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Senator Sam Brownback, Chairman
Volume: 38
Number: 6
Rep. Christopher H. Smith, Co-Chairman April 21, 2005 www.csce.gov
HELSINKI COMMISSION EXAMINES RUSSIAN-SYRIAN CONNECTION
By Chadwick R. Gore Staff Advisor
On March 9, the Helsinki Commission convened a hearing, “The Russian-Syrian connection and threats to democracy in the Middle East and the greater OSCE Region” to examine burgeoning relations between Russia and Syria, a state sponsor of terrorism. Additionally, the hearing explored the scope of Syria’s dominant role in Lebanon, implications for a transition to an independent, sovereign and democratic Lebanon, and the prospects for the broader Middle East region.
Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia are OSCE Mediterranean Partners for Cooperation. Lebanon and Syria were originally included in the Mediterranean dimension of the Helsinki process dating back to the early 1970s.
Russia’s involvement with Syria is of particular concern to the Commission as the OSCE participating States have agreed to the Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism which commits all states “to refrain from harboring terrorists, organizing, instigating, providing active or passive support or assistance to, or otherwise sponsoring terrorist acts in another State.” The U.S. State Department has included Syria on the list of states sponsoring terrorism since December 29, 1979.
Syria for years has served as a base of operations and training for the terrorist organizations HAMAS, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Command, al-Aqsa Martyr’s Brigades Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and has supported the activities of Lebanese Hizbollah. Since the liberation of Iraq, Syria has served as a safe zone for the remnants of the regime of Saddam Hussein and allowed, if not encouraged, them and other terrorists to attack the military of the United States and her allies.
Commission Chairman Senator Sam Brownback (R-KS), and Ranking House Member Rep. Benjamin L. Cardin (D-MD) heard from a panel of five witnesses: Dr. Walid Phares, Professor, Florida Atlantic University and senior fellow, Foundation for the Defense of Democracies; Farid N. Ghadry, President, Reform Party of Syria; Entifadh K. Qanbar, Special Envoy and Spokesperson, United Iraqi Alliance; Ilan Berman, Vice President for Policy, American Foreign Policy Council; and Steven Emerson, Executive Director, The Investigative Project.
Chairman Brownback opened the hearing by voicing concerns that warming relations between Moscow and Damascus are expected to lead to a series of arms deals for Syria and further transfers to Hizbollah and to others. He cited the fact that Russian-supplied SA-18s missiles, according to experts, can easily be dismantled into single man portable air defense systems (MANPADS), posing a potential threat to airliners. “The sale appears on track despite objections from the U.S., and Russia's commitments as a participating State of the OSCE not to support terrorist regimes,” Brownback noted.
Commenting on the positive pro-democracy developments taking place in Lebanon, Chairman Brownback acknowledged the pressure on the people of Lebanon as they seek to restore control over their country. “The pro-democracy ‘Cedar Revolution’ is a call for freedom, sovereignty and independence. By contrast, what does Syria have to offer: authoritarianism, subjugation and dependence,” remarked Brownback.
Commissioner Cardin stressed, “Syria represents a major challenge for all of us. They support terrorism. They are certainly counterproductive in the peace process in the Middle East. They certainly present a problem for the freedom of Iraq. And they clearly are interfering with Lebanon's opportunity to control its own country.”
The Rule and Oppression of the Ba’ath Party in Syria
Dr. Phares examined the Syrian occupation of Lebanon and the support the Syrian-backed regime received from the Russian Federation in the form of weapons and intelligence. The Syrian occupation of Lebanon started officially in 1976. At that time, Syrian forces were supported by the Soviet Union. “With the collapse of the Soviet Union, one would have imagined that the Russian Federation, the inheritor of the Soviet Union, would basically cease its strategic relationship with Syria. In fact, it did not cease,” said Phares. Russia continued to provide weapons and strategic intelligence support to the Syrian Ba’athist regime in a variety of ways.
Dr. Phares concluded that if the Russian Federation continues to arm and supply the Assad regime, and Damascus in turn continues to provide support for terrorists operating in Iraq, Israel, occupied-Lebanon and Hizbollah, then Congress and the Administration must act. Phares stressed that the Russian Federation needs to support stability in Lebanon and Syria by ceasing to supply weapons to Assad. He reiterated that Syria must comply with UN Resolution 1559.
