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CONTENTS Teaching and Learning Resources xv Preface xvi World Religions Map xviii World Religions Timeline xx CHAPTER ONE RELIGIOUS RESPONSES page 2 The academic study of world religions 3 The Study of World Religions by Lee W. Bailey 3 The Sacredness of Nature and Cosmic Religion by Mircea Eliade 7 Materialistic perspectives on religion 9 The Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud 9 Religion as the Opium of the People by Karl Marx 10 God is Dead by Friedrich Nietzsche 11 Religious points of view 12 The Oneness of the Divine by Abraham Heschel 12 The New Polytheism by David Miller 14 The Ground of Being by Tarthang Tulku 16 Scientific perspectives on religion 17 A Not-So-Random Universe by Patrick Glynn 17 The Darwinian Account of Religion by Mikael Stenmark 20 Ritual, symbol, and myth 23 Mandalas: Deity Unfolding in the World by Carl G. Jung 23 The Ominous Sphere: A Transforming Dream by Celeste Federico 25 The Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell 26 Myths as Symbols of Religious Beliefs: The Greek Virgin Birth of Perseus by Apollodorus 29 Women and the feminine in religion 30 The Image of God as Dominating Other by Judith Plaskow 30 The need for religion today 31 The Lost Dimension in Religion by Paul Tillich 32 Glossary 35 Review Questions 35 Discussion Questions 35 Information Resources 36 CHAPTER TWO INDIGENOUS SACRED WAYS page 37 African sacred ways 38 Of Water and Spirit: An African Boy's Initiation by Malidoma Patrice Som¿ 38 The Talking Drum: African Sacred Liturgy by Georges Niangoran-Bouah 44 Oya, Patron of Feminine Leadership by Judith Gleason 47 Aboriginal sacred ways 48 Women's Health Rituals by Diane Bell 48 Native North American sacred ways 49 That Mountain Has Spirit by Southwest Indigenous Peoples 50 The Theft of Light by the Tsimshian Nation 50 The Great Vision by Black Elk, Lakota shaman 51 The Essence of Cosmic Man by Tlakaelel 55 Seeing with a Native Eye by Barre Toelken 56 The Hopi Message to the United Nations General Assembly by Thomas Banyacya 58 Glossary 59 Typical Holy Ways 59 Historical Outline 60 Review Questions 60 Discussion Questions 60 Information Resources 60 CHAPTER THREE HINDUISM page 62 Sruti texts 63 Hymn to Agni, God of Fire from the Rig Vedas 63 Hymn on Creation from the Rig Vedas 64 Realise the Brahman from the Upanishads 65 Smrti texts 66 I am the Beginning and the End from the Bhagavad Gita 66 Rama, Sita, and Lakshman Enter the Forest from the Ramayana 68 Duties of the Four Castes from the Manu smrti 70 The Faithful Wife from the Manu smrti 71 Desire to Know the Brahman by Sankara 72 Yoga Sutras by Patanjali 73 In Praise of Durga from the Siva Purana 75 The Way of Devotion from the Bhagavata Purana 76 Songs of the saints 77 The World of Illusion by Ravi Das 77 Worship Him in Silence by Lalla 78 Without Krishna I Cannot Sleep by Mirabai 79 Three Poems by Kabir 80 Modern texts 82 Vision of the Mother by Paramahansa Yogananda 82 Contemporary issues 83 Untouchability by Mahatma Gandhi 83 Hindu-ness by V. D. Savarkar 85 The Secular Face of Hinduism by Joseph Vellaringatt 86 Awakening of Universal Motherhood by Mata Amritanandamayi 89 Glossary 91 Holy Days 91 Historical Outline 92 Review Questions 92 Discussion Questions 92 Information Resources 93 CHAPTER FOUR JAINISM page 94 Teachings of Mahavir 95 Mahavir's Stoicism from the Akaranga Sutra 95 Harmlessness 97 On Non-Violence from the Jain Sutras 97 On Self-Restraint from the Jain Sutras 98 Respect for Life from the Akaranga Sutra 98 Perfection of the soul 99 The Five Great Vows from the Akaranga Sutra 99 The principles of Anekantavada and Syadvada 101 Anekantavada (The Doctrine of Manifold Aspects) by L. M. Singhvi 101 The Blind Men and the Elephant A traditional Jain fable 