OUR FOREIGN POLICY THROUGH THE STATE DEPARTMENT OR PART OF OUR
           DEFENSE POLICY THROUGH THE DEFENSE DEPARTMENT, WHY NOT
           REIMBURSE FAMILY FARMERS WHO ARE TOLD NOW THEY SHARE OR BEAR
           THE ENTIRE COST OF THOSE SANCTIONS?
           SO, I STAND TODAY TO SAY AGAIN I APPRECIATE THIS LEGISLATION.
           SENATOR MUR RAINDZ SENATOR ROBERTS INITIATED IT, AT LEAST ON
           THE SENATE SIDE, AND I WAS PLEASED THE DAY THAT SENATOR MURRAY
           INTRODUCED IT ON BEHALF OF HER AND SENATOR ROBERTS. PLEASED TO
           BE A COSPONSOR. IT IS THE RIGHT THING TO DO RIT NOW. BUT

           THERE'S MUCH, MUCH, MUCH MORE TO DO IF WE'RE GOING TO ADDRESS
           IN A REAL AND SIGNIFICANT WAY THE FARM COMPRISE SIS THAT IS AS
           TOUGH AS I'VE EVER SEEN IF IN RURAL AMERICA. I'M NOT GOING TO
           GO FURTHER TALKING ABOUT THE FARM PROBLEM AND THE TRADE PROBLEM
           BECAUSE THEY ARE A BITING AND TOUGH AND DIFFICULT -- AND WE
           MUST GET ABOUT THE BUSINESS OF DEALING WITH T I EXPECT IN THE
           COUPLE COMING WEEKS WE'RE GOING TO DISCUSS IT. SOME AREAS DON'T
           HAVE TO DEAL WITH FARM PROBLEMS EVERY DAY. I THINK IT IS AN
           OPPORTUNITY TO DEAL WITH FARM PROBLEMS. FAMILY FARMERS, THE

           ROOTS OF OUR SOCIETY. FAMILY VALUES ORIGINATED ON THE FAMILY
           FARM IN RURAL -- AND THEY NURTURE CITIES IN THIS COUNTRY. I'M
           PLEASED TO REPRESENT A STATE OF FAMILY FEAFERMENTS I THINK IT'S
           INTERESTING TO SEE PEOPLE WHO WOULDN'T KNOW A RAISER BACK HOG
           FROM A PICKUP TRUCK TELL US HERE IN WASHINGTON, D.C., ALL ABOUT
           THE THEORY OF FAMILY FARMING. THE FACT IS, FAMILY FARMERS DON'T
           LIVE AN THEORY. THEY RISK EVERYTHING THEY HAVE TO TRY TO RAISE
           A CROP AND HOPE WHEN THEY'VE RAISE ADD CROP THEY'LL BE ABLE TO
           SELL IT TO MAKE A DECENT LIVING. AND TODAY THE SAD ANSWER IS,

           THIS ECONOMY DOESN'T PRODUCE THAT BECAUSE WE HAVE A WHOLE
           SERIES OF PROBLEMS, ONE OF WHICH -- ONE OF WHICH DEPSH IS
           ADDRESSED, A SMALL ONE IS ADDRESSED BY THIS BILL. AND THAT IS
           THE POTENTIAL CUTOFF OF A FOREIGN MARKET FOR WESTERN WHEAT.
           THIS BILL ADDRESSES IT, AND I'M PLEASED TO BE A COSPONSOR. BUT
           I HOPE IN THE COMING WEEKS WE WILL DO MUCH, MUCH SHALL MUCH
           MORE TO ADDRESS THE CRISIS FACED BY FAMILY FARMERS. MR.
           PRESIDENT, I YIELD BACK -- RESERVE THE BALANCE OF MY TIME. MR.
           MCCONNELL: MR. PRESIDENT?
           
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: THE SENATOR FROM KENTUCKY.
           

           MR. MCCONNELL: I YIELD TEN MINUTES TO THE DISTINGUISHED SENATOR
           FROM KANSAS.
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: THE SENATOR FROM KANSAS.
           