UN Resolution 1559 (2004): reaffirms strict respect for Lebanon’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity, and political independence under the sole and exclusive authority of the Government of Lebanon throughout the country; calls for the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias and for the immediate removal of all foreign military and non-military personnel; calls upon all parties concerned to cooperate fully and urgently with the UN Security Council for the full implementation of all its resolutions concerning the restoration in Lebanon of territorial integrity, full sovereignty and political independence.
Farid N. Ghadry provided insight into both the Assad regime and Ba’athist Party and how they control Syria. He appealed to the Commission to work to give democracy a chance in Syria. After explaining the evolution of the Assad regime going back to 1963, Ghadry discussed Syria today. He mentioned the killing of 30,000 innocent Syrians under the order of the regime in 1982, and Damascus’ involvement with a massive drug and counterfeiting operation located in the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon.
Most recently, the Assad regime reportedly struck a deal with the Russian Federation to purchase shoulder-held SA-18 missiles. “The SA-18 is capable of downing an aircraft flying at up to 900 miles per hour, so one can only imagine the possibilities if these weapons fell into the wrong hands,” Ghardry said. Russian President Vladimir Putin hosted his Syrian counterpart in a state visit to Moscow in late January.
Ghadry said that, given the chance to choose democracy freely, Syrians would appreciate the aid of the United States. He appealed for the Commission to understand the desires of the Syrian people -- “Only freedom and democracy can restore their rights and celebrate their contribution to the Syrian society.”
Entifadh K. Qanbar, Special Envoy for the United Iraqi Alliance, noted that recent televised reports have proven that terrorist operations in Iraq were coordinated by Syrian intelligence, which is indirectly supported by the Russian Federation. He named Syria as the logistical, financial and training base for the terrorists in Iraq, stating:
The leaders of the Iraqi terror campaign are high-ranking Ba’athist officials from Saddam Hussein’s regime, and all of them take refuge in Syria. The only way to win the war on terror in Iraq is to cut off Ba’athist support from Syria and expel them from the Iraqi government and specifically from the security police and army.
Qanbar said the Ba’ath Party is the leading terrorist organization in Iraq, not Al Qaida, having modeled its ideology after the “genocidal” inspirations of 1930s Europe.
Russia’s Connection to Syria
Chairman Brownback asked about the origins and development of the Ba’ath Party. The party goes back to the late ‘20s, with its founders being Michel Aflak and Salah a-Din. Aflak frequently visited Germany while studying in France during the early ‘30s. As he saw how the Germans were able to get people behind one cause and one dictator, the roots of most of the Ba’ath Party came from the “enlightenment” that Aflak obtained during these visits. Chairman Brownback sought an explanation for why Russia -- a country that has been the target of terrorism -- would maintain a relationship with a regime born out of fascism, especially with a history of links to terrorist organizations. Russia’s desire to develop a foothold in the Middle East, coupled with Cold War competition with the United States, were sufficient motives, said Qanbar. Plus, there are many common denominators between Russian ideology and the Ba’ath Party, he maintained.
Dr. Phares recapped Syria’s instigation of Lebanon’s civil war in the 1970s, describing how pro-Ba’athist Siikas and other organizations moved inside Lebanon before 1975 in order to create civil war conditions. He reminded participants that Syria has never accepted the existence of a truly independent Lebanon. Listing a number of assassinations that have been carried out by Syrian Ba’athists, Phares showed how each assassination was of those who sought an independent Lebanon.
Just days prior to the hearing, massive back-to-back anti-Syrian and pro-Syrian rallies had taken place in Beirut. The hearing helped reveal the connection between key actors in the region and how the United States can best support the courageous individuals in Lebanon.
With regard to the pro-Syrian demonstration, Phares said, “One has to understand who is demonstrating and in which condition.” He explained that anti-Syrian demonstrators rally under threat from Hizbollah and other terrorist organizations and that if the Lebanese had the freedom to demonstrate against Syria without such threats, you would see a much larger anti-Syrian turn-out.
