofs.gov.za
Lesolle, Penny	Botswana Met. Service	Tel:267-356281 Fax:267-356282	lesolle.dm@info.bw
Lachmann, Gerhard	Potchefstroom University, RSA	Tel: 27-18-299-2352 Fax: 27-18-299-2350	CHEGL@PUKNET.PUK.ac.za
Landis, David	NASA GSFC, Greenbelt MD	Tel: 301-286-3349	david.r.landis@gsfc.nasa.gov
Lucio, Filipe Domingos	National Inst. of Meteorology, Maputo, Mozambique	Tel:258-1-493193 Fax:258-491150	flucio@zebra.uem.mz
Mittermaier, Marion	South African Weather Bureau, Bethlehem, SA	Tel: 27-58-3035571 Fax: 27-58-3032352	Marion@metsys.ofs.gov.za	metsys.ofs.gov.za
Mphepya, Jonas	Eskom TSI	Fax:27-11-629-5291	Jonas.Mphepya@Eskom.co.za
Mukelabai, Mukufute	Meteorological Dept. Mongu Zambia	Tel:260 7 221441	Mmuke@zamnet.zm
Nchwengwa, S	Botswana Met. Service	Tel:267-356281 Fax:267-356282	Bots@info.bw
Novelli, Paul	NOAA CMDL, Boulder, CO	Tel:303-497-6947 Fax:303-497-6290	pnovelli@cmdl.noaa.gov
Opacki, Judy	Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA	Tel:206-543-6026 Fax:206-543-0308	Jopacki@atmos.washington.edu
Otter, Luanne	Environmentek, CSIR, Pretoria, SA	Tel:27-12-841-2708 Fax:27-12-841-2689	Lotter@csir.co.za
Piketh, Stuart	Univ. of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, SA	Tel:27-11-717-6533 Fax:27-11-717-6535	Stuart@crg.bpb.wits.ac.za
Pilewskie, Peter	NASA Ames Research Centre		ppilewskie@mail.arc.nasa.gov
Platnick, Steven	NASA GSFC, Greenbelt MD	Tel:301-614-6243 Fax:301-614-6307	Platnick@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov	ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MAS
Poolman, Eugene	South African Weather Bureau, Pretoria, SA	Tel: 27-12-3093099 Fax: 27-12-3234518	Poolman@sawb.gov.za
Riphagen, Hilarie	South African Weather Bureau, Pretoria, SA	Tel: 27-12-3093091 Fax: 27-12-3234518	Hilarie@sawb.gov.za	www.sawb.gov.za
Ross, Kristy	Univ. of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, SA	Tel:27-11-717-6533 Fax:27-11-717-6535	Kristy@crg.bpb.wits.ac.za
Russell, Philip	NASA Ames, Moffett Field, CA	Tel:650-604-5404 Fax:650-604-6779	Prussell@mail.arc.nasa.gov
Scholes, Robert	Environmentek, CSIR, Pretoria, SA	Tel:27-12-841-2045 Fax:27-12-841-2689	Bscholes@csir.co.za
Scorgie, Yvonne	Environmental Management Services	Tel:27-12-668-1047 Fax:27-12-668-1828	hawk@iafrica.com
Shelton, Gary	NASA DFRC, Edwards, CA	Tel:661-258-2919 Fax:661-258-3719	gary.shelton@dfrc.nasa.gov
Shu, Peter	NASA Goddard 553	Tel: 301-286-5191	pshu@pop200.gsfc.nasa.gov
Snow, Neil	Eskom TSI	Tel: 27-11-629-5742 Fax: 27-11-629-5291	neil.snow@eskom.co.za
Suttles, Tim	NASA GSFC, Greenbelt MD/ Raytheon ITS Corp	Tel:301-441-4028 Fax:301-441-2432	tim.suttles@gsfc.nasa.gov
Swap, Bob	Univ of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA	Tel:804-924-7714 Fax:804-924-3323	swapper@virginia.edu
Symonds, Betty	NASA Ames, Moffett Field, CA/SAIC	Tel:650-604-3495 Fax:650-604-3625	bsymonds@mail.arc.nasa.gov
Taylor, Joe	Univ. of Saskatchewan, Canada	Tel:306-966-6461 Fax:306-966-6400	J.K.Taylor@usask.ca
Terblanche, Deon	South African Weather Bureau, Bethlehem, SA	Tel: 27-58-3035571 Fax: 27-58-3032352	deon@metsys.ofs.gov.za	http://metsys.ofs.gov.za
Tsay, Si-Che	NASA GSFC, Greenbelt MD	Tel:301-614-6188 Fax:301-614-6307	tsay@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov
van der Merwe, Andrew	South African Weather Bureau, Pretoria, SA	Tel: 27-12-3093911	andrew@sawb.gov.za
Van der Westhuizen, Fritz	Cloud Quest Ltd., SA	Tel:27-13-7413021 Fax:27-13-7414203	cquest@soft.co.za	http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov http://www-asapdata.arc.nasa.gov
Vandenbosch, Jeannette	NASA DFRC/SAIC	Tel:661-258-2273 Fax:661-258-3719	jeannette.vandenbosch@dfrc.nasa.gov
Veenendaal, Elmar	HOORC/UB	Tel: 267-661833 Fax: 267-661835	eveenendaal@orc.info.bw
Visser, Peter	South African Weather Bureau, Bethlehem, SA	Tel: 27-58-3035571 Fax: 27-58-3032352	visser@metsys.ofs.gov.za
Ward, Darold	Forest Service, Missoula, MT	Tel:406-329-4862 Fax:406-329-4863	pyroward@aol.com
Winkler, Hartmut	Vista Univ, Soweto SA	Tel:27-11-938-1701 Fax:27-11-938-1306	wkler-h@sorex.vista.ac.za

APPENDIX B - WORK PLAN FOR JURY-WARD AIRCRAFT MISSION OVER ZAMBIA

With 20 hours of flight time available from SA funding (including 5 from Jury) and another 20 hours from USFS funds, it is intended that the Aerocommander JRA be utilized in the period 13-22 September 2000 in support of SAFARI2000. The following equipment will be needed:

- full suite of air chemistry (gas and aerosol) measurements as employed in the Petersburg missions, with additional equipment of Ward. Inflows need to be regulated so that data above the CBL can be collected.

- full suite of meteorological variables including U,V,W wind, temperature, and specific humidity; capable of eddy covariance turbulent flux estimates.

- 1 sec. resolution data would be averaged over 30 sec. bins together with aircraft position, height and time.

- data processing support from the SAWB is needed with appropriate corrections applied. Data would be represented with a 1:100 height-distance ratio in analyses. A senior student from the Univ Zululand will develop Jury’s results into a thesis, together with reports and research papers generated by the PIs.

