Preparing
Essential Fish Habitat Assessments:
A
Guide for Federal Action Agencies
Version 1
February 2004
Introduction
The
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens
Act), as amended by the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-267),
established procedures designed to identify, conserve, and enhance Essential
Fish Habitat (EFH) for those species regulated under a Federal fisheries
management plan (FMP). Section 305(b)(2)
of the Magnuson-Stevens Act requires Federal action agencies to consult with
NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) on all actions, or
proposed actions, authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency, that may
adversely affect EFH.
The
EFH Guidelines (50 CFR 600.05 - 600.930) outline the process for Federal
agencies, NOAA Fisheries and the Fishery Management Councils to satisfy the EFH
consultation requirement under Section 305(b(2)-(4)) of the Magnuson-Stevens
Act. As part of the EFH Consultation
process, the guidelines require Federal action agencies to prepare a written
EFH Assessment describing the effects of that action on EFH (50 CFR
600.920(e)(1)). The EFH Assessment is a
necessary component for efficient and effective consultations between a Federal
action agency and NOAA Fisheries.
To
assist Federal agencies in developing EFH Assessments, this guide contains EFH
definitions, responses to frequently asked questions concerning preparation of
EFH Assessments, and some examples of completed EFH Assessments.
Definitions
Essential
Fish Habitat (EFH): those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning,
breeding, feeding or growth to maturity (16 U.S.C. 1802(10)).
Waters include
aquatic areas and their associated physical, chemical, and biological
properties that are used by fish and may include aquatic areas historically
used by fish where appropriate (50 CFR 600.10).
Substrate includes
sediment, hard bottom, structures underlying the waters, and associated
biological communities (50 CFR 600.10).
Necessary means the
habitat required to support a sustainable fishery and the managed species’
contribution to a healthy ecosystem (50 CFR 600.10).
Healthy
ecosystem
means an ecosystem where ecological productive capacity is maintained,
diversity of the flora and fauna is preserved, and the ecosystem retains the
ability to regulate itself. Such an
ecosystem should be similar to comparable, undisturbed ecosystems with regard
to standing crop, productivity, nutrient dynamics, trophic structure, species
richness, stability, resilience, contamination levels, and the frequency of
diseased organisms (50 CFR 600.10).
Adverse effect means any
impact that reduces quality and/or quantity of EFH. Adverse effects may include direct or
indirect physical, chemical, or biological alterations of the waters or
substrate and loss of, or injury to, benthic organisms, prey species and their
habitat, and other ecosystem components, if such modifications reduce the
quality and/or quantity of EFH. Adverse
effects to EFH may result from actions occurring within EFH or outside of EFH
and may include site-specific or habitat-wide impacts, including individual,
cumulative, or synergistic consequences of actions (50 CFR 600.810(a)).
Frequently Asked Questions
Why do the EFH guidelines require
Federal action agencies to prepare an EFH Assessment?
The EFH guidelines require Federal
agencies to prepare EFH Assessments to evaluate the effects of proposed actions
on EFH and Federally managed fish species.
An EFH Assessment, either detailed, and referenced as such, in an
existing environmental document (EA or EIS) or as a stand alone EFH Assessment,
is the beginning of a cooperative exchange of information assessing any affects
to EFH and offers ways to minimize any adverse effects. Additionally, this information is necessary
for NOAA Fisheries to fulfill its statutory responsibility to provide EFH
conservation recommendations to minimize adverse effects of any proposed
action.
This cooperative exchange of
information, and any conservation recommendations, between NOAA Fisheries and
Federal agencies is vital for effective and efficient consultation and for the
action agency to fulfill their consultation requirements. The EFH Assessment allows NOAA Fisheries to
promptly develop EFH conservation recommendations that are based upon complete
information about the proposed action.
When is an EFH Assessment
Required?
A Federal agency must prepare an EFH
Assessment for any Federal action that may adversely affect EFH (50 CFR
600.920(e)(1)). A Federal agency must
first determine whether their action may adversely impact EFH. If a Federal agency determines that a Federal
action may adversely impact EFH, then the Federal agency must prepare an EFH
assessment. If a Federal agency
determines that a Federal action will not adversely affect EFH, then the
Federal agency is not required to prepare an EFH Assessment. However, if NOAA Fisheries becomes aware of a
Federal action that would adversely affect EFH, but for which a Federal agency
has not initiated an EFH consultation, NOAA Fisheries may request the Federal
agency to initiate EFH consultation, and prepare an EFH assessment.
If the proposed Federal action is
similar to a previous action (i.e., involves similar impacts to EFH, would
occur in the same geographic area or similar ecological setting) and an EFH
Assessment was prepared for that previous action, the Federal agency may
incorporate by reference the completed EFH Assessment and supplement it with
any relevant new project specific information.
The old EFH Assessment and the supplemental information would constitute
a new EFH Assessment which must be provided to NOAA Fisheries.
If more than one Federal agency is
responsible for a Federal action, then the consultation may be fulfilled through
a lead agency, and only the lead agency must prepare an EFH Assessment. The lead agency should notify NOAA Fisheries
in writing that it is representing one or more additional agencies. Alternatively, if one Federal agency has
completed an EFH consultation for an action and another Federal agency acts
separately to authorize, fund, or undertake the same activity (such as issuing
a permit for an activity that was funded via a separate Federal action), the
completed EFH consultation and associated EFH Assessment may suffice for both
Federal actions if the consultation adequately addresses the adverse effects of
those actions on EFH.
Where is EFH and what are the
species?
NOAA Fisheries’ authority
to manage EFH is directly related to those species covered under FMPs in the
United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto
Rico. EFH sections of FMPs include
detailed life history and habitat information used to describe and identify EFH
for each plan’s federally managed species. A complete list of Federally-managed
species is available for each Region upon request. EFH information can also be found via the
internet at each of the NOAA Fisheries Regional
websites or on the NOAA Fisheries Headquarters website address at http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/habitatprotection/efh_designations.htm
What is a Habitat
Area of Particular Concern (HAPC)?
HAPCs are subsets of EFH
that merit special considerations to conserve the habitat. These habitat conditions are listed in the
EFH Guidelines (50 CFR 600.815(a)(8)) and summarized as: 1) the importance of
the ecological function provided by the habitat; 2) the extent to which the
habitat is sensitive to human-induced environmental degradation; 3) whether,
and to what extent, development activities are, or will be, stressing the
habitat type; and 4) the rarity of the habitat type. HAPC areas have been described within EFH
areas. These areas are detailed in EFH
sections of FMPs and are summarized within the Regional
Council Approaches to the Identification and Protection of Habitat Areas of
Particular Concern document.
Action Agencies should
indicate in the EFH Assessment whether an action(s) may adversely affect
HAPC(s). Actions that occur in HAPCs may
receive more scrutiny by NOAA Fisheries when developing conservation
recommendations. Therefore, action
agencies may want to consider extra measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate
adverse affects on EFH within HAPCs.
What goes into an EFH
Assessment?
All EFH Assessments must
include the following contents stated in 50 CFR 600.920 (e)(3):
1. Description of the action
What
is the action? What is the purpose of
the action? How, when, and where will it
be undertaken? What will be the result
of the action (e.g., 200 ft seawall, 27 new pier pilings, 500 ft3
sediment removed)?
2. Analysis of the potential adverse effects
of the action on EFH and the managed species
What
EFH will be affected by the action? What
are the adverse effects to EFH that could occur as a result of this action (e.g.,
loss of 0.5 acres of seagrass, turbidity)?
How would they impact managed species (e.g., loss of foraging habitat,
removal of cover)? What would be the
magnitude of effects? What
would be the duration of the effects?
3. Federal agency’s conclusions regarding the
effects of the action on EFH
Would
the adverse effects be minimal, more than minimal but less than substantial, or
substantial based on the information discussed above? What is the spatial extent of the impact? What is the duration of the impact (e.g.,
temporary or permanent, short-term or long-term)?
4. Proposed mitigation, if applicable.
What,
if any, measures is the Federal agency proposing as part of the action to
avoid, minimize or otherwise mitigate for the anticipated adverse effects to
EFH?
Additional information
should be included in the EFH Assessment if warranted by the proposed
action. For example, an action that may
adversely affect an area that is particularly sensitive to disturbance might
warrant a more detailed analysis of direct, indirect, and cumulative
impacts. Also, for some actions that
have substantial effects that would require an expanded consultation,
additional information may be necessary in the EFH Assessment. Additional contents suggested in the EFH
guidelines include the following:
1. Results of an on-site inspection to evaluate
the habitat and the site-specific effects of the project
On-site
inspections can range from informal visits or photographs to formal surveys of
the action area with data collection and scientific analysis. It may be helpful in some cases for the
Federal agency and NOAA Fisheries staff to visit the action area together.
2. Views of recognized experts on the habitat or
species that may be affected
Experts
could include university, agency, or private industry personnel with extensive
knowledge about the habitat, managed species, or types of effects relevant to
the proposed action.
3. Review of pertinent literature and related
information
There
are various sources of literature that can be reviewed for relevant information
about the habitat, managed species, or types of effects relevant to the
proposed action, including FMP EFH information, scientific journal articles,
environmental documents (e.g., National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
documents, Forest Management Plans, Restoration Plans, Fish and Wildlife
Coordination Act Reports, etc.) and other agency reports.
4. Other relevant information
Anything
else that might assist the Federal agency and/or NOAA Fisheries to evaluate the
potential adverse effects of the action.