           MR. ROBERTS: THANK THE SENATOR TO YIELDING. MR. PRESIDENT,
           FIRST LET ME PAY A SINCERE THANKS TO SENATOR MCCONNELL AND TO
           SENATOR BIDEN, TO BOTH THE REPUBLICAN AND THE DEMOCRATIC
           LEADERSHIP, AND TO ALL OF MY COLLEAGUES WHO HAVE ADDRESSED THIS
           MOST IMPORTANT ISSUE FOR THEIR HELP AND SUPPORT. AND I DO
           REALLY APPRECIATE THE OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK IN BEHALF OF WHAT I
           CONSIDER TO BE A TRUE EMERGENCY IN AGRICULTURE EXPORT BILL,

           RELIEF BILL. IF WE MOVE, IF WE PASS THIS BILL, OUR U.S. WHEAT
           PRODUCERS MAY -- AND I EMPHASIZE "MAY" -- MAY BE ABLE TO SELL
           PAKISTAN ALMOST 14 MILLION BUSHELS OF WHEAT. NOW, THAT MEANS
           ABOUT $40 MILLION IN THE POCKETS OF AMERICAN WHEAT FARMERS
           INSTEAD OF $40 MILLION IN THE POCKETS OF OUR COMPETITORS, NOT
           TO MENTION THE POOR PEOPLE IN PAKISTAN WHO ARE SUFFERING FROM
           MALNUTRITION AND HUNGER IN REGARDS TO A VERY NEEDED COMMODITY.
           NOW, THE DEADLINE FOR THE WHEAT TENDER OR SALE IS JULY 15.

           THAT'S NEXT WEEK. THAT'S WHY THIS IS AN EMERGENCY. THAT'S WHY
           THE DESKS ARE CLEARED. THAT'S WHY THIS LEGISLATION IS HOT
           LINED. NOW, IF THE CONGRESS DELAIZ IN THIS BODY OR IN THE -- IF
           THE CONGRESS DELAYS IN THIS BODY OR IN THE HOUSE, IT WILL BE
           ADS 40 MILLION DELAY AT THE EXPENSE OF U.S. AGRICULTURE. THIS
           BILL SIMPLY EXEMPTS THE G.S.M. EXPORT CREDIT PROGRAM FROM THE
           MANDATED SANCTIONS NOW IMPOSED UPON PAKISTAN. LET'S TAKE A LIST
           OF THE POSITIVE THINGS THAT WILL HAPPEN, WHEN AND IF THE G.S.M.

           CREDITS ARE MADE AVAILABLE. FIRST, ARMED WITH CREDITS AND
           FACING DESPERATE, DESPERATE ECONOMIC STRAITS, PAKISTAN MAY WELL
           BUY THE WHEAT IT NEEDS FROM THE UNITED STATES AS OPPOSED TO OUR
           COMPETITORS. SECOND, AS A RESULT OF THE SALE, THE WHEAT MARKET
           WILL GAIN STRENGTH, AS WILL PRICE RECOVERY, ESPECIALLY IN THE
           NORTHWEST PART OF THE UNITED STATES. THIRD, LOST U.S. MARKET
           SHARE DUE TO THE SANCTIONS HOPEFULLY WILL BE REGAINED BUT MOST
           IMPORTANT, THE PASSAGE OF THIS LEGISLATION WILL SEND AN
           IMMEDIATE STRONG SIGNAL TO THE WORLD TRADE COMMUNITY THAT THE

           U.S. WILL COMPETE AGGRESSIVELY, AGGRESSIVELY FOR EXPORT MARKETS
           AND THAT THE CONGRESS IS TAKING STEPS -- FINALLY TAKING STEPS,
           AS THE SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA HAS INDICATED -- TO CORRECT THE
           CURRENT DRIFT IN OUR TRADE POLICY. AND, YES, IT HAS GREAT
           IMPLICATIONS IN REGARDS TO FARM PROGRAM POLICY. I'M NOT GOING
           IT TO GO INTO THAT AS OF THIS AFTERNOON. BUT IT DOES HAVE GREAT
           IMPLICATIONS. AND, MR. PRESIDENT, PAKISTAN IS EXPECTED TO
           TENDER FOR WHEAT AGAIN IN A FEW MONTHS, NOT JUST NEXT WEEK. SO