In response to a question from Chairman Brownback on whether the Ba’athist regime should be identified has a terrorist regime, Ghadry stated it warranted such designation and his belief that Syria has sponsored terrorist attacks in Iraq. “Public statements made by the entire apparatus of the Syrian Ba’athist regime have encouraged martyrdom operations,” Phares said. “Public knowledge would define by itself the Ba’athist regime in Syria as terrorists.” Qanbar volunteered that Syrian intelligence is the best he has ever seen, they are the most skilled in making car bombs, and the Ba’ath Party is not only the oldest organization that sponsors terrorism but the richest.
Implications for Lebanon and the Middle East
Steven Emerson explained the “dangerous” role Russia is playing in empowering and strengthening the Syrian regime, especially Russia’s agreement to upgrade Syria’s weapons systems with the sale of SA-18 Igla anti-aircraft missiles. “Syria has received extensive financial, political, military and technological support from Russia recently…while continuing to harbor, support and actively collaborate in the active commission of terrorism,” Emerson said.
Emerson called for the United States to “disrupt” its trade, economic and technological relationships with Russia because of this sale of SA-18s. “As for Syria, the United States has to put on the table a whole range of new punitive actions,” he said. Emerson warned that the Russian Federation is arming Arab regimes as a resumption of Cold War strategies, saying “Russia has sought increasingly to play a countervailing weight to the United States in almost a replication of the Cold War strategy.”
Ilan Berman detailed the relationship between Russia and Syria, explaining the “tangible outcomes” of the January Moscow meeting between Russian President Putin and Syrian President Assad. Bilateral ties were strengthened and long-term support was committed. Berman characterized the Russian-Syrian connection as “…a lifeline that will provide the Syrian Government with greater resources and greater capabilities to resist pro-independence stirrings in Lebanon or in its own country.”
Asked about the nascent democratic movement developing in Syria, Berman replied, “I think what we are seeing are the last gasps of a desperate regime trying to provide the veneer of a new order while trying to preserve an old order.”
The United States Helsinki Commission, an independent agency, by law monitors and encourages progress in implementing provisions of the Helsinki Accords. The Commission created in 1976, is composed of nine Senators, nine Representatives, and one official from the Departments of State, Defense, and Commerce.
United States Helsinki Commission Intern Jason D. Mann contributed to this article.
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The "Yukos Affair" and its Implications for Politics and Business in Russia Briefing
Jun 24, 2005
Russia: Human Rights and Political Prospects Briefing
Apr 14, 2005
Unregistered Religious Groups in Russia Hearing
Apr 6, 2005
The Schneerson Collection and Historical Justice Hearing
Mar 9, 2005
The Russian-Syrian Connection: Thwarting Democracy in the Middle East and the Greater OSCE Region Hearing
Sep 23, 2004
Briefing: Roma in Russia Briefing
Jun 17, 2004
Briefing: The War in Chechnya and Russian Civil Society Briefing
May 20, 2004
Hearing: Human Rights in Putin's Russia Hearing
Feb 26, 2004
Hearing: The Bulgarian Leadership of the OSCE Hearing
Feb 11, 2004
Briefing: OSCE's Contribution to European Security Briefing
Sep 16, 2003
Hearing: Chechnya: Current Situation and Prospects for the Future Hearing
Sep 12, 2003
Helsinki Commission Presents:
Two Documentary Films about Chechnya Briefing
Sep 3, 2003
Hearing: The Dutch Leadership of the OSCE Hearing