What level of detail
should be included in an EFH Assessment?
The level of detail in an
EFH Assessment should be commensurate with the complexity and magnitude of the
potential adverse effects of the action, 50 CFR 600.920 (e)(2). For example, relatively simple actions that
may adversely effect EFH, should be brief.
Actions that may pose a more serious threat to EFH, or that involve a
more complex range of potential adverse effects, would justify a correspondingly
more detailed EFH Assessment.
Can EFH Assessments
be incorporated into other documents?
Federal agencies may
incorporate an EFH Assessment into documents prepared for other purposes such
as Endangered Species Act Biological Assessments, NEPA documents, or public
notices. If an EFH Assessment is
contained in another document, it must still include all of the mandatory
contents required by the EFH guidelines.
It must also be clearly identified in the table of contents and text of
the document as an EFH Assessment.
Alternatively, an EFH Assessment may incorporate by reference other
relevant environmental assessment documents that have already been
completed. The referenced document must
be provided to NOAA Fisheries with the EFH Assessment.
How can the EFH
Assessment process be combined with existing environmental consultation and
review processes?
The EFH guidelines at 50
CFR 600.920(f) enable Federal action agencies to use existing consultation or
environmental review procedures to satisfy the Magnuson-Stevens Act
consultation requirements if the procedures meet the following criteria: 1) the
existing process must provide NOAA Fisheries with timely notification of
actions that may adversely affect EFH; 2) notification must include an assessment
of the proposed action’s impacts on EFH that meet the requirements for EFH
Assessments discussed in section 600.920(e); and 3) NOAA Fisheries must have
made a finding pursuant to section 600.920(f)(3) that the existing process
satisfies the requirements of section 305(b)(2) of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Examples
of EFH Assessments
Following are three
examples of EFH Assessments, two were developed for abbreviated EFH
consultation, and the third was developed for an expanded EFH consultation. These examples were adapted from authentic
EFH assessments for the purpose of this guidance document. NOAA Fisheries has included some review
comments in bold, italic, and indented text in order to provide
additional suggestions to strengthen the examples.
EFH Assessment Example No
1.
TO:
NOAA Fisheries
FROM:
ACTION AGENCY
RE:
Essential Fish Habitat
Assessment
DATE:
February 10, 1999
ACTIVITY:
Construct an 85 slip marina and associated facilities in Barndoor Bay, NJ.
Project includes the excavation of 1.8 acres of waters of the United States
including wetlands for boat basin and channel creation. Basin to be dredged to ‑6.0
MLW and channel to ‑7.5 MLW; filling of 1.5 acres of waters of the United
States including wetlands associated with bulkhead for boat basin, parking lot,
roadways, walkways, and fuel storage tanks.
The example clearly states the proposed action and action area.
EFH
DESIGNATIONS: The area of the proposed action (Barndoor Bay) has been
identified as Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) for several species of fish. The
designations are as follows: summer flounder (larvae, juvenile and adults),
scup (all life stages), black sea bass (larvae, juveniles and adults), bluefish
(juveniles and adults), Atlantic herring (juveniles and adults), windowpane
flounder (all life stages), winter flounder (all life stages including spawning
adults). In addition to these EFH designations, a Habitat Area of Particular
Concern (HAPC) has also been identified as submerged aquatic vegetation (eel
grass) beds for larval and juvenile summer flounder.
Identifying which EFH species the action agency has initially
found to be within the project areas demonstrates to NOAA Fisheries that the
action agency is taking necessary steps to satisfy EFH requirements. This also demonstrates that the action agency
is committed to assessing its action and minimizing any adverse affects on EFH
from their action.
ASSESSMENT:
The above fish species are not estuarine resident species and therefore only
utilize this area on a seasonal basis, primarily in the warmer summer months.
During the summer months the estuary is typically utilized as a forage area for
juveniles and adults and nursery area for larvae and juveniles. The only
apparent exception to this is winter flounder which spawns in the estuary,
generally from February through June.
The
proposed in-water work is scheduled to be undertaken from September 1, 1999
through March 31, 2000. All in water work will be completed at times when most
of the above species are not expected to be present with the exception of
winter flounder. Therefore, it is reasonably well assured that there will be no
physical impact to those species. Winter flounder, however, spawn during the
months that dredging and boat basin construction will be occurring. Since
winter flounder lay demersal eggs, there is a potential that the construction
activities will adversely impact eggs in the proposed areas of disturbance.
Since adults and juveniles are mobile, it is expected that they will avoid the
areas of disturbance and therefore will not be impacted. The area of winter
flounder EFH disturbance is relatively small scale (1.8 acres) compared to the
suitable habitat available to winter flounder adjacent to the project site
within Barndoor Bay. In a worst case scenario, 1.8 acres containing winter
flounder eggs will be adversely impacted for one season. The affected area
would be available for deposition of winter flounder eggs in subsequent years
after the dredging activities are completed.
The
dredging of 1.8 acres of wetlands and subtidal areas will also result in the
temporary loss of benthic invertebrates (prey species). However, they will
recolonize within a few seasons (Citation: Author, Date) Although the project
proposes to fill 1.5 acres of wetlands and subtidal areas, the project sponsor
will provide compensatory mitigation in the form of 3.0 acres of created non‑tidal
wetlands and 0.3 acres of created tidal wetlands for a total of 3.3 acres.
Additionally, there are no submerged aquatic vegetation (eel grass) beds
located within the project area so there will be no adverse impact to summer
flounder HAPC. Finally, the timing of the construction to winter months
mitigates any potential adverse impacts to the majority of the listed EFH
species.
This paragraph explains the action agency’s thoughts on the length
of time any effect may last, adverse effects on EFH that may occur after the
action, and proposed mitigation for the adverse effects on EFH. This assessment could be improved by
separating these sections, especially the mitigation offering. By doing so, NOAA Fisheries can readily
review mitigation recommendations and offer any EFH conservation measures back
to the action agency, if applicable.
CONCLUSION:
Based upon the project design, the minimal short‑term impacts associated
with the dredging and the extensive mitigation, the "Action Agency"
believes that the potential adverse impacts to EFH will not be substantial.
REFERENCE: Author, Date.
Title. Journal, Book, Report, EFH Assessment. Pages.
The conclusion section describes the agency’s reasoning behind its
stated conclusion. However, a clear EFH
determination has not been made. A clear
conclusion would state: “Based upon the project design, the minimal short-term
impacts associated with the dredging, and the extensive mitigation, the “Action
Agency” believes there will not be any adverse effects to EFH”
EFH Assessment Example No
2.
Essential
Fish Habitat Assessment
for
the Port of Star City Channel Deepening Project
This
assessment of Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) for the Port of Star City Channel
Deepening Project is being provided in conformance with the 1996 amendments to
the Magnuson‑Stevens Fishery Management and Conservation Act (see FR 62,
244, December 19, 1997). The 1996 amendments to the Magnuson‑Stevens Act
set forth a number of new mandates for the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NOAA Fisheries), eight regional fishery management councils (Councils), and
other federal agencies to identify and protect important marine and anadromous
fish habitat. The Councils, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, are required
to delineate EFH for all managed species. Federal action agencies which fund,
permit, or carry out activities that may adversely impact EFH are required to
consult with NOAA Fisheries regarding the potential effects of their actions on
EFH, and respond in writing to the NOAA Fisheries’ recommendations. The
proposed Channel Deepening Project is located within an area designated as EFH
for the Pacific Council’s Coastal Pelagics and Pacific Groundfish Management
Plans.
Proposed Action
The Corps
of Engineers in conjunction with the Star City Harbor Department are examining
the feasibility of deepening the Inner Harbor channels and turning basins of
the Port of Star City to accommodate the most modern vessels in the commercial
container fleet. In 1992 the Corps of Engineers approved the Deep Draft
Navigation Improvements Project to optimize navigation channels in the Outer
Star City Harbor and use the dredge material to create approximately 562 acres
of new land (Pier 400). That project is presently under construction. In
January 1998, the Port approved the Channel Deepening Project to deepen the
Main Channel and associated channels and turning basins from the existing ‑45
ft. MLLW to ‑50 ft. MLLW to accommodate new container vessels with a ‑46
foot draft. Since the approval of this project, new ships in the world
container fleet and pending ship orders indicate that container vessels with a
draft of ‑52 feet are being planned which would require a need for
navigational channel as deep as ‑55 ft. MLLW with a two‑foot
overdraft. As a result, the Corps of Engineers with the Star City Harbor
Department as the local sponsor, is conducting a Feasibility Study to determine
the federal interest in the deepening of the Main Channel of the Port of Star
City to accommodate existing and future commercial container vessels.
Project
Objectives
The
primary objective of the project is to provide adequate navigational channels
for the most modern container vessels that will be calling at the Port of Star
City. Secondary objectives include maximizing the beneficial uses of dredge
material at the Port of Star City and minimizing the amount of materials for
offshore disposal.
Description
of the Project
The
proposed project would result in dredging between 3.6 and 7.8 million cubic
yards (mcy) (2.7 ‑ 6.0 million cubic meters [mcm]) of sediment from the
Star City Main Channel, West Basin, East Channel, East Basin and Cerritos
Channel. The amount of dredge material is dependent on the approved project
depth identified through the feasibility process. Dredging will cover
approximately 670 acres of harbor bottom. For Feasibility purposes, depths are
being considered in one foot increments between ‑50 ft. MLLW, and ‑55
ft. MLLW. Three depth scenarios and sediment quantities are provided in Table
1.
