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Contents Contributors Preface to the fourth edition Preface to the first edition Acknowledgements List of symbols Chapter 1 General introduction Ronald B. Rabbetts The visual system Visual perception Treatment of optics Relevant standards and organizations Definitions in experimental assessment Prevalence and incidence Future developments Further reading Chapter 2 The eye?s optical system Ronald B. Rabbetts The eye and the camera Laws of optical image formation The cornea The anterior chamber The iris and pupil The crystalline lens The retina The schematic eye The monocular vision field The reduced eye The retinal image Transparency of the ocular media Exercises References Chapter 3 Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity Ronald B. Rabbetts Introduction An order of visual performance Line discrimination Resolution: receptor theory Resolution: wave theory Grating resolution and acuity Resolution and pupil size Resolution and illumination Pupil size and illumination Vernier acuity Vision and visual acuity in clinical practice Other clinical tests of visual acuity Illumination and luminance contrast of test charts The ISO standard Near visual acuity: reading-test types Visual acuity in the peripheral field Kinetic (or dynamic) visual acuity Objective determination of vision Visual efficiency The development of visual acuity Amblyopia Alternative ideas on amblyopia Poor acuity Blindness and partial sight Modulation transfer function and the eye The double-pass technique Vision through optical instruments Vision with microscopes Exercises References Chapter 4 Spherical ametropia Ronald B. Rabbetts Main classification of ametropia Myopia Hypermetropia Ocular refraction ?Axial? and ?refractive? ametropia The correcting lens Hypermetropia and accommodation Aphakia The retinal image in corrected ametropia Blurred retinal imagery Vision in spherical ametropia The pinhole and Scheiner discs Subjective optometers Exercises References Chapter 5 Astigmatism Ronald B. Rabbetts Astigmatism in general Ocular astigmatism Axis notation Image formation in the astigmatic eye Classification of astigmatism The distance correcting lens Astigmatic blurring Vision in uncorrected astigmatism The stenopaeic slit Residual errors: obliquely crossed cylinders Irregular astigmatism ? ocular aberrations Historical notes Exercises References Chapter 6 Subjective refraction Ronald B. Rabbetts Introduction Unaided vision and refractive error Basic equipment for refraction Measurement of spherical ametropia Determination of the astigmatic error Modification of techniques following objective refraction Cautious patients; Irregular refraction Balancing methods and binocular refraction Oculo-motor balance and previous correction The repeatability of refraction Acceptability of prescriptions Cycloplegia Exercises References Chapter 7 Accommodation and near vision. The inadequate-stimulus myopias Ronald B. Rabbetts and Edward A.H. Mallen Introduction Spectacle and ocular accommodation Measurement of amplitude Accommodation and age: presbyopia The near addition Near vision effectivity Effect of forward spectacle shift The near correction The intermediate addition Anatomy of accommodation Physiology of accommodation The accommodative stimulus The inadequate-stimulus myopias, Tonic accommodation Exercises References Chapter 8 Ocular motility and binocular vision Ronald B. Rabbetts Introduction Directions of ocular movements The eye?s centre of rotation The extra-ocular muscles Principal and secondary muscle actions Muscle actions in binocular movements Motility testing Requirements for binocular vision Monocular projection Corresponding points and the horopter The cyclopean eye and physiological diplopia Stereopsis References Chapter 9 Convergence Ronald B. Rabbetts Introduction Positions of rest and fixation The near point of convergence Units of convergence Convergence, accommodation and refractive error Emmetrope with near spectacle correction Accommodative convergence and the AC/A ratio Convergence-induced accommodation Relative accommodation and convergence; accommodative facility Control of accommodation and convergence Exercises References Chapter 10 Anomalies of binocular vision: heterophoria and heterotropia Ronald B. Rabbetts Introduction Heterophoria and heterotropia Classification of heterophoria and heterotropia Causes of an oculo-motor imbalance The cover test Instrument for measuring heterophoria Fixation disparity Fusional reserves Incidence of heterophoria Symptoms of heterophoria Treatment of heterophoria The dominant eye Tonic convergence and heterophoria Cyclophoria Other oculo-motor defects Nystagmus Heterotropia (strabismus) Causes of heterotropia Sensory sequelae to strabismus Tests for strabismus and retinal correspondence Motor sequelae to strabismus Examination and treatment of the strabismic patient Exercises References Chapter 11 Stereopsis and the stereoscope Ronald