102 Renunciation 102 Forsaking eternal bliss for a drop of honey A traditional Jain fable 103 The Renunciate Life of S_dhvi Vicaksana by N. Shanta 103 The Righteous Path for Laity and Ascetics by Acharya Kund-Kund 107 Jain ethics today 108 Remembering our own First Principles by Michael Tobias 108 Glossary 110 Holy Days 111 Historical Outline 111 Review Questions 111 Discussion Questions 111 Information Resources 112 CHAPTER FIVE BUDDHISM page 113 The Awakened One 114 Defeat of Mara and Enlightenment by Asvaghosha 114 Speculations Undeclared from the Culamalunkya Sutta 117 Theravada 119 The Dhammapada 119 Rejection of Birth Castes from the Vasettha Sutta 120 Mahayana 121 Emptiness by Nagarjuna 121 The Heart Sutra 122 Discovering Universal Emptiness by Dogen 123 Zen and Koans by Daisetz T. Suzuki 124 Nothing to Do with Rules by Bankei 126 Vajrayana 127 Love, Kindness, and Universal Responsibility by the Dalai Lama 127 Living Engaged Buddhism 131 Engaged Buddhism in Asia by Christopher Queen and Sallie King 131 A Brief History of Buddhism in America by Serinity Young 134 Precepts for an Engaged Buddhism by Thich Nhat Hanh 137 Glossary 138 Holy Days 139 Historical Outline 140 Review Questions 141 Discussion Questions 141 Information Resources 141 CHAPTER SIX CONFUCIANISM page 142 The Confucian Classics 143 The Analects of Confucius 143 The Book of Mencius 146 The Doctrine of the Mean 148 Scholars' commentaries 151 The Great Commentary on the Book of Changes 151 Lessons for Women by Ban Zhao 153 Neo-Confucianism 155 The Great Ultimate by Zhou Dunyi 155 The Western Inscription by Zhang Zai 156 Living Confucianism 157 Confucianism and the Twenty-first Century by Yao Xinzhong 157 The Staying Power of Religion in China by Peng Liu 161 Glossary 163 Holy Days 163 Historical Outline 163 Review Questions 164 Discussion Questions 164 Information Resources 164 CHAPTER SEVEN DAOISM page 165 The traditional canon 165 The Dao de jing by Laozi 166 The Great and Venerable Teacher by Zhuangzi 170 Heaven's Gifts by Liezi 171 Later developments 173 Communication of the Force of Life with Heaven from Huangdi Neijing Suwen 173 Awakening to Perfection by Zhang Boduan 175 The Way of Perfect Truth by Wang Zhe 176 The Story of He Xiangu, a Female Immortal 179 The Essence of Tai Ji by Al Chung-liang Huang 181 The Significance of Daoist Ethical Thought in the Building of a Harmonious Society by Zhou Zhongzhi 183 Glossary 185 Holy Days 185 Historical Outline 186 Review Questions 186 Discussion Questions 186 Information Resources 186 CHAPTER EIGHT JUDAISM page 187 The Jewish Bible: Tanakh 188 TORAH 188 In the Beginning from Genesis 1:1-2:4, 2:4-3:24 188 Abraham's Covenant from Genesis 17:1-8 192 The Mosaic Covenant from Exodus 19:17-18, 20:1-14 193 An Eye for an Eye from Leviticus 24:15-20 194 Choose Life from Deuteronomy 30:19-20 194 The Davidic Covenant from II Samuel 7:8-16 195 PROPHETS 195 The Prophecies of Isaiah from Isaiah 1:1-20, 9:1-2, 5-6 195 WISDOM LITERATURE 197 Psalm 23 197 The Earth Will Teach You from Job 12:7-10 197 Where Were You When I Laid the Earth's Foundations? from Job 38:1-7, 12-13, 17-18 198 Commentaries on the Tanakh 198 Midrash 198 Talmud 199 Prayer and ceremony 200 Prayer: Shema 200 The Passover Story from the Seder Meal Ceremony 201 Evolving theology and spirituality 202 Thirteen Principles of Faith by Maimonides 202 From Strength to Strength by Baal-Shem Tov 203 Branches of Judaism 207 ORTHODOX 207 Religion Allied to Progress by Samson Hirsch 208 CONSERVATIVE 208 The Conservative Jewish Doctrine of Revelation by Seymour Siegel 209 REFORM 210 Declaration of Principles from the "Pittsburg Platform" 210 Living Judaism 212 Surviving Auschwitz by Viktor Frankl 212 Women in Jewish Life by Ellen M. Umansky 213 Ten Commitments, Not Commandments by Michael Lerner 