Table 1.
Alternative channel depths and approximate sediment quantities (mcy).
Depth* |
Clean Coarse Grained |
Clean Fine Grained/ Formation |
Contaminated Fine Grained |
Total |
‑50 ft. MLLW |
1.4 |
1.9 |
0.4 |
3.7 |
‑53 ft. MLLW |
2.2 |
2.9 |
0.4 |
5.5 |
‑55 ft. MLLW |
3.0 |
4.3 |
0.5 |
7.8 |
*Two
additional feet of over depth is allowed for in each dredging depth.
The
majority of channel dredging will be done using an electrified hydraulic
dredge. Berth and utility work and removal of any contaminated sediments may
require other types of dredges (e.g., clamshell dredges) and power sources.
Dredging is tentatively scheduled 24 hours per day.
To
accommodate the dredging, up to eight utility crossings of the main channels
must be relocated or removed prior to completion of the project. At a project
depth of ‑52 ft. MLLW or shallower these include the removal of a
36" Mobil Oil Line, a 20" Department of Water & Power (DWP)
waterline, a DWP power line, a 30" Department of Public Works (DPW) sewer
force main. These lines will be replaced with a 24" DWP waterline crossing
by directional drilling, a new power line crossing by directional drilling, and
a 30" sewer force main crossing by microtunneling. If dredging is to ‑55
ft. MLLW, three additional utility lines will require relocation. They are: 2‑20"
sewer force main crossings, a 30" sewer force main crossing, and a
24" waterline crossing.
Channel
dredging to project depth will be restricted to an area no closer than twenty‑five
feet to the existing pierhead line. The exception will be selected vessel
berthing areas which will be dredged to project depth up to the pierhead line.
Wharf modifications to these selected vessel berthing areas would consist of
installation of up to 12,000 feet of underwater sheetpile bulkhead walls.
Disposal
Alternatives
A number
of dredge material disposal alternatives are being considered either separately
or in various combinations depending on the final proposed project and design
considerations.
1. Pier 300 Expansion Site: This alternative
would dispose of between 1.4 and 3.3 mcy of mostly coarse grained dredge
material to create 40 to 80 acres of new land in the western portion of the
Pier 300 Shallow Water Habitat. Dredge material would be placed behind a rock
dike to an elevation of +17 MLLW. Determination of the size and shape of this
fill would be based on the amount of suitable material dredged from the main
channel, availability of mitigation to offset the loss of habitat and water
quality considerations. This location could also be considered as a confined
disposal site for contaminated dredge material. The land would be used to
construct an additional berth and backland area for the adjacent container
terminal.
2. Pier 400 Submerged Storage Site: This
disposal alternative would allow in‑bay disposal of up to 3.8 mcy of
clean dredge material to create a 160‑acre submerged fill adjacent to the
southeast edge of Pier 400 Stage 2. A submerge dike no higher than ‑20
MLLW would be used to contain the dredge material. The dredge material would be
used as a storage area for future fill material at other sites in the Harbor,
or would be left in place as a base for construction of a fill that would
expand Pier 400.
3. Pier 400 Upland Site: This alternative would
allow for upland disposal of excess clean coarse grained sediment and would
depend on availability of the Pier 400 site. This material would be used as
storage for future use, or used to achieve the appropriate final grade on the
constructed Pier 400 landfill.
4. Southwest Slip Fill Site: This disposal site
has capacity for up to 1.1 mcy of mostly coarse‑grained sediment to
create approximately 15.4 acres of constructed behind a rock dike. The existing
storm drains at the head of the slip would be extended as an open rip rap
channel on the north side of the slip. This site could be considered as a
confined disposal site for contaminated dredge material. The land would be used
as additional backland for the adjacent cargo terminal.
5. Cabrillo Shallow Water Habitat Expansion
Site: This submerged site would expand the existing Cabrillo Shallow Water
Habitat by approximately 40 acres and be used to dispose of approximately
650,000 cy of clean, nonstructural quality dredge material (fine grain) with a
sand cap. The material would be entrained behind a submerged dike on the north
side, the existing Cabrillo SWH submerged dike on the east and reclined to the ‑20
MLLW contour on the West and South. This site would allow disposal of fine‑grained
material that otherwise would be disposed of at an ocean disposal site.
6. Upland Disposal Site: Fine grained dredge
material unsuitable for Ocean Disposal and not placed in a confined disposal
site (see above) would be placed at an approved upland storage site within the
Harbor District such as at Anchorage Road site. This is currently estimated at
up to 400,000 cubic yards. Contaminated dredge material would be placed on an adjacent
backland and dewatered prior to trucking to the upland site, or placed in a
barge and towed to the upland
site.
7. Ocean Disposal Sites (LA‑2 and/or LA‑3):
Clean fine‑grained/formation material that cannot be taken to other
disposal locations, will be disposed of at a USEPA‑approved ocean
disposal site (LA‑2 and/or LA‑3). Project construction could
generate up to approximately 4.8 mcy of clean fine‑grained/formation
material.
Schedule
Dredging
is expected to begin approximately January of 2001 and be completed by July of
2002. Wharf upgrades would be on going, during and after the dredging project.
Effects of the
Proposed Action on EFH
The
ichthyofauna in the area of the proposed project has been extensively studied
(Soul and Oguri 1976, 1980; Chamberlain 1973; Long Beach Harbor Consultants
1976; Horn and Allen 1981; Brewer 1976; Atlantis Scientific 1979; Ware 1979;
Southern California Ocean Studies Consortium 1980, 1982 (81,83?); Star City
Harbor Department 1981, 1984; MBC Applied Environmental Sciences 1974, 1980,
1988; Reish 1971, Environmental Quality Analysts and Marine Biological
Consultants 1978; Hill and Reish 1975; Lio 1981; MEC Analytical Systems Inc.,
1988, 1999). The most recent comprehensive studies are those of MBC (1984) and
MEC (1988). Recently, studies for the Channel Deepening Project were conducted
by MEC (1999) to compare various habitats in the Outer Star City Harbor.
Over 130
species of fish are found in the Star City Harbor (MEC 1988; COE and LAHD
1992). As general rules, the abundance of fish within the federal breakwater is
higher than outside the breakwater and the diversity and abundance of fish
decline as one proceeds into the Inner Harbor, especially into the blind slips.
Over the years, there has been an improvement of the harbor's water quality and
areas in the main channels and basins of the Inner Harbor, which historically
were less valuable to fishes, have become more like areas of the deep Outer
Harbor (MEC 1988). An estimate of total fish abundance shows that the Outer
Harbor contains, at any one time, approximately 15 million fish (MEC 1988).
Three species, the Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), the northern anchovy
(Engraulis mordax), and the white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) make up
approximately 90% of the fish in the Outer Harbor (MEC 1988).
The
proposed project is located within an area designated as EFH for two Fishery
Management Plans (FMP), the Coastal Pelagics and Pacific Groundfish Management
Plans (NOAA Fisheries 1997). Of the 86 species which are federally managed
under these plans, twelve are known to occur in the Star City Harbor and could
be affected by the proposed project (Table 2).
Table 2.
Fisheries management plans (FMP) and managed species affected by the Channel
Deepening Project.
Common Name |
Scientific Name |
Comment |
Coastal Pelagics FMP |
|
|
Northern anchovy |
Engraulis mordax |
Most common species in harbor; adult & larvae present (1, 2) |
Pacific sardine |
Sardinops sagax |
Abundant species in harbor; predominantly adult (1) |
Pacific mackerel |
Scomber japonicus |
One of top ten species in deeper portions of the harbor; adult
(1) |
Jack mackerel |
Trachurus symmetricus |
One of top ten species in deeper portions of the harbor; adult
(1,2) |
Pacific Groundfish FMP |
|
|
English sole |
Parophrys vetulus |
Rare; adult; 1of 30,733 fish caught in trawl (1) |
Pacific sanddab |
Citharichthys sordidus |
Rare; adult; 1 of 30,733 fish caught in trawl (1) |
Leopard shark |
Triakis semifasciata |
Uncommon; adult; 1 of 20,184 fish caught in beach seines (1) |
Bocaccio |
Sebastes paucispinis |
Uncommon; juvenile in kelp around breakwater (1) |
California scorpionfish |
Scorpaena gutatta |
Common; adult found in rock dikes & breakwater, soft bottom
at night (1,2) |
Olive rockfish |
Sebastes serranoides |
Common; juveniles in kelp around breakwater (1) |
Cabezon |
Scorpaenichthys
marmoratus |
Rare; adult (1) |
(1) MEC 1988
(2) MEC 1999
Four of
the five species in the Coastal Pelagics FMP are well represented in the
Project area. In particular, the northern anchovy is the most abundant species
in Star City Harbor, representing over 80% of the fish caught (MEC 1988, 1999),
and larvae of the species are also a common component of the ichthyoplankton
(MEC 1988). It is generally held that this species spawns outside the harbor.
There is a commercial bait fishery for northern anchovy in the Outer Star City
Harbor. The Pacific sardine is at times
one of the most common species in the harbor ranking second behind northern
anchovy at some locations (MEC 1988). In a recent survey, sardines were a less
significant component of the fish caught (MEC 1999). This species is not known
to spawn in the harbor. Sardines are also a component of the commercial bait fish
harvest in the harbor. Both these species are important forage for piscivorous
fish. The two other Coastal Pelagic species, the Pacific and jack mackerals are
common but not overly abundant as adults in the harbor. The Pacific mackeral's
main forage fish in the harbor is very likely northern anchovy.
