[Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 29, Volume 5] [Revised as of January 1, 2007] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 29CFR1910.305] [Page 854-866] TITLE 29--LABOR CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR PART 1910_OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS--Table of Contents Subpart S_Electrical Sec. 1910.305 Wiring methods, components, and equipment for general use. (a) Wiring methods. The provisions of this section do not apply to the conductors that are an integral part of factory-assembled equipment. (1) General requirements--(i) Electrical continuity of metal raceways and enclosures. Metal raceways, cable armor, and other metal enclosures for conductors shall be metallically joined together into a continuous electric conductor and shall be so connected to all boxes, fittings, and cabinets as to provide effective electrical continuity. (ii) Wiring in ducts. No wiring systems of any type shall be installed in ducts used to transport dust, loose stock or flammable vapors. No wiring system of any type may be installed in any duct used for vapor removal or for ventilation of commercial-type cooking equipment, or in any shaft containing only such ducts. (2) Temporary wiring. Temporary electrical power and lighting wiring methods may be of a class less than would be required for a permanent installation. Except as specifically modified in this paragraph, all other requirements of this subpart for permanent wiring shall apply to temporary wiring installations. (i) Uses permitted, 600 volts, nominal, or less. Temporary electrical power and lighting installations 600 volts, nominal, or less may be used only: (A) During and for remodeling, maintenance, repair, or demolition of buildings, structures, or equipment, and similar activities; (B) For experimental or development work, and (C) For a period not to exceed 90 days for Christmas decorative lighting, carnivals, and similar purposes. (ii) Uses permitted, over 600 volts, nominal. Temporary wiring over 600 volts, nominal, may be used only during periods of tests, experiments, or emergencies. (iii) General requirements for temporary wiring. (A) Feeders shall originate in an approved distribution center. The conductors shall be run as multiconductor cord or cable assemblies, or, where not subject to physical damage, they may be run as open conductors on insulators not more than 10 feet apart. (B) Branch circuits shall originate in an approved power outlet or panelboard. Conductors shall be multiconductor cord or cable assemblies or open conductors. If run as open conductors they shall be fastened at ceiling height every 10 feet. No branch-circuit conductor may be laid on the floor. Each branch circuit that supplies receptacles or fixed equipment shall contain a separate equipment grounding conductor if run as open conductors. [[Page 855]] (C) Receptacles shall be of the grounding type. Unless installed in a complete metallic raceway, each branch circuit shall contain a separate equipment grounding conductor and all receptacles shall be electrically connected to the grounding conductor. (D) No bare conductors nor earth returns may be used for the wiring of any temporary circuit. (E) Suitable disconnecting switches or plug connectors shall be installed to permit the disconnection of all ungrounded conductors of each temporary circuit. (F) Lamps for general illumination shall be protected from accidental contact or breakage. Protection shall be provided by elevation of at least 7 feet from normal working surface or by a suitable fixture or lampholder with a guard. (G) Flexible cords and cables shall be protected from accidental damage. Sharp corners and projections shall be avoided. Where passing through doorways or other pinch points, flexible cords and cables shall be provided with protection to avoid damage. (3) Cable trays--(i) Uses permitted. (a) Only the following may be installed in cable tray systems: (1) Mineral-insulated metal-sheathed cable (Type MI); (2) Armored cable (Type AC); (3) Metal-clad cable (Type MC); (4) Power-limited tray cable (Type PLTC); (5) Nonmetallic-sheathed cable (Type NM or NMC); (6) Shielded nonmetallic-sheathed cable (Type SNM); (7) Multiconductor service-entrance cable (Type SE or USE); (8) Multiconductor underground feeder and branch-circuit cable (Type UF); (9) Power and control tray cable (Type TC); (10) Other factory-assembled, multiconductor control, signal, or power cables which are specifically approved for installation in cable trays; or (11) Any approved conduit or raceway with its contained conductors. (b) In industrial establishments only, where conditions of maintenance and supervision assure that only qualified persons will service the installed cable tray system, the following cables may also be installed in ladder, ventilated trough, or 4 inch ventilated channel- type cable trays: (1) Single conductor cables which are 250 MCM or larger and are Types RHH, RHW, MV, USE, or THW, and other 250 MCM or larger single conductor cables if specifically approved for installation in cable trays. Where exposed to direct rays of the sun, cables shall be sunlight-resistant. (2) Type MV cables, where exposed to direct rays of the sun, shall be sunlight-resistant. (c) Cable trays in hazardous (classified) locations shall contain only the cable types permitted in such locations. (ii) Uses not permitted. Cable tray systems may not be used in hoistways or where subjected to severe physical damage. (4) Open wiring on insulators--(i) Uses permitted. Open wiring on insulators is only permitted on systems of 600 volts, nominal, or less for industrial or agricultural establishments and for services. (ii) Conductor supports. Conductors shall be rigidly supported on noncombustible, nonabsorbent insulating materials and may not contact any other objects. (iii) Flexible nonmetallic tubing. In dry locations where not exposed to severe physical damage, conductors may be separately enclosed in flexible nonmetallic tubing. The tubing shall be in continuous lengths not exceeding 15 feet and secured to the surface by straps at intervals not exceeding 4 feet 6 inches. (iv) Through walls, floors, wood cross members, etc. Open conductors shall be separated from contact with walls, floors, wood cross members, or partitions through which they pass by tubes or bushings of noncombustible, nonabsorbent insulating material. If the bushing is shorter than the hole, a waterproof sleeve of nonconductive material shall be inserted in the hole and an insulating bushing slipped into the sleeve at each end in such a manner as to keep the conductors absolutely out of contact with the sleeve. Each conductor shall be carried through a separate tube or sleeve. [[Page 856]] (v) Protection from physical damage. Conductors within 7 feet from the floor are considered exposed to physical damage. Where open conductors cross ceiling joints and