217 Glossary 220 Holy Days 221 Historical Outline 221 Review Questions 222 Discussion Questions 222 Information Resources 222 CHAPTER NINE CHRISTIANITY page 223 Jesus the Christ 224 The Annunciation from Luke 1:26-35 224 The Magnificat from Luke 1:46-55 224 Jesus' Birth from Luke 2:1-14 225 Jesus' Ministry Begins from Matthew 4:23-5 225 The Beatitudes from Matthew 5:1-12 226 Law from Matthew 5:17-20 226 Sincerely Motivated Faith and Works from Matthew 5:21-4 226 The Good Samaritan from Luke 10:29-37 227 True Treasures from Matthew 6:19-21 227 Healing the Blind from Matthew 9:27-30 227 The Light of the World from John 1:1-5 227 The Word (Logos) from John 1:14 228 The Last Supper from Mark 14:10-12, 16-25 228 The Crucifixion from Mark 15:12-24, 31-8, 43-6 228 The Resurrection from Mark 16:1-8 229 Paul's Conversion from Acts 9:1-9, 17-20 230 Paul's letters to the new Christian churches 230 Paul on Faith and Works from Romans 3:28-31 230 Paul on Gender from Galatians 3:28, I Corinthians 14:35 231 Paul on Faith, Hope, and Love from I Corinthians 13:1-13 231 History and literature 231 EARLY NON-CANONICAL TEXTS 232 The Gospel of Mary from the Nag Hammadi Library 232 The Thunder, Perfect Mind from the Nag Hammadi Library 233 THEOLOGY, SPIRITUALITY, AND DIVISIONS 234 The Formation of the Canon by Athanasius 235 Eastern Orthodox Church 236 How to Interpret Scripture by Origen 236 The Nicene Creed 237 Grief and Joy by Gregory of Sinai 238 Roman Catholic Church 239 The Eucharistic Prayer from the Roman Catholic Mass 239 The Confessions of Augustine by Augustine of Hippo 240 A Medieval Argument for the Existence of God by Anselm of Canterbury 241 Everything Lives in God by Hildegard of Bingen 243 Protestant Churches 244 Baptism from the Episcopal Church's Book of Common Prayer 244 LUTHERAN CHURCH 245 Faith Can Rule Only in the Inward Man by Martin Luther 245 ANGLICAN CHURCH 246 The Supremacy Act of 1534 246 REFORMED CHURCH 247 Institutes of the Christian Religion by John Calvin 247 FREE CHURCHES 247 The Schlectheim Confession of Faith of 1527 247 Living Christianity 248 An Evangelical Manifesto of 1989 248 I've Seen the Promised Land by Martin Luther King, Jr. 249 Not Development, but Liberation by Gustavo Guti¿rrez 251 I Don't Want to Eat Any Sugar by Mother Teresa 252 The Green Patriarch: Environmental Orthodoxy by Melba Newsome 253 Macrowave: Taking Global Warming to Church by David Batstone 255 Why Can't We Talk about Religion and Politics? by Jim Wallis 256 The Rise of the Megachurch from The Week magazine 258 Roman Catholic Womenpriests 260 Child Abuse Struggles: Facts, Myths and Questions by Thomas J. Reese 262 Glossary 264 Holy Days 265 Historical Outline 265 Review Questions 266 Discussion Questions 266 Information Resources 267 CHAPTER TEN ISLAM page 268 The Prophet Muhammad 269 The Beginning of Muhammad's Revelation from Sahih Muslim 269 The Night Journey from Sahih Muslim 270 Islamic scripture: the Qur'an 273 Fatiha 273 Allah 273 Messengers 274 People of the Book 274 Unity of Humanity 275 Righteousness 275 Mecca 275 Jihad 276 Gender, Family 276 Self-restraint 277 Adam 277 Abraham 278 Moses 278 Mary 278 Jesus 278 The Day of Judgment 279 Hadith 282 Allah's Mercy 280 Allah is a Light 280 Seeking Consent for Marriage 280 Fighting of Women Side by Side with Men 281 Prohibition of Killing Women and Children in War 281 Compel not your Slave-girls to Prostitution 281 Removal of the Idols from the Vicinity of the Ka'ba 282 The Merits of Jesus Christ (Peace Be Upon Him) 282 It is Forbidden to Commit Oppression 282 Shari'ah 282 On Pictures and Images 283 Hajj: Asceticism and Social Leveling by Maulana Muhammad Ali 283 How to Perform Salaat 284 Reason and revelation 286 Rationalism by Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 286 Mysticism by al-Ghazali 