The flight plan consists of N-S vertical sections to obtain wall volume fluxes from data on gas and aerosol transport and mixing. The flights will base from Kasane (18S). The N-S sections will be comprised of successive 1:30 ascents and descents in the 1 - 5 km layer (reaching just above the CBL). From Kasane we overfly the Mongu flux tower (15S), heading north on 24E over the sun photometer network, extending to the northern border of Zambia (12 S). The return leg southwards will collect data in a similar manner along the Kaoma photometer network lying further east (25E). With staggered sampling, data of uniform density could be collapsed onto a single vertical section. In some cases, differences between west and east sections could be contrasted, where fires occur in-between. The entire mission will be completed in 4 hours. To analyse the diurnal cycle, flights are planned for early morning and mid-afternoon on three days (with shorter flights on alternate days). The intention is to construct morning and afternoon composites. The sample size for the Jury component of the Zambian mission should be sufficient for this purpose.

During the Ward component of the Zambian mission, a more meso-scale flight track will be employed. The USFS flight plan is designed for satellite validation and includes profiles over the photometer sites, flights further east to Ndola and box patterns around planned burns. The two flight plans are designed to be complimentary.

The N-S section will intercept much of the pyrogenic emissions from tropical southern Africa according to AVHRR data (Swap et al, pers comm) and industrial sources from the Ndola copper belt. The typical weather pattern over Zambia is steady ESE winds and clear skies. Apart from logistic arrangements in Kasane, other needs include a fully operational Aerocommander with pilot, data technician, Jury and Ward representatives on-board.

It would be useful for the UK C-130 to fly along a N-S track west of Angola along the 10E longitude at the same time the Aerocommander is flying along 25E. It is suggested they use a similar sawtooth pattern (to higher levels) to catch the exit of pyrogenic emissions from the continent.

APPENDIX C - SAWB DATA BANK FACILITIES

Hardware

The Databank in Pretoria has three NT servers, two LINUX Intel based servers, and one SUN enterprise dual processor server. The SUN system is used for data preprocessing and archiving and also by Climate researchers and developers for QC software development. The NT servers are used as domain controllers and a Microsoft SQL database server.

Historical Data Bank

The databank is responsible for the archiving of all weather data received and generated by the Weather Bureau. The following datasets are available:

· Climate surface data on the main synoptic hours (1930-current)

· Upper air data (1930-current)

· Marine Data - Ship, Buoy

· Hourly data

· Raw 5 - minute Automatic Weather Station data (1990-current)

· Satellite images (Last two years)

· Forecast and some GTS data messages (last two years)

· CLIMOS - (Climate monitoring system - preliminary data)

General

Two main database systems are used, viz. Climos and the historical dataset.

Climos

The CLIMOS system running on a SQL server database is used for day to day climate queries and contains current data extracted in almost real time from meteorological surface messages (SYNOP, METAR) and telephonic reports from casual observers (mostly rainfall). This dataset is considered as preliminary and is used for most of the day to day queries by the media and general public. The system compiles various standard climate reports that are emailed to the media and other clients. The reports are also published to the SAWB WEB server (http://www.sawb/gov/za).

The Historical Dataset

All the long term data are stored on two LINUX servers. The data are available to internal staff via Windows 98/NT client software. All the software was developed by the weather bureau software developers using C++ software. The Weather Bureau are currently planning the migration of these data from the internal developed propriety software to a RDBMS system like ORACLE.

(Information supplied by Louis Botha, louis@sawb.gov.za)

APPENDIX D - REGIONAL DATA FOR SAFARI 2000 (MARCH 2000)

Data summaries for the following regional data sets is provided in this Appendix:

· Olson's Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation

· Wilson, Henderson-Sellers' Global Vegetation & Soils, 1-Degree

· ISRIC-WISE Global Data Set of Derived Soil Properties on a 1/2 x 1/2 degree grid

Olson's Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation, Southern

Africa Subset

Olson's Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation is a computerized database, used to generate a global vegetation map of 44 different land ecosystem complexes (mosaics of vegetation or landscapes) comprising seven broad groups. The map is derived from patterns of pre-agricultural vegetation, modern Arial surveys, and intensive biomass data from research sites. Work on the database was begun in 1960 and completed in 1980.

Ecosystem complexes are defined for each 0.5-degree grid cell, reflecting the major climatic, topographic, and land-use patterns. Numeric codes are assigned to each vegetation type. Classifications include natural as well as human managed/modified complexes such as mainly cropped, residential, commercial, and park. The complexes are ranked by estimated organic carbon in the mass of live plants given in units of kilograms of carbon per square meter. Counting the cells of each type and adding their areas give total area estimates for the ecosystem complexes. Multiplying by carbon estimates gives corresponding estimates of global carbon by ecosystem complex. The results help define the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle.

ISRIC-WISE Data Set of Derived Soil Properties

The data set consists of a southern African study area subset of to ISRIC-WISE global data set of derived soil properties.

The World Inventory of Soil Emission Potentials (WISE) database currently contains data for over 4300 soil profiles collected mostly between 1950 and 1995. This database has been used to generate a series of uniform data sets of derived soil properties for each of the 106 soil units considered in the Soil Map of the World (FAO-UNESCO, 1974). These data sets were then linked to a 1/2 degree longitude by 1/2 degree latitude version of the edited and digital Soil Map of the World (FAO, 1995) to generate GIS raster image files for the following variables:

· Total available water capacity (mm water per 1-m soil depth)

· soil organic carbon density (kg C/m**2 for 0-30cm depth range)

· soil organic carbon density (kg C/m**2 for 0-100cm depth range)

· soil carbonate carbon density (kg C/m**2 for 0-100cm depth range)

· soil pH (0-30 cm depth range)

· soil pH (30-100 cm depth range)

Wilson, Henderson-Sellers' Global Vegetation & Soils, 1-Degr, Southern Africa Subset

The Wilson, Henderson-Sellers' Global Vegetation and Soils data set is an archive of soil type and land cover data derived for use in general circulation models (GCMs). The data were collated from natural vegetation, forestry, agriculture, land use, and soil maps. The data are archived at 1 degree latitude x 1 degree longitude resolution and include data for soil, soil reliability, primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, and land cover reliability. There are approximately fifty land cover classifications that include categories for agricultural and urban uses. The inclusion of secondary vegetation type is particularly useful in areas with cover types which may have a fragmented distribution, such as urban development. The soil type data are classified using climatically important properties for CGMs and provide color (light, medium, or dark), texture, and drainage quality of the soil. The land cover data are compatible with the soils data forming a coherent and consistent data set. Reliability data rank the land cover data on a 1 to 5 scale from high to low reliability. The soil reliability is ranked as one of the following: high, good, moderate, fair, or poor.

Recommendations for the use of these data as well as more detailed information can be found in: Wilson, M.F. and A. Henderson-Sellers, 1985. A Global Archive of Land Cover and Soils Data for Use in General Circulation Climate Models. Journal of Climatology, Vol.5, 119-143.

