Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology and Disease Research, USDA-ARS
Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences
and Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
99163, USA.
R.E. Allan, S.S. Jones, R.F. Line, M.W. Simmons, C.F. Morris, J.A. Pritchett, L.M. Little, L.D. Holappa, H.C. Jeffers, A.D. Bettge, D.E. Engle, M.L. Baldridge, B.S. Patterson, R.L. Ader, G.L. Rubenthaler, M.C. Cadle, and D.A. Wood.
Aegilops ventricosa strawbreaker foot rot resistance and yield potential.
Aegilops ventricosa is the source of the Pch1 gene for high resistance to strawbreaker foot rot. French breeders transferred this gene into cultivated wheat via the parental line called VPM. We used two VPM/Moisson derivatives to
develop strawbreaker foot
rot resistant Madsen and Hyak soft white winter (SWW) wheat cultivars.
These cultivars currently are grown on over 1 million acres in
the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Workers in the UK (1988, Law et
al., 7th Inter Wheat Genetics Symp, pp. 835-840) reported that
the 7DL chromosome segment carrying Pch1 reduced yield
by about 6 %, apparently explaining why the gene has not been
used much in Europe. We have not observed a similar yield reduction
among our germplasm possessing the Pch1 gene. The VPM/Moisson
derivatives used to develop Madsen and Hyak were unadapted and
yielded 14 to 24 % less than Nugaines, a long-term PNW check.
Recently, we compared the grain yields of advanced SWW common
and club lines in 10 tests conducted during 1992 to 1994 where
foot rot was not a factor. We used the closely linked endopeptidase
Ep-D1b gene to mark the Pch1 gene of our lines.
No significant differences (P0.05) occurred between club or common
lines with or without the Pch1 gene. Yields differed by
less than 5 % when we compared 53 club lines without Pch1
to 55 club lines having the gene. Yields were identical between
41 SWW common lines without Pch1 and 41 lines having the
gene. In the absence of foot rot, genotypes with and without
the Pch1 gene were equally capable of achieving high yield
potential. Yield differences were less than 3 % between the highest
yielding, foot rot-resistant club and common line when compared
to their highest yielding, foot rot-susceptible counterparts.
Many of our advanced lines containing the Pch1 gene represent
3 to 5 crosses to adapted genotypes, which may account for avoiding
yield loss. (Allan, Pritchett, and Little)
Effectiveness of VPM-derived strawbreaker resistance in the Pacific Northwest.
The Pch1 gene generally
provides effective resistance against strawbreaker foot rot in
PNW. Yet the strawbreaker pathogen causes significant yield losses
to both Madsen and Hyak when the disease is severe. In 13 field
tests between diseased versus control plots (benzimidazole fungicide),
significant yield losses have occurred in five and two tests of
Madsen and Hyak, respectively. For Stephens and Nugaines, significant
yield losses occurred for 11 and 13 tests, respectively. The
Pch1 gene varies for its effectiveness in different wheat
genotypes. Losses among 108 lines in diseased versus control
field tests ranged from 5 to 45 %. These lines were putatively
homozygous for the Pch1 gene, because they tested homogeneous
for the Ep-D1b isozyme. The average loss among these lines
was 21 %. About 30 % of the lines had losses of 30 to 45 %, whereas
25 % of the lines had losses of 10 % or less. A few of our newer
advanced lines have significantly less loss than Madsen (25 %),
including WA7690 (18 %), WA7770 (10 %), and WA7691 (5%). Our
current procedure in breeding for resistance to strawbreaker foot
rot involves testing F5 lines for the Ep-D1b
endopeptidase isozyme. Lines with the marker then are tested
in disease/control field tests to identify those genotypes having
low yield loss. (Allan, Pritchett, and Little)
Spring versus winter growth habit.
Near-isogenic wheat lines
(NILs) for spring (Vrn) vs. winter (vrn) growth
habit or vernalization response were developed in the soft white
spring cv. Marfed. Winter growth habit alleles were derived from
`Suweon
185'
and `Chukoku
81'.