288 Two Truths by Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 290 Sufi mysticism 291 The Rarest Treasure by Rabi'a 291 The Sound of Love by Rumi 292 Between the Yea and the Nay by Ibn 'Arabi 293 Living Islam 294 Rights of Women: Qur'anic Ideals Versus Muslim Practice by Riffat Hassan 294 Ecology: A Sacred Science by Seyyed H. Nasr 297 Islam and the West: So, are Civilisations at War? Interview with Samuel Huntington 300 God in a World of Christians and Muslims by Martin Forward 302 Glossary 306 Holy Days 306 Historical Outline 307 Review Questions 307 Discussion Questions 307 Information Resources 308 CHAPTER ELEVEN SIKHISM page 309 Guru Nanak at Mecca 310 Daily prayers 311 JapJi by Guru Nanak 312 Jaap Sahib by Guru Gobind Singh 313 Sukhmani Sahib by Guru Arjun Dev 314 Sikh scripture: the Guru Granth Sahib 315 HYMNS OF THE SIKH GURUS 316 "Oh honey-bee, thou art lost in worldly flowers" by Guru Nanak 316 "Oh my mind, remember the Holy Name" by Guru Amar Das 317 "My eyes are wet with the Lord's nectar" by Guru Ram Das 317 "The true Guru is an ocean of pearls" by Guru Arjun Dev 318 "The one who mingles with God" by Guru Tegh Bahadur 319 HYMNS OF THE HINDU AND MUSLIM SAINTS 319 "God is the object of the yearning of my soul" by Nam Dev 319 "How can there be any difference between me and Thee?" by Ravidas 320 "Pray crow, peck not these eyes, so that I may see the Beloved" by Sheikh Farid 321 Writings of the Tenth Guru: Dasam Granth 322 "This is the purpose for which God sent me" by Guru Gobind Singh 322 "Let all humanity be recognized as one" by Guru Gobind Singh 323 Living Sikhism 324 The Sikh Gurus' Vision of an Ideal Society by Dharam Singh 324 Glossary 328 Holy Days 328 Historical Outline 328 Review Questions 329 Discussion Questions 329 Information Resources 329 CHAPTER TWELVE NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS page 330 Offshoots of older religions 331 The Mormon Journey by Sea to the Promised Land from The Book of Mormon 331 Moroni's Visit from the Testimony of the Prophet Joseph Smith 332 Esoteric wisdom 333 The Wisdom-Religion Esoteric in All Ages by Helena Blavatsky 333 Apocalyptic expectations 336 Life in a Peaceful New World by Jehovah's Witnesses 336 Following a charismatic leader 338 The Lord of the Second Advent and the Ideal of True Parents by Sun Myung Moon 338 Spiritual psychotherapy 340 A Course in Miracles Summarized by Helen Schucman 340 Nature spirituality 342 The Goddess and Women's Spirituality by Charlene Spretnak 342 Witchcraft by Diane Mariechild 344 The fate of new religious movements 347 After the Founder's Death by J. Gordon Melton 347 Glossary 349 Review Questions 350 Discussion Questions 350 Information Resources 350 CHAPTER THIRTEEN RELIGION IN A NEW ERA page 351 Globalization 351 The Next Christendom by Philip Jenkins 351 Ecology and nature spirituality 353 Sacred Whispers in the World by Lee W. Bailey 354 Violence and religion 357 Is Religion Killing Us? by Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer 357 Fundamentalism and universalism 358 The Battle for God by Karen Armstrong 359 God Will Break All the Barriers! by Baba Virsa Singh 360 A New Revelation from the Unifier by Bah_'u'll_h 362 The Essential Truth is One by Hazrat Inayat Khan 363 Interfaith initiatives 365 Can We Share in Others' Spiritual Traditions? by Marcus Braybrooke 365 Global Imperatives for the Third Millennium by Robert Muller 367 Declaration on the Elimination of all Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief by the United Nations 369 Ground Rules for Interfaith Dialogue by Leonard Swidler 371 Review Questions 374 Discussion Questions 374 Information Resources 374 Literary Acknowledgments 376 Index 378
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Religions.
Religions -- History -- Sources.