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International Brownfields Case Study:
Emscher Park, Germany

 

Executive Summary

Emscher Park is brownfields redevelopment on a massive scale. Emscher Park lies in the Ruhr valley of northwestern Germany, once the heartland of Europe's steel and coal industries. With the restructuring of these heavy industries over the past 30 years, derelict steel works and abandoned coal mining operations spread throughout the northern Ruhr region, leaving the legacy of high unemployment, the scars of environmental contamination, and the haunting shadows of the gigantic steel plants.

Faced with such wide-spread economic and environmental impacts, the State Government of NorthRhine-Westphalia created a regional redevelopment approach -- the International Building Exhibition (IBA) at Emscher Park. IBA is confronting the complex regional challenges of repairing the environmental damage left behind from these heavy industries, while also designing urban communities of the future.

IBA is partly a building exhibition in the classic, architectural sense1, but is also a state-supported entity that oversees individual redevelopment projects and seven area-wide master plans2. Approximately 100 projects have been developed and implemented on five sites in the area between the cities of Duisburg and Kamen, covering an area of over 800 sq. km. IBA's projects illustrate the latest thinking in the ecological and economic regeneration of a former industrial region. Many of these innovative urban and architectural designs were fostered by IBA's workshops, competitions, and spatial planning guidelines3.

In 1989 IBA was given a ten year mission to achieve the ecological, economic, and urban revitalization of the Ruhr valley and the Emscher River through the creation of collaborative partnerships with local authorities, private industry, professional associations, environmental groups, and citizens. Seventeen local authorities of the Ruhr area joined the building exhibition at its creation.

PRESERVING OUR INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE

One of the most striking aspects of IBA's Emscher Park are the mammoth steel plants, smoke stacks, and gas storage tanks that litter the landscape of the Ruhr region. Many of these abandoned and rusted edifices rise ten stories or higher. While a few facilities remain active, many have not been used for decades. These remnants from the by-gone days of industrialization pose a particularly interesting problem. If IBA decided to dismantle these immense iron and steel frameworks, the economic and environmental costs would be great. What could be done with the leftover rubble, steel, and contaminated sites? Should these structures remain, how could they be incorporated with the new development and uses of the site?

IBA devised an ingenious reuse strategy that preserves these enormous relics as museum pieces of its industrial past and promotes them as centers of cultural activities. The term "industrial monument" captures the essence of the Emscher Landscape Park where concerts are staged against the backdrop of a former steel plant's framework and people hike among the hills of reclaimed coal pilings. The twelve story gas-o-meter in Oberhausen no longer stores natural gas, but is the home for many unique cultural events: concerts, parties, plays, conventions, and meetings. What was once the engine room for a coal mine's elevator at the "Erfahrungsfed Zollverein" in Essen, is now an interactive exploratorium for children and adults. Instead of delivering coal miners hundreds of feet below the surface, the turbines, along with other machines and tools, have been creatively incorporated into exhibits for patrons to explore. Professor Karl Ganser, IBA's former managing director, insightfully remarked, "The IBA cannot be displayed; one must experience the IBA!"

INTEGRATED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The core of IBA's mission is to coordinate development, including brownfields, on a regional basis. Rather than implement a top-down, centralized development plan, IBA has targeted individual sites for redevelopment within the Ruhr region. The theme of their Building Exhibition is "Integrated Regional Development" (IRD). Their planning strategy, as described in Change without Growth, contains the following fundamental elements4:

Another guiding principle of the IRD theme is "Baukultur", literally translated as the culture of architecture. IBA has embraced the idea that building and site design are critical components of an environmental, social, and economic regeneration strategy. IBA describes this process as "Architecture Organizing Urban Planning". Rather than accept the haphazard, uncontrolled development that is typically considered urban sprawl, architecture offers the opportunity to direct urban planning. "Through architectural quality determined on a case by case basis and moderated by a qualified authority, one allows urban planning from the bottom up"5.

EMSCHER PARK'S ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND PROJECTS

Emscher Park's development planning is guided by ecological principles which protect, increase, and shape undeveloped areas6. These objectives are realized by reusing old buildings rather than constructing new ones. As Karl Ganser states, "Even the best planned new buildings are no match against the preservation, modernization, conversion and re-use of existing buildings when it comes down to the consumption of resources."7 Reuse of existing buildings presents the additional advantage of reduced infrastructure spending for roads and sewers, since these facilities already serve most brownfields sites. These principles extend to public infrastructure as well. For example, IBA is currently converting what was once an open-loop sewage system throughout the valley into one that is closed-loop, based upon environmental principles.