Of the
seven species present from the Pacific Groundfish FMP, only two, the olive
rockfish and the scorpion fish could be considered common in the harbor. The
olive rockfish has been found largely as juveniles associated with the kelp
growing along the inner edge of the federal breakwater (MEC 1988). The scorpion
fish is not a major component of the fish present in the harbor (MEC 1988) but
may be under represented in the catch due to its' nocturnal habits.
A direct
and cumulative assessment of the effects of similar project activities have
been assessed in the Deep Draft Navigation Project EIS/EIR (COE and LAHD 1992)
and the Channel Deepening Project EIR (LAHD 1997). Likely project activities
that would directly affect the identified FMP species include: deepening of the
channels, turbidity caused by dredging activity, suspension of contaminants
from the sediments during dredging and dredge disposal, and construction of
submerged fill or landfill associated with dredge material disposal (Table 3).
Project activities will not have any significant effect on the FMP species that
do not occur in the Harbor or are rare or uncommon in the harbor (i.e., English
sole, Pacific sanddab, bocaccio and cabezon). The significant effect of the
proposed project is the loss of habitat resulting from the construction of
either 40 or 80 acres of fill in Outer Harbor shallow water at disposal sites 1
and 35 acres of Inner Harbor slip habitat at disposal site 4. There is also a potential degradation of
water quality in the Pier 300 Shallow Water Habitat as a result of construction
of disposal site 1 which would require mitigation.
Table 3.
Effects of the proposed project activities on FMP species.
Project Activity |
Impact Assessment |
Channel Deepening |
Deepening of channels from ‑45 ft. MLLW to ‑55ft.
MLLW will have no long term effect on FMP species. |
Turbidity |
Temporary adverse impact on FMP species resulting in avoidance
of immediate area of dredging by adults and some loss of larval northern
anchovy. Construction would be carried out in accordance with established
Waste Discharge Requirements (401 Certification) from the Regional Water
Quality Control Board. |
Contaminant Suspension |
Potential temporary adverse impact to FMP species in immediate
area of contaminant dredging. Long
term benefit of removing contaminants from the harbor ecosystem. |
Submerged Fill |
Temporary displacement of FMP species with long term benefit
resulting from creation of shallow water which benefits most FMP species. |
Landfill |
Significant permanent loss of habitat for some FMP species and
potential degradation of water quality parameter in Pier 300 Shallow Water
Habitat. Dike construction beneficial to FMP species utilizing rocky habitat. |
Utility Crossings |
See turbidity above. There is no history of spills from past
utility modifications. |
Tables
area a good way to offer summaries: Table 2 clearly explains the Federally
managed species and lifestages which may be present within the project area;
paragraph 6 of this section describes the relative effects on habitat; and
Table 3 connects the specific actions and their effects on habitat used by
Federally managed species.
Proposed
Mitigation
Impacts
to water quality associated with dredging activities are considered temporary
and would be minimized through implementation of requirements associated with
established Waste Discharge Requirements/410 Certification of the Regional
Water Quality Control Board.
Of the
activities identified above, the loss of general marine resources due to
construction of land as disposal sites for dredge material (sites 1 and 4) is
considered a significant adverse impact requiring mitigation. The appropriate
mitigation has, in the past, been determined in coordination with National
Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS) and the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) through agreed‑upon
mitigation policy. The goal established in the Deep Draft Navigation Project
(COE and LAHD 1992) and elsewhere, is "no net loss of in‑kind
habitat value, where in‑kind refers to marine tidal water of value to
fish and birds." Due to the infeasibility of undertaking any significant
on‑site mitigation except for limited creation of shallow water, and the
public interest mandate of accommodating maritime cargo conferred upon the Port
by the California Coastal Act, off‑site mitigation is allowed between Pt.
Conception and the Mexican border (area of ecological continuity).
Implementation of mitigation measures shall occur prior to or concurrent with
project impact. The preferred mitigation is the restoration of coastal
embayment habitat or possibly construction of artificial reefs pending
additional studies on their mitigation value. The habitat valuation performed
for evaluating mitigation opportunities includes marine fish resources and
therefore accounts for FMP species present.
The
mitigation proposed for the Channel Deepening Project would include use of
mitigation credit present in the Port's existing Bolsa Chica Mitigation, Outer
Harbor Mitigation Bank, and Inner Harbor Mitigation Bank (Table 4). While there
is mitigation available for construction of fill associated with disposal site
4, there is probably not enough mitigation available for construction of an 80
acre fill at disposal site 1 (Pier 300 Shallow Water Habitat). Any deficit in
mitigation would be made up in accordance with procedures identified in Measure
4D‑1 of the Deep Draft Navigation Project and would be required prior to
project construction.
Table 4.
Mitigation available for the Channel Deepening Project disposal sites 1
(Shallow Outer Harbor) and 4 (Inner Harbor).
Mitigation Bank |
Approximate Credits Available |
Value in Deep Outer Harbor |
Value in Shallow Outer Harbor ** |
Value in Inner Harbor Slips |
Bolsa Chica |
70 |
70 |
~47 |
140 |
Outer Harbor Bank |
46 |
46 |
~31 |
92 |
Inner Harbor Bank |
6 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
6 |
Total |
122 |
116 |
78 |
238 |
* Final
values will be available upon confirmation through as‑built drawings of
Pier 400 and the Cabrillo Shallow Water Habitat.
** The
Pier 300 fill (disposal site 1) may also require expenditure of credits for
degradation of the remaining water area. This will be determined upon receipt
of ongoing water quality modeling.
The
mitigation provided for above would maintain sustainable fisheries present in
the Coastal Pelagics and Pacific Groundfish FMPs
The proposed mitigation section identifies the Federal agency’s
proposed mitigation of their action’s adverse effects on EFH and also states
the action agency’s conclusion regarding these actions’ effects on EFH. However, a clear determination as to the
adverse effect on EFH has not been made.
A clearly stated adverse effect determination should be included and
would be best if this determination was in separate EFH Determination or
Conclusion section at the end of the assessment.
Additionally, the action agency is offering it’s interpretation of
sustainability for the fishery. This
offering is not required and is not within the action agencies expertise to
make this determination. NOAA Fisheries
suggests that agencies refrain from this type of determination.
ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT ASSESSMENT
OILS-R-US PIPELINE PROJECT
August 2004
* Please note that the dates and the names of entities and places
mentioned in this EFH assessment example were changed to protect named entities
by law.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1‑1
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2‑1
3.0 ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT 3‑1
4.0 MANAGED FISH SPECIES 4‑1
4.1 Ecological Notes on
the EFH Fisheries and Species 4‑4
4.1.1 Shrimp Fishery 4‑4
4.1.2 Red Drum Fishery 4‑5
4.1.3 Reef Fishery 4‑5
4.1.4 Coastal Migratory
Pelagic Fishery 4‑9
4.1.6 Spiny Lobster
Fishery 4‑11
4.1.7 Coral and Coral
Reefs 4‑12
4.1.8 Highly Migratory
Species 4‑12
4.1.9 Marine Benthic
Communities 4‑12
5.0 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
AND MITIGATIVE MEASURES 5‑1
5.1 Impacts to EFH 5‑1
5.1.1 Impacts to the
Estuarine Component of the EFH 5‑1
5.1.2 Impacts to the
Marine Component of the EFH 5‑2
5.2 Environmental
Consequences of the Proposed Action 5‑5
5.3 Proposed Mitigative
Measures and Guidelines for EFH Protection 5‑6
6.0 CONCLUSIONS 6‑1
6.1 Unavoidable Impacts 6‑1
6.2 Mitigative Measures 6‑2
6.3 Agency View of the
Project 6‑3
6.3.1 Steamboat Lumps Gag
Grouper Marine Reserve 6‑3
6.3.2 Live Bottom 6‑3
6.3.3 Seagrasses 6‑3
7.0 REFERENCES/LITERATURE
CITED 7‑1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
purpose of this document is to present the findings of the Essential Fish
Habitat (EFH) assessment conducted for the proposed Oils-R-Us Pipeline Project
(ORU Project) as required by the Magnuson‑Stevens Fishery Conservation
and Management Act of 1976, as amended through 1996 (Magnuson-Stevens
Act). The objectives of this EFH
Assessment are to describe how the actions proposed by the ORU Pipeline Project
may affect EFH designated by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA
Fisheries) and Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council (GMFMC), for the
area of influence of the project.
According to the GMFMC, EFH within the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) includes
all estuarine and marine waters and substrates from the shoreline to the
seaward limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The area of influence of the project would be
from Pipestartshere City, South to Endoftheline City, Deep-South.
The EFH
Assessment will include a description of the proposed action; an analysis of
the direct and cumulative effects on EFH for the managed fish species and their
major food sources; our views regarding the effects of the proposed action; and
proposed mitigation measures selected to minimize expected project effects if
applicable.
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Oils-R-Us
proposes to construct and operate a pipeline system across the eastern Gulf of
Mexico. ORU proposes to construct about
500 miles of various pipeline segments ranging in size from 12 to 36 inches in
diameter. ORU proposes to begin construction in June 2001 and place the system
in service by June 2002.
Table 2‑1
shows the number of miles of pipeline that would occur along the proposed route
in South and Deep-South, and indicates the corresponding pipeline
diameter. The total estimated offshore
miles of pipeline is 378.2 for federal waters and 58.9 for state waters (South
and Deep-South). Offshore miles by state
and county are itemized on Table 2.1‑1.