wall studs and are exposed to physical damage, they shall be protected. (b) Cabinets, boxes, and fittings--(1) Conductors entering boxes, cabinets, or fittings. Conductors entering boxes, cabinets, or fittings shall also be protected from abrasion, and openings through which conductors enter shall be effectively closed. Unused openings in cabinets, boxes, and fittings shall be effectively closed. (2) Covers and canopies. All pull boxes, junction boxes, and fittings shall be provided with covers approved for the purpose. If metal covers are used they shall be grounded. In completed installations each outlet box shall have a cover, faceplate, or fixture canopy. Covers of outlet boxes having holes through which flexible cord pendants pass shall be provided with bushings designed for the purpose or shall have smooth, well-rounded surfaces on which the cords may bear. (3) Pull and junction boxes for systems over 600 volts, nominal. In addition to other requirements in this section for pull and junction boxes, the following shall apply to these boxes for systems over 600 volts, nominal: (i) Boxes shall provide a complete enclosure for the contained conductors or cables. (ii) Boxes shall be closed by suitable covers securely fastened in place. Underground box covers that weigh over 100 pounds meet this requirement. Covers for boxes shall be permanently marked ``HIGH VOLTAGE.'' The marking shall be on the outside of the box cover and shall be readily visible and legible. (c) Switches--(1) Knife switches. Single-throw knife switches shall be so connected that the blades are dead when the switch is in the open position. Single-throw knife switches shall be so placed that gravity will not tend to close them. Single-throw knife switches approved for use in the inverted position shall be provided with a locking device that will ensure that the blades remain in the open position when so set. Double-throw knife switches may be mounted so that the throw will be either vertical or horizontal. However, if the throw is vertical a locking device shall be provided to ensure that the blades remain in the open position when so set. (2) Faceplates for flush-mounted snap switches. Flush snap switches that are mounted in ungrounded metal boxes and located within reach of conducting floors or other conducting surfaces shall be provided with faceplates of nonconducting, noncombustible material. (d) Switchboards and panelboards. Switchboards that have any exposed live parts shall be located in permanently dry locations and accessible only to qualified persons. Panelboards shall be mounted in cabinets, cutout boxes, or enclosures approved for the purpose and shall be dead front. However, panelboards other than the dead front externally- operable type are permitted where accessible only to qualified persons. Exposed blades of knife switches shall be dead when open. (e) Enclosures for damp or wet locations. (1) Cabinets, cutout boxes, fittings, boxes, and panelboard enclosures in damp or wet locations shall be installed so as to prevent moisture or water from entering and accumulating within the enclosures. In wet locations the enclosures shall be weatherproof. (2) Switches, circuit breakers, and switchboards installed in wet locations shall be enclosed in weatherproof enclosures. (f) Conductors for general wiring. All conductors used for general wiring shall be insulated unless otherwise permitted in this Subpart. The conductor insulation shall be of a type that is approved for the voltage, operating temperature, and location of use. Insulated conductors shall be distinguishable by appropriate color or other suitable means as being grounded conductors, ungrounded conductors, or equipment grounding conductors. (g) Flexible cords and cables--(1) Use of flexible cords and cables. (i) Flexible cords and cables shall be approved and suitable for conditions of use and location. Flexible cords and cables shall be used only for: (A) Pendants; (B) Wiring of fixtures; [[Page 857]] (C) Connection of portable lamps or appliances; (D) Elevator cables; (E) Wiring of cranes and hoists; (F) Connection of stationary equipment to facilitate their frequent interchange; (G) Prevention of the transmission of noise or vibration; (H) Appliances where the fastening means and mechanical connections are designed to permit removal for maintenance and repair; or (I) Data processing cables approved as a part of the data processing system. (ii) If used as permitted in paragraphs (g)(1)(i)(c), (g)(1)(i)(f), or (g)(1)(i)(h) of this section, the flexible cord shall be equipped with an attachment plug and shall be energized from an approved receptacle outlet. (iii) Unless specifically permitted in paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section, flexible cords and cables may not be used: (A) As a substitute for the fixed wiring of a structure; (B) Where run through holes in walls, ceilings, or floors; (C) Where run through doorways, windows, or similar openings; (D) Where attached to building surfaces; or (E) Where concealed behind building walls, ceilings, or floors. (iv) Flexible cords used in show windows and showcases shall be Type S, SO, SJ, SJO, ST, STO, SJT, SJTO, or AFS except for the wiring of chain-supported lighting fixtures and supply cords for portable lamps and other merchandise being displayed or exhibited. (2) Identification, splices, and terminations. (i) A conductor of a flexible cord or cable that is used as a grounded conductor or an equipment grounding conductor shall be distinguishable from other conductors. Types SJ, SJO, SJT, SJTO, S, SO, ST, and STO shall be durably marked on the surface with the type designation, size, and number of conductors. (ii) Flexible cords shall be used only in continuous lengths without splice or tap. Hard service flexible cords No. 12 or larger may be repaired if spliced so that the splice retains the insulation, outer sheath properties, and usage characteristics of the cord being spliced. (iii) Flexible cords shall be connected to devices and fittings so that strain relief is provided which will prevent pull from being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws. (h) Portable cables over 600 volts, nominal. Multiconductor portable cable for use in supplying power to portable or mobile equipment at over 600 volts, nominal, shall consist of No. 8 or larger conductors employing flexible stranding. Cables operated at over 2,000 volts shall be shielded for the purpose of confining the voltage stresses to the insulation. Grounding conductors shall be provided. Connectors for these cables shall be of a locking type with provisions to prevent their opening or closing while energized. Strain relief shall be provided at connections and terminations. Portable cables may not be operated with splices unless the splices are of the permanent molded, vulcanized, or other approved type. Termination enclosures shall be suitably marked with a