Marfed is dominant for Vrn1 and recessive at other Vrn
loci. We have conducted five fall-sown trials comparing winter
versus spring NILs. Only one test experienced significant cold
injury. In that test, the spring NILs had 43 % survival, whereas
the winter NILs had 80 % survival. In the four tests that did
not have cold injury, no significant (P > 0.05) mean differences
occurred between the winter versus spring growth habit NILs for
percent survival, grain yield, test weight, anthesis date, or
plant height. The spring and winter Marfed NILs also had similar
seedling vigor characteristics. The Vrn and vrn
NILs were similar for flour yield, milling score, protein %, grain
hardness, mixo-absorption, mixing time, viscosity, and cookie
diameter. Apparently the Vrn and vrn alleles are
neutral for soft wheat quality traits, suggesting that quality
differences between spring vs. winter wheat market classes are
caused primarily by environmental rather than genetic effects.
(Allan, Pritchett, and Little)
Quality receives major attention in our club breeding program. We use Paha as our club quality check cultivar. Paha is outstanding for milling quality and the main flour quality traits for club wheat. Among 43 advanced lines tested in 1994, most of them were equal to or better than Paha for grain softness, ash content, protein content, milling score,
absorption, and viscosity.
Between 75 to 90 % of the lines equaled Paha for break flour
yield, mixing time, cookie diameter, and cookie score. Flour
yield and mixing curve shape are the main problem parameters among
our advanced lines. Only 50 % of the lines equaled Paha for flour
yield, and 65 % were similar to it for mixograph type. About
30 % of the lines were equal to or better than Paha for all 13
quality parameters. We continue to use the three high-molecular-weight
glutenin Glu1 loci as markers for club wheat quality.
Most club wheats with optimum overall quality have subunits null
(Glu-A1), 6 (Glu-B1), and 2 + 12 (Glu-D1).
Among our advanced lines, 75 % have subunit null, 48 % have subunit
6, and 75 % have subunit 2 + 12; 35 % have all three favorable
subunits. (Allan, Pritchett, and Little)
Breeding potential of Rht 12 in PNW wheats.
Initial tests indicate that
the Rht12 dwarf gene of Karkagi has limited
breeding potential for this region. We compared Rht12
and Rht12 NILs developed in Brevor, Burt, Daws,
Nugaines, and Moro. The Rht12 gene reduced
height in all of the backgrounds by 35 to 50 %. It reduced lodging
in all backgrounds except Daws, which had no lodging. This dwarfing
gene consistently reduced kernel weight (16 to 30 %) and test
weight (8 to 12 %). The Rht12 NILs had lower
(P < 0.05) grain yields than Rht12 NILs in
all backgrounds except Moro, where mean yields were the same.
The Rht12 gene increased tiller number when
placed in Daws, Brevor, Burt, and Moro and increased harvest index
in Burt and Moro. The gene appeared to increase kernels/spike
in some backgrounds and reduce it in others. The Rht12
NILs consistently headed 3 to 7 days later than their Rht12
counterparts. Although Brevor and Moro are awnless, all of their
Rht12 NILs were bearded, verifying the close
linkage reported by others between Rht12 and
the B1 gene for awn expression on 5AL. (Allan, Pritchett,
and Little)
Publications.
Allan RE, Morris CF, and Holappa
LD. 1994. Agronomic and quality comparisons of wheat selections
isogenic for spring vs. winter growth habit. Agron Abstr:110.
Allan RE, Pritchett JA, and
Little LM. 1994. USDA-ARS Wheat Genetics Research. Washington
State University Coop Ext Tech Rep. 94-6:19-21.
Cadle MM and Jones SS. 1994.
Genetic analysis of club spike in tetraploid, pentaploid and
hexaploid wheats. Agron Abstr:133.
Cai X, Jones SS, and Murray
TD. 1994. Cephalosporium stripe resistance conferred by Lophopyrum
spp. chromatin in wheat. Agron Abstr:133.