Typically, a 200‑foot‑wide right‑of‑way (ROW)
would be set aside, for the permanent right‑of‑way, in all offshore
areas in which the pipeline is to be laid.
A total of 9,168.5 acres would be included in that ROW in Federal
waters. Approximately 1,423 acres would
be affected in South, and Deep-South state waters.
The
installation of the offshore portion (defined in this report as shoreline to
shoreline) of the proposed pipeline system would require site preparation,
trenching, directional drilling, pipe fabrication, non‑destructive
examination, coating of completed welds, pipeline lowering, hydrostatic
testing, and dewatering the pipe. In
addition, offshore construction would require sandbagging and placement of
concrete mats where the ORU pipeline would cross other pipelines and
cables. The depth of water in the
offshore proposed project area varies from approximately zero to 800 feet deep.
Alignment
and profile drawings created from the pre‑installation surveys would be
used by ORU to identify and locate the offshore portion of the pipeline
ROW. The coordinates on the ROW would be
tracked by accessing orbiting satellites using Global Positioning System (GPS)
equipment installed onboard the pipeline installation vessels. This system may also be used to position the
anchors of construction vessels.
Preparation
of the offshore pipeline ROW prior to the arrival of the construction equipment
is currently expected to be limited to land sites on which directional drilling
rigs may be located, locations of proposed pipeline crossings, and dredging of
the pipeline route and water exit points.
A directional drilling contingency plan and a spread‑specific
Spill Prevention Containment and Countermeasures (SPCC) Plan specifying the
proper procedures for handling any unforeseen spill that might occur would be
in place at each location prior to construction.
Table 2-1. Summary of
the ORU Pipeline Project |
|||
State |
County |
Diameter (inches) |
Length (miles) |
South |
Onshore |
36 |
9.0 |
|
Offshore |
36 |
330.0 |
|
|
36 |
16.7 |
Deep-South |
|
|
|
|
Offshore |
36 |
25 |
|
Onshore |
36 |
145 |
PROJECT TOTAL |
|
743.2 |
For
directional drills, dredging would be required at the offshore exit point in
order to provide adequate transition for the pipeline. Preparation of an underwater pipeline trench
along the ROW would also be required until the pipeline reaches sufficient
water depth to allow the use of a bury barge.
Dredging would be accomplished with either a barge‑mounted bucket
dredge or dragline. The spoil from the
dredged trench would be placed on either side of the proposed pipeline route,
depending upon prevailing wind and waves.
The spoil area would be marked with temporary, lighted pilings, which
would be maintained until the dredged trench is backfilled with the spoil
material.
The
methods of lowering pipelines below the natural bottom of the seabed include
mechanical dredging prior to pipeline installation, jetting from a towed or
moored vessel, diver hand jetting, and post‑plow after laying the
pipeline. In federal waters where the water depth is less than 200 feet but
more than 40 feet deep, the dynamically positioned post‑plow method would
be used after the pipeline has been laid on the sea bottom (see Section 2 of
the FEIS , Figure 2.3.4‑1). In the shallow waters wherever pre‑dredging
is not needed, the jetting technique will be used out to the 40‑foot
depth contour (see Section 2 of the FEIS , Figure 2.2.2‑1). The jetting equipment would be towed behind a
barge, or in shallow water, the jetting nozzles and air lifts are mounted on a
pivoting arm suspended from a shallow water bury barge. Smaller jetting equipment could also be hand‑held
by a diver, particularly for work around the crossings of existing
pipelines. The various combinations of
trenching techniques and where they will be used is summarized in Section 2 of
the FEIS (Table 2.3.4‑1).
ORU
selected the proposed pipeline offshore route based on information obtained
from field surveys, review of public records, discussions with installation
contractors, and consultation with various regulatory agencies and citizen
groups. Using sonar and magnetometer
equipment, various man‑made and naturally occurring features within the
proposed offshore pipeline right of‑way were identified. When the installation operation approaches an
obstacle which may be deemed sensitive or hazardous, divers, scanning sonar,
underwater marking beacons, or ROVs would be employed as required to ensure avoidance
of these objects. Accurate placement of
all anchors and anchor cables within the construction corridor would be
monitored with GPS equipment onboard each vessel.
3.0 ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT
The 1996
amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Act set forth a mandate for NOAA Fisheries,
regional Fishery Management Councils (FMC), and other Federal agencies to
identify and protect EFH of economically important marine and estuarine
fisheries. To achieve this goal,
suitable fishery habitats need to be maintained. EFH in the project's area of effect is
identified and described for various life stages of 26 managed fish, shellfish,
and a coral complex commonly occur (GMFMC, 1998). A provision of the Magnuson-Stevens Act
requires that FMC's identify and protect EFH for every species managed by a Fishery
Management Plan (FMP) (U.S.C. 1853(a)(7)).
There are FMP's in the Gulf region for shrimp, red drum, reef fishes,
coastal migratory pelagics, stone crabs, spiny lobsters, coral and coral reefs,
and highly migratory species (e.g., billfish, swordfish, tuna, and
sharks). Table 3‑1 presents the
EFH along the proposed route of the ORU Pipeline Project in State and Federal
waters.
EFH is
separated into estuarine and marine components.
The estuarine component is defined as “all estuarine waters and substrates
(mud, sand, shell, rock and associated biological communities), including the
sub‑tidal vegetation (grasses and algae) and adjacent inter‑tidal
vegetation (marshes and mangroves).” The
ORU Pipeline Project crosses estuarine systems in Big River Sound at lines 200
and 060 in Big River and South, and in EndoftheLine Bay at line 200 in
Deep-South. Coastal estuarine fisheries
are crossed in Big River Sound, Bayou Matthew, Bayou Mark, and Bayou Luke, and
again within EndoftheLine Bay. Estuarine
fishes include species that inhabit the estuary for part of their life cycle
and are commonly associated with seagrass beds, oysters reefs, and unvegetated
soft bottom habitats. The marine component is defined as “all marine waters and
substrates (mud, sand, shell, rock, hard bottom, and associated biological
communities) from the shoreline to the seaward limit of the Exclusive Economic
Zone” (GMFMC, 1998).
The
discussion that follows is arranged by areas according to the progression along
the proposed pipeline from Big River/South to Federal OCS waters, to Deep-South
State waters.
Table 3-1. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Resources with
Designated EFH |
||
Fishery Management
Unit |
Common Name |
Scientific Name |
Shrimp Fishery |
brown shrimp |
Penaeus aztecus |
|
white shrimp |
Penaeus setiferus |
|
pink shrimp |
Penaeus duorarum |
Red Drum Fishery |
red drum |
Sciaenops ocellatus |
Reef Fishery |
red grouper |
Epinephelus morio |
|
yellowtail snapper |
Ocyurus chysurus |
|
Tilefish |
Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps |
|
gray triggerfish |
Balistes capriscus |
Spiny Lobster Fishery |
spiny lobster |
Panulirus argus |
Coral and Coral Reefs |
coral reef complex |
|
More than
500 species of fish have been reported in the Federal waters of the OCS in the
Gulf. Common fish species found in the
federal waters adjacent to the ORU Pipeline Project can be characterized as
coastal pelagic, reef and/or demersal, and oceanic pelagic (MMS, 1999). The
major coastal pelagic species are listed in the FEIS (Table 4.6.1‑1). Reef fishes range from shallow estuaries to
more than 500 miles offshore, and occupy both pelagic and benthic habitats
during their life cycle. The most common
reef fishes occurring over the project route include groupers, snappers,
damselfishes, and gobies (Smith, 1976).
Oceanic pelagic species occur in open ocean areas of the Gulf especially
at or beyond the shelf edge, and are reportedly associated with mesoscale
hydrographic features such as fronts,
eddies, and discontinuities (MMS, 1999).
Common predatory pelagic fish species include tunas, swordfish, marlins,
sailfish, dolphins, wahoo and mako sharks (MMS, 1999).
This is a good table and lists which Federally managed species’
EFH is described and identified in the action area.
4.0 MANAGED FISH SPECIES
The
seasonal and year‑round locations of designated EFH for the managed
fisheries are depicted on the figures available on the NOAA Fisheries'
Galveston web page (www.galveston.ssp.nmfs.gov/efh). The EFH determination is
based on species distribution maps and habitat association tables. In estuaries, the EFH of each species
consists of those areas depicted on the maps as “common”, “abundant” and
“highly abundant”. In offshore areas,
EFH consists of those areas depicted as “adult areas”, “spawning areas”, and
“nursery areas”. We reviewed the maps
for species under the management of the GMFMC, and made a determination of
potential impacts to the selected species according to the indicated abundance
within the project area.
4.1 ECOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE EFH FISHERIES AND
SPECIES
A brief
summary of ecological information was compiled from the NOAA Fisheries' EFH
webpage (see http://galveston.ssp.nmfs.gov/efh, and http://christensenmac.nos.noaa.gov/Gulf‑EFH), and from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's “Estuarine Living Marine Resources Project”
(Williams et al., 1990). Especially
sensitive areas (followed by the season or months of peak sensitivity) such as
“spawning area” or “nursery area” are given for species where the description
might help in mitigating impacts with a seasonal condition on construction
activities.