high voltage hazard warning, and terminations shall be accessible only to authorized and qualified personnel. (i) Fixture wires--(1) General. Fixture wires shall be approved for the voltage, temperature, and location of use. A fixture wire which is used as a grounded conductor shall be identified. (2) Uses permitted. Fixture wires may be used: (i) For installation in lighting fixtures and in similar equipment where enclosed or protected and not subject to bending or twisting in use; or (ii) For connecting lighting fixtures to the branch-circuit conductors supplying the fixtures. (3) Uses not permitted. Fixture wires may not be used as branch- circuit conductors except as permitted for Class 1 power limited circuits. (j) Equipment for general use--(1) Lighting fixtures, lampholders, lamps, and receptacles. (i) Fixtures, lampholders, lamps, rosettes, and receptacles may have no live parts normally exposed to employee contact. However, rosettes and cleat-type lampholders and receptacles located at least 8 feet above the floor may have exposed parts. [[Page 858]] (ii) Handlamps of the portable type supplied through flexible cords shall be equipped with a handle of molded composition or other material approved for the purpose, and a substantial guard shall be attached to the lampholder or the handle. (iii) Lampholders of the screw-shell type shall be installed for use as lampholders only. Lampholders installed in wet or damp locations shall be of the weatherproof type. (iv) Fixtures installed in wet or damp locations shall be approved for the purpose and shall be so constructed or installed that water cannot enter or accumulate in wireways, lampholders, or other electrical parts. (2) Receptacles, cord connectors, and attachment plugs (caps). (i) Receptacles, cord connectors, and attachment plugs shall be constructed so that no receptacle or cord connector will accept an attachment plug with a different voltage or current rating than that for which the device is intended. However, a 20-ampere T-slot receptacle or cord connector may accept a 15-ampere attachment plug of the same voltage rating. (ii) A receptacle installed in a wet or damp location shall be suitable for the location. (3) Appliances. (i) Appliances, other than those in which the current-carrying parts at high temperatures are necessarily exposed, may have no live parts normally exposed to employee contact. (ii) A means shall be provided to disconnect each appliance. (iii) Each appliance shall be marked with its rating in volts and amperes or volts and watts. (4) Motors. This paragraph applies to motors, motor circuits, and controllers. (i) In sight from. If specified that one piece of equipment shall be ``in sight from'' another piece of equipment, one shall be visible and not more than 50 feet from the other. (ii) Disconnecting means. (A) A disconnecting means shall be located in sight from the controller location. However, a single disconnecting means may be located adjacent to a group of coordinated controllers mounted adjacent to each other on a multi-motor continuous process machine. The controller disconnecting means for motor branch circuits over 600 volts, nominal, may be out of sight of the controller, if the controller is marked with a warning label giving the location and identification of the disconnecting means which is to be locked in the open position. (B) The disconnecting means shall disconnect the motor and the controller from all ungrounded supply conductors and shall be so designed that no pole can be operated independently. (C) If a motor and the driven machinery are not in sight from the controller location, the installation shall comply with one of the following conditions: (1) The controller disconnecting means shall be capable of being locked in the open position. (2) A manually operable switch that will disconnect the motor from its source of supply shall be placed in sight from the motor location. (D) The disconnecting means shall plainly indicate whether it is in the open (off) or closed (on) position. (E) The disconnecting means shall be readily accessible. If more than one disconnect is provided for the same equipment, only one need be readily accessible. (F) An individual disconnecting means shall be provided for each motor, but a single disconnecting means may be used for a group of motors under any one of the following conditions: (1) If a number of motors drive special parts of a single machine or piece of apparatus, such as a metal or woodworking machine, crane, or hoist; (2) If a group of motors is under the protection of one set of branch-circuit protective devices; or (3) If a group of motors is in a single room in sight from the location of the disconnecting means. (iii) Motor overload, short-circuit, and ground-fault protection. Motors, motor-control apparatus, and motor branch-circuit conductors shall be protected against overheating due to motor overloads or failure to start, and against short-circuits or ground faults. These provisions shall not require overload protection that will stop a motor [[Page 859]] where a shutdown is likely to introduce additional or increased hazards, as in the case of fire pumps, or where continued operation of a motor is necessary for a safe shutdown of equipment or process and motor overload sensing devices are connected to a supervised alarm. (iv) Protection of live parts--all voltages. (A) Stationary motors having commutators, collectors, and brush rigging located inside of motor end brackets and not conductively connected to supply circuits operating at more than 150 volts to ground need not have such parts guarded. Exposed live parts of motors and controllers operating at 50 volts or more between terminals shall be guarded against accidental contact by any of the following: (1) By installation in a room or enclosure that is accessible only to qualified persons; (2) By installation on a suitable balcony, gallery, or platform, so elevated and arranged as to exclude unqualified persons; or (3) By elevation 8 feet or more above the floor. (B) Where live parts of motors or controllers operating at over 150 volts to ground are guarded against accidental contact only by location, and where adjustment or other attendance may be necessary during the operation of the apparatus, suitable insulating mats or platforms shall be provided so that the attendant cannot readily touch live parts unless standing on the mats or platforms. (5) Transformers. (i) The following paragraphs cover the installation of all transformers except the following: (A) Current transformers; (B) Dry-type transformers installed as a component part of other apparatus; (C) Transformers which are an integral part of an X-ray, high frequency, or electrostatic-coating apparatus; (D) Transformers used with Class 2 and Class 3 circuits, sign and outline lighting, electric discharge lighting, and power-limited fire- protective signalling circuits; and (E) Liquid-filled or dry-type transformers used for research, development, or testing, where effective safeguard arrangements are provided. (ii) The operating voltage of exposed live parts of transformer installations shall be indicated by warning signs or visible markings on the equipment or structure. (iii) Dry-type, high fire point liquid-insulated, and askarel- insulated transformers installed indoors and rated over 35kV shall be in a vault. (iv) If they present a fire hazard to employees, oil-insulated transformers installed indoors shall be in a vault. (v) Combustible material, combustible buildings and parts of buildings, fire escapes, and door and window openings shall be safeguarded from fires which may originate in oil-insulated transformers attached to or adjacent to a building or combustible material. (vi) Transformer vaults shall be constructed so as to contain fire and combustible liquids within the vault and to prevent unauthorized access. Locks and latches shall be so arranged that a vault door can be readily opened from the inside. (vii) Any pipe or duct system foreign to the vault installation may not enter or pass through a transformer vault. (viii) Materials may not be stored in transformer vaults. (6) Capacitors. (i) All capacitors, except surge capacitors or capacitors included as a component part of other apparatus, shall be provided with an automatic means of draining the stored charge after the capacitor is disconnected from its source of supply. (ii) Capacitors rated over 600 volts, nominal, shall comply with the following additional requirements: (A) Isolating or disconnecting switches (with no interrupting rating) shall be interlocked with the load interrupting device or shall be provided with prominently displayed caution signs to prevent switching load current. (B) For series capacitors (see Sec. 1910.302(b)(3)), the proper switching shall be assured by use of at least one of the following: (1) Mechanically sequenced isolating and bypass switches, (2) Interlocks, or (3) Switching procedure prominently displayed at the switching location. [[Page 860]] (7) Storage batteries. Provisions shall be made for sufficient diffusion and ventilation of gases from storage batteries to prevent the accumulation of explosive mixtures. [46 FR 4056, Jan. 16, 1981; 46 FR 40185, Aug. 7, 1981] Effective Date Note: At 72 FR 7201, Feb. 14, 2007, Sec. 1910.305 was revised, effective Aug. 13, 2007. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows: Sec. 1910.305 Wiring methods, components, and equipment for general use. (a) Wiring methods. The provisions of this section do not apply to conductors that are an integral part of factory-assembled equipment. (1) General requirements. (i) Metal raceways, cable trays, cable armor, cable sheath, enclosures, frames, fittings, and other metal noncurrent-carrying parts that are to serve as grounding conductors, with or without the use of supplementary equipment grounding conductors, shall be effectively bonded where necessary to ensure electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any fault current likely to be imposed on them. Any nonconductive paint, enamel, or similar coating shall be removed at threads, contact points, and contact surfaces or be connected by means of fittings designed so as to make such removal unnecessary. (ii) Where necessary for the reduction of electrical noise (electromagnetic interference) of the grounding circuit, an equipment enclosure supplied by a branch circuit may be isolated from a raceway containing circuits supplying only that equipment by one or more listed nonmetallic raceway fittings located at the point of attachment of the raceway to the equipment enclosure. The metal raceway shall be supplemented by an internal insulated equipment grounding conductor installed to ground the equipment enclosure. (iii) No wiring systems of any type may be installed in ducts used to transport dust, loose stock, or flammable vapors. No wiring system of any type may be installed in any duct used for vapor removal or for ventilation of commercial-type cooking equipment, or in any shaft containing only such ducts. (2) Temporary wiring. Except as specifically modified in this paragraph, all other requirements of this subpart for permanent wiring shall also apply to temporary wiring installations. (i) Temporary electrical power and lighting installations of 600 volts, nominal, or less may be used only as follows: (A) During and for remodeling, maintenance, or repair of buildings, structures, or equipment, and similar activities; (B) For a period not to exceed 90 days for Christmas decorative lighting, carnivals, and similar purposes; or (C) For experimental or development work, and during emergencies. (ii) Temporary wiring shall be removed immediately upon completion of the project or purpose for which the wiring was installed. (iii) Temporary electrical installations of more than 600 volts may be used only during periods of tests, experiments, emergencies, or construction-like activities. (iv) The following requirements apply to feeders: (A) Feeders shall originate in an approved distribution center. (B) Conductors shall be run as multiconductor cord or cable assemblies. However, if installed as permitted in paragraph (a)(2)(i)(C) of this section, and if accessible only to qualified persons, feeders may be run as single insulated conductors. (v) The following requirements apply to branch circuits: (A) Branch circuits shall originate in an approved power outlet or panelboard. (B) Conductors shall be multiconductor cord or cable assemblies or open conductors. If run as open conductors, they shall be fastened at ceiling height every 3.05 m (10.0 ft). (C) No branch-circuit conductor may be laid on the floor. (D) Each branch circuit that supplies receptacles or fixed equipment shall contain a separate equipment grounding conductor if run as open conductors. (vi) Receptacles shall be of the grounding type. Unless installed in a continuous grounded metallic raceway or metallic covered cable, each branch circuit shall contain a separate equipment grounding conductor and all receptacles shall be electrically connected to the grounding conductor. (vii) No bare conductors nor earth returns may be used for the wiring of any temporary circuit. (viii) Suitable disconnecting switches or plug connectors shall be installed to permit the disconnection of all ungrounded conductors of each temporary circuit. Multiwire branch circuits shall be provided with a means to disconnect simultaneously all ungrounded conductors at the power outlet or panelboard where the branch circuit originated. Note to paragraph (a)(2)(viii) of this section. Circuit breakers with their handles connected by approved handle ties are considered a single disconnecting means for the purpose of this requirement. (ix) All lamps for general illumination shall be protected from accidental contact or breakage by