Section 543 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 does not automatically advance incumbent Judge Advocates General to a three star general officer grade, but rather such promotion requires a separate appointment by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

The incumbent Judge Advocates General may continue to serve out their full terms in their present two star grades, though the President may nominate them for promotion to the higher grade at any time, if he so chooses.

April 14, 2008

The authority of the Office of Government Ethics to administer the Executive Branch ethics program under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 and other statutes does not extend to the Smithsonian Institution or its personnel.

February 29, 2008

The statute authorizing the H-1B visa program does not waive the federal Government's sovereign immunity. Therefore, an administrative award of back wages to alien physicians hired by the Department of Veterans Affairs under the program is barred by sovereign immunity.

February 11, 2008

This statement presents the Justice Department's views on the federal Government's efforts to contract with women-owned businesses in a manner consistent with the Constitution and federal statutes. Because the Justice Department's position on federal contracting programs that employ gender preferences is based on constitutional and legal standards that are not specific to the program addressed by the recently published Small Business Administration rule, the statement focuses on the legal standards that govern the Department's approach to such programs generally.

January 16, 2008

Under 26 U.S.C. § 7803 (2000), the five-year term of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue runs from the date of appointment and is not calculated from the expiration of his predecessor's term.

December 4, 2007

A member of a uniformed service appointed to a civilian position while on terminal leave pending retirement from the service is entitled to credit for his years of active military service only for the duration of his terminal leave.

Once the employee retires from the uniformed service, he no longer is entitled to credit for his years of active military service unless he satisfies certain statutory exceptions detailed in 5 U.S.C. § 6303(a) or (e). The employee's leave-accrual rate must be recalculated upon his retirement to reflect his reduced years of creditable service.

October 16, 2007

October 16, 2007

October 10, 2007

The President may designate an Acting Attorney General under the Vacancies Reform Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 3345-3349d, even if an officer of the Department otherwise could act under 28 U.S.C. § 508, which deals with succession to the office of the Attorney General.

September 17, 2007

A member of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Director's Advisory Board does not hold an "Office of Profit or Trust" under the Emoluments Clause of the Constitution.

June 15, 2007

S. 1257, a bill to grant the District of Columbia representation in the House of Representatives as well as to provide an additional House seat for Utah, violates the Constitution’s provisions governing the composition and election of the United States Congress.

May 23, 2007

A "misdemeanor crime of domestic violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9) is limited to those offenses of which the use or attempted use of physical force or the threatened use of a deadly weapon is an element-that is, a factual predicate specified by law and required to support a conviction.

Where the legal definition of the crime at issue contains a disjunctive element (which requires proof of only one of multiple specified factual predicates), only one subpart of which requires the use or attempted use of physical force or the threatened use of a deadly weapon, application of the prohibition in section 922(g)(9) will turn on whether the factfinder found that the subpart meeting the "misdemeanor crime of domestic violence" definition had been proved (or whether the defendant pleaded guilty to that subpart). The answer to that question may be gleaned from the record of conviction or the supporting record of proceedings in the court of conviction. Police reports cannot answer that question.

The above interpretations also govern background checks by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for firearms transfers under the National Instant Background Check System, but additional materials, including police reports, may be relied upon by the NICS for certain limited purposes.

May 17, 2007

A position to which is delegated by legal authority a portion of the sovereign powers of the federal Government and that is "continuing" is a federal office subject to the Constitution's Appointments Clause. A person who would hold such a position must be properly made an "Officer[] of the United States" by being appointed pursuant to the procedures specified in the Appointments Clause.

April 16, 2007

A former senior employee of the Securities and Exchange Commission communicating with the Commission on behalf of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board during the year after his service as a senior employee at the Commission ends would not be communicating on behalf of the United States and therefore 18 U.S.C. § 207(c) would apply to bar such a communication.

March 30, 2007

Two alternative kidney donation practices, in which a living donor who is incompatible with his intended recipient donates a kidney to a stranger in exchange for the intended recipient's receiving a kidney from another donor or increased priority on a waiting list, do not violate the prohibition on transfers of organs for "valuable consideration" in 42 U.S.C. § 274e..

March 28, 2007

This testimony discusses the purpose and history of presidential signing statements.

January 31, 2007

The longstanding interpretation of the Executive Branch that service by a special government employee during any part of a day counts as a full day under 18 U.S.C. §§ 203 and 205, which impose greater conflict of interest restrictions after a special government employee works 60 days, is reaffirmed.

January 26, 2007

The Integrity Committee has authority to review, refer for investigation, and report findings with respect to, administrative allegations of wrongdoing made against a former Inspector General when the Committee receives the allegations during the subject's tenure as Inspector General, even if the subject later leaves office.

September 5, 2006

A presidential pardon granted under Article II, § 2 of the Constitution does not automatically expunge Judicial or Executive Branch records relating to the conviction or underlying offense..

August 11, 2006

The President has legal authority to authorize the National Security Agency to conduct the signals intelligence activities he has described. Those activities are authorized by the Constitution and by statute, and they violate neither the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act nor the Fourth Amendment.

January 19, 2006

Under 18 U.S.C. § 208, a nonprofit organization does not have a “financial interest” in a particular matter solely by virtue of the fact that the organization spends money to advocate a position on the policy at issue in the matter.

January 11, 2006

The federal Government's sovereign immunity has been waived with respect to the whistleblower provisions of the Solid Waste Disposal Act and the Clean Air Act, but not with respect to the whistleblower provision of the Clean Water Act.

September 23, 2005

The President has authority to appoint a member of the Board of the Legal Services Corporation who has been confirmed after his or her statutory term of office has expired, where the holdover provision of the statute allows a member to serve until a successor is appointed.

September 20, 2005

It appears that 18 U.S.C. § 207(c) would forbid at least some of the proposed communications between a retired Navy flag officer and Marine Corps commanders regarding the security situation in Iraq.