Brown
Shrimp
Brown
shrimp are generally more abundant in the central and western Gulf and found in
the estuaries and offshore waters to depths of 360 feet. Postlarve and juveniles typically occur
within estuaries while adults occur outside of bay areas. In estuaries, brown shrimp postlarve and
juveniles are associated with shallow vegetated habitats but also are found
over silty sand and non‑vegetated mud bottoms. In Deep-South, adult areas are primarily
seaward of EndoftheLine Bay, and associated with silt, muddy sand, and sandy
substrates.
Spawning
area: shores of Big River and South
through state waters; Deep-South waters to edge of the continental shelf; year
round
Nursery
area: Big River Sound (major nursery
area) EndoftheLine Bay
White
Shrimp
White
shrimp are offshore and estuarine dwellers, and are pelagic or demersal
depending on their life stage. The eggs
are demersal and larval stages are planktonic, and both occur in nearshore
marine waters. Postlarval white shrimp
become benthic upon reaching the nursery areas of estuaries, seeking shallow
water with muddy‑sand bottoms that are high in organic detritus. Juveniles move from estuarine areas to
coastal waters as they mature. Adult
white shrimp are demersal and generally inhabit nearshore Gulf waters in depths
less than 100 ft on soft mud or silty bottoms.
In Deep-South, white shrimp are not common east or south of Gazuntight
Bay (Williams et al., 1990).
Spawning
area: off Big River and South; March to
October
Nursery
area: Big River Sound
Pink
Shrimp
Juvenile
pink shrimp inhabit most estuaries in the Gulf but are most abundant in
Deep-South. Juveniles are commonly found
in estuarine areas with seagrass.
Postlarve, juvenile, and subadults may prefer coarse sand/shell/mud
mixtures. Allen et al. (1980) found
early juvenile pink shrimp in Deep-South Bay to be most abundant in Halodule
wrightii beds and less abundant in Thalassia testudinum. Adults inhabit offshore marine waters, with
the highest concentrations in depths of 30 to 144 feet. According to the NOAA Fisheries species
distribution maps, pink shrimp use EndoftheLine Bay from the larval stage until
the species matures to the late juvenile stage.
Spawning
area: Big River, South and Deep-South
offshore; year round
Nursery
area: major nursery areas in
EndoftheLine and Deep-South west coast state waters; summer and fall in the
northern Gulf
Red Drum
In the
Gulf, red drum occur in a variety of habitats, ranging from depths of about 130
feet offshore to very shallow estuarine waters.
They commonly occur in all of the Gulf's estuaries where they are
associated with a variety of substrate types including sand, mud, and oyster
reefs. Estuaries are important to red
drum for both habitat requirements and for dependence on prey species which
include shrimp, blue crab, striped mullet, and pinfish. The GMFMC considers all estuaries to be EFH
for the red drum. Schools of large red
drum are common in the deep Gulf waters with spawning occurring in deeper water
near the mouths of bays and inlets, and on the Gulf side of the barrier
islands. The EndoftheLine Bay EFH
estuarine map shows red drum juveniles to be abundant or highly abundant in the
fall and winter and common in the spring and summer.
Spawning
area: Gulfwide from nearshore to just
outside state waters; fall and winter
Nursery
area: major bays and estuaries including
Ambulatory Bay and EndoftheLine Bay; year round
Red
Grouper
The red
grouper is demersal and occurs throughout the Gulf at depths from 10 to about
650 feet, preferring 100 to 400 foot depths.
Juveniles are associated with inshore hard bottom habitat, and
grassbeds, rock formations, while shallow reefs are preferred for nursery
areas. Species distribution maps show
that spawning for the red grouper occurs throughout much of the OCS waters off
Deep-South, including the Deep-South Middle Grounds and Steamboat Lumps. Nursery areas occur along the entire length
of the pipeline route in OCS waters.
Spawning
area: Deep-South continental shelf, well
offshore, extending from south of Blessyou Bay all the way to west of the
Deep-South keys; April to May
Nursery
area: extensively throughout the
continental shelf off Deep-South and along the northern Gulf; year round
Yellowtail
Snapper
Juvenile
yellowtail snapper are found in nearshore nursery areas over vegetated sandy
substrate and in muddy shallow bays (NOAA 1985). Thalassia beds and mangrove roots are
preferred habitat of the gray snapper.
Late juvenile and adults prefer shallow reef areas. According to the
Gulf distribution map, this species has nursery areas within the 3 League Line
and EndoftheLine Bay. Spawning and adult
areas occur in OCS areas outside of the 3 League Line through the Deep-South
middle ground and southern Blessyou areas.
EFH is not designated in the state waters of Big River or South.
Spawning
area: west and north of EndoftheLine Bay including half of the proposed
pipeline route; spring and summer
Nursery
area: throughout the western and southern coast of Deep-South, including
EndoftheLine Bay
Tilefish
Tilefish
occur throughout the deeper waters of the Gulf.
According to the species distribution map, about one‑third (140
miles) of the proposed pipeline narrowly infringes on its designated EFH.
Spawning
area: throughout the adult area from March to September
Nursery
area: year‑round throughout the adult area
Gray
Triggerfish
Larval
and juvenile gray triggerfish are associated with grassbeds (Sargassum) and
mangrove estuaries. Adults seem to
prefer offshore waters associated with reefs.
A general species distribution map was not available, however a map
showing catches per hour by trolling methods within the Gulf was available from
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Southeast Atlantic (SEA),
at the EFH web page (http://christensenmac.nos.noaa.gov/gom‑efh/gtrigger.gif). This map indicated that
there is a record of occupancy for gray triggerfish in state waters of Big
River/South and Deep-South. Records of
individuals caught in OCS waters along the proposed pipeline route were grouped
into two offshore areas. One small area
is south of South in the northwest section of the Reston Dome area, and another
is along the coastal waters off of Deep-South.
Spawning
area: EFH map not available; assumed to
be adult preferred areas offshore
Nursery
area: EFH map not available; assumed to
be estuarine areas throughout the Gulf
Spiny
Lobster
The
principal habitat for the spiny lobster is offshore reefs and seagrass. Spiny lobsters spawn in offshore waters along
the deeper reef fringes. Adults are
known to inhabit bays, lagoons, estuaries, and shallow banks. According to the species distribution map,
spiny lobsters use the lower half of EndoftheLine Bay for nursery areas. According to the GMFMC, EndoftheLine Bay
seems to be the upper limit for spiny lobster abundance due to the higher
salinities found south of the Bay. The
EndoftheLine Bay‑specific distribution map indicates that spiny lobster
in the Bay are rare. However, the Gulf
distribution maps indicate that EndoftheLine Bay is used as an adult area year
round, and as a nursery area. Spiny
lobster are known to occur in northern and western Gulf habitats, but these
area are not designated EFH.
Spawning
area: throughout the adult area, particularly north and south of EndoftheLine
Bay; March to July
Nursery
area: lower half of EndoftheLine Bay
used as nursery year‑round
Coral and
Coral Reefs
The three
primary areas in the Gulf where corals are concentrated are the East and West
Flower Garden Banks, the Deep-South Middle Grounds, and the extreme
southwestern tip of the Deep-South Reef Tract.
No coral reefs exist along the proposed pipeline corridor. No coral reefs would be affected by this
project.
The managed fish species section 4.0 describes the habitats and
species’ life stages and life histories that are found in the action area.
5.0 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATIVE MEASURES
In this
section, potential impacts to managed species and EFH are examined. Identifiable impacts generated by the
proposed action for the estuarine and marine components of the EFH are
described. Potential environmental
consequences that may result from impacts to EFH are reviewed, as well as the
mitigative measures that would be taken by ORU to prevent or minimize impacts
to essential fish habitats, when applicable.
5.1 IMPACTS TO EFH
Impacts
to EFH components are expected, since the ORU Pipeline Project would traverse
state and federal waters for approximately 350 miles. There is
concern for the diversity of EFH habitats that would be crossed, and the
presence of two important resource areas: (1) A-1 spawning area and (2) hard bottom
habitats (live bottom) within state and offshore.
5.1.1 Impacts to the Estuarine Component of the
EFH
Coastal
estuarine fisheries of the project area of influence would be crossed. The Gulf supports extremely valuable
commercial and recreational fisheries in state and Federal waters. However, the potential impacts to fisheries
would be negligible. Most species of
demersal and pelagic finfish would avoid construction areas. Potential impacts to commercial fishing would
be temporary and minor since fish displaced would rapidly return to the
affected areas after construction. The
increase in sediment loads during pipeline construction would be temporary as
the suspended sediments redeposit upon completion.
A
temporary loss of food supply for finfish and crustaceans could occur during
construction; however, the new pipeline may also attract fish to recently
trenched areas. Impacts to shellfish,
particularly shrimp, would be minimal since the proposed route does not
traverse any known commercial shellfish beds.
Construction would occur from September through March during non‑spawning
months to minimize impacts on shellfish species. The shellfish beds in the proposed project
area are not very dense and are located at sufficient distances from the
pipeline route. Thus any impacts from
turbidity, smothering or removal would be minor.
Extensive
areas of live bottom that serve as important reef fish habitat occur along the
shallower portions of the project area.
However, pipeline route alterations have minimized the area of live
bottom crossed to 0.18 miles within state waters. The quality of habitat of this segment would
be reduced for sections of the live bottom where sponges, soft corals, hard
corals and tunicates are disturbed or adversely affected by construction. These resources may be killed or buried in
sediments during construction. These
impacts would be long term, since recovery could exceed three years.