APPENDIX E - DATA INFORMATION SHEETS

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Peter V. Hobbs
Affiliation	Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA
E-mail	phobbs@atmos.washington.edu
Science Team	University of Washington
Project Title	SAFARI-2000
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: Aug 13, 2000 End Date: Sept 22, 2000
Field Sampling Locations	University of Washington Convair-580 aircraft campaign based out of Pietersburg (SA), Lusaka (Zambia), and Walvis Bay (Namibia)
Preliminary Data Location	ftp://cargsun2.atmos.washington.edu/safari/
Raw Data Archive	GSFC or Langley DAAC (to be determined)
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	Summer 2001
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	Summer 2002
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	Terra, ER-2, Ground-based sunphotometer network
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	see http://cargsun2.atmos.washington.edu/sys/research/safari/instrumentation/TabSAFARI.htm
Temporal Frequency:	Every few days
Data Products:	(1) Aerosol concentrations and size distributions. (2) Same information as aerosol composition. (3) Gas concentrations. (4) Up and down broadband radiation fluxes. (Plus products from guest instruments aboard CV-580 to be provided by guest investigator)
Data Type:	Numeric
Data Format:	ASCII
Estimated Data Volume:	5 MB/hr of flight time for above data products
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
http://cargsun2.atmos.washington.edu/sys/research/safari/instrumentation/TabSAFARI.htm
Estimated Data Volume	10-15 MB per hour of flight time for all data

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	A. P. van der Merwe
Affiliation	South African Weather Bureau
E-mail	andrew@sawb.gov.za
Science Team	Meteorology
Project Title	South African Weather Bureau Raw Meteorological Data
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Continuous throughout campaign
Field Sampling Locations	Meteorological raw data of southern Africa and the Eta Numerical Weather Products
Preliminary Data Location
Raw Data Archive
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	ASAP
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	Eta Weather Prediction Model, Automatic Weather Station; Weather Office; Upper Air Raw Radiosondes; 1st, 2nd and 3rd Order Climate Stations and Rainfall Stations; Meteostat Satellite Imagery
Temporal Frequency:	Eta Model: 0h00, 12h00 and runs Automatic weather station and weather offices: 3 hourly Upper air data: 12 hourly 2nd and 3rd order climate and rainfall - 1 monthly Meteosat Imagery - 0.5 hourly
Data Products:	Eta NWP predictions
Data Type:	Eta Numeric and image
Data Format:	Eta: GRIB, WMO ASCII data sets
Estimated Data Volume:	Considerable amount. Continuous delivery of data
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
Estimated Data Volume

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Frank Eckardt
Affiliation	University of Botswana
E-mail	eckardt@mopipi.ub.bw
Science Team
Project Title	Botswana Soil Chemistry (Aeolian Pan Input) Sua Pan Brine Chemistry
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start date: July 1999 End data: August / Sept 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Kalahari, Sua Pan
Preliminary Data Location	Not determined
Raw Data Archive	Not determined
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	December 2000
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	-
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	None
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	No in situ analyses, various Lab analyses
Temporal Frequency:	Soil - once Water - twice (wet and dry season)
Data Products:	Spreadsheet
Data Type:	Numeric
Data Format:	ASCII, EXCEL
Estimated Data Volume:	2 Mb
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
Estimated Data Volume

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Philip B. Russell		Co-investigator: Beat Shmid
Affiliation	NASA Ames		Bay Area Environmental Research Institute
E-mail	prussell@mail.arc.nasa.gov		bschmid@mail.arc.nasa.gov
Science Team	CV-580, Aerosol and Radiation
Project Title	Airborne Sunphotometry and Integrated Analyses
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: 13 Aug 2000 End Date: 22 Sept 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Walvis Bay aircraft campaign, Pietersburg aircraft campaign and Zambia aircraft campaign
Preliminary Data Location	NASA Ames web site (email above for exact address)
Raw Data Archive	as above
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	Preliminary data in real time, during and after campaign. Archived data set available 1 year after campaign.
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	18 months
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	Data needed only for the calibration/validation studies: (1) TOMS ozone and aerosol (2) Terra aerosol, water vapour and ozone (3) SeaWifs aerosol
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	Airborne sunphotometer on CV-580
Temporal Frequency:	3 Hz to 0.3 Hz during CV-580 flights
Data Products:	Product A: NASA Ames 14-channel airborne tracking sunphotometer (AATS-14) data acquired from aboard the CV-580; included are aerosol optical depth at 13 wavelengths, water vapour and ozone columns. One file for each flight. Included in the fields will be the following: - Time - Aircraft latitude, longitude, altitude - Atmospheric pressure - Detector outputs - Water vapour column content - Absolute uncertainty in water vapour column content - Ozone column content - Absolute uncertainty in ozone column content - Aerosol optical depth at 13 wavelengths between 354 and 1558 - Absolute uncertainty in aerosol optical depth at the same 13 wavelengths Product B: AATS-14 data acquired from aboard the CV-580; included are aerosol extinction at 13 wavelengths and water vapour density profiles. Only during suitable up or down spirals. One file per spiral. Included in file will be the following: - Time - Aircraft latitude, longitude, altitude - Atmospheric pressure - Water vapour density - Absolute uncertainty in water vapour density - Aerosol extinction at 13 wavelengths between 354 and 1558 nm - Absolute uncertainty of aerosol extinction at the same 13 wavelengths Product C: Aerosol size distributions. Selected cases.
Data Type:	Numeric
Data Format:	Column oriented ASCII files, with header information
Estimated Data Volume:	2 MB per CV-580 flight
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:		Temporal Frequency:
Estimated Data Volume

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Peter N. Francis
Affiliation	Met. Office, United Kingdom
E-mail	pnfrancis@meto.gov.uk
Science Team	C-130
Project Title	Met. Office C-130 measurements for Safari 2000
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: Sept 3 2000 End Date: Sept 18 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Windhoek aircraft campaign
Preliminary Data Location	ftp anonymous login email.meto.gov.uk inter/pub/mrf/safari
Raw Data Archive	To be determined. Have used Langley DAAC in the past, e.g. TARFOX
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	The majority within 6 months
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	As required
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	Surface sun-photometer data and products, other ground-based site radiometer data, surface albedo characteristics, MODIS aerosol retrieval products, SSRF data from CV580 and ER-2, sun photometer data from CV-580
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	See report attached as Appendix E
Temporal Frequency:
Data Products:
Data Type:
Data Format:
Estimated Data Volume:
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
See report attached as Appendix E
Estimated Data Volume	50 Mbytes per flight

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Jeannetee van den Bosch
Affiliation	NASA-DFRC
E-mail	jeannetee.vandenbosch@dfrc.nasa.gov
Science Team	Ancilliary Element of AirMISR/MISR/MAS/MODIS
Project Title	Validation of Aerosol Retrievals over Dark Targets
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: 13 Sept 2000 End Date: 22 Sept 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Walvis Bay
Preliminary Data Location	http://www-asapdata.arc.nasa.gov or http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov
Raw Data Archive	same as above
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	Ground truth data available within 3 months of acquisition
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	(1) Regional met data (2) Terra data: MODIS and MISR (3) MAS/AirMISR/S-HIS data (4) Cimel data (if functioning in area) (5) UW CV-580 data
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	ASD field radiometer Microtops sun photometer
Temporal Frequency:	For validation purposes: data acquisition coincide with ER-2 and/or Terra overpass. Additional sun photometer data may be collected (weather permitting)
Data Products:	(1) Spectral aerosol optical thickness (2) Columnar water vapour (3) Remote sensing reflectance
Data Type:	Numeric
Data Format:	ASCII
Estimated Data Volume:	Less that 1 MB for period at Walvis Bay
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
Estimated Data Volume