September 13, 2005

Certain proposed amendments to the Secretary of Defense’s Military Commission Order No. 1 are consistent with the President’s Military Order of November 12, 2001.

August 12, 2005

The federal Government has authority under the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990, as amended, to close or realign a National Guard installation without the consent of the governor of the State in which the installation is located.

August 10, 2005

Section 531(a)(1) of title 10 does not affirmatively prohibit delegation to the Secretary of Defense of the President's appointment authority.

The Appointments Clause of the Constitution does not prohibit Congress from allowing the President to choose between making such an appointment himself and delegating it to the Secretary of Defense.

So long as each nomination is submitted to the Secretary of Defense for approval (whether individually or in groups) and each appointment is made in the name of the Secretary of Defense (whether the document evidencing the appointment be signed by the Secretary or an authorized subordinate officer), the Constitution would permit functions related to the appointment process to be delegated to a subordinate officer below the Secretary of Defense.

July 28, 2005

On the facts described, a person whom a judicial nominee asks to assist him in connection with the nomination would not be an "officer" or "employee" and therefore the federal conflict of interest laws would not apply to him.

July 22, 2005

The President may sign a bill within the meaning of Article I, Section 7 by directing a subordinate to affix the President's signature to such a bill, for example by autopen.

July 7, 2005

Covered entities and those persons rendered accountable by general principles of corporate criminal liability may be prosecuted directly under 42 U.S.C. § 1320d-6, and the knowingly element of the offense set forth in that provision requires only proof of knowledge of the facts that constitute the offense.

June 1, 2005

A member of the President's Council on Bioethics does not hold an "Office of Profit or Trust" within the meaning of the Emoluments Clause of the Constitution.

March 9, 2005

Under the definition of “conviction” contained in the Immigration and Nationality Act, for a conviction not involving a first-time simple possession of narcotics, an alien remains convicted, and thus removable under the Act, notwithstanding a subsequent state action to vacate or set aside the conviction that does not reflect a judgment about the merits of the underlying adjudication of guilt.

January 18, 2005

At the time the National Security Intelligence Reform Act of 2004 takes effect, the then-current Director of Central Intelligence would not require a new appointment to the office of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency should the President wish him to serve in that position.

January 12, 2005

The laws governing destruction of background-check information do not require the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives to destroy information it previously received from the National Instant Criminal Background Check System when the NICS had determined that an individual seeking to purchase a firearm may not lawfully receive a firearm in the circumstance when the NICS later overturns that determination.

January 11, 2005

This opinion interprets the federal criminal prohibition against torture codified at 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A. It supersedes in its entirety the August 1, 2002 opinion of this Office entitled Standards of Conduct under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A.

That statute prohibits conduct "specifically intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering." This opinion concludes that "severe" pain under the statute is not limited to "excruciating or agonizing" pain or pain "equivalent in intensity to the pain accompanying serious physical injury, such as organ failure, impairment of bodily functions, or even death."

The statute also prohibits certain conduct specifically intended to cause "severe physical suffering" distinct from "severe physical pain."

December 30, 2004

In appointing a new member to the United States Commission on Civil Rights, in order to comply with the statutory requirement that “[n]ot more than 4 of the members shall at any one time be of the same political party,” the President should look to the party affiliation of the other members at the time the new member is appointed.

December 6, 2004

Under 42 U.S.C. § 1975, the six-year term of a member of the United States Commission on Civil Rights begins upon the expiration of his or her predecessor's term, even if the succeeding member is appointed some time after the predecessor's term ends.

November 30, 2004

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act generally applies to tribally controlled schools that receive federal financial assistance from the Department of Justice.

November 16, 2004

The payment of travel expenses for International Trade Administration fellows is barred by 31 U.S.C. § 1345 because the proposed ITA fellowship program that would bring representatives from various countries to the United States would constitute a “meeting” within the meaning of section 1345.

October 7, 2004

Although flight privileges generally do not require disqualification under 18 U.S.C. § 208 from all matters involving the relevant air carrier, a Federal Aviation Administration employee who holds such flight privileges must disqualify him or herself from particular matters where FAA action may have a direct and predictable effect on the relevant air carrier's ability to honor the employee's flight privileges.

An employee with flight privileges and the airline that provided them have a "covered relationship" that must be analyzed under an Office of Government Ethics regulation (5 C.F.R. § 2635.502) to determine whether the employee's participating in a matter involving that airline would create an "appearance problem." The regulation entrusts the agency and the employee to make that determination based on the facts of a particular case.

Although flight privileges could constitute a "payment" within the meaning of another OGE regulation (5 C.F.R. § 2635.503), and therefore must be analyzed under the regulation, they do not constitute an "extraordinary payment" under the described circumstances.

Flight privileges are not a type of interest that would qualify as "stock" or "any other securities interest" under a Department of Transportation regulation (5 C.F.R. § 6001.104(b)) that supplements the OGE impartiality regulations.

August 30, 2004

Because state and local public officials, including a county commissioner, are not "private citizens" who would be appointed "from private life" within the ordinary meaning of those terms in 20 U.S.C. § 957(b), such officials are disqualified from appointment to the National Council for the Humanities.

August 27, 2004

The Second Amendment secures a right of individuals generally, not a right of States or a right restricted to persons serving in militias.

August 24, 2004

Informational video news releases produced by the Department of Health and Human Services regarding the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 do not constitute impermissible "covert propaganda" in violation of the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, which forbids the expenditure of appropriated funds for "publicity or propaganda purposes."

July 30, 2004

The Department of Commerce may prescribe regulations limiting the partisan political activities of the Commissioned Officers Corps in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

July 29, 2004

18 U.S.C. ' 207(f) prohibits a former senior employee of an Executive Branch department from representing a foreign entity before Members of Congress within one year of the termination of his employment.