5.1.2 Impacts to the Marine Component of the EFH
Potential
impacts to fish and shellfish species from activities associated with
construction and operation of the proposed ORU pipeline may come from temporary
degradation of water quality due to trenching, burial, the release of drilling
fluids from HDD operations, emplacement of pipelines, and fuel spills (MMS,
1997). Many marine finfish, shellfish,
pelagic and demersal fish species are estuary dependent, and because of this
any coastal environmental degradation resulting from the proposed pipeline
construction, although indirect, would have the potential to adversely affect
these species. The environmental deterioration
and effects on these species would also result from any loss of coastal
wetlands, mangroves or seagrasses, which function as nursery habitats for many
commercial and recreational species, and from the functional impairment of
existing habitat through decreased water quality. Potential impacts to fish and shellfish are
most likely the result of impacts to the habitats of these species.
Sedimentation
and Turbidity
It is
anticipated that most species of demersal and pelagic finfish species would
avoid construction areas, and that potential impacts would be temporary and
minor resulting in the displacement of, followed by rapid post‑construction
re‑colonization by these species.
Sedentary demersal fishes may be affected by the temporary increase in
sediment loads within the water column during construction. Deposition of suspended sediments can smother
demersal eggs and larvae. Although
impacts from pipeline construction may result in considerable mortality to eggs
and larvae in areas where the proposed pipeline would be trenched and dredged,
the impacts on populations would be minor since spawning occurs over broad
areas. In addition, these impacts would
be expected to occur only in areas where jetting would be utilized to install
the pipeline below the mudline. Because
the post‑plow method would be used to lower the pipe in all waters deeper
than 40 feet out to the 200‑foot contour, jetting would be restricted to
portions of the pipeline route with water depths less than 40 feet.
Shellfish
larvae are particularly sensitive to increases in suspended material in the
water column, however, impacts would be minimized by scheduling construction
activities to avoid the spawning season. Impacts to shellfish populations would
also be minimal due to the extensive range of these organisms. Indirect effects resulting from the
displacement or mortality of benthic prey organisms should be temporary since
most organisms are expected to quickly recolonize disturbed areas.
Anchor
Scars, Cable Sweeps, Trenching and Pipelay
An
additional source of impacts to benthic fauna or disruption of live bottom
habitat structure is the placement of
anchors for the pipe lay‑barge.
There are two components of the impact ‑ the actual anchor scar
from the footprint impact of an anchor each time it is set, and the scraping or
sweeping of the sea bottom from the movement of the anchor cables across the
sea bottom (called cable sweep), as the forward anchor arrays are winched in
and the aft anchor arrays are played out.
The area footprint of the anchor scar is fairly small, but the
depression can be as deep as 7 to 8 feet.
Also, due to the weight of the anchor and the depth of the scar, the
effect on live bottom would be complete mortality within the footprint of the
scar, with impact and recovery being long‑term. On the other hand, the
area to be affected by cable sweep is expected to be relatively extensive, but
the effect on live bottom would be considerably less than anchor scars, when
compared per unit of area affected. It is expected for the area of cable sweep,
that some areas of live bottom would survive relatively intact (e.g. areas of
live bottom organisms within depressions and areas where the cable does not
make complete contact with the sediments or rock). The areas could provide stock material for a
more rapid re‑colonization and recovery of adjacent live bottom habitat.
A study
of anchor scar effects for the size barges that will be used on this project
predicts an average anchor scar of about 360 square feet (10 feet by 36
feet). With an average 12‑anchor
array, and resetting the anchors twice per mile creates 24 anchor scars per
mile. Allowing for a single pass in
shallow waters and a triple pass for some segments of the pipeline, the study
calculated 4,325 anchor scars in a 180‑mile section (total distance
within the MMS OCS Low Relief Live Bottom Stipulation area) of the offshore
pipeline, or 31.8 acres of sea floor impact.
Using the proportion of live bottom (range from zero percent to 28
percent for the five areas studied in the Live Bottom Stipulation area, see
Figure 4.6‑1) to total bottom, this amounts to 4.1 acres of live bottom
impact.
As
originally proposed by ORU, the largest single source of impact to the sea
bottom community would be from cable sweep.
Under this initial construction plan, as submitted in the DEIS, ORU
calculated a total sea floor impact of 43,498 acres in federal waters, of which
5,534 acres would be live bottom habitat.
However, since the DEIS was released, ORU has committed to two
construction modifications that would greatly reduce the impacts of cable sweep
to the sea bottom and to live bottom habitat. The first change was the adoption
of the use of the post‑plow lowering method for waters deeper than 40
feet – a change that negates the use of anchors during pipeline lowering
because the plow is controlled from a Dynamically Positioned mother ship. Dynamic positioning consists of a series of
thrusters on the vessel bow and stern that hold the vessel in place. No anchors are needed, therefore all
potential impacts associated with mooring are avoided by the use of this
technology. According to ORU, this measure would result in a 32 percent reduction
(1,770 acres) of impacts, or a reduction from 5,534 acres to 3,764 acres of
live bottom impacts.
Other
impacts to the sea bottom community include the area of impact by pipelay
directly on the sea bottom (in waters deeper than 200 feet), the area of direct
trenching by the post‑plow. The
area affected directly by the trenching is the assumed width of the top of the
trench, or 25 feet wide plus the area affected by the re‑deposition of
sediments for 25 feet on either side of the pipe centerline. According to ORU’s surveys, pipelay will
effect approximately 55 acres of exposed rock live bottom.
The
summation of these post‑plow lowering, excavation, redeposition, and
pipelay impacts is given in the table below.
Table 5-1. Total
Estimated Direct Impact to Sea Floor and Live Bottom from the Installation of
the ORU Pipeline within the 180 Mile OCS
Low Relief Live Bottom Stipulation Area |
|||||
Activity |
Water Depth Range (feet) |
Sea Floor Impacts (acres) |
Deep-South State Waters (acres) |
Federal Waters (acres) |
Totals (acres) |
Pipelay on the Sea Floor |
>200 |
28.7 |
NA |
3.4 |
3.4 |
Trenching Direct (Post-plow) |
3 League Line to 200 |
1,100 |
4.0 |
198.6 |
202.6 |
Anchor Scarring |
3 League Line to 420 |
31.8 |
1.1 |
4.1 |
5.2 |
Anchor Cable Sweep |
3 League Line to 420 |
1,949.4 |
67.1 |
254.0 |
321.1 |
Total Direct Impact Subtotal |
|
1,160.5 |
72.2 |
460.1 |
532.3 |
Potential
for Offshore Oil Spills
Another
category of impacts to marine and estuarine fish and wildlife is the potential
for accidental spills of petroleum lubricants and fuel during pipeline
construction. These spills could
originate from: accidental spills from construction barges or support boats,
loss of fuel during fuel transfers, or accidents resulting from
collisions. Construction will involve a
significant amount of work activity aboard vessels, and the movement of
pipeline lay barges, supporting vessels, and other specialized marine
equipment. ORU and their construction
contractors must comply with all laws and regulations related to handling of
fuels and lubricants, including 40 CFR part 110, and related to vessel‑to‑vessel
transfers, including 33 CFR part 155.
Other
potential effects of construction include destruction of habitat, removal of
structure, and fish mortality from toxic substance (fuel) spills. Construction of the pipeline may result in
destruction of physical habitat or structure.
However, backfilling during construction could also create new physical
habitat or structure. ORU would
implement the containment and clean up measures outlined in its SPCC Plan in
the event of any spill or release.
This is also a good section.
The separation of the estuarine and marine components and types of
activities facilitates the review of this assessment.
5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE
PROPOSED ACTION
Coastal
and Marine Environmental Degradation
The
degradation of coastal and marine EFH habitats is associated with the
following:
· temporary
disturbance and displacement of fish species;
· increased
sediment loads and turbidity in the water column;
· temporary loss of
food items to fisheries;
· limited
disruption or destruction of live bottom habitats;
· limited sediment
transport and re‑deposition; and
· temporary
degradation of the water quality due to construction activities (e.g.
trenching, burial, and pipelay, spills, discharge of HDD drilling
muds).
Most of
the above effects are temporary, and would be offset by special construction
techniques or environmental protection guidelines, or are negligible
considering the localized effect of the actions compared to the area of the
Gulf that would be unaffected. In this
sense, the coastal and marine environmental degradation from the proposed
action would have minor effects on designated EFH or commercial fisheries. Although, disruption of live bottom habitats
is considered a significant localized impact, it is reversible. Direct loss to fish populations, if any, are
likely to be undetectable. Recovery of
EFH and commercial fisheries is expected to occur quickly (one growing season)
for the majority of the affected environment.
The EFH
impact evaluation process for the ORU Pipeline Project is summarized below in
Table 5‑2. Impacts are listed by
type and nature (i.e., significance of effects). Impacts are considered direct, indirect,
temporary, short‑term, long‑term, permanent, and/or cumulative.