Yildirim A, Jones SS, and
Murray TD. 1994. Population and cytogenetic studies of resistance
to eyespot in wheat and its wild relatives. Agron Abstr:133.
Cadle MM, Rayfuse LM, Walker-Simmons
MK, and Jones SS. 1994. Mapping of abscisic acid responsive
genes and vp1 to chromosomes in wheat and Lophopyrum
elongatum. Genome 37:129-132.
Dehydration and cold stress-responsive genes in wheat.
Drought during fall planting in 1994 slowed seedling emergence of winter wheat in the Pacific Northwest. Our results show that when wheat seedlings are dehydrated, a gene for a protein kinase, called PKABA1, is induced. PKABA1 mRNA accumulates rapidly (within several hours) of dehydration. PKABA1 mRNA is also upregulated when wheat seedlings are cold treated (2 C) or subjected to salt stress. PKABA1 mRNA also was detected in field-grown
winter wheat growing in cold,
winter temperatures. The PKABA1 sequence shows some sequence
similarity to other kinases involved in nutrient and environmental
stress responses, including the Snf1 protein kinase subfamily.
(Walker-Simmons, Cudaback, Holappa, Verhey, and Warner)
Structural features of the germination inhibitor, ABA.
Effects of altering the shape
and size of the ABA (abscisic acid) molecule, which is a potent
sprouting inhibitor, were determined. Substitution of the 7'methyl
group with a hydrogen atom totally eliminated activity, indicating
that the 7'methyl
group is absolutely required for ABA activity as a wheat embryo
germination inhibitor. (Walker-Simmons, Cudaback, Holappa, Verhey,
and Warner)
Cultivar comparison for seed dormancy levels at harvest.
Winter wheat cultivars and
promising advanced lines grown at 13 locations in Washington have
been assessed for sprouting resistance by measurement of seed
dormancy levels at harvest. Comparison of over 20 cultivars showed
that Kmor has the lowest level of seed dormancy at harvest, indicating
a sprouting risk. The cultivars Gene and Nugaines had the highest
dormancy levels at harvest. (Walker-Simmons, Cudaback, Holappa,
Verhey, and Warner)
The Seventh International
Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals
will be held at Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan, July 2-7,
1995. Further information can be obtained from M.K. Walker-Simmons,
President, International Organizing Committee, USDA-ARS, 209 Johnson
Hall, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164-6420 USA, E-mail: Simmons@WSUVM1.CSC.WSU.EDU
Publications.
Walker-Simmons MK, Rose PA,
Shaw AC, and Abrams SR. 1994. The 7'-methyl
group of ABA is critical for biological activity in wheat embryo
germination. Plant Physiol 106:1279-1284.
Cadle MM, Rayfuse LM, Walker-Simmons
MK, and Jones SS. 1994. Mapping of ABA-responsive genes and
vp1 to chromosomes in wheat and Lophopyrum elongatum.
Genome 37:129-132.
Farmer EE, Caldelari D, Pearce
G, Walker-Simmons MK, and Ryan CA. 1994. Diethyldthiocarbamic
acid (DIECA) inhibits the octadecanoid signalling pathway for
the wound-induction of proteinase inhibitors in tomato leaves.
Plant Physiol 106:337-342.
Holappa LD and Walker-Simmons
MK. 1994. Molecular regulation of a wheat protein kinase induced
by environmental stress and ABA. Plant Physiol 105(S):28.
Walker-Simmons MK, Holappa
LD, Rose PA, Shaw AC, and Abrams SR. 1994. The ABA metabolite
7'hydroxy-ABA
is more active than phaseic acid in wheat. Plant Physiol 105(S):24.
Verhey SD, Cudaback ER, and
Walker-Simmons MK. 1994. Protein kinase activity in environmentally
stressed wheat seedlings. Plant Physiol 105(S):90.
Shen-Miller J and Walker-Simmons
MK. 1994. Clinostat stress on barley growth and nucleolar morphology.