June 22, 2004

Consistent with longstanding Executive Branch positions, Department of Health and Human Services officials have the authority to prohibit officers or employees of the Department from providing information to Congress.

May 21, 2004

The National Veterans Business Development Corporation is a “Government corporation” under 5 U.S.C. § 103 and an “agency” under 31 U.S.C. § 9102.

March 19, 2004

The Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (IV) governs the United States occupation of Iraq.

The following persons, if captured in occupied Iraq, are not "protected persons" within the meaning of article 4 of the Fourth Geneva Convention: U.S. nationals, nationals of a State not bound by the Convention, nationals of a co-belligerent State, and operatives of the al Qaeda terrorist organization who are not Iraqi nationals or permanent residents of Iraq.

March 18, 2004

Whether an agency's revolving fund is entitled to receive from a False Claims Act recovery (in addition to single damages equal to the actual amount of the payment made as a result of the false claim) pre-judgment or pre-settlement interest on that payment and investigative and administrative costs attributable to the false claim depends on whether the fund is authorized to borrow money at interest, earn interest on its own investments, and pay its own investigative and administrative expenses.

March 12, 2004

A contractor ordinarily will not be criminally liable for assisting in certain foreign government programs for the aerial interdiction of illegal narcotics traffic.

March 1, 2004

The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission is subject to the Attorney General's direction in administrative matters, except where that direction would interfere with the Commission's independence in adjudicating claims.

February 20, 2004

A direct recording electronic voting system that produces a contemporaneous paper record, which is not accessible to sight-impaired voters but which allows sighted voters to confirm that their ballots accurately reflect their choices before the system officially records their votes, would be consistent with the Help America Vote Act and with Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act, so long as the voting system provides a similar opportunity for sight-impaired voters to verify their ballots before those ballots are finally cast.

October 10, 2003

A member of Amtrak's Reform Board whose statutory term has expired may not hold over in office until a successor is appointed.

September 22, 2003

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission lacks the authority to initiate an action in federal court against a public employer to enforce a settlement or conciliation agreement negotiated by the EEOC during its administrative process.

September 8, 2003

Two statutes that provide for the temporary filling of vacancies in the office of United States Attorney, 28 U.S.C. § 546 and 5 U.S.C. §§ 3345-3349d, operate independently, and either or both may be used for a particular vacancy.

September 5, 2003

Provisions of the Department of Housing and Urban Development Appropriations Act for FY 2003 did not assign all responsibility for appropriations law matters to HUD's Chief Financial Officer to the exclusion of the General Counsel.

August 12, 2003

An alien child who was born out of wedlock and whose paternity has not been established by legitimation is eligible for derivative citizenship under section 320 of the Immigration and Naturalization Act at the time the child's mother becomes a naturalized citizen.

July 24, 2003

The Department of Veterans Affairs is authorized to fill prescriptions written by non-VA physicians for veterans placed on VA waiting lists.

July 3, 2003

The President's designation of an employee to act as Director of OMB under the Vacancies Reform Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 3345-3349d, is itself the appointment of an inferior officer and satisfies the Appointments Clause, U.S. Const. Art. II, § 2, cl. 2, even if the employee had not earlier been an "Officer of the United States."

June 12, 2003

The Establishment Clause does not bar the award of historic preservation grants to the Old North Church or to other active houses of worship that qualify for such assistance, and the section of the National Historic Preservation Act authorizing the provision of historic preservation assistance to religious properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places is constitutional.

April 30, 2003

In determining whether to release on bond undocumented migrants who arrive in the United States by sea seeking to evade inspection, it is appropriate to consider national security interests implicated by the encouragement of further unlawful mass migrations and the release of undocumented alien migrants into the United States without adequate screening.

In bond proceedings involving aliens seeking to enter the United States illegally, where the Government offers evidence from sources in the Executive Branch with relevant expertise establishing that significant national security interests are implicated, Immigration Judges and the Board of Immigration Appeals shall consider such interests.

Considering national security grounds applicable to a category of aliens in denying an unadmitted alien’s request for release on bond does not violate any due process right to an individualized determination in bond proceedings under section 236(a) of the Act.

April 17, 2003

Under 21 U.S.C. § 878(a)(5), the Attorney General may authorize the Drug Enforcement Administration to investigate possible violations of federal law, even if those violations do not concern the narcotics laws.

March 24, 2003

The National Labor Relations Board may issue decisions even when only two of its five seats are filled, if the Board, at a time when it has at least three members, delegates all its powers to a three-member group and the two remaining members are part of this group and both participate in the decisions.

March 4, 2003

The Immigration and Nationality Act by its terms grants the Attorney General a full 90 days to effect an alien’s removal after the alien is ordered removed under section 241(a) of the Act, and it imposes no duty on the Attorney General to act as quickly as possible, or with any particular degree of dispatch, within the 90-day period. This reading of the Act raises no constitutional infirmity.

It is permissible for the Attorney General to take more than the 90-day removal period to remove an alien even when it would be within the Attorney General's power to effect the removal within 90 days. The Attorney General can take such action, however, only when the delay in removal is related to effectuating the immigration laws and the nation’s immigration policies. Among other things, delays in removal that are attributable to investigating whether and to what extent an alien has terrorist connections satisfy this standard.

February 20, 2003

The process of appointing an individual as a member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council was not completed.

Even if the process of appointing a member of the Council had been completed, the President's appointment of another individual to that same position effected a removal of that appointee.

February 6, 2003

The Department of Transportation possesses the authority to issue a regulation that, under section 845(a)(1) of title 18, would exempt Canadian truck drivers from criminal liability under section 842(i) of that title. DoT, however, has not issued such a regulation, and therefore section 842(i) liability would attach to a Canadian truck driver transporting explosives in the United States.