a suitable fixture or lampholder with a guard. Brass shell, paper-lined sockets, or other metal-cased sockets may not be used unless the shell is grounded. [[Page 861]] (x) Flexible cords and cables shall be protected from accidental damage, as might be caused, for example, by sharp corners, projections, and doorways or other pinch points. (xi) Cable assemblies and flexible cords and cables shall be supported in place at intervals that ensure that they will be protected from physical damage. Support shall be in the form of staples, cables ties, straps, or similar type fittings installed so as not to cause damage. (3) Cable trays. (i) Only the following wiring methods may be installed in cable tray systems: armored cable; electrical metallic tubing; electrical nonmetallic tubing; fire alarm cables; flexible metal conduit; flexible metallic tubing; instrumentation tray cable; intermediate metal conduit; liquidtight flexible metal conduit; liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit; metal-clad cable; mineral- insulated, metal-sheathed cable; multiconductor service-entrance cable; multiconductor underground feeder and branch-circuit cable; multipurpose and communications cables; nonmetallic-sheathed cable; power and control tray cable; power-limited tray cable; optical fiber cables; and other factory-assembled, multiconductor control, signal, or power cables that are specifically approved for installation in cable trays, rigid metal conduit, and rigid nonmetallic conduit. (ii) In industrial establishments where conditions of maintenance and supervision assure that only qualified persons will service the installed cable tray system, the following cables may also be installed in ladder, ventilated-trough, or ventilated-channel cable trays: (A) Single conductor cable; the cable shall be No. 1/0 or larger and shall be of a type listed and marked on the surface for use in cable trays; where Nos. 1/0 through 4/0 single conductor cables are installed in ladder cable tray, the maximum allowable rung spacing for the ladder cable tray shall be 229 mm (9 in.); where exposed to direct rays of the sun, cables shall be identified as being sunlight resistant; (B) Welding cables installed in dedicated cable trays; (C) Single conductors used as equipment grounding conductors; these conductors, which may be insulated, covered, or bare, shall be No. 4 or larger; and (D) Multiconductor cable, Type MV; where exposed to direct rays of the sun, the cable shall be identified as being sunlight resistant. (iii) Metallic cable trays may be used as equipment grounding conductors only where continuous maintenance and supervision ensure that qualified persons will service the installed cable tray system. (iv) Cable trays in hazardous (classified) locations may contain only the cable types permitted in such locations. (See Sec. 1910.307.) (v) Cable tray systems may not be used in hoistways or where subjected to severe physical damage. (4) Open wiring on insulators. (i) Open wiring on insulators is only permitted on systems of 600 volts, nominal, or less for industrial or agricultural establishments, indoors or outdoors, in wet or dry locations, where subject to corrosive vapors, and for services. (ii) Conductors smaller than No. 8 shall be rigidly supported on noncombustible, nonabsorbent insulating materials and may not contact any other objects. Supports shall be installed as follows: (A) Within 152 mm (6 in.) from a tap or splice; (B) Within 305 mm (12 in.) of a dead-end connection to a lampholder or receptacle; and (C) At intervals not exceeding 1.37 m (4.5 ft), and at closer intervals sufficient to provide adequate support where likely to be disturbed. (iii) In dry locations, where not exposed to severe physical damage, conductors may be separately enclosed in flexible nonmetallic tubing. The tubing shall be in continuous lengths not exceeding 4.57 m (15.0 ft) and secured to the surface by straps at intervals not exceeding 1.37 m (4.5 ft). (iv) Open conductors shall be separated from contact with walls, floors, wood cross members, or partitions through which they pass by tubes or bushings of noncombustible, nonabsorbent insulating material. If the bushing is shorter than the hole, a waterproof sleeve of nonconductive material shall be inserted in the hole and an insulating bushing slipped into the sleeve at each end in such a manner as to keep the conductors absolutely out of contact with the sleeve. Each conductor shall be carried through a separate tube or sleeve. (v) Where open conductors cross ceiling joints and wall studs and are exposed to physical damage (for example, located within 2.13 m (7.0 ft) of the floor), they shall be protected. (b) Cabinets, boxes, and fittings--(1) Conductors entering boxes, cabinets, or fittings. (i) Conductors entering cutout boxes, cabinets, or fittings shall be protected from abrasion, and openings through which conductors enter shall be effectively closed. (ii) Unused openings in cabinets, boxes, and fittings shall be effectively closed. (iii) Where cable is used, each cable shall be secured to the cabinet, cutout box, or meter socket enclosure. However, where cable with an entirely nonmetallic sheath enters the top of a surface-mounted enclosure through one or more nonflexible raceways not less than 457 mm (18 in.) or more than 3.05 m (10.0 ft) in length, the cable need not be secured to the cabinet, box, or enclosure provided all of the following conditions are met: [[Page 862]] (A) Each cable is fastened within 305 mm (12 in.) of the outer end of the raceway, measured along the sheath; (B) The raceway extends directly above the enclosure and does not penetrate a structural ceiling; (C) A fitting is provided on each end of the raceway to protect the cable from abrasion, and the fittings remain accessible after installation; (D) The raceway is sealed or plugged at the outer end using approved means so as to prevent access to the enclosure through the raceway; (E) The cable sheath is continuous through the raceway and extends into the enclosure not less than 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) beyond the fitting; (F) The raceway is fastened at its outer end and at other points as necessary; and (G) Where installed as conduit or tubing, the allowable cable fill does not exceed that permitted for complete conduit or tubing systems. (2) Covers and canopies. (i) All pull boxes, junction boxes, and fittings shall be provided with covers identified for the purpose. If metal covers are used, they shall be grounded. In completed installations, each outlet box shall have a cover, faceplate, or fixture canopy. Covers of outlet boxes having holes through which flexible cord pendants pass shall be provided with bushings designed for the purpose or shall have smooth, well-rounded surfaces on which the cords may bear. (ii) Where a fixture canopy or pan is used, any combustible wall or ceiling finish exposed