Plant Physiol 105(S):109.
Walker-Simmons MK. 1994. Hydrated dormant wheat and grass weed seeds exhibit prolonged expression of ABA-responsive genes including a protein kinase, 1st Intern Symp on Plant Dormancy, Corvallis, OR. (Abstract)
Abrams SR, Rose PA, and Walker-Simmons
MK. 1994. Structural requirements of the ABA molecule for maintenance
of dormancy in excised wheat embryos, 1st International Symposium
on Plant Dormancy, Corvallis, OR. (Abstract)
Control of rusts and smuts in Western United States, 1994.
Models developed for predicting stripe rust when used in combination with monitoring data accurately forecasted stripe rust for the 16th consecutive year. In general, the weather in the United States Pacific Northwest was unfavorable for rust in 1994. Except for northwestern Washington, stripe rust caused only slight losses. Losses caused by stripe rust in northwestern Washington were in excess of 20 %. Losses caused by leaf rust and stem rust in the Pacific Northwest were less than 5 %. Wheat stripe rust, barley stripe rust, and blue grass stripe rust can be differentiated by using virulence analysis and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Barley stripe rust and wheat stripe rust are related more closely to each other than to blue grass stripe rust based on both types of analyses. Wheat stripe rust can attack some barley cultivars, and barley stripe rust can attack some wheat cultivars, but blue grass stripe rust does not attack wheat or barley. Fifty-five races of wheat stripe rust and 14 races of barley stripe rust have been identified. Table 1 lists the wheat stripe rust races that have been detected in North America and when they have been detected. The most prevalent wheat stripe rust races in 1994 were those that are virulent on Tres, Hatton, and Owens, cultivars from other regions of the United States, and seedlings of Stephens, Madsen, and Hyak.
Several new cultivars with
superior stripe rust resistance were released. Additional information
on new stripe rust resistance genes were determined. Stripe rust
resistance genes Yr19-Yr31 were shown to be located
on chromosomes 5B, 6D, 1B, 4D, 6D, 4A, 4B, 4B, 6D, 6D, 3A, 1A,
and 5D, respectively. High-temperature, adult-plant (HTAP) resistance
continues to be the most effective resistance to stripe rust and
is being transferred into club wheat germplasm in order to develop
club wheat cultivars with more durable resistance. A research
program aimed at identifying and transferring HTAP resistance
genes by using RAPD markers that are linked to the genes has been
initiated.
Each year, we evaluate cultivars
and breeding lines developed in the western United States for
resistance to stripe rust. Currently, all of the major soft white
winter wheat cultivars and spring wheat cultivars grown in the
Pacific Northwest have HTAP resistance, and their resistance has
remained durable against all North American races of stripe rust.
As part of an ongoing program, entries in the National Small
Grain Germplasm Collection are being evaluated for HTAP resistance
in the field at Mt. Vernon and Pullman, WA and for specific resistance
to stripe rust races CDL-17; CDL-20, CDL-25, or CDL-37; CDL-27
or CDL-45; and CDL-29 or CDL-43 in the greenhouse. The selected
races include all of the virulences that have been identified
in North America.
Fungicides are being used
to determine the effect of stripe rust, leaf rust, and stem rust
on yield and are being evaluated for control of the diseases.
Spraying with Bayleton, Tilt, Folicur, or several new fungicides
controlled the rusts. Treatment of seed with Baytan is part of
the integrated rust control program. Treatment of seed with Dividend
is being used to control dwarf bunt as well as other smuts.
A computerized system for managing rusts and other diseases of wheat developed for the Pacific Northwest is being distributed by Cooperative Extension at Washington State University. The program is referred to by the acronym MoreCrop (Managerial Options for Reasonable Economical Control of Rusts and Other Pathogens). MoreCrop predicts diseases and provides information, options, and suggestions to help the user make decisions regarding management of wheat diseases. It predicts diseases based on cultivar characteristics, prevailing weather, geographical regions, agronomic zones, and crop managerial practices. MoreCrop can use past managerial decisions to reconstruct previous disease conditions, assist the user in reasoning what disease control option to select, and provide disease-related as well as cultivar-related information for teaching and extension. MoreCrop currently is being modified and expanded to make it even more effective. The system is being distributed at cost ($40) by Washington State Cooperative Extension.