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Mark Hemlinger
Affiliation	JPL
E-mail	mch@jord.jpl.nasa.gov
Science Team	MISR Science Team
Project Title	Multi-Angle-Imaging Spectorradiometer, BRF Validation, Aerosol Validation and Calibration Experiments
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: Aug 12 2000 End Date: Sept 24 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Skukuza Airport and Tower (KNP), Sua Pan Salt Mine, Magkadigkadi (Botswana)
Preliminary Data Location	http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/valid.html
Raw Data Archive	Project web site
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	December 2000
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	February 2000
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	(1) MISR (Terra) Level 2 data (2) Misc. met data from sites and near sites (3) Geo. ref points (4) LAI/FPAR sampling (5) Concurrent radiometry for calibration comparisons In situ aerosol sampling and any other overflights
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:
Temporal Frequency:
Data Products:
Data Type:
Data Format:
Estimated Data Volume:
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
Reagan sunphotometers A,B,C	optical depth	ASCII	Daily
Cimel sunphotometer	optical depth, size distribution, etc.	ASCII	Daily
Manval sunphotometer	optical depth	ASCII	Occasional
Met packages (2)	wind, temp., pressure, etc.	ASCII	Daily
Parabola III	BDRF/Sky rad	ASCII	Daily
MFRSR	optical depth, dirdiff rat	ASCII	Daily
Broadband albedo	Kipp and Zonen	ASCII	Daily
GPS	Latitude and longitude	ASCII	Occasional
ASD	Spectral reflectance	ASCII	Semi-daily
Digital camera	Site documentation	GIF/JPEG	Occasional
Field notes	Experiment documentation	ASCII	Daily
EPPLY	Broadband downwelling		Daily
Estimated Data Volume	10 MB per day of dry season campaign

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Diner, Bruegge, Conel, et al.
Affiliation	JPL
E-mail	djd@jord.jpl.nasa.gov, cjb, jconel
Science Team	MISR Science Team
Project Title	All MISR Overflights of S. Africa (place-holder for MISR Safari Data)
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: December 1999 to present End Date: December 1999 to present
Field Sampling Locations
Preliminary Data Location	Langley DAAC
Raw Data Archive
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	Uncertain (contact djd@jord.jpl.nasa.gov)
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	Uncertain (contact djd@jord.jpl.nasa.gov)
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	Regional data
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	MISR
Temporal Frequency:	9-day coverage
Data Products:	Various
Data Type:	Numeric, images
Data Format:	HDF-EOS
Estimated Data Volume:	MB each day
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
N/A
Estimated Data Volume

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Diner, Bruegge, Conel, et al.
Affiliation	JPL
E-mail	djd, cjb, jconel@jord.jpl.nasa.gov
Science Team
Project Title	All AirMISR data for Safari 2000 (Placeholder for AirMISR Safari Data)
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: 12 Aug 2000 End Date: 24 Sept 2000
Field Sampling Locations	To be determined
Preliminary Data Location	Web site
Raw Data Archive	Project web site
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	3 months after
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	6 months after
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	In situ ground truth
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	AirMISR
Temporal Frequency:	To be determined
Data Products:	Optical depth, BRF, etc.
Data Type:	Numeric and images
Data Format:	HDF, HDF-EOS? (contact cjb@jord.jpl.nasa.gov)
Estimated Data Volume:	MB for dry season campaign
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
N/A
Estimated Data Volume

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Fatima Ferraz
Affiliation	Anglo American Technical Services
E-mail	fatima@gsd.is.co.za
Science Team
Project Title	Integrated Study on Pollution Monitoring over an Environmentally Sensitive Area Located Adjacent to a Currently Active Industrial Setting
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: Depend on ASTER collection End Date:
Field Sampling Locations	Springs (S 26.449°, E 28.387° to S 26.175°, E 28.595°) Olifants-Witbank (S 26.366°, E 28.785° to S 25.669°, E 29.972°)
Preliminary Data Location
Raw Data Archive
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	General site information Terra Ground into - groundwater, temperature (to be collected during ASTER overpass)
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:
Temporal Frequency:
Data Products:
Data Type:
Data Format:
Estimated Data Volume:
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
Estimated Data Volume

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Steven Platnick
Affiliation	UMBC, NASA GSFC
E-mail	platnick@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov
Science Team	MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS), ER-2
Project Title	Remote Sensing of Cloud, Aerosol and Water Vapour from MAS
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: 13 Aug 2000 End Date: 24 Sept 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Throughout southern Africa
Preliminary Data Location	ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MAS
Raw Data Archive	GSFC DAAC
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	1 month (preliminary cal.); 6 months (final cal.)
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	6 months
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	Terra data Regional data
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	MAS
Temporal Frequency:	During ER-2 flights
Data Products:	Radiometrically calibrated imagery
Data Type:	Numeric and images
Data Format:	HDF-EOS
Estimated Data Volume:	~10 Gbytes/day
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
MAS	imagery (50 channels) and numeric		ER-2 flights
Estimated Data Volume	~10 Gbytes/day

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	M D King		C K Gatebe
Affiliation	NASA		NASA
E-mail	king@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov		gatebe@climate.gsfc.nasa
Science Team	MODIS
Project Title	Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR)
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: 13 Aug 2000 End Date: 22 Sept 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Flying out of Pietersburg / Kasani / Lusaka (Aug 13 to Sept 9) Flying out of Walvis Bay (Sept 13-22)
Preliminary Data Location	ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAR
Raw Data Archive	GSFC DAAC
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	Quick look images will be available immediately
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	3 months after the campaign
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	GPS and navigational data
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR)
Temporal Frequency:	1.67 Hz during the period of the flight
Data Products:	(1) BRDF (2) surface reflectance (3) sky radiance (4) aerosol optical depth (5) cloud radiance distribution
Data Type:	Numeric and images
Data Format:	HDF-EOS
Estimated Data Volume:	250 Mbytes per day (assuming 4 hours of flying time per day)
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:		Temporal Frequency:
CAR	imagery	numeric		Flying CV-580
Estimated Data Volume	250 Mbytes per day (assuming 4 hours of flying time per day)

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Michael D. King
Affiliation	NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre
E-mail	king@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov
Science Team	MODIS
Project Title	Remote sensing of cloud, aerosol, water vapour from MODIS
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: 13 Aug 2000 End Date: 24 Sept 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Southern African region
Preliminary Data Location	http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov
Raw Data Archive	GSFC DAAC
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	Acquisition plus 7 days
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	Acquisition plus 7 days
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	Terra data
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	MODIS / Terra
Temporal Frequency:	Daily
Data Products:	(1) Radiometrically calibrated and geolocated measurements (level-1b) (2) Aerosol product (optical thickness, size index-ocean) (3) Cloud products (optical thickness, effect ratios, cloud top height, cloud top temperature) (4) Water vapour (column and profiles) (5) Cloud mask
Data Type:	Numeric (and images)
Data Format:	HDF-EOS
Estimated Data Volume:	Large files - see modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov for file sizes
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
MODIS	MOD06 MOD05	HDF-EOS	5 min granule
Estimated Data Volume	Very large