In addition to incorporating economic development goals into site reuse, open space preservation and public art are also high priorities of the IBA' s brownfield projects. The Landscape Park Project in Duisburg, in which the structure of an ironworks was transformed into a public park, attains both of these goals. The park has created open space within the city while the architecture itself reflects an artistic flair. A five-story observation structure built on a mountain of coal in Bottrop presents one of the more spectacular vistas in the region. From the top of this metal frame pyramid, local residents have described the view of the surrounding industrial landscape, with its smokestacks, gasometers, and mountains of pilings, as the "Seven Hills of Rome."

THE LEGACY AND TRANSFERABILITY OF EMSCHER PARK

Given its original ten year charter, IBA will officially close at the end of this century, leaving behind a rather impressive array of innovative projects and plans. How much impact IBA at Emscher Park has or will have on the region is difficult to quantify. Certainly economists and politicians will tout the number of jobs created, the number of acres reclaimed, and the number of projects completed. Yet, if one must visit Emscher Park to actually experience the problems and its solutions, then perhaps it is better to measure IBA's success by its broader legacy of integrated regional development, innovative reuse projects, and the implementation of ecological principles8.

While at first blush the size of IBA's efforts at Emscher Park seem to limit its transferability9, in fact it provides brownfields practitioners worldwide with lessons they can apply and adapt to their own initiatives. Emscher Park presents one of the few integrated frameworks for regional brownfields redevelopment. While most of the case studies written about brownfields redevelopment discuss successful individual projects, few of these examples focus on regional efforts.

In addition to IBA's creative reuse projects for derelict structures, such as the Landscape Park or the conversion of a former steel plant into an industrial design center, Emscher Park demontrates that preserving open space is another option for brownfields redevelopment. Most brownfields projects result in the construction or rehabilitation of buildings. Few communities would consider using a derelict industrial site for open space and recreation. Perhaps one of Emscher Park's most intriguing ideas is the preservation of industrial monuments and their nearby areas for cultural and historical uses. Instead of dismantling these mammoth structures or surrounding them with fences, these monuments now invite the community to experience their industrial heritage. Instead of the ugly coal pits and towers of mine tailings, hiking paths and pyramids of public art illustrate how derelict lands can be transformed into active cultural and recreational spaces.

      

  Setting the Stage: History and Background

During the 19th century the Emscher area of the Ruhr Valley served as one of Europe's major industrial and manufacturing centers. Elaborate steel mills, coke smelters, coal mines, and chemical plants generated high levels of environmental pollution and disfigured the region's landscape. Over the past twenty years the region's economic landscape has also changed with the major restructuring of the steel and mining industry and its legacy of high unemployment and derelict steel plants.

Given the scale of the environmental and economic degradation, and the increasing number of abandoned industrial properties with varying levels of soil contamination, the region soon realized that it could not apply traditional principles of urban redevelopment. It could not rely solely upon the private sector to redevelop the region project-by-project. It would have to create something grander in scope and size. Successful revitalization of this region and these former industrial properties would demand an innovative framework that could manage or stimulate individual redevelopment projects within the context of a regional planning strategy.

IBA AT EMSCHER PARK

The State of NorthRhine Westphalia responded in 1989 by creating the International Building Exhibition (IBA) at Emscher Park. American planners have described IBA as a comprehensive regional planning scheme using a multi-stakeholder process in a design competition setting. On one level IBA is a regional planning entity working with the cooperation of 17 municipalities. At the programmatic level IBA's mission is to facilitate the reuse of these massive industrial wastelands into a network of regional open space recreational areas using sound ecological planning principles. And at the project level IBA must work with private companies, local government officials, and the community to ensure that each of its 100+ projects successfully regenerate the region's environment and the economy.

PROGRAM & PROJECT RESOURCES

Funding for Emscher Park comes from a variety of sources. When the state government announced the creation of the Emscher Park Planning Company Ltd. in 1988, the state government allocated DM 35 million for IBA10. Responsibility for individual projects, however, rests with its developers (i.e., local authorities, private companies or not-for-profit groups). Most projects are jointly financed by local governments and private companies. One exception is the Landscape Park in Duisburg-Nord where all of the expenditures were publicly funded. Emscher Park projects have also received financing from existing state and national government structural development programs and aid from the European Union11. By the summer of 1993, funds spent on 134 projects totalled DM 2.5 billion, with some DM 1.7 billion coming from public sources12.