February 6, 2003

Canteen service provided through the Veterans’ Canteen Service is not exempt from review under the Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act of 1998.

January 31, 2003

The doctrine of sovereign immunity precludes the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from imposing monetary sanctions against federal agencies for violations of orders of EEOC administrative judges.

January 6, 2003

Funding for technical assistance for the agricultural conservation programs listed in amended section 1241(a) of the Food Security Act of 1985 is subject to the "section 11 cap" on transfer of Commodity Credit Corporation funds. The Secretary of Agriculture may draw on the Department of Agriculture's appropriation for Conservation Operations to fund technical assistance for these programs.

January 3, 2003

Two members of the National Labor Relations Board who received recess appointments between the first and second sessions of the 107th Congress may not continue to serve on the Board after the Senate adjourned the second session sine die.

Eugene Scalia, now serving as the Solicitor for the Department of Labor under a recess appointment, could be given a second position in the non-career Senior Executive Service in the Department of Labor before or after his recess appointment expires and, while serving in his non-career Senior Executive Service position, could be designated as the Acting Solicitor after his recess appointment expires.

The Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1974 and its implementing regulations permit FEMA to provide federal disaster assistance for the reconstruction of Seattle Hebrew Academy, a private religious school that was damaged in an earthquake in 2001. The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment does not pose a barrier to the Academy's receipt of such aid.

44 U.S.C. § 1903 does not prevent executive agencies from using private printers at agency expense to print copies of government publications for their own use while at the same time requisitioning depository copies from the Government Printing Office at GPO expense.

August 22, 2002

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may, consistent with its obligations under the Government in the Sunshine Act, place observers of an open meeting of the Board in a separate room to watch the meeting on closed-circuit television.

It is permissible under both the Sunshine Act and the Piracy Act for the Board to require disclosure of personal information and satisfaction of a security check as a condition of entering the Board's buildings for access to the separate room to observe an open meeting.

Expatriating a U.S. citizen subject to the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment on the ground that, after reaching the age of 18, the person has obtained foreign citizenship or declared allegiance to a foreign state generally will not be possible absent substantial evidence, apart from the act itself, that the individual specifically intended to relinquish U.S. citizenship. An express statement of renunciation of U.S. citizenship would suffice.

APPLICABILITY OF INELIGIBILITY CLAUSE TO APPOINTMENT OF CONGRESSMAN TONY P. HALL
inelhall.htm

AUTHORITY OF THE CHEMICAL SAFETY AND HAZARD INVESTIGATION BOARD TO DELEGATE POWER
csb

The President has reasonable factual grounds to determine that no members of the Taliban militia are entitled to prisoner of war status under Article 4 of the 1949 Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War.

February 7, 2002

The congressional-disclosure exception to the disclosure prohibition of the Privacy Act generally does not apply to disclosures to committee ranking minority members.

December 5, 2001

A provision prohibiting the use of appropriated funds for United Nations peacekeeping missions involving the use of United States Armed Forces under the command of a foreign national unconstitutionally constrains the President's authority as Commander in Chief and his authority over foreign affairs.

A provision prohibiting the use of appropriated funds for cooperation with, assistance to, or other support for the International Criminal Court would be unconstitutional insofar as it would prohibit the President from providing support and assistance to the ICC under any and all circumstances, but it can be applied in a manner consistent with the President's constitutional authority in the area of foreign affairs.

A member of the Civil Rights Commission, appointed when a predecessor died before the end of his term, serves only the remainder of her predecessor’s term.

October 31, 2001

The Federal Bureau of Investigation may check whether names of individuals known to be prohibited from purchasing a firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5) appear in records concerning allowed transfers in the audit log of the National Instant Criminal Background Check System in the course of auditing the performance of the NICS, and may share the results of such searches with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms.

October 1, 2001

The President has broad constitutional power to take military action in response to the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. Congress has acknowledged this inherent executive power in both the War Powers Resolution and the Joint Resolution passed by Congress on September 14, 2001.

The President has constitutional power not only to retaliate against any person, organization, or State suspected of involvement in terrorist attacks on the United States, but also against foreign States suspected of harboring or supporting such organizations.

The President may deploy military force preemptively against terrorist organizations or the States that harbor or support them, whether or not they can be linked to the specific terrorist incidents of September 11.

September 25, 2001

A Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision who resigns at the President's request is not subject to the two-year restriction, under 12 U.S.C. § 1812(e), against working for an insured depository institution or a depository institution holding company.

September 4, 2001

The President may make a recess appointment to the National Labor Relations Board of a person whose term as a Senate-confirmed member expired during the current recess of the Senate.

August 31, 2001

Phil Perry, who has already been designated as the first assistant to the office of the Associate Attorney General by virtue of his appointment as the Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General, may, consistent with the Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, serve as the Acting Associate Attorney General even though he was not the first assistant when the vacancy occurred.

Because the President has not designated another person as the Acting Associate Attorney General under the Vacancies Reform Act, Mr. Perry, as the Principal Deputy, is required to perform the functions and duties of the office of the Associate Attorney General in an acting capacity. .

August 7, 2001

The Chairman of the Consumer Product Safety Commission serves at the pleasure of the President and the President has the constitutional authority to remove her for any reason.

Upon her removal, the Chairman will still continue to serve as a Commissioner, and, under, 15 U.S.C. § 2053(d), the Vice-Chairman of the Commission will assume the post of Chairman.

July 31, 2001

The fact that a faith-based organization is organized as a tax-exempt, nonprofit entity under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code does not affect the organization’s ability to invoke the religious exemptions under sections 702(a) and 703(e)(2) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

June 25, 2001

The President has the authority to remove the Staff Director of the United States Commission on Civil Rights and to appoint an Acting Staff Director.