           WITH OUR EXPORT CREDIT PROGRAM FREE FROM SANCTION CHAINS, WHY,
           U.S. PRODUCERS MAY WIN THAT SALE AS WELL. I MIGHT ADD AGAIN
           THAT TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE. OUR HEART VEST IS JUST -- OUR
           HARVEST IS JUST CONCLUDING OR IS IN THE PROCESS OF JUST
           CONCLUDING. NOW IS THE TIME WHEN OUR U.S. WHEAT IS MOST
           COMPETITIVE. IF WE DON'T SELL NOW, THE ADVANTAGE WILL FALL TO
           COMPETITORS. I AM PLEASED THAT THIS LEGISLATION BASICALLY
           ENCOMPASSES THE LEGISLATION THAT SENATORS GORTON, SENATOR
           MURRAY, MYSELF, OTHERS INTRODUCED WHEN WE FIRST HEARD OF THE

           SANCTIONS SOME WEEKS AGO. AND I ALSO WANT TO -- I ALSO NOTE THE
           PRESENCE OF THE DISTINGUISHED CHAIRMAN OF THE SENATE
           AGRICULTURE COMMITTEE. HE HAS A VERY COMPREHENSIVE SANCTIONS
           REFORM BILL, IT LOOKS AHEAD. AND I SEE SENATOR HAGEL STILL ON
           THE FLOORED AND SENATOR BIDEN. I HAVE JOINED THEM IN
           INTRODUCING A BILL TO TAKE A LOOK BACK IN REGARDS TO THE 115
           SANCTIONS THAT WE HAVE NOW IMPOSED ON 75% OF THE WORLD'S
           POPULATION. AND WE HAVE OTHER BILLS AS WELL, AND SO I AM VERY
           PLEASED TO TAKE PART IN THAT EFFORT. NOW, THAT'S THE GOOD NEWS,
           MR. PRESIDENT. BUT I FE COMPELLED TO WARN MY COLLEAGUES,

           HOWEVER, THAT I BELIEVE THERE'S SOME BAD NEWS WITH POTENTIALLY
           MORE TO COME. THIS BILL, AS ORIGINALLY PROPOSED BY THE
           BIPARTISAN TASK FORCE ON SANCTIONS, ABLY LED BY SENATORS
           MCCONNELL AND BIDEN, TOOK ONE IMPORTANT STEP FOR AGRICULTURE
           AND I THINK A BIGGER STEP TOWARDS MEANINGFUL SANCTION REFORM AS
           IT PER TO OUR NATIONAL SECURITY -- AS IT PERTAINS TO OUR
           NATIONAL SECURITY AND FOREIGN AND TRADE POLICY. IT REPRESENTED
           THE FIRST STEP IN PRYING THE PRESIDENT, ANY PRESIDENT, AND HIS
           NATIONAL SECURITY TEAM AND HIS FOREIGN POLICY TEAM THE
           REAL-WORLD FLEXIBILITY TO DEAL WITH THE PROLIFERATION AND

           TESTING OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS. THE OBVIOUS CASE IN POINT AND THE
           REASON WHY WE'RE HERE IS THE SITUATION IN PAKISTAN AND INDIA.
           MORE THAN A MONTH AGO, SECRETARY OF STATE ALBRIGHT TOLD MEMBERS
           OF THIS BODY IN A BRIEFING, SHE NEEDED A FULL ARSENAL OF
           DIPLOMATIC TOOLS TO HELP BOTH COERCE AND POSSIBLY POSITIVELY
           INFLUENCE INDIA AND PAKISTAN TO CEASE ANY FURTHER TESTING AND
           TO DISCUSS SOME KIND OF A MUTUAL STRATEGY FOR IMPROVED
           RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES. AND I WOULD ADD AT THIS