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Gerhard Lachmann
Affiliation	Potchefstroom University for CHE, Potchefstroom, SA
E-mail	CHEGL@PUKNET.PUK.CA.ZA
Science Team	PUECHE, ESKOM, WITS
Project Title	Air Quality Measurement in Mpumalanga highveld
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: 13 Aug 2000 (2 days in time slot flexible) End Date: 24 Aug 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Mpumalanga Highveld (Secunda, Witbank)
Preliminary Data Location	ask at CHEGL@PUKNET.PUK.CA.ZA
Raw Data Archive	Excel File
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:
Temporal Frequency:
Data Products:
Data Type:
Data Format:
Estimated Data Volume:
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
Estimated Data Volume

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Hartmut Winkler
Affiliation	Vista University
E-mail	wkler-h@sorex.vista.ac.za
Science Team	MPI/Wits/Vista collaboration
Project Title	(Sunphotometer measurements)
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: continuous throughout dry season campaign End Date:
Field Sampling Locations	Sutherland, De Aar (RSA)
Preliminary Data Location	Probably MPI and Wits University websites
Raw Data Archive	Probably MPI and Wits University websites
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	within a week (Sutherland), a day (De Aar)
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	within a week (Sutherland), a day (De Aar)
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	Any data covering sunphotometer sites would be useful
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	MFSR - 7 channel (Sutherland) Cimel sunphotometer (De Aar)
Temporal Frequency:	Daily (Sutherland), with data points spaced at 1 min intervals De Aar - like other AERONET sites
Data Products:	Sutherland - 415, 501,615,678, 868, 940 nm direct and diffuse radiation - 1 data point per minute De Aar - like other AERONET sites
Data Type:	Numeric
Data Format:	Can be converted to ASCII or Excel on request (Sutherland)
Estimated Data Volume:	Sutherland - 31 kB per day De Aar - like other AERONET stations
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
Estimated Data Volume

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Bruce Doddridge
Affiliation	Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland (UMd)
E-mail	bruce@atmos.umd.edu
Science Team	UMd/UVa SAWB Aerocommander 690A
Project Title	Southern African Fire/Atmosphere Regional Initiative 2000 (SAFARI 2000): Integrated Aircraft Study UMd proposal to NSF Atm. Chem. (pending)
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: August 13, 2000 End Date: September 13, 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Pietersburg aircraft campaign
Preliminary Data Location	ftp://ftp.meto.umd.edu/pub/outgoing/bruce/S2K (check with P.I. for updates/changes)
Raw Data Archive	TBD (probably S2K project Web site)
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	Quick-look: next day; Validated: early 2001
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	(Prefer) Early 2002
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	TBD (probably weather data; selected surface site and other aircraft data
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	O3, NO, CO, SO2, H2O, CO2, aerosol size distribution, absorbing and scattering aerosols
Temporal Frequency:	Aircraft flight assimilated and time/position-stamped data file including all scalars listed above
Data Products:	Per aircraft flight
Data Type:	Numeric
Data Format:	ASCII data in MS Excel CSV format
Estimated Data Volume:	Approx. 0.5 Mb per flight
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
TEI 49C	O3 (1 ppbv)	Numeric	10 s
custom TEI 42C	NO (50 pptv)	Numeric	10 s
modified TEI 48	CO (20 ppbv)	Numeric	1 min
modified TEI 43C	SO2 (30 pptv)	Numeric	1 min
LI-COR LI-6262	CO2 (0.2 ppmv)	Numeric	1-10 s
LI-COR LI-6262	H2O (0.002 kPa)	Numeric	1-10 s
modified Rad. Res. PSAP	bap (0.9x10^6 m^-1)	Numeric	1 min
modified TSI 3934L	dN/dlogDp (N/A)	Numeric	5-7 min
modified TSI 3563	bscat (0.1-0.4x10^6 m^-1)	Numeric	1 min
Estimated Data Volume	Approx. 0.5 Mb per flight

PROJECT DETAILS:
Name	Hal Maring
Affiliation	Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami (UM)
E-mail	Hmaring@rsmas.miami.edu
Science Team	UM/UVa SAWB Aerocommander 690A
Project Title	Southern African Fire/Atmosphere Regional Initiative 2000 (SAFARI 2000): Vertical Distribution of Aerosol Physical and Optical Properties UM proposal to NSF Atm. Chem. (pending)
Duration of Field Sample Collection:	Start Date: August 13 2000 End Date: September 13 2000
Field Sampling Locations	Pietersburg aircraft campaign
Preliminary Data Location	Data supplied upon request to hmaring@rsmas.miami.edu (check with P.I. for updates/changes)
Raw Data Archive	TBD (probably S2K project web site)
Estimated Date of Data Availability to other S2K Investigators	Quick look data: next day; Validated data: early 2001
Estimated Date of Data Availability to the public	(Prefer) Early 2002
Additional Data Needed to Analyse own Datasets	TBD (probably weather data; selected surface site and other aircraft data)
SPECIFIC DATA INFORMATION:
Instruments / Sensors / Sources:	Aerosol size distribution, nucleation particle concentration, absorbing and scattering aerosols
Temporal Frequency:	Per aircraft flight
Data Products:	Aircraft flight assimilated and time/position-stamped data file including all scalars listed above
Data Type:	Numeric
Data Format:	ASCII data in MS Excel CSV format
Estimated Data Volume:	Approximately 0.5 Mb per flight
Instrument:	Variable Name:	Data Type:	Temporal Frequency:
Modified TSI 3934L	DN/dlogDp (N/A)	numeric	5 - 7 min
TSI 3025	DN (N/A)	numeric	1 min
Modified TSI 3563	bsp (0.1-0.4 x 10^6 m^-1)	numeric	1 min
Modified Rad. Res. PSAP	bap (0.9 x 10^6 m^-1)	numeric	1 min
Estimated Data Volume	Approximately 0.5 Mb per flight

APPENDIX F - METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH FLIGHT, W2 HERCULES, Summary of Capability

METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH FLIGHT

W2 HERCULES

Summary of Capability

MRF Technical Note No. 21

9 December 1997

Minor updates: 11 Jan 1999, 21 Apr 1999, 24 Feb 2000

Meteorological Research Flight

Building Y46

DERA

FARNBOROUGH

HAMPSHIRE

GU14 0LX

United Kingdom

Head 01252 394501

Aircraft Manager 01252 395400

Fax 01252 376588

jsfoot@meto.gov.uk

Document prepared by D. Anderson

ãCrown Copyright 1997
Summary of Capability

W2 Hercules

This summary is provided as a general guide to the W2 Hercules and its instrumentation. The details about instrumentation (particularly accuracy) are typical values and users should check critical variables.

Details about instrumentation owned or partially owned by outside collaborators is included for completion but no guarantees are given for their availability or the accuracy of the details.

This document may be referenced by Meteorological Research Flight Technical Note No. 21.