March 30, 2001

The Secretary of Commerce may revoke a delegation to the Director of the Census without submitting the revocation to the notice and comment procedures of the Administrative Procedure Act, notwithstanding the fact that the Secretary voluntarily elected to follow those procedures in issuing the delegation.

February14, 2001

The principles set forth in some opinions of the Comptroller General addressing limitations on advertising by federal agencies beyond the "publicity or propaganda" rider would not prohibit the GSA's advertisements to other agencies.

January 19, 2001

The universe of "available obligations" under Title VI of the Water Resources Development Act of 1999 includes obligations of government corporations and government-sponsored entities whose charter statutes provide that their obligations are lawful investments for federal trust funds.

The fiduciary duty owed pursuant to a federal trust fund is defined and limited by the terms of the statute creating the trust.

January 19, 2001

Congress did not intend the alienage restriction set forth in title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 to apply extraterritorially. For this reason, the provision of Stafford Act assistance on the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of Marshall Islands by the Federal Emergency Management Agency would not violate the PRWORA.

January 19, 2001

OGE may not issue Touhy regulations pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 301 because OGE is not an "executive department" within the meaning of § 301.

OGE may issue Touhy regulations, insofar as they concern the production of agency records, pursuant to 44 U.S.C. § 3102 of the Federal Records Act.

OGE may issue regulations concerning the appearance of agency employees as witnesses on official matters, pursuant to the implied authority of OGE. s organic statute, 5 U.S.C. app. § 401.

January 18, 2001

STATE TAXATION OF INCOME OF CERTAIN NATIVE AMERICAN ARMED FORCES MEMBERS
sscrarevised

November 22, 2000

November 3, 2000

October 23, 2000

October 17, 2000

October 16, 2000

Application of 18 U.S.C. § 1302 to prohibit the mailing of truthful advertising concerning lawful gambling operations (except as to state-operated lotteries in some circumstances) would violate the First Amendment. Accordingly, the Department of Justice will refrain from enforcing the statute with respect to such mailings.

September 25, 2000

The Government Corporation Control Act does not require the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to obtain legislative authorization before entering into a "gain sharing benefit" agreement with a private corporation that grants NASA deferred cash payments based on an increase in the value of the corporation's common stock.

September 18, 2000

A federal government employee who obtains patent rights to an invention made in the course of federal employment ordinarily does not violate 18 U.S.C. § 209 by licensing the patent rights to a private entity and receiving royalty payments in exchange, because the payments are not "compensation for [the employee. s] services" in the government.

September 7, 2000

August 31, 2000

August 18, 2000

Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and general principles governing the operation of boards, the day-to-day administration of Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board matters and execution of Board policies are the responsibilities of the chairperson, subject to Board oversight, while substantive policymaking and regulatory authority is vested in the Board as a whole.

In disputes over the allocation of authority in specific instances, the Board's decision controls, as long as it is not arbitrary or unreasonable.

June 26, 2000

The post-employment restrictions of 18 U.S.C. § 207(c) apply to persons who are assigned from a university or a state or local government to the Department of Energy under the Intergovernmental Personnel Act and are compensated at or above the ES-5 level, except for those who occupy positions ordinarily below the ES-5 level and who receive salaries only from the detailing employers, with the federal agency reimbursing those employers for an amount less than an ES-5 salary.

June 26, 2000

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency to assess penalties against federal agencies for violations of RCA's underground storage tank provisions. EPA's underground storage tank field citation procedures do not violate RCRA or the Constitution.

June 14, 2000

Military Police have the authority to issue citations, enforceable in federal court, to motorists who violate traffic laws on Bolling Air Force Base.

Congress has given the General Services Administration limited authority over military installations for the narrow purpose of issuing and enforcing the regulations related to motor vehicle violations.

June 5, 2000

The United States Executive Director and the Alternate United States Director at the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are not part of an Executive agency, and therefore vacancies in those offices are not covered by the Federal Vacancies Reform Act.

May 11, 2000

The Advisory Board for Cuba Broadcasting has the authority to meet and to conduct business without a presidentially designated chairperson or an acting chairperson. The Advisory Board for Cuba Broadcasting does not have the authority to elect an acting chairperson.

January 4, 2000

Section 210(b) of the American Fisheries Act of 1998 permits catcher vessels owned by shoreside processors to participate in AFA-authorized fishery cooperatives.

December 10, 1999

APPOINTMENT OF A SENATE-CONFIRMED NOMINEE
marbury_ltr

THE INAPPLICABILITY OF FEDERAL VACANCIES REFORM ACT'S REPORTING OBLIGATIONS FOR PAS OFFICERS SERVING UNDER STATUTORY HOLDOVER PROVISIONS
damusholdover

There is no "vacancy" within the meaning of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 when a presidentially appointed, Senate_confirmed officer continues to hold a position under a statutory holdover provision and therefore the holdover service is not reportable under the Act.

July 30, 1999

June 15, 1999

March 22, 1999

The National Gambling Impact Study Commission is not an "independent" agency for purposes of a criminal conflict of interest statute, 18 U.S.C. § 208.

January 26, 1999

The Postal Service may charge a fee for stamped cards in addition to the face value of the postage without violating 18 U.S.C. § 1721.

January 07, 1999

December 4, 1998

The Office of the United States Trade Representative lacks authority under the Trade Act of 1974 or its own organic statute to provide legal representation to a private domestic industry in administrative proceedings before the United States International Trade Commission.

September 24, 1998

The Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination does not prohibit disclosure to the government, during the guilt phase of a trial, of the results of a court-ordered mental examination.

September 21, 1998

Official service by State Department employees on the boards of American- sponsored schools overseas is authorized by statute and does not violate 18 U.S.C. § 208.

September 11, 1998

Under 18 U.S.C. § 208, a federal employee may serve as a member of the board of a private voluntary standards organization to the extent necessary to permit participation in his or her official capacity in the organization's standard-setting activities.