Jun 10, 2003
Hearing: Internally Displaced Persons in the Caucasus Region and Southeastern Anatolia Hearing
Apr 24, 2003
Briefing: The Critical Human Rights and Humanitarian Situation in Chechnya Briefing
Oct 15, 2002
Briefing: Intolerance in Contemporary Russia Briefing
Oct 10, 2002
Hearing: U.S. Policy Toward the OSCE Hearing
Sep 24, 2002
Hearing: The Republic of Georgia: Democracy, Human Rights and Security Hearing
Jul 16, 2002
Hearing: Property Restitution in Central and Eastern Europe:
The State of Affairs for American Claimants Hearing
May 22, 2002
Hearing: Escalating Anti-Semitic Violence in Europe Hearing
May 9, 2002
Hearing: Developments in the Chechen Conflict Hearing
May 8, 2002
Hearing: International Cooperation in the War on Terrorism Hearing
Oct 31, 2001
Hearing: Romania's Chairmanship of the OSCE Hearing
Oct 11, 2001
Briefing: Religious Registration in the OSCE Region Briefing
Oct 3, 2001
Hearing: U.S. Policy Toward OSCE Hearing
Sep 25, 2001
Hearing: Moldova: Are the Russian Troops Really Leaving? Hearing
Sep 7, 2001
Briefing: Domestic Violence in the OSCE Region Briefing
Jun 5, 2001
Hearing: Troubling Trends: Human Rights in Russia Hearing
May 2, 2001
Hearing: Ukraine at the Crossroads: Ten Years After Independence Hearing
Sep 23, 2000
Briefing: Human Rights in Russia Briefing
Jul 20, 2000
Briefing with Alexandr Nikitin Briefing
Jul 19, 2000
Briefing: Religious Liberty: The Legal Framework in Selected OSCE Countries Briefing
May 23, 2000
Hearing: The Putin Path: Are Human Rights in Retreat? Hearing
Feb 17, 2000
Hearing: The Status of Religious Liberty in Russia Today Hearing
Feb 2, 2000
Briefing: Chechen Parliamentarians Briefing
Nov 3, 1999
Hearing: Chechen Crisis and Its Implications for Russian Democracy Hearing
Sep 17, 1999
Briefing: The Situation in Dagestan Briefing
Sep 8, 1999
Briefing: Human Rights in Russia Briefing
Mar 24, 1999
Briefing: Deputy Shishlov: The Decline in Human Rights, Rule of Law, Religious Liberty, and Environmental Safety in Russia Today Briefing
Feb 18, 1999
Briefing: Civil Society, Democracy, and Markets in East Central Europe and the NIS: Problems and Perspectivies Briefing
Jan 15, 1999
Hearing: Whither Human Rights in Russia? Hearing
Oct 8, 1998
Briefing: The Status of Human Rights in Russia Briefing
Oct 2, 1998
Briefing: The Status of Chechnya Briefing
Feb 12, 1998
Briefing: Status of the Russian Religious Law Briefing
Jul 28, 1997
Briefing: The Meaning of Yeltsin's Veto of Russia's Law on Religion Briefing
Jan 14, 1997
Briefing: Religious Freedom in Russia Briefing
Jul 10, 1996
Hearing: Russia's Election: What Does It Mean? Hearing
May 14, 1996
Briefing: Russian Media in Light of Upcoming Elections Briefing
Mar 1, 1996
Hearing: The Chechen Conflict and Russian Democratic Development Hearing
Nov 29, 1995
Briefing: Pre- Election Briefing on Russia Briefing
May 1, 1995
Hearing: Chechnya Hearing
Mar 15, 1995
Briefing: Emerging Free Trade Union Movement in the Newly Independent States Briefing
Feb 17, 1995
Briefing: US Assistance to Eastern Europe and the NIS Briefing
Dec 10, 1994
Briefing: Electoral Reforms in Russia Briefing
Sep 23, 1994
Briefing: Economic Cooperation with Russia (N/A) Briefing
Jun 10, 1994
Briefing: Crime and Corruption in Russia Briefing
Jun 3, 1994
Briefing: Doing Business in Russia and the NIS: Opportunities and Obstacles Briefing
May 24, 1994
Hearing: Russia and Its Neighbors Hearing
May 20, 1994
Briefing: Focus on Serious Challenges Facing the Ukraine Briefing
May 6, 1994
Briefing: Russia and NATO: Moscow's Foreign Policy and Partnership for Peace Briefing
May 3, 1994
Briefing: Doing Business in Russia and the NIS: Opportunities and Obstacles (N/A) Briefing
Nov 3, 1993
Hearing: The Current State and Future Prospects of Democracy in Russia Hearing
Oct 27, 1993