Contents:

1	W2 Hercules Summary
2	Aircraft Instrumentation Specifications
3	Dropsonde Instrumentation Specifications
4	Basic Meteorological Measurements
5	Aerosol and Cloud Physics Measurements
6	Chemical Sampling - Instruments owned by MRF
7	Chemical Sampling - Instruments NOT owned by MRF
8	Application Information
9	MRF C-130 Equipment Installation
10	Contact Points

1 W2 Hercules Summary (also referred to as MRF C-130)

Description:

- Crew	Two pilots, navigator, flight engineer and loadmaster
- Scientists	Maximum of fourteen project participants
- Length	36.6 m
- Wingspan	40.6 m
- Weight	70 316 kg maximum
- Engines	Four Allison T56-A-15, 4 508 equivalent h.p. each
- Base	DERA, Boscombe Down, Salisbury, Wilts, UK

Performance:

- Altitude	10 000 m (typical working maximum)
- Range	5 500 km (at 7 000 m cruise altitude)
- Endurance	12 hours maximum with IFR reserves
- Speed	150 ms^-1 (typical cruise), 100 ms^-1 (typical measurement speed)
- Payload	17 600 kg with full fuel load

Sensors:

-	Temperature, humidity, pressure
-	Gustprobes
-	Aerosol and Cloud Physics Instrumentation
-	Radiometers (Visible, Infrared, and microwave wavelengths)
-	Remote Radiometric Surface Temperature
-	Video (Still photography is available via Hand-held camera)
-	Atmospheric Trace Gases
-	3 cm Weather Radar

Applications:

-	Experiments requiring versatile measurement capability at short notice over land and sea around the UK
-	Campaigns in the UK and abroad requiring intensive measurement periods or long endurance
-	Short notice campaigns overseas
-	Radiative Transfer Studies in clear and cloudy air
-	Cloud Physics and Dynamic Studies
-	Dynamics of mesoscale weather systems
-	Boundary Layer studies
-	Tropospheric Chemistry measurements
-	Remote sensing: verification of ground based instruments
-	Satellite Ground Truth - Radiometric measurements and winds
-	Satellite Instrument test-bed
-	Radar ducting studies

The aircraft can perform a number of manoeuvres designed to get the most accurate measurements possible of the atmospheric phenomena being observed. These include:

-	profile descents (or ascents) at constant airspeed and rate of descent (ascent). Minimum altitude @ 15 m (50 feet) where permitted.
-	straight and level runs at constant height and airspeed (or groundspeed). Minimum altitude 30 m (100 feet).
-	- 'orbits’ and spiral ascents/descents round a fixed point.
-	- reference point can be fixed over the ground or within an air mass.

2 Aircraft Instrumentation Specifications

Meteorological Research Flight Aircraft Type: W2 Hercules

Aircraft No: XV208

Variable Measured	Instrument Type	Manufacturer and Model No.	Combined Performance of Transducer, Signal Conditioning and Recorder
			Range	Accuracy	Resolution
Aircraft Vertical Velocity	Inertial Navigation Unit	Honeywell H423	±30 ms^-1	±0.3 ms^-1	0.019 ^-1
Aircraft Ground Speed Components	“ “ “	“ “	±250 ms^-1	±0.75 ms^-1	0.019 ^-1
Aircraft True Heading	“ “ “	“ “	0° to 360°	±0.1° r.m.s.	0.006°
Aircraft Pitch Angle	“ “ “	“ “	±90°	±0.07° r.m.s.	0.006°
Aircraft Roll Angle	“ “ “	“ “	±180°	±0.07° r.m.s.	0.006°
Angle of Attack	Potentiometric Wind Vane	Penny & Giles E23001	±10°	±0.5° offset	±0.005°
Angle of Sideslip	Potentiometric Wind Vane	Penny & Giles E23001	±10°	±0.5°offset	±0.005°
Geometric Altitude	Radar Altimeter	Honeywell YG9000D1	0-1525 metres (0-5000 feet)	greater of ±3% or ±1.5 m	0.4 m

Aircraft Instrumentation Specifications (continued)

Variable Measured	Instrument Type	Manufacturer and Model No.	Combined Performance of Transducer, Signal Conditioning and Recorder
			Range	Accuracy	Resolution
Aircraft Latitude (GPS)	Global Positioning System‡	Navstar XR5	0± to 90 N or S	±50 m *	±0.1 m
Aircraft Longitude (GPS)	“ “ “‡	“ “	0 to 180 E or W	±50 m *	±0.1 m
Aircraft Altitude (GPS)	“ “ “	“ “	exceeds aircraft flight envelope	±50 m *	±0.06 m
GPS Horizontal Velocity	“ “ “	“ “	“ “ “ “	±1.6 ms^-1 *	±0.1 m^-1
GPS Vertical Velocity	“ “ “	“ “	“ “ “ “	±2.6 ms^-1 *	±0.03 m^-1
Precipitation Location	Radar Altimeter	Ecko 290	±15° radar tilt angle, 260 km maximum range	dependent on range	3° beam width, 300 metre resolution within 32 km range

‡ using WGS84 Map Projection

* subject to degradation by US Department of Defense

** OMEGA system was discontinued from 30 September 1997: Flight A581

Aircraft Latitude (OMEGA) **	Omega Navigation System	Litton LTN-211	0° to 90° N or S	<2 km radius by day and <4 km by night	0.000 086°
Aircraft Longitude (OMEGA) **	“ “ “	“ “	0° to 180° E or W	<2 km radius by day and <4 km by night	0.000 086°

Aircraft Instrumentation Specifications (continued)

Variable Measured	Instrument Type	Manufacturer and Model No.	Combined Performance of Transducer, Signal Conditioning and Recorder
			Range	Accuracy	Resolution
Static Pressure	Variable Capacitance	Rosemount 1201F	1030-100 mb	better than ±0.3% full scale pressure i.e. ±3 mb	0.25 mb
Pitot-Static Pressure	Variable Capacitance	Rosemount 1221F	0-125 mb	better than ±0.3% full scale pressure i.e. ±0.5 mb	0.03 mb
Total Air Temperature (de-iced)	Platinum resistance (50W)	Rosemount 102BL	-80°C to +40°C	±0.3°C (de-icing heater off)	0.06°C
Total Air Temperature (non de-iced)	Platinum resistance (50W)	Rosemount 102AL	-80°C to +40°C	±0.3°C	0.06°C
In Cloud Temperature Probe (ICTP)	4.3m m CO2 Absorption Band Thermometer	UK Met Office developed	-50°C to +30°C	±0.1°C at +30°C ±1°C at -50°C	0.025°C

Aircraft Instrumentation Specifications (continued)