August 24, 1998

The better interpretation of the state reporting requirements in section 404 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act is that they apply only to those state agencies administering the particular federally funded program in question, not to all state agencies in a State that receives funds under the program.

August 18, 1998

A federal official serving on the Board of Directors of the D.C. Downtown Business Improvement District Corporation in his or her official capacity is not a director of an outside organization within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 208, and therefore the official's service is not barred by § 208.

August 7, 1998

July 22, 1998

Enactment of legislation authorizing the payment of claims barred by the statute of limitations under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act is the necessary and constitutionally appropriate means of satisfying such claims.

June 18, 1998

The Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve Board may also serve as Chair of the District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Authority without violating sections 205 or 208 of title 18. Her dual service would also have to comply with the Federal Reserve Act's "entire-time" requirement.

June 1, 1998

The proposed detail of a civilian employee of Department of Defense to the National Infrastructure Protection Center, a component of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, is permissible under the Posse Comitatus Act.

May 26, 1998

A House bill addressing the same subject is constitutional because it contains provisions that allow for the exercise of the President's constitutional authority.

May 20, 1998

Consent by the tobacco companies to increased federal regulation, which those companies might grant in order to qualify for federally prescribed limits on liability, would permit Congress to establish additional restrictions on tobacco advertising that it could not impose directly.

May 13, 1998

No office or agency within the Executive Office of the President may require independent agencies to conduct certain background checks of candidates for noncareer Senior Executive Service positions.

April 30, 1998

Although it is a close question, the better interpretation of the Inspector General Act is that Congress did not intend to limit the phrase "recommendation that funds be put to better use" to only those audit recommendations that achieve identifiable monetary savings.

March 20, 1998

March 18, 1998

A modified version of the proposed real estate transaction described in the February 17, 1998 opinion that gives the blind trusts no interest in any government contracts is permissible under 18 U.S.C. § 431.

March 13, 1998

The interests of two Members of Congress under a proposed real estate transaction involving limited partnership interests in government leases would fall within the prohibition of 18 U.S.C. § 431.

February 17, 1998

Absent a specific provision to the contrary, a statute of limitations on civil actions also should apply to administrative settlements of claims arising under that statute pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3702.

31 U.S.C. § 3702 does not authorize USDA to pay compensatory damages in an administrative settlement of an ECOA claim if ECOA's two year statute of limitations has run.

Filing an administrative claim with USDA does not toll ECOA's statute of limitations.

ECOA's statute of limitations is, in appropriate circumstances, subject to the doctrines of equitable tolling and equitable estoppel.

January 29, 1998

18 U.S.C. § 203 does not prohibit a prospective government officer from maintaining upon his entry into government service a contingent interest in expenses recoverable in litigation involving the United States.

January 28, 1998

December 3, 1997

The criminal prohibition on supplementation of salary, 18 U.S.C. § 209, does not prohibit Federal Bureau of Investigation employees from receiving benefits under the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI's "Make a Dream Come True" Program

October 28, 1997

September 25, 1997

September 23, 1997

In circumstances where there is a compelling necessity for grand jury material to be made available to the President in furtherance of his constitutional responsibilities over foreign affairs and national defense and where the President has authorized the provision of such material to the Intelligence Community, we believe that a court should and would authorize such disclosure outside the provisions of Rule 6(ee), on the basis of Article II of the Constitution and separation of powers principles. Indeed, in such compelling circumstances, a constitutionally necessitated disclosure could properly be made b attorneys for the Government even without prior court approval.

Section 104(a) of the National Security Act, as implemented by Executive Order N. 12333, does not provide sound authority for Justice Department disclosure of grand jury material related to the national security to the Director of Central Intelligence outside the provisions of Rule 6(e).

August 14, 1997

In the absence of a contrary provision or limitation in its appropriations act or other applicable legislation, GSA may lawfully obligate a general or lump-sum appropriation for the purchase of business cards for suitable mission-related use by GSA employees.

Depending upon the purpose for which they are to be used, GSA's purchases of business cards for its employees may be chargeable either to its limited appropriation for "reception and recreation expenses" or to its general appropriation.

August 11, 1997

3 U.S.C. § 112 does not apply to the details of employees to support the President's Initiative on Race.

August 1, 1997

The President may remove, without cause, members of the Federal Housing Board and the Railroad Retirement Board who are serving in holdover capacities and do not enjoy express tenure protection by statute.

August 1, 1997

August 1, 1997

July 16, 1997

Because the Telecommunications Development Fund is a non-profit entity that is owned, funded, and controlled by the federal government, it is not an
"organization" within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 208. Therefore, the restrictions in § 208 do not apply to the service of the Federal Communications
Commission's General Counsel on the Board of Directors of the Fund.

June 12, 1997

May 6, 1997

The term "rate of pay" in the section of the Independent Counsel Act that indicates which Department of Justice employees are "covered persons" does not include "locality-based comparability payments" under 5 U.S.C. § 5304.

April 2, 1997

March 10, 1997

February 21, 1997

The required oath of allegiance as a condition of naturalization under section 337 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1448(a), cannot be waived.

February 05, 1997

The interpretation of the phrase "federal means-tested public benefit" in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 proffered by the Departments of Health and Human Services and Housing and Urban Development - that it applies only to mandatory (and not discretionary) spending programs - constitutes a permissible and legally binding construction of the statute

January 14, 1997

It lies within Congress' power to authorize the President substantially to modify the United States' domestic and international legal obligations under a prior treaty, including an arms control treaty, by making an executive agreement with our treaty partners, without Senate advice and consent.