           POINT THAT MY COLLEAGUE AND THE SENIOR SENATOR FROM KANSAS,
           SENATOR BROWNBACK, AND SENATOR ROBB FROM VIRGINIA HAVE BEEN TO
           INDIA AND PAKISTAN AND TAKEN A HARD LOOK AT THAT SITUATION. AS
           I RECALL SENATOR ALBRIGHT'S WORDS, SHE WANTED THE FLEXIBILITY
           TO USE CARROTS AND STICKS INSTEAD OF A SLEDGEHAMMER. I THINK
           THAT'S PRETTY GRAPHIC. LET ME STRESS, TOO, THAT THE ACTIONS OF
           INDIA AND PAKISTAN WERE MOST SERIOUS AND DANGEROUS. IN MO WAY
           DID THIS BILL OR THE ORIGINAL AND MORE COMPREHENSIVE BILL
           REALLY CONDONE THE AGGRESSIVE AND DANGEROUS ACTIONS OF YAINDZ

           AND PAKISTAN. THAT'S NOT -- YOU KNOW, THAT'S NOT THE CASE. IT
           SHOULD GO WITHOUT SAYING THAT OUR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
           SECURITY IS THE FOREMOST CONCERN OF EVERYONE IN THIS BODIED AND
           THE PRESIDENT AND, YES, FARMERS AND RANCHERS AND, YES,
           EVERYBODY IN THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY. IT IS THIS SENATOR'S
           FOREMOST CONCERN. THE U.S. CANNOT COUNTENANCE THE PROLIFERATION
           AND TESTING OF ANY WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION. WE MUST
           CONTINUE TO EVALUATE AND IMPROVE OUR JOINT EFFORT WITH OUR
           ALLIES TO ACHIEVE THESE MUTUAL GOALS. BUT IN THE DOING OF THIS,

           MY FRIENDS, THERE IS A RIGHT WAY AND THERE IS A WRONG WAY.
           UNFORTUNATELY, THE BEST OF POLICIES YEARS AGO MAY NOT SERVE OUR
           BEST INTERESTS AS OF TODAY. THOSE WHO PASS LEGISLATION -- THOSE
           WHO PASSED LEGISLATION FOUR YEARS AGO -- WE CANNOT KNOW HOW THE
           WORLD WILL LOOK IN 198 OR FOUR YEARS DOWN THE ROAD. BUT AS A
           RESULT, A MANDATORY SANCTION LEGLATION PASSED IN 1994, THE
           EXECUTIVE HAS LITTLE -- LITTLE, IF ANY, ANY -- FLEXIBILITY TO
           DEAL WITH THE EXTREMELY SENSITIVE ISSUE OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN.

           THESE SANCTIONS ARE NOW IN PLACE. WE HAVE STOPPED ALL LOANS
           FROM INTERNATIONAL LENDING INSTITUTIONS, ALL CREDIT PROGRAMS.
           INDIA, WHICH IS NOT DEPENDENT ON WORLD BANK FINANCING, HAS
           LARGELY BEEN SOMEWHAT -- HAS BEEN AFFECT UNAFFECTED BY THE
           SANCTIONS, BUT PAKISTAN IS IN SERIOUS JEOPARDY OF DEFAULTING.
           HOW CAN THIS SERVE PEACE AND COOPERATION?
           UNDER THE LAW OF UNINTENDED EFFECTS, MANDATORY U.S. SANCTIONS
           MAY WELL INCREASE THE SUFFERING IN PAKISTAN. IT MAY WELL

           PROMOTE FURTHER EXTREMISM, SERVE NO USEFUL PURPOSE, I MIGHT ADD
           IN FARM LANGUAGE, THE TESTING COW IS ALREADY OUT OF THE NUCLEAR
           BARN, AND INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF WAR IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. --
           IN SOUTH ASIA. AND IN THE PROCESS, SINCE THE U.S. ALONE HAS
           IMPOSED SANCTIONS, OUR TRADE COMPETITORS ARE FIRST IN LINE TO
           SEIZE OUR U.S. MARKETS. WELL, MR. PRESIDENT, IN THE ORIGINAL
           BILL INTRODUCED BY SENATORS MCKONDLE AND BIDEN AND SUPPORTED BY
           THE GREAT MAJORITY OF THE SENATE, WE FIXED THAT SYSTEM. STEP