Variable Measured	Instrument Type	Manufacturer and Model No.	Combined Performance of Transducer, Signal Conditioning and Recorder
			Range	Accuracy	Resolution
Dew Point TD	Thermoelectric Hygrometer	General Eastern 1011B	-60 °C to + 50 °C	±0.25°C at TD > ±0°C reducing to ~ ±1.0°C at TD = -60°C (sluggish)	0.03°C
Absolute Humidity	Lyman-a absorption and fluorescence hygrometer (FWVS)	UK Met Office developed	Abs:-30°Cto+30°C Fluo: -80°Cto-25°C	±1°C	0.5°C
Total Water Content	Lyman-a absorption hygrometer	UK Met Office developed	0 - 20 g kg^-1	±0.15 g kg^-1	0.005 g kg^-1
Liquid Water Content	Hot wire	Johnson-Williams LWH	0 - 3 gm^-3	±10%	0.001 gm^-3
Radiometric Surface Temperature	Pyro Electric Detector 8m m to 14mml	HEIMANN KT 19.82	-50°C to +50°C	±0.5°C	from 0.1°C at +20°C 0.3°C at -50°C
Nevzorov Ice and Water Content	Hot Wire	Sky Tech Research Inc. IV0-2a	0.003 - 3 gm^-3	±10%

Aircraft Instrumentation Specifications (continued)

Variable Measured	Instrument Type	Manufacturer and Model No.	Combined Performance of Transducer, Signal Conditioning and Recorder
			Range	Accuracy	Resolution
Broadband Infrared Radiation (Hemispheric f.o.v. upper and lower)	Pyrgeometers 4mm ®50mm (silicon dome)	UK Met Office developed	-500 ® + 500Wm^-2	±10 Wm^-2	0.24 Wm^-2
Broadband Solar Radiation (Hemispheric f.o.v. upper and lower)	Pyranometers 0.3mm ®3mm (WG295 clear dome)	Eppley PSP	-40 ® + 1400Wm^-2	±3% for direct irradiance ±2% for diffuse irradiance	0.35 WM^-2
Broadband Solar Radiation (Hemispheric f.o.v. upper and lower)	Pyranometers 0.7mm ®3mm (WG715 red dome)	Eppley PSP	-40 ® + 700Wm^-2	±3% for direct irradiance ±2% for diffuse irradiance	0.18 WM^-2
Visible and Infrared Radiation	Scanning Airborne Filter Radiometer (SAFIRE) 0.5mm ®15mm (16 bands or 4 bands scanning field of view)	UK Met Office developed	0.5 ® 3.5mm 3.7 ® 15 m m	1% 0.1K	Shortwave signal/noise ratio 1000:1 Thermal resolution <0.1K

Aircraft Instrumentation Specifications (continued)

Variable Measured	Instrument Type	Manufacturer and Model No.	Combined Performance of Transducer, Signal Conditioning and Recorder
			Range	Accuracy	Resolution
Microwave Radiation	Microwave Airborne Radiometer Scanning System (MARSS) (89, 157, 183±1, ±3, ±7) GHz	UK Met Office LMD developed	9 upward views + 9 downward views	~1K over land	0.4 ® 0.7K
Microwave Radiation	Deimos 23.8, k50.1 GHz Vert + Horz polarisations	UK Met Office developed	5 downward views	~1.3 K over land	0.5 K
Infrared Radiation	Airborne Research Interferometer Evaluation System (ARIES)	BOMEM MB200/UK Met Office developed	3.3 ® 16.7mm (600 cm^-1 ® 3000 cm^-1)	NEDT £ 0.2K when viewing a 280K Black Body for 1 minute at 1000cm^-1 (1cm^-1 resolution) NEDT £ 0.2K when viewing a 280K Black Body for 2 minutes at 2700cm^-1 (1cm^-1 resolution)	0.48 cm^-1 sampling bin (can be degraded)

The above instruments are maintained by the Remote Sensing Branch (RS) of the Met Office at Farnborough.

For further details on ARIES contact Dr. Jonathon Taylor For further details on MARSS & DEIMOS contact Tim Hewison.

For details of address, E-mail and telephone numbers see section 8.

Aircraft Instrumentation Specifications (continued)

Variable Measured	Instrument Type	Manufacturer and Model No.	Combined Performance of Transducer, Signal Conditioning and Recorder
			Range	Accuracy	Resolution
Aerosol Light Scattering	3 wavelength Nephelometer (450, 550 & 700nm) Backscatter and Total scatter measurements	TSI Model 3563	Software adjustable sensitivity ~10^-7m^-1 using 30 second averaging	±10%	0.024% of range
Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN)	Saturation gradient chamber	UK Met Office developed	>0.2mm particle diameter with 10 saturation ranges	±5% (provisional)
Condensation Particle Counter (CNC)	Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter	TSI INC Model 3025A	50% detection at 3nm 90% detection at 5n m	±10% up to 9.99x10^4cm^-3
Optical absorption by black carbon	Dual Path integrating plate Quartz filter. Absorption coefficient at l = 565nm.	Radiance Research Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) (aka SOOTY)	0-5X10^-5m^-1	±10%	0.024% of range
Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) (containing: CNC - 3010 (TSI) PCASP 0.1mm to 9mm Filters - see Chemistry Section)	Collects cloud droplets by removing them from the airflow and evaporating the water to leave a residual particle and water vapour	Developed by University of Stockholm/UK Met Office	Min cut-off 4mm

3 Dropsonde Instrumentation Specifications

Type: VAISALA RD93 Dropsonde

Variable Measured	Instrument Type	Manufacturer and Model No.	Combined Performance of Transducer, Signal Conditioning and Recorder
			Range	Accuracy	Resolution
Air Temperature	Capacitive bead	2.5 s at 20 °C 3.7 s at -40 °C	-90°C ® +40 °C	±0.2 °C	0.1 °C
Humidity	HUMICAP thin-film capacitor (dual sensor)	0.1 s at 20 °C 10 s at -40 °C	0% ®100% RH (U)	±2% RH	0.1% RH
Pressure	BAROCAP silicon sensor	< 0.01 s	20 hPa ®1060 hPa	±0.5 hPa	0.1 hPa
Winds	GPS codeless Doppler-shift measurement technique	N/A	0 ®150 ms^-1	±0.5 ms^-1	0.1 ms-1 temporal resolution 0.5 s

Two fall rate versions available: RD93 fall rate 12 ms^-1 at Mean Sea Level

RD93L fall rate 5 ms^-1 at Mean Sea Level

4 Basic Meteorological Measurements

Parameter	Absolute Accuracy	Resolution	Primary Instrumental Source	Remarks
Horizontal wind component	±0.5 ms^-1	0.06 ms^-1	Pitot-static system, angle of sideslip vane, INU, GPS, OMEGA*	Assumes full corrections made, including removal of INU drift
Vertical wind component	±0.1 ms^-1	±0.03 ^-1	Angle of attack vane, pitot-static system, INU	Assumes low frequency errors removed by reference to changes in static pressure
Immersion Temperature	±0.3°C in clear air	0.06°C in clear air	Rosemount resistance thermometers, pitot-static system	Rosemounts corrected for kinetic heating
Radiative Temperature	±0.1°C ® 1.0°C	0.025°C	In Cloud Temperature Probe (ICTP)	ICTP used in cloud
Humidity mixing ratio	±0.3 g kg^-1	0.02 g kg^-1	Total water content probe (TWC), Rosemount thermometers, pitot-static system, Fluorescence Water Vapour Sensor (FWVS), dew point hygrometers	Figures quoted refer to the lower altitudes in the atmosphere
Geometric Altitude	±3%	0.4 m	Radar altimeter	Does not work at heights >125 m (5,000 feet)
Pressure	better than ±3 mb	0.25 mb	Compensated static pressure ports

(*OMEGA system was discontinued from end of September 1997 - data may still be used for flights before this date.)

