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Contents Abbreviations xxv Introduction 1 1.The Role of Internationalized Courts and Tribunals in theFight Against International Criminality 3 A Cassese A.Introduction 3 B.International or Internalized Courts v National Courts 4 C.International v Mixed or Internationalized Courts 5 D.Merits of Mixed or Internationalized Courts 6 E.Main Practical Problems Such Courts May Have to Face 6 F.Some Legal Problems With Which Such Courts May Have to Come to Grips 8 G.Situations Appropriate for Establishing Mixed or Internationalized Courts 10 H.The Outlook for International Criminal Justice 12 I.Conclusion 13 2.The Second Generation UNBased Tribunals: A Diversity of Mixed Jurisdictions 14 D Shraga A.Introduction 14 B.Negotiating the Legal Framework for the Extraordinary Chambers and the Special Court 15 1.The legislative process 15 2.The role of third actors 19 C.Subject Matter Jurisdiction 20 D.Personal Jurisdiction 22 1.Prosecution of juveniles between 15 and 18 years of age 24 2.Peacekeepers 26 E.Temporal Jurisdiction 26 F.The Organizational Structure of the Mixed Tribunals 27 G.The Relationship Between the Law of the Mixed Tribunals and the Law of the Seatthe Validity of Amnesties 29 1.Cambodia the amnesty to Ieng Sary 29 2.Sierra Leone: the amnesty to Foday Sankoh and the membership of the RUF 30 H.The unadministered Courts in Kosovo and East Timor 31 1.The Special Panels of Judges in East Timor 32 2.Mixed composition of judges and prosecutors in the courts of Kosovo 33 3.The Special Chamber in the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina 34 I.The Diversity of Mixed Tribunals: In Search of a Model Jurisdiction 35 Part IInternationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals 39 Kosovo 3.Explaining and Evaluating the UNMIK Court System 41 J Cerone and C Baldwin A.Introduction 41 B.Legal Framework 42 1.UN Security Council Resolution 1244 42 2.The applicable law 43 3.Structure and composition of the courts 47 C.Evaluation 50 1.Impartiality 51 2.Imparting knowledge and developing the law 52 3.Independence 54 4.Lessons to be learned 55 D.Conclusion 56 4.Internationalized Courts in Kosovo: An UNMIK Perspective 58 JC Cady and N Booth A.The Background 58 B.The Administration of the IJP Programme 61 1.Size of the programme 62 2.Criteria for assignment 63 C.The Future Role of International Judges and Prosecutors 65 D.The Applicable Law 68 1.Introducing international judges and prosecutors to local law 69 2.Civil cases 70 E.Criticisms of the IJP Programme 72 1.Too few judges and prosecutors 72 2.Capacitybuilding of local judges and prosecutors 73 3.Administrative and functional aspects of independence 75 4.Developing a human rights jurisprudence in Kosovo 75 F.Lessons Learned 76 5.East Timor: Trials and Tribulations 78 S De Bertodano A.The Dili Trials 78 1.Lack of cooperation with Indonesia 79 2.Political considerations affecting prosecutions 80 3.Financial and administrative problems 85 4.Uncertainty as to applicable law 89 5.Summary 90 B.The Jakarta Trials 91 1.Limited jurisdiction 92 2.Omission of high ranking suspects 92 3.Limited indictments 92 4.Lack of commitment to justice 93 5.Summary 95 C.Conclusions 95 6.Getting Untrapped, Struggling for Truths: The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR) in East Timor 97 B Lyons A.Introduction 97 B.An Overview of the CAVR Regulation 99 1.Origins of the CAVR 99 2.Objectives, mandate, and composition 100 3.CAVR functions and a twotiered definition of crimes 102 4.Truthseeking procedures 102 5.The Community Reconciliation Process 104 6.Amnesty 106 C.The CAVR in Practice 107 1.The CAVR as a way to document history 109 2.The CAVR as a means for dispute resolution 110 3.Reception and reconciliation 111 D.Meeting its Objective: Obstacles to Finding the Truth 113 E.The CAVRs Relation to the Formal Justice System 114 1.CRP and truthseeking functions 115 2.Statement sharing and confidentiality 115 3.Lack of reciprocity between the CAVR and the criminal justice system 116 4.The problem with categorizing human rights violations 118 G.Conclusions 119 Sierra Leone 7.Sierra Leone: The Intersection of Law, Policy and Practice 123 A Smith A.Introduction 123 B.Who Should