Briefing: The Situation in Russia Briefing
Aug 10, 1992
Hearing: Ethnic Russians in the Baltic States Hearing
Jan 9, 1992
Hearing: The New Commonwealth of Independent States:
Problems, Perspectives, and U.S. Policy Implications Hearing
Jul 31, 1991
Hearing: Geneva Meeting on National Minorities and Moscow Meeting on the Human Dimension Hearing
Feb 6, 1991
Hearing: The USSR in Crisis: State of the Union Hearing
May 3, 1990
Hearing: Soviet Involvement in Afghanistan Hearing
Nov 28, 1989
Hearing: The New and Improved Supreme Soviet and the Institutionalization of Human Rights Reform Hearing
Oct 19, 1989
Hearing: The Baltic Question Hearing
Jul 12, 1989
Hearing: A Changing Soviet Society - Soviet Psychiatric Practices Hearing
May 17, 1989
Hearing: A Changing Soviet Society Hearing
May 10, 1988
Hearing: Soviet Trade and Economic Reforms: Implications for U.S. Policy Hearing
Mar 19, 1987
Hearing: Allocation of Resources in the Soviet Union and China Hearing
Jul 30, 1986
Hearing: Religious Persecution in the Soviet Union - Part II Hearing
Dec 4, 1985
Hearing: Soviet Violations of the Helsinki Accords in Afghanistan Hearing
Nov 12, 1985
Hearing: Examination of the Soviet Vessel "Marshal Konev" and Agricultural Commodities Relating to Grain Purchases Hearing
Sep 11, 1985
Hearing: Religious Persecution in the Soviet Union - Part I: Soviet Jewry Hearing
Nov 9, 1983
Hearing: Forced Labor in the Soviet Union Hearing
Sep 20, 1983
Hearing: Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union Hearing
Aug 3, 1983
Hearing: Update on Raoul Wallenberg Hearing
Jun 23, 1983
Hearing and Markup: Soviet Jewry - H. Con. Res. 63 Hearing
Apr 1, 1982
Hearing: Soviet Involvement in the Polish Economy Hearing
Nov 16, 1981
Hearing: Fifth Anniversary of the Formation of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group Hearing
Jul 22, 1981
Hearing: Soviet Violation of Helsinki Finat Act: Invasion of Afghanistan Hearing
Jun 7, 1979
Hearing: Implementation of the Helsinki Accords Vol. XI - Religious Persecution in USSR & HR Violations in Ukraine Hearing
May 11, 1979
Hearing: Implementation of the Helsinki Accords Vol. X - Alexsandr Ginzburg on the Human Rights Situation in the U.S.S.R. Hearing
Jun 6, 1978
Hearing: Implementation of the Helsinki Accords Vol. VI - Soviet Law and Helsinki Monitors Hearing
CSCE :: User Groups
Featured
Feb 2, 2006
Russia: Rights in Retreat Press Release
Nov 20, 2008
The Business Climate in Russia and the States of the Former Soviet Union Statement
Sep 25, 2008
Reaffirming the Stimson Doctrine of Non-Recognition Statement
Dec 14, 2007
Torture Statement
Sep 5, 2007
The Passing of Congressman Charles Vanik Statement
Jul 23, 2007
Passing of Gennadi Kryuchkov Statement
May 24, 2007
Expressing condolences for the victims of the mining accident in Novokuznetsk, Russia Statement
Sep 6, 2006
The Second Anniversary of the Beslan Massacre Statement
May 16, 2006
Thirtieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Moscow Helsinki Group Statement
May 11, 2006
Thirtieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Moscow Helsinki Group Statement
May 11, 2006
Thirtieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Moscow Helsinki Group Statement
May 10, 2006
Thirtieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Moscow Helsinki Group Statement
Mar 14, 2006
Promoting Religious Freedom in the Russian Federation Statement
Mar 14, 2006
Floor Statement in Support of H.Con.Res. 190 Statement
Mar 14, 2006
Statement in Support of H.Con.Res. 190 Statement
Mar 14, 2006
Statement in Support of H.Con.Res. 190 Statement
Feb 1, 2006
Remembering the Holocaust
While Fighting Anti-Semitism Statement
Jan 26, 2006
Attack on Chasidic Synagogue in Moscow Statement
Dec 14, 2005
Remarks by Christopher H. Smith
Urging Russian Federation to Withdraw