5 Aerosol and Cloud Physics Measurements

Parameter	Device	Size Range (diameter: d)	Remarks
Number densities of cloud particles	FSSP	0.5 mm<d < 8 mm 1 mm < d < 16m m 2 mm < d < 32m m 2 mm < d < 45 mm	Choice of ranges, sizing correct for water droplets only.
Number densities of cloud particles	Cloud particle probe (2D-C)	25mm < d < 800mm	Provides shape information for larger particles of ice and water.
Number densities of precipitation particles	Precipitation probe (HVPS)	200mm < d < 6400mm	See 2D-C.
Number densities of aerosol particles	PCASP	0.1mm < d < 3mm	Size calibration for spherical particles.
Cloud scope	Hallett Cloud Scope (Desert Research Institute)		Water drop/ice crystal images recorded on video tape.
Cloud condensation nuclei	Cloud condensation nuclei counter	CCN concentrations up to 4 000 cm^-3 . Supersaturations of up to 1.5%	Discrete air samples drawn in via the alleviator.
Liquid water concentrations	Johnson-Williams meter	» 100% of 10mm to 30mm diameter drops collected. »50% only of 500mm d drops.	Bulk measurement, larger droplets shed by wire.
Aerosol Chemical Composition	Variation of Aerosol Chemical Characteristics (VACC) (University of Sunderland)	3 nm < d < 3 mm	Gives size distribution with some chemical information.

6 Chemical Sampling - Instruments owned by MRF

Variable Measured	Method	Type/Model	Remarks
Ozone O3	UV Photometric	TECO 49	Range 0-1000 ppb Sensitivity 2 ppb Modified for aircraft use.
Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN)	Electron capture gas chromatograph	MRF developed 3 channels	Detection limit approx. 50 ppt . Calibration under development.
Particulate matter	Millipore Filters, 2 channels. Up to 3 filters each inlet.	MRF/Mainz developed. Isokinetic inlets	Filters supplied by user. Ion or SEM analysis by user. Possible to detect Ca^++, Mg^++, Na^+, NH4^+,K^+, Cl^-,NO3 ^-, SO4^--.
Grab samples	Stainless steel flasks	7 bar max fill pressure	48 1.6 litre bottles available at MRF. Laboratory analysis by user. e.g. FID GC for NMHC, ECGC for Halocarbons
Grab samples	Tedlar bags/metal bellows pump	bags supplied by user	Analysis by user laboratory 1 litre to 25 litre bags may be used.

Variable Measured	Instrument Type	Model etc.	Instrument owner/operator	Remarks
J NO2	4p solid angle UV photometer	Juelich developed	Juelich/not required	NO2 Photolysis rate. Fitted as replacement for BBR.
J O^1D	4p solid angle UV photometer	University of Leicester developed	UL/not required	Ozone Photolysis rate. Fitted as replacement for BBR.
Carbon Monoxide CO	Resonance Fluorescence	Juelich developed	Juelich/MRF or Juelich	Continuous, fast response.
Nitrogen Oxides NO/NO2/ NOY/NO Y -HNO 3	4 channel NO/O3 chemiluminescence	NOAA/UEA developed	UEA/UEA	NOY channels use gold tube catalytic converter in presence of CO to NO.NO2 uses photolytic conversion to NO
Peroxides H2O2	Fluorimetric	UEA developed	UEA/UEA	2 channel wet chemistry, total peroxides and organic peroxides
Formaldehyde HCHO	Fluorimetric	UEA developed	UEA/UEA	1 channel wet chemistry
Sulphur Dioxide/Dimethyl sulphide SO2/DMS	APCI Mass Spectrometer	Max Planck developed	Owner/owner or MRF	Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation, continuous fast response
PFC Tracers	Dual Trap Analyser GC	BNL developed	Owner/MRF	Requires release of PFC tracer for plume detection

8 Application Information

Typical information required when considering projects requiring the MRF Hercules.

· Summary of scientific programme.

· Proposed flight operations, to include:

- Flying periods,

- Number of flights, duration, and times of day,

- Operating base,

- Altitude and range,

- Weather conditions and an indication of the likelihood of such suitable conditions,

- Number of scientific staff or observers needing to fly,

- Instruments needed on the flight,

- Need for real time display of data,

- Co-ordination with any other ground or airborne system

· Data processing requirements, to include:

- Data required on standard format MRF data disks and tapes,

- Data required in non-standard format,

- Special data processing needs.

· Requirements for air to ground or air to air communication requirements.

· Name, address etc. of any collaborators including, if necessary, a scientific contact within the Met. Office.

9 MRF C-130 Equipment Installation

MRF have a rolling programme of installations on the C-130, many of which are minor changes or upgrades to existing equipment. However, new equipment is installed when required to meet the needs of users, either on a permanent basis or for particular campaigns.

Because the aircraft is a military aircraft, installations have to meet military standards; amongst the most stringent of these is the 16g deceleration forward emergency landing case. Although airworthiness inspectors prefer the structural strength of the equipment, including the mounting points, to be certified as conforming to Hercules stress requirements on MoD Form 100, often this will not be possible, and each installation will have to be agreed with the airworthiness authorities at Boscombe Down.

MRF are willing to consider the feasibility of any new installation; discussions should be held at an early stage as the design and embodiment of installations can (depending on the complexity of the task) take some time.

10 Contact Points

For further information please contact the following:

Meteorological Research Flight		Remote Sensing Branch
Building Y46		Building Y70
DERA		DERA
Farnborough		Farnborough
Hampshire		Hampshire
GU14 0LX		GU14 0LX
John Foot, Head of MRF	01252 395401	jsfoot@meto.gov.uk
Nick Jackson, Head of Facilities	01252 395417	wdnjackson@meto.gov.uk
Nick Price, Aircraft Manager	01252 395503	nmprice@meto.gov.uk
Phil Brown, Head of Cloud Physics	01252 395734	prabrown@meto.gov.uk
Pete Francis, Head of Atmospheric Radiation	01252 395403	pnfrancis@meto.gov.uk
Ken Dewey, Head of Atmospheric Chemistry	01252 395830	kjdewey@meto.gov.uk
EU contracts/proposals should contact:-
Dave Kindred	01252 395421	drkindred@meto.gov.uk
Universities, HEIs and NERC/SERC institutes should contact:-
Andrew Kaye	01252 395843	akaye@meto.gov.uk
MRF Fax	01252 376588
For further details on Remote Sensing Branch (RSI) equipment contact:-
Dr Jon Taylor (ARIES, MARSS & DEIMOS)	01252 395728	jptaylor@meto.gov.uk
Tim Hewison (MARSS & DEIMOS)	01252 395781	tjhewison@meto.gov.uk
RSI Fax	01252 515523