IBA PROCESS

IBA employs a wide range of approaches to select, design, and carry-out its projects. Competitions play an important part in the IBA process, along with expert panels and national and international symposia. All of these various processes keep IBA abreast of the latest innovative urban designs and cutting edge approaches to ecological regeneration. In 1994, IBA convened "Change for the People," one of the first international forums on the reuse of brownfields, which lead to the transfer of innovative reuse ideas to other projects across the globe13.

At the project level, IBA's Planning Company serves as the coordinator with a Steering Committee and Board of Trustees. The Committee reviews projects for admission to the exhibition and the Trustees develop public-private partnerships to promote IBA and garner support for its initiatives14. The Planning Company also plays a major role in the promotion, brainstorming, planning and presentation of the exhibitions efforts. IBA does conduct extensive public outreach and marketing, although the degree of meaningful public participation varies greatly between the different projects15. IBA works with local government officials and community groups as a means to allow the people who live in the region the opportunity to express their own ideas and keep abreast of the urban regeneration process16.

      

  Regulatory and Programmatic Framework -- Overview of the German Environmental Cleanup Laws

The environmental legal system in Germany draws many close parallels with its American counterpart17. German environmental laws have adopted several key American policies and principles. For example, the polluter pays principles that place liability on the parties responsible for causing the environmental damage and also strict and joint and several liability that allocates liability to multiple parties responsible for the environmental harm18. The German system also diversifies its legal authority among federal and state statutes and regulations or ordinances to supplement these laws19. Germany employs a federal structure, vesting considerable authority in the environmental area to its states, regional, and local authorities20. Although most significant environmental laws are federal, the states and regional and local authorities have the primary responsibility for administration and enforcement21.

German States have their own environmental laws regulating waste disposal, while regional and local authorities have extensive regulations covering the remediation of contaminated waste sites and the surrounding groundwater and soil. Not surprisingly, the process for issuing permits requires close coordination with local government authorities.

SOIL CONTAMINATION LAWS

When it comes to soil and groundwater contamination at industrial sites (Altlasten), liability for the cleanup of waste disposal sites varies depending on the applicable Federal, State, and local environmental police power laws. While the environmental regulators can hold either the polluter or the property responsible, court decisions tend to indicate that the polluter will be primarily responsible.

German soil contamination laws employs a risk-based system of site-specific assessment and cleanup similar to the voluntary cleanup programs adopted by many of the States in the U.S22. A set of standards designed to protect human health and the environment are structured to trigger either a site-specific study or to demand remedial action and feasibility studies without any further assessment of the risk. Both levels are based on the land use and the specific exposure conditions and substance pathways23.

Sixteen German States have their own legislation on soil contamination. In early 1998 the German Parliament considered a new draft of a revised Federal Soil Protection Act with the goals of harmonizing procedures for the identification, registration, assessment and remediation of contaminated sites throughout Germany. This draft set forth a framework which demanded the issuance of more detailed regulations and technical guidance with special attention to the effectiveness of containment and isolation cleanup remedies with decontamination measures24.

STATE INCENTIVES

During the 1980s the State of NorthRhine-Westphalia established the State Real Estate Fund Program to assist in the region's urban renewal and ecological regeneration. The program's goal is to assist in the purchase of derelict sites and either preserve the sites as open space or recycle the properties as places for new enterprises. As of 1992, the State had purchased 154 sites with a total area of about 1,555 hectares. After cleaning these sites and preparing them for construction, approximately 484 acres have been sold for reuse; 252 acres were sold between 1988-1992.

Within the framework of IBA, the Real Estate Fund appears to have been an important vehicle for implementing several of their projects. As of 1992, 14 projects were developed on a Real Estate Fund site covering approximately 350 hectares. One of those sites was the Landscape Park Duisburg-Nord.

      

  IBA and Emscher Park Project Highlights

IBA is an enormous undertaking, embracing more than 120 distinct projects. The following is an attempt to capture the essence of a few Emscher Park projects.