between the edge of the canopy or pan and the outlet box shall be covered with noncombustible material. (3) Pull and junction boxes for systems over 600 volts, nominal. In addition to other requirements in this section, the following requirements apply to pull and junction boxes for systems over 600 volts, nominal: (i) Boxes shall provide a complete enclosure for the contained conductors or cables. (ii) Boxes shall be closed by suitable covers securely fastened in place. Note to paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section: Underground box covers that weigh over 45.4 kg (100 lbs) meet this requirement. (iii) Covers for boxes shall be permanently marked ``HIGH VOLTAGE.'' The marking shall be on the outside of the box cover and shall be readily visible and legible. (c) Switches--(1) Single-throw knife switches. Single-throw knife switches shall be so placed that gravity will not tend to close them. Single-throw knife switches approved for use in the inverted position shall be provided with a locking device that will ensure that the blades remain in the open position when so set. (2) Double-throw knife switches. Double-throw knife switches may be mounted so that the throw will be either vertical or horizontal. However, if the throw is vertical, a locking device shall be provided to ensure that the blades remain in the open position when so set. (3) Connection of switches. (i) Single-throw knife switches and switches with butt contacts shall be connected so that the blades are deenergized when the switch is in the open position. (ii) Single-throw knife switches, molded-case switches, switches with butt contacts, and circuit breakers used as switches shall be connected so that the terminals supplying the load are deenergized when the switch is in the open position. However, blades and terminals supplying the load of a switch may be energized when the switch is in the open position where the switch is connected to circuits or equipment inherently capable of providing a backfeed source of power. For such installations, a permanent sign shall be installed on the switch enclosure or immediately adjacent to open switches that read, ``WARNING--LOAD SIDE TERMINALS MAY BE ENERGIZED BY BACKFEED.'' (4) Faceplates for flush-mounted snap switches. Snap switches mounted in boxes shall have faceplates installed so as to completely cover the opening and seat against the finished surface. (5) Grounding. Snap switches, including dimmer switches, shall be effectively grounded and shall provide a means to ground metal faceplates, whether or not a metal faceplate is installed. However, if no grounding means exists within the snap-switch enclosure, or where the wiring method does not include or provide an equipment ground, a snap switch without a grounding connection is permitted for replacement purposes only. Such snap switches shall be provided with a faceplate of nonconducting, noncombustible material if they are located within reach of conducting floors or other conducting surfaces. (d) Switchboards and panelboards--(1) Switchboards with exposed live parts. Switchboards that have any exposed live parts shall be located in permanently dry locations and shall be accessible only to qualified persons. (2) Panelboard enclosures. Panelboards shall be mounted in cabinets, cutout boxes, or enclosures designed for the purpose and shall be dead front. However, panelboards other than the dead front externally- operable type are permitted where accessible only to qualified persons. (3) Knife switches mounted in switchboards or panelboards. Exposed blades of knife switches mounted in switchboards or panelboards shall be dead when open. (e) Enclosures for damp or wet locations--(1) Cabinets, cutout boxes, fittings, boxes, and panelboard enclosures. Cabinets, cutout boxes, [[Page 863]] fittings, boxes, and panelboard enclosures in damp or wet locations shall be installed so as to prevent moisture or water from entering and accumulating within the enclosures and shall be mounted so there is at least 6.35-mm (0.25-in.) airspace between the enclosure and the wall or other supporting surface. However, nonmetallic enclosures may be installed without the airspace on a concrete, masonry, tile, or similar surface. The enclosures shall be weatherproof in wet locations. (2) Switches, circuit breakers, and switchboards. Switches, circuit breakers, and switchboards installed in wet locations shall be enclosed in weatherproof enclosures. (f) Conductors for general wiring--(1) Insulation. All conductors used for general wiring shall be insulated unless otherwise permitted in this subpart. (2) Type. The conductor insulation shall be of a type that is approved for the voltage, operating temperature, and location of use. (3) Distinguishable. Insulated conductors shall be distinguishable by appropriate color or other suitable means as being grounded conductors, ungrounded conductors, or equipment grounding conductors. (g) Flexible cords and cables--(1)Use of flexible cords and cables. (i) Flexible cords and cables shall be approved for conditions of use and location. (ii) Flexible cords and cables may be used only for: (A) Pendants; (B) Wiring of fixtures; (C) Connection of portable lamps or appliances; (D) Portable and mobile signs; (E) Elevator cables; (F) Wiring of cranes and hoists; (G) Connection of stationary equipment to facilitate their frequent interchange; (H) Prevention of the transmission of noise or vibration; (I) Appliances where the fastening means and mechanical connections are designed to permit removal for maintenance and repair; (J) Data processing cables approved as a part of the data processing system; (K) Connection of moving parts; and (L) Temporary wiring as permitted in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. (iii) If used as permitted in paragraphs (g)(1)(ii)(C), (g)(1)(ii)(G), or (g)(1)(ii)(I) of this section, the flexible cord shall be equipped with an attachment plug and shall be energized from an approved receptacle outlet. (iv) Unless specifically permitted otherwise in paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section, flexible cords and cables may not be used: (A) As a substitute for the fixed wiring of a structure; (B) Where run through holes in walls, ceilings, or floors; (C) Where run through doorways, windows, or similar openings; (D) Where attached to building surfaces; (E) Where concealed behind building walls, ceilings, or floors; or (F) Where installed in raceways, except as otherwise permitted in this subpart. (v) Flexible cords used in show windows and showcases shall be Type S, SE, SEO, SEOO, SJ, SJE, SJEO, SJEOO, SJO, SJOO, SJT, SJTO, SJTOO, SO, SOO, ST, STO, or STOO, except for the wiring of chain-supported lighting fixtures and supply cords for portable lamps and other merchandise being displayed or exhibited. (2) Identification, splices, and terminations. (i) A conductor of a flexible cord or cable