MoreCrop can be obtained by
sending orders for MCP22 MoreCrop, to Bulletin Office,
Cooper Publication Building, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164-5912. (Line
and Chen)
Publications.
Allan RE, Rubenthaler GL,
Morris CF, and Line RF. 1993. Registration of three soft white
winter wheat germplasm lines resistant or tolerant to strawbreaker
foot rot. Crop Sci 33:1111-1112.
Chen XM, Line RF, and Jones
SS. 1993. Chromosomal location of wheat genes for resistance
to Puccinia striiformis. Phytopathology 83:1114.
Chen XM, Line RF, and Leung
H. 1993. Virulence association of Puccinia striiformis
in North America. Phytopathology 83:1415.
Line RF, Qayoum A, and Chen
X. 1993. New races of Puccinia striiformis in North America,
1988-1992. Phytopathology 83:1416.
Chen XM, Line RF, and Jones
SS. 1994. Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to Puccinia
striiformis in wheat cultivars Druchamp, Stephens, and Yamhill.
APS Abstracts of Presentations, Number 407.
Cu RM and Line RF. 1994.
An expert advisory system for wheat disease management. Plant
Dis 78:209-215.
Line RF. 1994. Control of
powdery mildew, stripe rust, and leaf rust of winter wheat at
Walla Walla, WA with foliar fungicides, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide
Tests 49:215-216.
Line RF. 1994. Control of
powdery mildew, stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, and Septoria
of winter wheat at Pullman, WA with foliar fungicides, 1993.
Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:217-218.
Line RF. 1994. Control of
stripe rust, leaf rust, and stem rust of spring wheat with foliar
fungicides, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:219-221.
Line RF. 1994. Use of foliar
fungicides to assess spring wheat losses caused by stripe rust,
leaf rust, and stem rust, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests
49:222.
Line RF. 1994. Use of foliar
fungicides to assess winter wheat yield losses caused by powdery
mildew, stripe rust, leaf rust, and Septoria, 1993. Fungicide
and Nematicide Tests 49:223-224.
Line RF. 1994. Control of
stripe rust of wheat with seed treatments, 1993. Fungicide and
Nematicide Tests 49:304-305.
Line RF. 1994. Quarantines
for control of wheat smuts -- Are they effective or necessary?
North American Wheat Workers Workshop. Kansas City, MO.
Line RF. 1994. Barley Stripe
Rust: A New Disease in the Pacific Northwest. Wheat Life. Washington
Association of Wheat Growers' Official Publication 37(5):35-36.
Line RF. 1994. Control of
Smuts and Bunts with Seed Treatments - A Success Story. Wheat
Life. Washington Association of Wheat Growers' Official Publication
37(7):1, 26-27.
Line RF. 1994. Stripe rust
resistance, a major component of the integrated wheat production.
In: Proc 2nd National Integrated Pest Management Symposium/Workshop.
Number 13D, p. 181.
Line RF. 1994. MoreCrop,
An expert advisory system for integrated management of wheat diseases.
In: Proc 2nd National Integrated Pest Management Symposium/Workshop.
Number 18C, p. 227.
Line RF. 1994. Stripe rust
resistance, a major component of the integrated management of
wheat disease and a basis for sustainable wheat production. Department
of Crop & Soil Sciences, Highlights of Research Progress.
(Tech Rep) 94-6:82.
Line RF. 1994. Control of
stripe rust, leaf rust and stem rust. Department of Crop &
Soil Sciences, Highlights of Research Progress. (Tech Rep) 94-6:83-87.
Line RF. 1994. Barley stripe
rust, a new barley disease in the Pacific Northwest. Department
of Crop & Soil Sciences, Highlights of Research Progress.