B. Rabbetts Perception of depth and stereopsis Telestereoscopes, rangefinders and binocular telescopes Alteration of perspective The stereoscope Optics of the Brewster-Holmes stereoscope Additional methods of producing stereoscopic relief Clinical tests for stereopsis Development of stereopsis The synoptophore The variable prism stereoscope The stereocomparator Holography Virtual reality Exercises References Chapter 12 The schematic eye Ronald B. Rabbetts and Edward A.H. Mallen Schematic eyes in general The cornea The crystalline lens The Bennett-Rabbetts schematic eye Other vertebrates? eyes Schematic eyes for research Paraxial relationships Blurred imagery The Purkinje images The eye?s optical centration Determination of the equivalent power of the eye Intraocular lenses Exercises References Further reading Chapter 13 Subsidiary effects of correcting lenses; magnifying devices Ronald B. Rabbetts Principal subsidiary effects Spectacle magnification Astigmatic line rotation Relative spectacle magnification Plano prisms Prismatic effects of lenses Binocular vision through spectacle lenses or prisms Fields of view Optics of magnifying devices Helping the partially sighted patient Aberrations of correcting lenses Exercises Chapter 14 Anisometropia and aniseikonia Ronald B. Rabbetts Anisometropia: optical difficulties Relative prismatic effects Unequal demand on accommodation Unequal retinal image sizes Unilateral aphakia Prescribing for anisometropia Relative prismatic effect; dynamic anisekonia Aniseikonia Basis of eikonometry Clinical eikonometry Incidence and importance of aniseikonia Exercises References Chapter 15 Ocular aberrations Ronald B. Rabbetts and Christopher C. Hull Introduction Chromatic aberrations Chromatic aberrations and vision Monochromatic wavefront aberrations Aberrations in normal eyes Aberration change with accommodation Aberrations in eyes following refractive surgery Aberrations in pseudophakic eyes Aberrations of contact lens wearing eyes Applications of ocular aberrations Diffraction and scattered light References Chapter 16 Visual examination of the eye and ophthalmoscopy Ronald B. Rabbetts Introduction The slit lamp Gonioscopy van Herick and shadow techniques Slit-lamp examination of the fundus Ocular measurements with the slit lamp The applanation tonometer Photography of the anterior segment Photographic recording of the cataract Lasers in eye treatment The direct ophthalmoscope Clinical use of the direct ophthalmoscope The indirect ophthalmoscope Comparison of methods Development of the ophthalmoscope The fundus camera Optical Coherence Tomography Exercises References Chapter 17 Retinoscopy (skiascopy) Ronald B. Rabbetts Objective refraction Retinoscopy The self-luminous retinoscope Principles of retinoscopy Analysis of the reflex: introduction Formation of the fundus image Formation of the reflex Direction of the reflex movement Reversal Relative speed of the reflex movement Factors affecting the speed of reflex movement Brightness of the reflex and ametropia Sight hole shadow Retinoscopy in astigmatism Spot retinoscopy in practice Streak retinoscopy Errors and accuracy of retinoscopy Anomalous ?with? motion in myopia Dynamic retinoscopy Exercises References Chapter 18 Objective optometers Ronald B. Rabbetts and Edward A. H. Mallen Introduction Visual instruments Some general considerations Electronic optometers Autorefractors Photorefraction Exercises References Chapter 19 Vision screening, new subjective refractors and techniques Ronald B. Rabbetts and Edward A.H. Mallen Vision screening Imaged refraction systems Other methods of measuring astigmatism Laser-speckle refraction Exercises References Bibliography Chapter 20 Measurement of ocular dimensions Ronald B. Rabbetts and Edward A.H. Mallen Principal methods of measurement Corneal radii and power Autokeratometers The keratometer and ocular astigmatism Corneal topography Keratoscopy and photokeratoscopy Angle alpha Corneal thickness Depth of the anterior chamber Phakometry Pupillometry Exercises References Chapter 21 Distribution and ocular dioptrics of ametropia Ronald B. Rabbetts and Edward A.H. Mallen Distribution of ametropia Incidence of astigmatism Components of refraction Axial length of the eye Co-ordination of components The growing eye The adult and ageing eye Surgery for refractive eye Orthokeratology Exercises References Chapter 22 Entoptic phenomena Ronald B. Rabbetts Introduction Entopic phenomena due to opacities or objects in the media Physiological entoptic phenomena Exercises References Appendix A A suggested routine examination procedure Appendix B The Bennett-Rabbetts schematic eye, relaxed and accommodated 10D and in italics for historical reference, the Gullstrand-Emsley relaxed schematic eye General bibliography Answers Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Eye -- Accommodation and refraction.
Physiological optics.
Vision -- Testing.
Refraction, Ocular.
Optics.
Refractive Errors.
Visual Acuity.