that is used as a grounded conductor or an equipment grounding conductor shall be distinguishable from other conductors. Types S, SC, SCE, SCT, SE, SEO, SEOO, SJ, SJE, SJEO, SJEOO, SJO, SJT, SJTO, SJTOO, SO, SOO, ST, STO, and STOO flexible cords and Types G, G-GC, PPE, and W flexible cables shall be durably marked on the surface at intervals not exceeding 610 mm (24 in.) with the type designation, size, and number of conductors. (ii) Flexible cords may be used only in continuous lengths without splice or tap. Hard-service cord and junior hard-service cord No. 14 and larger may be repaired if spliced so that the splice retains the insulation, outer sheath properties, and usage characteristics of the cord being spliced. (iii) Flexible cords and cables shall be connected to devices and fittings so that strain relief is provided that will prevent pull from being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws. (h) Portable cables over 600 volts, nominal. This paragraph applies to portable cables used at more than 600 volts, nominal. (1) Conductor construction. Multiconductor portable cable for use in supplying power to portable or mobile equipment at over 600 volts, nominal, shall consist of No. 8 or larger conductors employing flexible stranding. However, the minimum size of the insulated ground-check conductor of Type G-GC cables shall be No. 10. (2) Shielding. Cables operated at over 2,000 volts shall be shielded for the purpose of confining the voltage stresses to the insulation. (3) Equipment grounding conductors. Grounding conductors shall be provided. (4) Grounding shields. All shields shall be grounded. (5) Minimum bending radii. The minimum bending radii for portable cables during installation and handling in service shall be adequate to prevent damage to the cable. (6) Fittings. Connectors used to connect lengths of cable in a run shall be of a type that lock firmly together. Provisions shall be made to prevent opening or closing these connectors while energized. Strain relief shall be provided at connections and terminations. [[Page 864]] (7) Splices. Portable cables may not be operated with splices unless the splices are of the permanent molded, vulcanized, or other approved type. (8) Terminations. Termination enclosures shall be suitably marked with a high voltage hazard warning, and terminations shall be accessible only to authorized and qualified employees. (i) Fixture wires--(1) General. Fixture wires shall be approved for the voltage, temperature, and location of use. A fixture wire which is used as a grounded conductor shall be identified. (2) Uses permitted. Fixture wires may be used only: (i) For installation in lighting fixtures and in similar equipment where enclosed or protected and not subject to bending or twisting in use; or (ii) For connecting lighting fixtures to the branch-circuit conductors supplying the fixtures. (3) Uses not permitted. Fixture wires may not be used as branch- circuit conductors except as permitted for Class 1 power limited circuits and for fire alarm circuits. (j) Equipment for general use--(1) Lighting fixtures, lampholders, lamps, and receptacles. (i) Fixtures, lampholders, lamps, rosettes, and receptacles may have no live parts normally exposed to employee contact. However, rosettes and cleat-type lampholders and receptacles located at least 2.44 m (8.0 ft) above the floor may have exposed terminals. (ii) Handlamps of the portable type supplied through flexible cords shall be equipped with a handle of molded composition or other material identified for the purpose, and a substantial guard shall be attached to the lampholder or the handle. Metal shell, paper-lined lampholders may not be used. (iii) Lampholders of the screw-shell type shall be installed for use as lampholders only. Where supplied by a circuit having a grounded conductor, the grounded conductor shall be connected to the screw shell. Lampholders installed in wet or damp locations shall be of the weatherproof type. (iv) Fixtures installed in wet or damp locations shall be identified for the purpose and shall be so constructed or installed that water cannot enter or accumulate in wireways, lampholders, or other electrical parts. (2) Receptacles, cord connectors, and attachment plugs (caps). (i) All 15- and 20-ampere attachment plugs and connectors shall be constructed so that there are no exposed current-carrying parts except the prongs, blades, or pins. The cover for wire terminations shall be a part that is essential for the operation of an attachment plug or connector (dead-front construction). Attachment plugs shall be installed so that their prongs, blades, or pins are not energized unless inserted into an energized receptacle. No receptacles may be installed so as to require an energized attachment plug as its source of supply. (ii) Receptacles, cord connectors, and attachment plugs shall be constructed so that no receptacle or cord connector will accept an attachment plug with a different voltage or current rating than that for which the device is intended. However, a 20-ampere T-slot receptacle or cord connector may accept a 15-ampere attachment plug of the same voltage rating. (iii) Nongrounding-type receptacles and connectors may not be used for grounding-type attachment plugs. (iv) A receptacle installed in a wet or damp location shall be suitable for the location. (v) A receptacle installed outdoors in a location protected from the weather or in other damp locations shall have an enclosure for the receptacle that is weatherproof when the receptacle is covered (attachment plug cap not inserted and receptacle covers closed). Note to paragraph (j)(2)(v) of this section. A receptacle is considered to be in a location protected from the weather when it is located under roofed open porches, canopies, marquees, or the like and where it will not be subjected to a beating rain or water runoff. (vi) A receptacle installed in a wet location where the product intended to be plugged into it is not attended while in use (for example, sprinkler system controllers, landscape lighting, and holiday lights) shall have an enclosure that is weatherproof with the attachment plug cap inserted or removed. (vii) A receptacle installed in a wet location where the product intended to be plugged into it will be attended while in use (for example, portable tools) shall have an enclosure that is weatherproof when the attachment plug cap is removed. (3) Appliances. (i) Appliances may have no live parts normally exposed to contact other than parts functioning as open-resistance heating elements, such as the heating elements of a toaster, which are necessarily exposed. (ii) Each appliance shall have a means to disconnect it from all ungrounded conductors. If an appliance is supplied by more than one source, the disconnecting means shall be grouped and identified. (iii) Each electric appliance shall be provided with a nameplate giving the identifying