November 25, 1996

THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF COOPERATIVE INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES UNDER THE EMOLUMENTS CLAUSE
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AUTHORITY OF THE CHEMICAL SAFETY AND HAZARD INVESTIGATION BOARD TO DELEGATE POWER
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THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY
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Similarly, those functions of the Department of Justice that are necessary to the effective execution of functions by an agency or department of government that has current fiscal year appropriations, such that a suspension of the Department's functions during a lapse in its own appropriations would prevent or significantly damage the execution of those funded functions, may continue during the Department's funding lapse.

December 13, 1995

November 30, 1995

The President may delay making a determination that would trigger sanctions under the Act when the delay is necessary to protect intelligence sources or methods used in counter-proliferation activities.

The President may delay making a determination that would trigger sanctions under the Act when no reasonable alternative means exists to protect the life of an intelligence source.

November 16, 1995

November 16, 1995

In exercising his CSRDF redemption authority, the Secretary of the Treasury may, during a "debt issuance suspension period," redeem CSRDF investment assets based on the total amount of civil service retirement and disability benefits authorized to be paid during the period.

The Secretary of the Treasury has discretion to designate the length of a debt issuance suspension period based on factors, identified by the Secretary, that are reasonably relevant to his determination.

The suspension during a debt limit crisis of CSRDF investment and the redemption of CSRDF investment assets would not cause a violation of the public debt limit.

November 10, 1995

The Immigration Emergency Fund may be used to reimburse the State of Florida for its increase in social service and health expenses deriving from the influx of Cuban immigrants resulting from a Presidential decision.

November 8, 1995

November 2, 1995

October 31, 1995

October 13, 1995

If, in the above circumstances, Treasury and the USPS are unable to negotiate mutually agreeable terms within a commercially reasonable period of time following USPS' proposed date for the issuance of its bonds, then the USPS may proceed with the issuance of such bonds to other purchasers.

Treasury is not authorized to dictate or control the terms of the USPS offering, but it must be afforded a reasonable opportunity to reach mutually agreeable terms with the USPS when the original terms proposed by the USPS are unacceptable. That reasonable opportunity is not rigidly limited by the 15-day period for declaring an election to purchase.

October 10, 1995

The President may use his authority under 3 U.S.C. § 105 to create and fill nonsalaried positions in the White House Office during an appropriations lapse, but nonsalaried employees cannot receive an obligation of payment for the services they perform in that capacity.

White House Office employees appointed under 3 U.S.C. § 105 may waive their compensation, and if they do so, their services may be accepted during an appropriations lapse..

September 13, 1995

Nor does any other constitutional provision or doctrine impose a general prohibition against the federal government entering into binding arbitration, although the Constitution does impose substantial limits on the authority of the federal government to enter into binding arbitration in specific cases.

September 7, 1995

August 16, 1995

June 28, 1995

A full and unconditional presidential pardon removes a state direarm disability arising as a result of a conviction of a federal crime.

A full and unconditional presidential pardon extends to the remission of restitution ordered by a court pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 355-1(b)-(c) as a "sanction" authorized in addition to imprisonment, probation, or a fine until such times as the restitution award is paid to the victim.

June 19, 1995

An amendment to the Space Act would be necessary to grant NASA the authority to waive subrogated claims on behalf of federal agencies against foreign States for damages arising out of cooperative space activity.

The President may waive claims, including subrogated claims, against foreign governments, in exchange for a reciprocal waiver from the foreign government. The President may delegate this authority to an agency head.

The weight of authority supports the President's power to waive state claims against a foreign government.

June 7, 1995

May 22, 1995

May 16, 1995

May 12, 1995

May 5, 1995

Appointment of the House Sergeant at Arms as a Special Deputy U.S. Marshal would impermissibly involve the institution of Congress in executive branch law enforcement.

April 10, 1995

March 9, 1995

March 2, 1995

February 22, 1995

February 21, 1995

January 26, 1995

Before resorting to the drastic step of amending the Constitution, Congress should explore other reasonable alternatives, including line item veto legislation.

January 23, 1995

January 20, 1995

December 15, 1994

November 22, 1994

The Department of Justice rules regulating such testimony are consistent with the First Amendment. Those rules require that the AUSA make it clear that he or she is not speaking for the Department, avoid using or permitting the use of his or her official title or position in connection with the testimony (except as one of several biographical details), and comply with rules on the protection of confidential information.

November 7, 1994

Section 205 does not preclude several other kinds of communications between the Department and NAAUSA or similar associations. The Department is not precluded from dealing with individual AUSAs or groups of AUSAs in their official capacities on matters affecting AUSAs, even if those AUSAs are coincidentally members of NAAUSA. Nor does section 205 place any restrictions on representatives who are not current federal employees, such as NAAUSA's executive director or former AUSAs no longer employed by the government. Finally, discussions of broad policy directed towards a large and diverse group of persons would be permissible under the statute.

November 7, 1994

November 2, 1994

Neither the Enumeration Clause of the Constitution nor the Census Act precludes the Bureau of the Census from statistically adjusting "headcounts" in the decennial census for the year 2000 or conducting the non-response follow-up on a sample basis. The provision in the Census Act prohibiting sampling for purposes of apportionment of the House of Representatives does not preclude reliance upon statistical adjustments that would improve the accuracy of "headcount" data.

October 7, 1994

October 7, 1994

The planned deployment accorded with the sense of Congress, satisfied the requirements of the War Powers Resolution, and was not a "war" with the meaning of the Constitution.

September 27, 1994

July 28, 1994

July 15, 1994

July 14, 1994

July 8, 1994

An executive branch officer or employee appointed to the Board of Directors of Connie Lee would be a "director" within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 208(a) and therefore would be disqualified from participating "personnally and substantially" in any "particular matter" implicating the financial interests of Connie Lee unless the conditions of subsection 208(b) are satisfied.

June 22, 1994

May 25, 1994

May 23, 1994

There is no basis for construing the Act so that the HUD investigative and administrative process under the Act may be deemed applicable, but the judicial enforcement procedures deemed inapplicable.