Benefit from the Special Court and How? 125 1.Beneficiaries inside Sierra Leone 125 2.Beneficiaries outside Sierra Leone 126 C.Particular Aspects of the Special Court 128 1.Temporal jurisdiction 128 2.Subject matter jurisdiction 131 D.Conclusion 135 8.The Management Committee for the Special Court for Sierra Leone 138 P Mochochoko and G Tortora A.Introduction 138 B.Background 138 C.Negotiations on the Management Committee 140 D.Negotiations on the Terms of Reference of the ManagementCommittee 144 1.Legal basis of the Management Committee 144 2.Functions of the Management Committee 145 3.Membership of the Committee 147 E.The Planning Mission 148 F.Practical Arrangements for the Courts Startup Phase 150 G.Future Challenges 151 H.Conclusions 153 9.Internationalized Courts and their Relationship with Alternative Accountability Mechanisms: The Case of Sierra Leone 154 W Schabas A.Introduction 154 B.Legal Status and Functions of the Two Institutions 156 1.Temporal jurisdiction 157 2.Territorial jurisdiction 158 3.Personal jurisdiction 159 4.Subject matter jurisdiction 160 C.The Relationship Between the TRC and the Court 162 D.Conclusion 176 Cambodia 10.The Politics of Genocide Justice in Cambodia 178 C Etcheson A.Introduction 178 B.Domestic Politics 180 1.The ruling party: Cambodian Peoples Party 180 2.The royalists 182 3.The opposition 183 4.The King 184 5.Khmer Rouge 185 6.The public 186 C.International Dimensions 187 1.ASEAN states 187 2.China 190 3.United States 191 4.Other Western protribunal nations and the European Union 193 5.Japan 194 6.Russia, India, and France 195 7.United Nations 196 8.Nongovernmental actors 197 D.Interaction of Domestic and International Political Dimensions 198 11.The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for Prosecuting Crimes Committed by the Khmer Rouge: Jurisdiction, Organization and Procedure of an Internationalized Tribunal 203 E Meijer A.Introduction 203 B.Relationship Between the United NationsCambodia Agreement and Cambodian Law 205 C.Jurisdiction 207 1.Temporal jurisdiction 207 2.Subject matter jurisdiction 208 3.Personal jurisdiction 210 4.Amnesty 210 D.General Principles of Criminal Law 211 1.Statute of limitations 211 2.Individual responsibility 212 E.Organization of the Extraordinary Chambers 213 1.Structure 213 2.Composition of the Chambers 214 3.Decisionmaking 216 4.Nomination, appointment, and dismissal of international judges 217 5.Investigating judges and prosecutors 217 6.Support services 219 7.Assistance by Cambodian government 220 F.Procedural Law 220 1.Relationship between national and international law 220 2.Fair trial guarantees 221 3.Victims and witnesses 224 4.Penalties 225 G.Settlement of Disputes Between the United Nations and Cambodia 226 H.Beginning and End 226 I.Conclusion 227 Part IICrossCutting Aspects 229 12.The Judges and Prosecutors of Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals 231 C Romano A.Introduction 231 B.Mixed Staffing 235 C.Qualifications 240 1.Nationality 240 2.Moral integrity 242 3.Gender 244 4.Curriculum 245 D.Recruiting Personnel 248 E.Independence of the Judiciary 255 1.Appointment and dismissal of judges 256 2.Length of service 261 3.Privileges and immunities 263 F.Conclusion 265 13.The Financing of Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals 267 T Ingadottir A.Introduction 267 B.The Financial Framework of International and Internalized Criminal Bodies 268 1.International criminal tribunals (ICTY, ICTR, and ICC) 268 2.Internationalized criminal tribunals 270 C.Funding of International and Internationalized Criminal Bodies 271 1.Funding by assessed contributions 272 2.Funding by voluntary contributions 273 D.The Cost of International and Internationalized Criminal Tribunals 277 1.International criminal tribunals (ICTY, ICTR, and ICC) 277 2.The internationalized criminal tribunals 278 E.Cheap and Efficient Tribunals? 