Table 5-2. Summary of Potential Impacts to EFH by
Impact Type |
|||||
Type of Impact |
Temporary [Recovery Days to Weeks] |
Short Term [Recovery <3 Years] |
Long Term [Recovery >3 to <20 Years] |
Permanent [Recovery >20 Years] |
Cumulative |
Post-plow Lowering* |
|
ü |
ü |
|
|
Barge Anchoring* |
|
|
|
ü |
|
Pipelay on Seafloor (trenched; <200 ft deep)* |
|
ü |
|
|
|
Pipelay on Seafloor (not trenched; not buried) |
|
|
|
ü |
|
Sedimentation/Turbidity_ |
ü |
|
|
|
|
Disruption of Live Bottoms/Hard Substrate* |
|
|
ü |
ü |
ü |
Disruption of Live Bottoms/Soft Substrate* |
|
ü |
(ü) |
|
|
Seafloor Area Occupied* |
|
|
|
ü |
ü |
Epifauna/Infauna Destruction* |
|
|
ü |
|
|
Fish Fauna Disruption Species_ |
ü |
|
|
|
|
Fish Fauna Disruption Habitat_ |
|
ü |
|
|
|
Reduction Water Quality/Spills, Mud discharges* |
|
ü |
|
|
|
_ Direct Impacts (ü) Full recovery could take up to 3
years * Indirect Impacts |
The
environmental consequences of the proposed action section 5.2 summarizes the
federal agency’s potential impacts.
Table 5.2 is particularly useful in illustrating the degree that each
action impacts certain habitats and fish species. Note the term significant in paragraph 2
should be substituted with the EFH guidelines term substantial.
5.3 PROPOSED MITIGATIVE MEASURES AND
GUIDELINES FOR EFH PROTECTION
GMFMC
developed guidelines that, if incorporated into project plans, would minimize
impacts to various fishing and non‑fishing related activities. Listed below are the guidelines specifically
developed for activities associated with installation of submerged pipelines
(GMFMC, 1998) that would be implemented by ORU during the development of the
project.
· Crossing will be aligned along the
least environmentally damaging route.
Environmentally critical habitats such as submerged aquatic vegetation,
oyster reefs, emergent marsh, sand and mud flats, and endangered species
habitats should be avoided.
· ORU will use horizontal directional
drilling for all coastal landfall approaches.
This technique will allow ORU to avoid seagrass and mangrove communities
in EndoftheLine Bay.
· ORU has been proactive in avoiding
construction of permanent access channels.
Particular consideration was given to the placement of exit holes for
all horizontal directional drilling to minimize volume of dredging for pipe
transition zones. Special construction
techniques (e.g., push ditch method) will be considered for any pipeline
installation involving coastal wetlands (i.e., Big River).
· Excavated materials will be stored
and contained on uplands. If storage in
wetlands or waters cannot be avoided, alternating stockpiles should be used to
allow continuation of sheet flow.
Stockpiled materials should be stored on construction cloth rather than
bare marsh surfaces, seagrasses, or reefs.
· Pipelines and submerged cables will
be buried and maintained below the water bottom.
· If seagrasses or oyster reefs occur
at or near the project site, silt curtains or another type of barriers will be
used to reduce turbidity and sedimentation.
These silt barriers should extend at least 100 feet beyond the limits of
the seagrass beds or oyster reefs.
· ORU has avoided oyster reefs and
seagrass beds through pipeline alignment design and with the use of horizontal
directional drilling.
· ORU has delineated areas such as
wetlands, during the application process.
Control of activities on sensitive areas will be one of the tasks
performed by the environmental monitors.
· Drilling and production structures,
including pipelines, generally should not be located within 1 mile of the base
of a live reef.
· High or low relief live bottoms that
could not be avoided, have been identified and quantified in this report and in
the FEIS, Section 5.6.2 (see table 5.6‑1).
· Relocation of operations including
pipelines away from essential fish habitat/live bottoms, and possible
monitoring to assess the impact of the activity on the live bottoms.
· Buried pipelines will be examined
periodically for maintenance of adequate earthen cover.
These bulleted mitigative measures area a good way to provide this
input for NOAA Fisheries review. The
bullets are concise, easy to follow, and allow feedback from NOAA Fisheries to
be specific.
6.0 CONCLUSIONS
Despite
efforts to avoid live bottom habitats and shelf edge hard banks, the selected
route traverses 28.8 miles of live bottom habitat, and 0.5 mile of hard bank
habitat. This approximates 16 percent of
the total area surveyed for bottom type from the Deep-South Three League Line
throughout the OCS Live Bottom Lease Stipulation areas. However, on the inner Deep-South Shelf (i.e.
the 24.2 miles surveyed west of the Three League Line) the proportion of live
bottom was 47 percent of the area surveyed.
The total area of live bottom and hard bank affected, including both
state and federal waters, would be approximately 535 acres. The effects on exposed rock live bottom (i.e.
that portion of live bottom that may support the growth of hard corals) is
approximately 59.3 acres of total impact.
For perspective, approximately 38 percent, or about 11,103,880 acres of
the West Deep-South Shelf from Lockville to Racetown has been categorized as
“reef habitat”, including rocks, corals and sponges (Parker et al., 1983).
The
remainder of the marine segment of pipeline would be soft bottom habitat across
407.8 miles (93 percent of the shoreline to shoreline Gulf crossing of the
total 437.1 miles). Thus the selected
route is bias towards crossing soft bottom (or sand bottom) habitat, which is
more resilient to temporary disturbance and whose ability to recover to pre‑project
conditions is faster than that of live bottom habitat. This is a positive aspect of the project
design. Impacts to such habitats are
judged to be short term since recovery can occur in a time-frame of months to
two years.
Some impacts
to EFH are recognized as permanent (i.e., trenching through live bottom
habitat), since full recovery can require up to 30 to 50 years. The other example of a permanent impact is
the change of bottom type from natural sediment to the artificial substrate of
the pipeline itself in areas deeper than 200 feet where the pipeline will not
be lowered below the mudline but will be laid on the seafloor.
In
contrast to some long term and permanent impacts to EFH, the direct impact on
the EFH managed species would be largely temporary. This is because the primary impact directly
to the fish themselves is the temporary impairment of water quality due to high
turbidity and suspended solids concentrations during dredging in shallow water
(less than 40 feet deep) or post‑plow lowering in deeper water (greater
than 40 feet deep). Most adult fish are
mobile and will actively avoid direct impacts from the pipe laying and
trenching activities. Some impairment of
ability of EFH managed species to find prey items could occur, but this effect
should be temporary and spatially limited to the immediate vicinity of pipeline
construction activities.
This conclusion section is good, in that it concludes there may be
some temporary and permanent effects.
However, it doesn’t clearly state whether or not there are any adverse effects to EFH. The
conclusion would be better to include a clearly stated EFH adverse effect
determination.
7.0 REFERENCES/LITERATURE CITED
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1961. A sedimentologic study in
Tampa Bay, Florida. Fla. State Univ.
Oceanogr. Inst. Contrib. 167. Proc. Int.
Geol. Congr. 21 Sess. Norden, 1960. Pt.
23:75‑88.
Goodwin, C. R. 1984. Changes in tidal flow, circulation, and
flushing caused by dredge and fill in Tampa Bay, Florida. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open
File Rep. 84‑447.
Goodwin, C. R., and D. M. Michaelis. 1984.
Appearance and water quality of turbidity plumes created by dredging in
Tampa Bay, Florida. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Invest. Open File Rep. 81‑541. Tallahassee,
FL.
Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. 1998.
Generic Amendment for Addressing Essential Fish Habitat Requirements in
the following Fishery Management Plans of the Gulf of Mexico: Shrimp Fishery of
the Gulf of Mexico, United States Waters, Red Drum Fishery of the Gulf of
Mexico, Reef Fish Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, coastal Migratory Pelagic
Resources (Mackerels) in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic, Stone Crab
Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, Spiny Lobster in the Gulf of Mexico and South
Atlantic, Coral and Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council,
3018 U.S. Highway 301 North, Suite 100, Tampa, Florida. October 1998.
Hall, M., D. Tomasko, and F. Courtney. 1991.
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Haunert (eds). The light requirements of
seagrasses: results and recommendations of a workshop held in West Palm Beach,
Florida on November 7‑8, 1990.
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Hall, J.R. and C.H. Saloman.
1975. Distribution and abundance
of macroinvertebrate species of six phyla in Tampa Bay, Florida 1963‑64
and 1969. NMFS Data Rep. 100. 505 pp.
Heneman, B. and the Center for Environmental Education. 1988.
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wider Caribbean area, and the west coast of Baja California. A report to the Marine Mammal commission and
the National Ocean Pollution Program Office, NOAA/DOC. Contract MM3309598‑5.
Washington, D.C. Chapter V. 36 pp.
Hettler, W.F. Jr.
1989. Food habits of juveniles of
spotted seatrout and gray snapper in western Florida Bay. Bull. Mar. Sci.
44(1):155‑162.
Minerals Management Service.
1983. Regional Environmental
Assessment: Gulf of Mexico Pipeline Activities. U.S. Department of the
Interior. Minerals Management
Service. Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. Metairie, Louisiana.
Odum, W.E., C.C. McIvor, and T.J. Smith. 1982.
The ecology of mangroves of south Florida: A community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Office of
Biological Services, Washington, D.C.
FWS/OBS‑81/24. 144 pp.
Smith, G.B. 1976. Ecology and Distribution of Eastern Gulf of
Mexico Reef Fishes. Fla. Mar. Res. Publ.
No. 19, 78 pp.
Williams, C.D., D.M. Nelson, L.C. Clements, M.E. Monaco, S.L.
Stone, L.R. Settle, C. Iancu, and E.A. Irlandi.
1990. Distribution and Abundance
of Fishes and Invertebrates in Eastern Gulf of Mexico Estuaries. ELMR Rept. No. 6. Strategic Assessment Branch,
NOS/NOAA. Rockville, Md. 105 p.