Legislation Restricting Establishment of Nongovernmental Organizations Statement
Dec 14, 2005
Remarks by Benjamin L. Cardin
Urging Russian Federation to Withdraw
Legislation Restricting Establishment of Nongovernmental Organizations Statement
Dec 6, 2005
Riding Roughshod Over Rights in Belarus Statement
Apr 4, 2005
The Decade of Roma Inclusion Statement
Mar 15, 2005
Russian Support for the Syrian Regime Statement
Mar 4, 2005
Belarus--Outpost of Tyranny Statement
Nov 16, 2004
The Case of Mikhail Trepashkin Statement
Nov 16, 2004
Bring Paul Klebnikov’s Killers to Justice Statement
Nov 22, 2003
A Fine Sense of Irony Statement
Jul 28, 2003
S. Res. 202, Expressing the Sense of the Senate Regarding the Genocidal Ukraine Famine of 1932-33 Statement
Jul 25, 2003
Displaced Persons Facing Serious Obstacles in Russia Statement
Jun 25, 2003
International Day in Support of the Victims of Torture Statement
May 9, 2003
Human Rights in Belarus and Russia Statement
Mar 27, 2003
The Referendum in Chechnya Statement
Feb 19, 2003
Condemning Anti-Semitism Statement
Nov 18, 2002
The War in Chechnya and Moscow Statement
Oct 7, 2002
Russian Democracy Act of 2002 Statement
Jul 9, 2002
Concerning Rise in Anti-Semitism in Europe Statement
Dec 18, 2001
Do Registration Requirements Thwart Religious Freedom? Statement
Jun 27, 2001
Twenty-Five Years of the Helsinki Commission Statement
May 17, 2001
Eightieth Anniversary of the Birthday of Dr. Andrei Sakharov Statement
May 10, 2001
The Moscow Helsinki Group Statement
May 8, 2001
Resolution on Kalmyk Settlement in America Statement
Apr 3, 2001
Freedom of the Media in Russia Statement
Oct 30, 2000
Russian Arms Sales to Iran Statement
Oct 10, 2000
Calling for Immediate Release of Mr. Edmond Pope from Prison in Russian Federation Statement
Sep 25, 2000
Calling the President to Issue a Proclamation Recognizing 25th Anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act Statement
Jul 29, 2000
Business as Usual in the Russian Federation Statement
Jul 27, 2000
25th Anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act Statement
Jun 13, 2000
President Putin's Visit to Moldova Statement
Jun 9, 2000
Helsinki Final Act 25th Anniversary Resolution Statement
May 25, 2000
The Putin Path: Are Human Rights in Retreat? Statement
Mar 14, 2000
The Ordeal of Andrei Babitsky Statement
Jul 15, 1999
OSCE PA Delegation Trip Report Statement
May 3, 1999
Administration Certification of Russia Regarding Religious Freedom Statement
Mar 23, 1999
Concerning Anti-Semitic Statements by Members of the Duma of the Russian Federation Statement
Mar 17, 1999
Senate Concurrent Resolution 19--Concerning Anti-Semitic Statements Made by Members of the Duma of the Russian Federation Statement
CSCE :: User Groups
Featured
Feb 2, 2006
Russia: Rights in Retreat Press Release
Nov 18, 2008
Report on the OSCE’s 2008 Human Dimension Implementation Meeting Article
Jul 28, 2008
Ingushetia: The New Hot Spot in the North Caucasus Article
Jul 21, 2008
Georgians Return to Polls to Elect New Parliament as Political Polarization Persists Article
Feb 27, 2008
Finnish OSCE Chairman-in-Office Outlines Priorities, Challenges for 2008 Article
Jan 25, 2008
The Madrid Ministerial Council Article
Aug 24, 2007
Russia: Advancing in the War Against Cancer, Retreating on Democratic Governance Article
Aug 13, 2007
Activists Present Mixed Assessment of Protection and Promotion of Human Rights in OSCE Region Article
Aug 12, 2005
Helsinki Commission Examines Current State of Human Rights and Democracy in Russia Article
Apr 21, 2005
Helsinki Commission Examines Russian-Syrian Connection Article
Nov 9, 2004
Helsinki Commission Staff Observe
Farcical Belarus Elections Article
Oct 12, 2004
Letter to President Putin regarding Mr. Khlebnikov Article
Jul 28, 2004
CIS Response Letter to President Putin (Russia) Article