May 17, 1994

May 10, 1994

If the state or local agency fails to use the transferred property for law enforcement purposes, the federal government may be able to pursue restitution of the property.

April 19, 1994

April 19, 1994

The anti-discrimination provisions of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do not apply to federal agencies. Some anti-discrimination provisions in each of the other civil rights statutes addressed in the opinion do apply to federal agencies, but only one of the statutes, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, waives sovereign immunity with respect to monetary relief, authorizing imposition of compensatory damages. The Fair Housing Act and the Rehabilitation Act do not waive immunity against monetary relief. Attorneys' fees and costs may be awarded pursuant to the waiver of immunity contained in the Equal Access to Justice Act.

April 18, 1994

No Sixth Amendment violation occurs when law enforcement contacts with high-ranking executives occur while civil penalty proceedings are in progress against the corporation.

April 15, 1994

Commissioners who were appointed prior to the enactment of the holdover statute may constitutionally exercise such holdover rights without violating the Appointments Clause.

April 5, 1994

March 16, 1994

March 8, 1994

March 1, 1994

February 14, 1994

February 10, 1994

February 2, 1994

Reversing a prior conclusion, we find that the State's designation of the College as a Second Morrill Act beneficiary does not make that institution eligible for funds appropriated under certain statutes administered by the Department of Agriculture.

December 23, 1993

Justice Department use of amnesty application information is also subject to regulations issued by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Those regulations limit such use against third parties to the prosecution of persons who have "created or supplied a false writing or document for use" in an amnesty application.

December 22, 1993

An examiner would be prohibited from borrowing from such an affiliated entity, where the affiliate is serving as a conduit or "front" for the implementation of a loan that is actually extended due to the direction, instigation, or influence of the affiliated member bank or person connected therewith.

December 20, 1993

The Attorney General has discretion to pay state and local tax claims against criminally forfeited property, under the authority in those statutes to "take any other action to protect the rights of innocent persons which is in the interests of justice."

December 9, 1993

December 9, 1993

December 6, 1993

November 10, 1993

November 3, 1993

The proposal contains no unconstitutional takings of private property or infringement of liberty interests.

The proposed delegation of administrative authority to the National Health Board, and, from it, to state alliances, is not an impermissible delegation of legislative authority.

October 29, 1993

Non-government members of ACUS are also generally forbidden, absent Congress's consent, from accepting payments from commercial entities owned or controlled by foreign governments.

October 28, 1993

In criminal forfeiture proceedings (under 18 U.S.C. § 1963 or 21 U.S.C. § 853), the United States may not pay such liens because state and local tax lien-holders are not bona fide purchasers for value of the interests they would assert, and therefore do not come within any applicable exception to a statute that, upon entry of a court's final order of forfeiture, vests full ownership retroactively in the United States as of the date of the offense.

October 18, 1993

The Immigration and Naturalization Service had the authority to promulgate an interpretative rule construing the "territorial waters" of the United States, as referred to in section 287 of the INA, to extend for twelve nautical miles.

October 13, 1993

During the period of a United States Marshal's suspension, the Attorney General may designate an Acting United States Marshal to carry out the duties of the office.

September 23, 1993

September 23, 1993

There are also circumstances where the President's constitutional responsibilities may provide justification for the Attorney General to disclose grand jury matters to the President independent of the provisions of Rule 6(e). Such circumstances might arise, for example, where the Attorney General learns through grand jury proceedings of a grave threat of terrorism, implicating the President's responsibility to take care
that the laws be faithfully executed.

September 21, 1993

September 13, 1993

Under 18 U.S.C. § 208, a government employee-inventor may not take official action with respect to an agreement for development of his invention entered into by the United States and a company with which the employee has contracted to exploit the invention abroad.

September 13, 1993

August 27, 1993

August 23, 1993

June 22, 1993

Transfer of the proceeds of any bond offering by the Postal Service to a trustee for the purpose of having the trustee make payments on outstanding Postal Service debt would be a deposit of Postal Service monies within the meaning of 39 U.S.C. § 2003(d) and, accordingly, could only be done with the approval of the Secretary of Treasury.

January 19, 1993

January 19, 1993

After the expiration of an initial designation of a United States marshal under 28 U.S.C. § 562, the Attorney General may authorize a person to act as marshal under 28 U.S.C. §§ 509, 510.

January 19, 1993

December 4, 1992

September 21, 1992

September 1, 1992

August 20, 1992

August 17, 1992

The proposed legislation would represent a doubtful exercise of Congress' power to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment and would rest on a questionable link to Congress' power to regulate interstate commerce.

July 1, 1992

Under section 1302 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, marketing loan provisions that previously had been discretionary would be mandatory for the 1993 through 1995 crop years, if an agricultural trade agreement under the Uruguay Round Negotiations pursuant to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade were not entered into by June 30, 1992, or if this agreement had not entered into force for the United States by June 30, 1993.

June 3, 1992

Under 1 U.S.C. § 106b, the Archivist was, upon receipt of formal instruments of ratification from the requisite number of States, required to publish the Congressional Pay Amendment along with his certificate specifying that the Amendment has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of the Constitution.

May 13, 1992

May 12, 1992

March 12, 1992

Department of Defense personnel engaged in such surveillance would not be subject to liability for damages in a constitutional tort action.

March 4, 1992

Section 881(e) of title 21 does not prevent a state or local law enforcement agency from retransferring to other state or local government agencies property that has been transferred from the federal government pursuant to that section. However, the Attorney General has authority under section 881(e) to forbid a further transfer if he determines that to do so would "serve to encourage further cooperation between the recipient State or local agency and Federal law enforcementagencies."

January 23, 1992

The President is constitutionally authorized to decline to enforce the portions of section 129(e) and section 503 that purport to limit the issuance of official and diplomatic passports

January 17, 1992