THE EMSCHER LANDSCAPE PARK

Faced with acres of coal tailings and a regional landscape scarred by the mining industry, IBA confronted a difficult reuse decision. Should it reclaim this land for new high tech industries and possibly repeat the mistakes of the past? While such a traditional redevelopment option might have presented the region with immediate results (e.g., more companies and jobs in the short-term), IBA took a long-term view by regenerating these coal fields and stockpiles into a network of regional open space recreational areas. A regional landscape park that stretches throughout the entire valley is an innovative reuse idea that lies at the heart of IBA's ecological planning efforts.

IBA's plan is to "integrate, shape, develop, and interlink" the existing pattern of open spaces left behind by the coal and steel industries25. Building upon an earlier design, IBA intends to create seven regional green corridors that would form a complete park system of "European significance." These corridors must use few man-made resources while maintaining the area's natural state. For example, the green path from Oberhausen to Duisburg links the cities with the Landscape Park by following former industrial roads and rail lines.

At the heart of the Landscape Park is the former ironworks at Duisburg-Nord shut down in 1985. Occupying almost 200 hectares of open land between the suburbs of Meiderich and Hamborn, the ironworks and the imposing three blast furnaces of the Thyssen steelworks create an impressive skyline of industrial monuments. The natural decay and dilapidation of the site presents a strong connection with its industrial past, but also illustrates how nature itself can reclaim these industrial relics26. What was once an active colliery, coke works and smelter, is soon becoming a open space recreational area, complete with hiking trails and climbing walls.

The current park plan incorporates a variety of design elements:

INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS AND HISTORICAL PRESERVATION

The former Zollverein colliery27 in Essen was once called a "Cathedral of Labor" when it was built in 1932 as the largest and most modern coal mine in the world before it was shut down in 198628. This masterpiece of industrial architecture is a prime example of Emscher Park's adaptive reuse. Now as one of the IBA's most successful "industrial monuments", it is home to a range of theater groups, design studios and a museum. A graphic design center displays the latest innovations in German industrial design with a flair for the avant-garde. Rooms in the complex are fully occupied with graphic artists and industrial designers, providing an important link with small companies in the region. The sharp angles of the site's structures contrast with the backdrop of left-over mining debris that still occupies the property. Hiking trails connect the facility with the surrounding community. Given its location in the heart of a residential neighborhood, a few of the former miners are now working on projects to document Zollverein's history.

Possibly the most innovative conversion project is the Oberhausen gasometer, now used as an exhibition hall and theater. Once slated for demolition after its closure in 1988, the gasometer has been transformed into a cavernous 118 meter-high, 68 meter-wide structure that can produce extraordinary sounds and sensations for its visitors. A glass elevator in its interior allows glimpses of the structure's 347,000 cubic meter volume. "The over 600,000 visitors proved that this unusual idea for an exhibition hall was not so unusual after all."29

PROSPER III - USING BROWNFIELDS FOR HOUSING

Besides the Landscape Park and preservation of industrial momuments, Emscher IBA also includes some 25 housing projects with 3,000 new houses slated for construction and another 3,000 for rehabilitation30. Urban design competitions once again have infused the IBA with national and international ideas on transforming abstract development themes into reality. IBA's housing projects revive the concept of "housing settlements," or "garden villages," with mixed uses, multiple forms of housing, ecological features, and public transportation links. A few of the housing developments are urban in-fill projects that use brownfields within the city center instead of virgin land on the out-skirts of town. Prosper III, near Bottrop's city center, provides a good example of housing built on brownfields, something more common in the European Community member countries than the United States.

Prosper III is built on a former colliery and coke plant with significant levels of contamination (i.e., benzene and heavy metals, etc.). Over the 70 year life of the colliery, residential neighbors grew around it, creating a dense urban community. After the colliery closed, most of the pit-head buildings and facilities were demolished by 1985 and the entire 29 hectare site became derelict. Starting in 1990, IBA, working with the City of Bottrop and the owner of the site, Ruhrkohle AG, convened a nationwide urban design contest seeking development proposals for the site.

As a result of the close cooperation among the respective parties, Prosper III now presents an interesting community development plan which incorporates incubators for small businesses (17 workshops, retail units and offices), commercial and retail uses, single family homes, social housing for recent immigrants and assisted housing for senior citizens. Care for the elderly and children is a focal point of its design. Environmental concerns are also taken into account in with district heating systems, space-saving devices and an upgraded sewage system that collects rainwater for reuse as features incorporated into each of the different housing tracts. Overall, Prosper III includes a total of 450 dwellings, housing 1,700 people.