(Tech Rep) 94-6:88-90.
Line RF. 1994. MoreCrop,
an expert, advisory system for wheat disease management. Department
of Crop & Soil Sciences, Highlights of Research Progress.
(Tech Rep) 94-6:91-95.
Line RF. 1994. The successful
control of smuts and bunts with seed treatments. Department of
Crop & Soil Sciences, Highlights of Research Progress. (Tech
Rep) 94-6:96-98.
Line RF and Chen, X. 1994.
Durability and effectiveness of resistance to stripe rust of
wheat. North American Wheat Workers Workshop. Kansas City, MO.
Line RF and Cu RM. 1994.
MoreCrop, an expert advisory system for wheat disease management.
North American Wheat Workers Workshop. Kansas City, MO.
Line RF and Qayoum A. 1994.
Control of seedborne and soilborne common bunt of wheat with
seed treatments, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:306.
Line RF and Qayoum A. 1994.
Control of flag smut of wheat with seed treatments, 1993. Fungicide
and Nematicide Tests 49:307.
Sitton JW, Line RF, Waldher
JT, and Goates BJ. 1994. Control of dwarf bunt of wheat with
seed treatments, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:311.
Table 1. Virulence of Cereal Disease Laboratory races of Puccinia striiformis on North American differentials and year first detected.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
CDL1 Virulence2 on North American Year CDL Virulence on North American Year
Race differential cultivars detected Race differential cultivars detected
____________________________________________________________________________________________
1 1, 2 29 1, 3, 4, 5 1983
2 1, 2, 5 1963 30 1, 4, 6, 8, 12 1983
4 1, 3 1964 31 1, 3, 5, 11 1983
FONT SIZE=2 FACE="Times New Roman"5 1, 3, 4 1968 32 1, 4 1983
6 1, 6, 8, 12 1972 33 1, 3, 9, 12, 13 1984
7 1, 3, 5 1974 34 1, 3, 4, 5, 12 1984
8 1, 3, 9 1974 35 1, 10 1985
9 1, 3, 6, 8, 12 1975 36 1, 3, 4, 9, 12 1985
10 1, 2, 3, 9 1976 37 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 1987
11 1 1976 38 1, 3, 11 1987
12 1, 5, 6, 12 1976 39 1, 2, 4 1987
13 1, 5, 6, 8, 12 1976 40 1, 4, 14 1989
14 1, 8, 12 1976 41 1, 3, 4, 14 1989
15 1, 3, 6, 10 1976 42 1, 3, 11, 12 1989
16 1, 3, 9, 11 1977 43 1, 3, 4, 5, 12, 14 1990
17 1, 2, 3, 9, 11 1977 44 1, 4, 5 1990
18 1, 3, 4, 9 1977 45 1, 3, 12, 13, 15 1990
19 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12 1977 46 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11 1991
20 1, 6, 8, 10, 12 1977 47 1, 6, 8, 12, 13 1992
21 2 1978 48 1, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14 1992
22 1, 3, 12 1980 50 1, 3, 4, 5, 14 1992
23 1, 3, 6, 9, 10 1981 51 1, 3, 4, 12, 14 1992
24 1, 3, 5, 12 1981 52 1, 4, 8, 12, 14 1993
25 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 1981 53 1, 6, 10 1994
26 1, 3, 9, 12 1982 54 1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 12 1994
27 1, 3, 12, 13 1983 55 1, 3, 6, 10, 11 1994
28 1, 3, 4, 12 1983
____________________________________________________________________________________________
1 CDL = Cereal Disease Laboratory.
2 1 = Lemhi, 2 = Chinese 166, 3 = Heines VII, 4 = Moro, 5 = Paha, 6 = Druchamp, 7 = Riebesel, 47-51,
8 = Produra, 9 = Yamhill,
10 = Stephens, 11 = Lee, 12 = Fielder, 13 = Tyee, 14 = Tres, and
15 = Hyak.