281 F.Conclusions 284 14.Internationalized Courts and Substantive Criminal Law 286 B Swart A.Introduction 286 B.The Purpose of Internationalized Courts 286 C.Jurisdiction 288 D.Applicable Law 290 1.Crimes under general international law 293 2.Other international crimes 296 3.Crimes under domestic law 298 4.General principles of criminal law 299 E.General Observations and Conclusions 309 15.Procedural Law of Internationalized Criminal Courts 312 H Friman A.Introduction 312 B.Applicable Procedural Law 313 1.Kosovo and East Timor 313 2.Sierra Leone and Cambodia 315 C.Criteria for Assessment of the Procedural Regimes 318 1.Standards derived from international human rights treaties 319 2.Standards derived from the international criminal courts 319 3.Standards derived from national law 321 D.Procedural Standards for Fair and Expeditious Proceedings 321 1.Applied or proposed international procedural standards 321 2.Some fundamental procedural standards 323 3.Standards relating to juveniles and to victims and witnesses 343 E.Conclusions 348 1.Adherence to fundamental human rights standards 348 2.Applicable law 349 3.A startup kit and standard law of criminal procedures 351 16.The Relationship Between Internationalized Courts and National Courts 354 J Kleffner and A Nollkarmper A.Introduction 354 B.Overlapping Jurisdiction of Internationalized and National Courts 355 1.Kosovo 356 2.East Timor 357 3.Cambodia 359 4.Sierra Leone 360 5.Conclusion 360 C.Regulation of Concurrent Jurisdiction Between Internationalized and National Courts 361 D.Challenging the Legality of Establishment of Internationalized Courts in National Courts 363 E.Review of Decisions of Internationalized Courts by National Courts 366 F.Finality of Judgments of Internationalized Courts 368 G.Authority of Judgments of Internationalized Courts 371 H.Conclusion 372 17.Legal Assistance to Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals 374 G Sluiter A.Introduction 374 B.Various Forms of Cooperation 375 C.Models of Legal Assistance: Horizontal and Vertical 377 D.Legal Assistance to the Kosovo and East Timor Panels 383 1.East Timor and Kosovo: UNTAETUNMISET and UNMIK 383 2.Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Indonesia 384 3.Other states 389 4.Relationship between the Kosovo Panels and ICTY 390 E.Legal Assistance to the Cambodian Extraordinary Chambers and the Sierra Leonean Special Court 391 1.Cambodia and Sierra Leone 391 2.Other states 397 F.Conclusions 400 18.Some Tentative Remarks on the Relationship Between Internationalized Criminal Jurisdictions and the International Criminal Court 402 M Benzing and M Bergsmo A.Introduction 402 B.Internationalized Courts and the ICC: Cooperation or Jurisdictional Conflict? Some Considerations 403 1.The limited scope of action of the ICC 403 2.Possible advantages of and concerns about internationalizedjurisdictions 404 C.Internationalized Courts and the Complementarity Principleof the Rome Statute 406 D.The Role of the ICC in Internationalizing National Courts and in Supervising Internationalized Courts 408 1.Internationalizing national courts 408 2.Supervising internationalized jurisdictions? 409 E.Concluding Remarks 409 19.Geographical and Jurisdictional Reach of ICC: Gaps in the International Criminal Justice System and a Role for Internationalized Bodies 412 M Colitti A.Introduction 412 B.Interstices in the Rome Statute 414 1.Territorial limits on ICC jurisdiction (Article 12) and builtin correctives 414 2.Limits to jurisdiction ratione materiae and temporis 417 C.Conclusion: Life in the Shadow of the ICCA Case for Symbiosis? 420 20.Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals: Are They Necessary? 422 L Condorelli and T Boutruche A.Introduction 422 B.Towards a Definition of the Internationalized Criminal Tribunals 423 1.The exercise of a judicial function 423 2.The internationalized element 423 3.The ad hocism 424 C.The Differences Between the Internationalized Criminal Tribunals 425 1.The Kosovo and the East Timor cases 425 2.The Cambodia case 427 3.The Sierra Leone case 428 D.Conclusions 430 21.Internationalized Courts: Better Than Nothing 432 A Pellet A.The Reasons for Internationalization of National Courts 432 B.The Conditions for an Acceptable Partial Internationalization 433 C.International Crimes Demand Truly International Justice 434 D.Double Standards 435 E.Nationalizing International Tribunals? 436 F.Universal Jurisdiction 438 Selected Bibliography 440 Websites 455 Analytical Index 000
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
International criminal courts -- Congresses.