The remediation and development took place in less than eight years at a cost of approximately DM 200 million, using a mix of public and private funding. Prosper III provides the City with an important housing resource given the severe shortage of quality housing in the area.

A the center of this urban village is Prosper Hill, a neighborhood landscaped park built on a former landfill of contaminated mine tailings. As part of the site remediation for the park, the developer removed roughly 2-4 meters (6-12 feet) of the most contaminated top soil, sealed the remaining soil in a landfill cap, and then landscaped the area with a layer of fresh top soil. The cap has a system of monitors which the City of Bottrop oversees.

DUISBURG HARBOR

Over the years, many Germans have viewed Duisburg's inner harbor (part of the Duisburg-Ruhrot port) as merely an industrial and shipping center with barges, warehouses, and huge cranes dotting the shores of the Rhine. Set near the town hall and adjacent to the city's medieval walls, Duisburg's inner harbor port is the site of a massive IBA redevelopment effort that will transform the area's former docklands into a thriving urban waterfront31. Through a partnership with the City of Duisburg and the Port Authority, IBA's inner harbor projects seek to integrate the port's historic mill and grainstore buildings into a new mixed-use neighborhood and waterfront parks and promenades.

The harbor project design, commissioned after an open competition, includes some of the most innovative ideas in waterfront redevelopment. Plans include social housing for low-income residents, studios, galleries, and cafes for these former docklands. The proposed sixteen-story glass "Euro-Gate" office building and resort hotel, with its high-tech architectural and energy efficient design, will eventually symbolize this bold redevelopment initiative32. IBA and its private developers hope the Euro Gate will become the headquarters for a variety of international businesses.

IBA's strategy is to seek private partners to design and build most of the inner harbor's projects and build consensus with state and local governments. While less than two years remain, Duisburg's inner harbor has spawned many high profile and innovative projects, attracting new commercial and residential opportunities to this former industrial waterfront.

THE ECOLOGICAL REDEVELOPMENT OF THE EMSCHER WATERWAYS

IBA's work on the Emscher River and its tributaries symbolizes the region's struggle to regenerate its environment and quality of life. Since active coal mining made it impossible to lay underground pipes, the region's industrial and residential wastes were discharged into open concrete drainage channels that eventually found their way into the Emscher River. Water quality problems associated with the "Emscher System" multipled as the region's population and economy grew during the first half of the 20th century. In an effort to manage the increasing volume of discharge, the Emschergenossenschaft (Emscher Water Association)33 improved many of the concrete channels throughout the Emscher basin. Pump stations and primary sewage treatment plants were also built along its shores. Open sewers, however, were still the principle way to dispose of mining wastes34. With the eventual decline of the mining industry in the 1970s, the structural problems of a closed sewage system caused by subsidence waned.

Almost one hundred years since the system's creation, the Emscher Water Association, the state government of North-Rhine Westphalia and IBA at Emscher Park are involved in a comprehensive plan to ecologically reengineer the entire Emscher System and return it to a natural state35. Many of the individual projects involve removal of the concrete channels and restoration involving "daylighting" of enclosed streambeds, thus creating more permeable surfaces for runoff. Although ecological restoration of the Emscher System may take fifty years to complete, IBA has undertaken this project given the importance of water quality to many of IBA's other projects and its long-term goals of sustainable development and ecological planning.

The Association's members, in conjunction with IBA, have coordinated their efforts to plan and finance several components of this restoration effort. Expenditures for the work is covered entirely by the coal mining companies responsible for the damage caused by its long history of mining operations in the region. Government grants cover the construction of the sewage treatment plants36.

In 1990 a series of studies on the needs of the Emscher basin indicated that new treatments methods that filter and store stormwater could have a significant ecological effect on the Emscher System. In the Schüngelberg area, for example, a system of hollow and gravel-filled ditches allows draining of rainwater that does not pollute the ground water or cause the water table to rise37.