           TWO OF THE BILL WOULD HAVE GRANTED THE AUTHORITY THE
           ADMINISTRATION THE AUTHORITY TO IMPOSE ALL OF THE AUTHORITY IN
           THE ARMS CONTROL AKD. IN OTHER WORDS, THE ORIGINAL BILL
           PROVIDED AND AS-YOU-SHALL, NINE-MONTH COOLING OFF PERIOD AND
           GAVE TO SECRETARY ALBRIGHT THE TOOLS SHE REQUESTED TO SEE IF WE
           COULD NOT ACHIEVE SOME PROGRESS IN SOUTH ASIA. DUE TO THE
           CONCERNS OF SEVERAL SENATORS AND I DO NOT QUESTION THEIR
           INTENT, THEIR CONCERN, IT WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE TO ENACT THIS
           MORE COMPREHENSIVE BILL. THAT AS I SAID IN TERMS OF THE WARNING

           I SAID EARLIER, HERE'S THE WARNING -- MY FRIENDS, WE ARE
           PASSING A VERY NARROW AND LIMITED SANCTIONS REFORM BILL THAT
           APPLIES TO AGRICULTURE ONLY DUE TO THE PAKISTANI WHEAT AND
           PROBLEMS IN THE FARM COUNTRY AND OUR TRADE POLICY AND OUR
           EXPORT POLICY. BUT I MUST WARN YOU, WHEN YOU DEAL WITH
           SANCTIONS, THEY BECOME OVERALL EMBARGOES. WE SAW THAT IN 1980
           WITH THE INFAMOUS EMBARGO IMPOSED BY PRESIDENT CARTER AND IT
           ENDED UP FOR TEN YEARS LIKE SHATTERED GLASS AND WE HAD A

           TERRIBLE TIME PUTTING IT BACK TOGETHER IN REGARDS TO CONTRACT
           SANCTITY FOR U.S. AGRICULTURE. IF OUR COMPERTS OFFER THE SAME
           CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS AND -- IF OUR COMPETITORS OFFER THE SAME
           CREDIT ARRANGESS AND PAKISTAN HAS A CHOICE, WHO DO YOU THINK
           THEY'LL CONTINUE TO BUY FROM AS LONG AS WE CONTINUE THE OVERALL SANCTIONS?
           
           
           THE DANGER IS THIS: WITHOUT SECTION 3 WHICH WE ORIGINALLY HAD
           IN THE BILL, WE ARE ALSO ENDANGERING THE AGRICULTURAL SALE. IT
           COULD HAFMT I HOPE IT DOESN'T, BUT IT COULD HAPPEN. AS A MATTER
           OF FACT, I THINK A POLICY OF WE WILL CONTINUE TO SANCTION A

           WHOLE LOT OF THIS BUT WE WILL SELL YOU SOME OF THAT ONLY IF IT
           SUITS US, DOES MUCH MORE -- DOESN'T DO ANYTHING FOR A
           COMPREHENSIVE AND A CLEAR TRADE POLICY. I'VE ALREADY POINTED
           OUT THAT IN NATIONAL SECURITY TERMS THE CURRENT POLICY IS
           COUNTER PRODUCTIVITY. LET ME SPELL OUT SOME ECONOMIC
           CONSEQUENCES IN STRIKING SECTION 3. PRIOR TO THE IMPOSITION OF
           SANCTIONS, THE U.S. ACCOUNTED FOR 25% OF INDIA'S INTERNATIONAL
           TRADE. THAT'S REMARKABLE CONSIDERING ALL THE MILES IN BETWEEN
           OUR COUNTRY AND THEIRS. AS I SAY, WHY, SENATOR BROWN BROWNBACK
           JUST WENT ALL THE WAY OVER AND ALL THE WAY BACK TO TRY TO GET

           AN YOUP DATE ON THIS. IT'S BEEN -- ON UPDATE ON THIS. IT'S BEEN
           EXTRAORDINARILY. THE SANCTIONS COST INDIA AND PAKISTAN $4
           BILLION IN INTERNATIONAL BANK LOANS. BOEING AIRCRAFT COMPANY
           SPEND $STANDS TO LOSE UP TO $6 BILLION WITH 30 AIRPLANES THAT
           CANNOT BE DELAIFERDS. INROD IS BUILDING A HUGE POWER PLANT IN
           CENTRAL INDIA ESSENTIAL TO RAISE THE STANDARD OF LIVING INDIA'S
           NEAR-BILLION POPULATION.
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: THE SENATOR HAS --
           

           MR. ROBERTS: I WOULD ASK FOR TWO ADDITIONAL MINUTES.
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: THE SENATOR IS RECOGNIZED FOR TWO
           ADDITIONAL MINUTES.
           