Jul 28, 2004
Helsinki Commission Leadership
Engage Heads of Nine CIS Countries Article
Jul 2, 2004
Commission Hearing Surveys Human Rights in Putin’s Russia Article
Jul 1, 2004
Activists Brief Commission on the War in Chechnya,
Civil Society and Military Reform in Russia Article
Jun 30, 2004
OSCE Meeting Examines Hate Crimes
and Racist, Xenophobic and
Anti-Semitic Internet Propaganda Article
Jun 30, 2004
Helsinki Commission Briefing Sheds Light on Russia’s Human Rights Situation Article
Mar 23, 2004
Helsinki Commission Briefing Highlights OSCE’s Military Dimension of Security Article
Feb 20, 2004
Helsinki Chairman Addresses All-Russian National Assembly on Combating Human Trafficking (Russian) Article
Jan 16, 2004
Strong Substance, Potent Politics Mark
Historic Maastricht OSCE Ministerial Council Article
Dec 10, 2003
Helsinki Commission Members Engage Government Leaders
at Annual Human Rights Review Article
Aug 1, 2003
Helsinki Commission Examines
Plight of Internally Displaced Persons Article
Jun 2, 2003
Human Rights in Chechnya
Focus of Helsinki Commission Briefing Article
Mar 6, 2003
OSCE Parliamentarians Vow
to Confront Anti-Semitism Article
Feb 28, 2003
Report: Special Meeting on Anti-Semitism Article
Feb 10, 2003
Moscow Should Engage the OSCE in Resolving the Chechen Problem (Russian) Article
Dec 31, 2002
Democracy and Human Rights Trends in Eurasia and East Europe: A Decade of Membership in the Organization (Report Only) Article
Oct 20, 2000
Report on the Russian Presidential Elections March 2000 Article
Sep 1, 2000
Report: U.S. Statements at the 1999 OSCE Review Conference Article
Dec 1, 1997
Report on the 1997 OSCE Meeting on Human Dimesions Article
Jul 10, 1996
Report on Russia's Election: What does it mean? Article
Jun 16, 1996
Report: Russia's Presidential Elections Article
Mar 1, 1996
Report on the Russian Duma Elections of December 1995 Article
Jan 1, 1994
Report: Russia's Parliamentary Election and Constitutional Referendum Article
May 12, 1993
Report: Referendum in Russia Article
Aug 1, 1992
Report: Presidential Elections and Independence Referendums in the Baltic States, the Soviet Union adn Successor States: A compendium of Reports 1991 - 1992 Article
Jul 25, 1992
Staff Delegation Trip Report on Moscow, Georgia, Moldova and Belarus Article
Jun 25, 1992
Staff Delegation to Moscow, Georgia, Moldova and Belarus Article
Nov 15, 1991
Report on the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE Article
Mar 17, 1991
Referendum in the Soviet Union Article
Feb 19, 1991
Congressional Visit to Stockholm, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Moscow Article
Dec 1, 1990
Elections in the Baltic States and Soviet Republics Article
Dec 1, 1990
Report: Compendium on Parliamentary Elections in the Baltic States and Soviet Republics Article
May 1, 1988
Report: Reform and Human Rights - The Gorbachev Record Article
May 1, 1987
Report: The Miroslav Medvid Incident - Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations Article
Jan 1, 1987
Documents of the Helsinki Monitoring Groups in the U.S.S.R. and Lithuania (1976-1986) - Vol. 3 - Ukraine Article
Jul 1, 1986
Report: The Miroslav Medvid Incident Article
Oct 29, 1985
Hearings: Restrictions on Artistic Freedoms in the Soviet Union, October 29, 1985; and the Budapest Cultural Forum, December 11, 1985 Article
May 1, 1984
Documents of the Soviet Groups to Establish Trust Between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Article
May 12, 1981
A Thematic Survey of the Documents of the Moscow Helsinki Group Article
Nov 1, 1978
Reports of the Helsinki Accord Monitors in the Soviet Union Article
Jun 6, 1978
Soviet Law and the Helsinki Monitors Article
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Co-Chairman Hastings presiding over a Helsinki Commission hearing