ENDNOTES

1 Building expositions can be traced back to the mid 19th century when it became the usual practice to present innovations in architecture, engineering and technology at International Expositions and World Fairs. Rob Macdonald, IBA Emscher Park
2 Emscher Landscape Park; Environmental Recovery of Waterways; The Rhein-Herne Canal Leisure and Recreation Area; Industrial Legacy; Cultural Park Activities; Housing Innovation; and Social and Cultural Activities.
3 Rob Macdonald, IBA Emscher Park
4 Karl Ganser, "The Emscher Region: A Workshop for the Future"Wandel ohne Wachstum? - Change Without Growth?, p. 78
5 Wandel ohne Wachstum? - Change Without Growth?, p. 84.
6 Wandel ohne Wachstum? - Change Without Growth?, p. 14.
7 Wandel ohne Wachstum? - Change Without Growth?, p. 14.
8 Perhaps as a tribute to his efforts at Emscher Park and the complexities of industrial redevelopment in the former East German Republic, the German government asked Professor Karl Ganser, the former director of Emscher Park, to spearhead a similar regional redevelopment initiative in the former East German Republic.
9 Although this discussion on transferability does have much broader application outside of the United States, give the author's background, it is difficult not to compare Emscher Park with the current state of brownfields redevelopment in America.
10 Rob Macdonald, IBA Emscher Park
11 Emscher Park--Ecological and urban renewal of urban areas, appearing in LOCAL SUSTAINABILITY, a newsletter developed and operated by EURONET and the International Council for Local Government Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI).
12 Rob Macdonald, IBA Emscher Park
13 Coincidentally, representatives from Westergasfabriek participated in this now famous symposium along with staff from the City of Tacoma Washington's brownfields program. - The Emscher Park International Building Exposition, Change for the People - with the People, p. 53.
14 Emscher Park--Ecological and urban renewal of urban areas, appearing in LOCAL SUSTAINABILITY, a newsletter developed and operated by EURONET and the International Council for Local Government Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI).
15 Ibid.
16 Rob Macdonald, IBA Emscher Park
17 Germany has one of the most stringent and developed systems of environmental regulation in the European Community. In contrast to several other countries in the European Community with strict environmental laws, in Germany, these laws are also actively enforced. Gabrielle H. Williamson & Steven TaiblInternational Corporate Law Supplement, April 1992.
18 Strict liability for environmental pollution arises under the Act on Liability for Environmental Damages (Umwelthaftungsgestz); the Liability Act of 1991 significantly expanded the concept of strict liability for environmental damages. Henning Mennenoh, Environmental Liability in Germany: Risks and Risk Reduction Strategies for Companies and Managers, BNA's International Environment Reporter, June 11, 1997.
19 Moreover, administrative decrees and regulations can also be issued to clarify how to implement various laws. Gabrielle H. Williamson & Steven TaiblInternational Corporate Law Supplement, April 1992.
20 Germany is a federal system consisting of sixteen states (Lander). Ibid.
21 At the state and local level administration and enforcement of environmental laws would generally be done by the competent State agency, the regional authority (Regierungsprafifien), or the district (Kreise) or city or community (Stadt or Gemeinde) authorities. Ibid.
22 It appears similar to the Dutch Act discussed in the Westergasfabriek case study. Ibid.
23 G. Bachmann, K. Freier, R. Konietzka, Soil Levels Based on the German Soil Protection Legislation, a paper presented for the German Federal Environmental Agency.
24 Ian Martin, Wilma Visser, and Paul Bardos, Review of Policy Papers Presented to the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Research, Development and Evaluation of Remedial Action Technologies for Contaminated Soil and Groundwater, Journal of Land Contamination & Reclamation, Vol. 5: No. 1, 1997.
25 Change for the People - With the People, p. 34.
26 In fact, this area provides habitat for several endangered plant and animal species.
27 A colliery is a coal mine and its buildings.
28 Following the blueprints of U.S. Steel's mammoth plants.
29 Wandel ohne Wachstum - Change Without Growth?, p. 32.
30 Rob Macdonald, IBA Emscher Park
31 The entire area occupies approximately 89 hectares or 220 acres along the waterfront. Examples from an Industrial Region in Transition, Andrea Hober, Editor (IBA, Emscher Park, June 1992)
32 The model design for the Euro-Gate is a quite impressive, sixteen story, "scythe-shaped" glass structure. Ibid.
33 The Emschergenossenschaft is an autonomous public body comprised of a General Assembly, Council, Executive Board and members. Members include municipalities, districts, minimg companies, and industrial undertakings and Transport facilities.
34 Emschergenossenschaft.
35 Andrea Hober- editor, IBA booklet.
36 Emschergenossenschaft.
37 Stalmann Report.

 

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