name and the rating in volts and amperes, or in volts and watts. If the appliance is to be used on a specific frequency or frequencies, it shall be so marked. Where motor overload protection external to the appliance is required, the appliance shall be so marked. (iv) Marking shall be located so as to be visible or easily accessible after installation. [[Page 865]] (4) Motors. This paragraph applies to motors, motor circuits, and controllers. (i) If specified in paragraph (j)(4) of this section that one piece of equipment shall be ``within sight of'' another piece of equipment, the piece of equipment shall be visible and not more than 15.24 m (50.0 ft) from the other. (ii) An individual disconnecting means shall be provided for each controller. A disconnecting means shall be located within sight of the controller location. However, a single disconnecting means may be located adjacent to a group of coordinated controllers mounted adjacent to each other on a multi-motor continuous process machine. The controller disconnecting means for motor branch circuits over 600 volts, nominal, may be out of sight of the controller, if the controller is marked with a warning label giving the location and identification of the disconnecting means that is to be locked in the open position. (iii) The disconnecting means shall disconnect the motor and the controller from all ungrounded supply conductors and shall be so designed that no pole can be operated independently. (iv) The disconnecting means shall plainly indicate whether it is in the open (off) or closed (on) position. (v) The disconnecting means shall be readily accessible. If more than one disconnect is provided for the same equipment, only one need be readily accessible. (vi) An individual disconnecting means shall be provided for each motor, but a single disconnecting means may be used for a group of motors under any one of the following conditions: (A) If a number of motors drive several parts of a single machine or piece of apparatus, such as a metal or woodworking machine, crane, or hoist; (B) If a group of motors is under the protection of one set of branch-circuit protective devices; or (C) If a group of motors is in a single room within sight of the location of the disconnecting means. (vii) Motors, motor-control apparatus, and motor branch-circuit conductors shall be protected against overheating due to motor overloads or failure to start, and against short-circuits or ground faults. These provisions do not require overload protection that will stop a motor where a shutdown is likely to introduce additional or increased hazards, as in the case of fire pumps, or where continued operation of a motor is necessary for a safe shutdown of equipment or process and motor overload sensing devices are connected to a supervised alarm. (viii) Where live parts of motors or controllers operating at over 150 volts to ground are guarded against accidental contact only by location, and where adjustment or other attendance may be necessary during the operation of the apparatus, suitable insulating mats or platforms shall be provided so that the attendant cannot readily touch live parts unless standing on the mats or platforms. (5) Transformers. (i) Paragraph (j)(5) of this section covers the installation of all transformers except the following: (A) Current transformers; (B) Dry-type transformers installed as a component part of other apparatus; (C) Transformers that are an integral part of an X-ray, high frequency, or electrostatic-coating apparatus; (D) Transformers used with Class 2 and Class 3 circuits, sign and outline lighting, electric discharge lighting, and power-limited fire- alarm circuits; and (E) Liquid-filled or dry-type transformers used for research, development, or testing, where effective safeguard arrangements are provided. (ii) The operating voltage of exposed live parts of transformer installations shall be indicated by signs or visible markings on the equipment or structure. (iii) Dry-type, high fire point liquid-insulated, and askarel- insulated transformers installed indoors and rated over 35kV shall be in a vault. (iv) Oil-insulated transformers installed indoors shall be installed in a vault. (v) Combustible material, combustible buildings and parts of buildings, fire escapes, and door and window openings shall be safeguarded from fires that may originate in oil-insulated transformers attached to or adjacent to a building or combustible material. (vi) Transformer vaults shall be constructed so as to contain fire and combustible liquids within the vault and to prevent unauthorized access. Locks and latches shall be so arranged that a vault door can be readily opened from the inside. (vii) Any pipe or duct system foreign to the electrical installation may not enter or pass through a transformer vault. Note to paragraph (j)(5)(vii) of this section. Piping or other facilities provided for vault fire protection, or for transformer cooling, are not considered foreign to the electrical installation. (viii) Material may not be stored in transformer vaults. (6) Capacitors. (i) All capacitors, except surge capacitors or capacitors included as a component part of other apparatus, shall be provided with an automatic means of draining the stored charge after the capacitor is disconnected from its source of supply. (ii) The following requirements apply to capacitors installed on circuits operating at more than 600 volts, nominal: (A) Group-operated switches shall be used for capacitor switching and shall be capable of the following: [[Page 866]] (1) Carrying continuously not less than 135 percent of the rated current of the capacitor installation; (2) Interrupting the maximum continuous load current of each capacitor, capacitor bank, or capacitor installation that will be switched as a unit; (3) Withstanding the maximum inrush current, including contributions from adjacent capacitor installations; and (4) Carrying currents due to faults on the capacitor side of the switch; (B) A means shall be installed to isolate from all sources of voltage each capacitor, capacitor bank, or capacitor installation that will be removed from service as a unit. The isolating means shall provide a visible gap in the electric circuit adequate for the operating voltage; (C) Isolating or disconnecting switches (with no interrupting rating) shall be interlocked with the load interrupting device or shall be provided with prominently displayed caution signs to prevent switching load current; and (D) For series capacitors, the proper switching shall be assured by use of at least one of the following: (1) Mechanically sequenced isolating and bypass switches; (2) Interlocks; or (3) Switching procedure prominently displayed at the switching location. (7) Storage Batteries. Provisions shall be made for sufficient diffusion and ventilation of gases from storage batteries to prevent the accumulation of explosive mixtures.