           MR. ROBERTS: I THANK THE SENATOR FROM KENTUCKY AND THE
           PRESIDENT. A FOREIGN COMPETITOR COULD IN FACT ACTUALLY TAKE
           OVER THAT PROJECT. AND $21 MILLION IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
           HOUSING ASSISTANCE ANDZ 6 MILLION TO COMBAT GREENHOUSE GASES IN
           INDIA HAVE BEEN TERMINATED. NOW, MR. PRESIDENT, IF THERE WAS
           ANY EVIDENCE, SOME EVIDENCE EVIDENCE, A SHRED OF EVIDENCE THAT
           STOPPING THIS BUSINESS ACTIVITY WOULD SOMEHOW RESULT IN

           PAKISTAN AND INDIA AGREEING ON A TEST BAN AND RESOLVING THEIR
           DIFFERENCES, I WOULD GLADLY SUPPORT SANCTIONS. I WOULD GLADLY
           DO THAT. IF THERE'S ANY THEAFED A TRADE AND FOREIGN POLICY
           DOMINATED BY SANCTIONS, I WOULD SUPPORT SANCTIONS. IN SOME RARE
           CASES THEY MAY BE EFFECTIVE. IN THIS CASE, I THINK THEY'RE
           MAKING THINGS MUCH WORSE. I THINK WE'VE MADE A MISTAKE IN
           STRIKING SECTION 3 OF THIS BILL. IN DOING SO, WE HAVE PUT THE
           GRAIN SALE TO PAKISTAN AT RICK. I HOPE THAT'S NOT THE CASE. I'M
           STILL OPTIMISTIC. WE CONTINUE TO SEND SIGNALS THAT OUT-OF-DATE

           AND COUNTERPRODUCTIVE SANCTIONS ARE STILL THE ORDER OF THE DAY.
           AND I FULL-WELL REALIZE AND I RESPECT THE CONCERNS IN REGARD TO
           AUTHORSHIP AND JURISDICTION AND THE AGREED-UPON GOAL OF THE
           SANCTIONS TASK FORCE AND THE COMMITTEES OF JURISDICTION
           ACHIEVING MEANINGFUL AND COMPREHENSIVE SANCTION REFORM. I
           UNDERSTAND THAT. I'M PART OF THE SANCTIONS TASK FORCE. THAT'S
           GOING TO TAKE A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF TIME. IT PROBABLY SHOULD
           IN TERMS OF COMPREHENSIVE REFORM. AND AS A MEMBER OF THE TASK
           FORKS I LOOK FORWARD TO WORKING WITH MY COLLEAGUES. BUT, MR.

           PRESIDENT, IN THE DOING OF THIS AND IN STRIKING SECTION 3, IF
           WE LIMP TO THE MEETINGS, IT WILL BE BECAUSE BY DELAY AND
           STRIKING SECTION 3 INTEREST THIS BILL WE WILL HAVE CONTINUED TO
           SHOOT OURSELVES IN THE FOOT. I YIELD THE FLOOR.
           

           MR. BIDEN: MR. PRESIDENT, I YIELD FIVE MINUTES TO THE SENATOR
           FROM NORTH DAKOTA.
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: THE SENATOR NORTH DAKOTA.
           

           MR. JOHNSON: I FIRST WANT TO THANK THE SENATOR FROM DELAWARE,
           SENATOR BIDEN, AND SENATOR MCCONNELL FROM KENTUCKY, FOR THEIR
           HELP IN
{END: 1998/07/09 TIME: 15-00 , Thu.  105TH SENATE, SECOND SESSION}