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CONTENTS Editorial Board Contributors Preface A. GENERAL METHODS VOLUME EDITOR Robert G. Hamilton SECTION EDITOR Thomas A. Fleisher 1 Introduction 3 THOMAS A. FLEISHER 2 Introduction to Protein Analysis 4 GLEN L. HORTIN AND ALAN T. REMALEY 3 Protein Analysis for Diagnostic Applications 7 ALAN T. REMALEY AND GLEN L. HORTIN 4 Genomics and Chip Technology 22 STEPHEN J. CHANOCK 5 Molecular Methods 26 RAYMOND P. PODZORSKY B. IMMUNOGLOBULIN METHODS VOLUME EDITOR Robert G. Hamilton SECTION EDITOR David F. Keren 6 Introduction 55 DAVID F. KEREN 7 Immunoglobulin Genes 56 THOMAS J. KIPPS 8 Immunoglobulin Quantification 69 JEFFREY S. WARREN 9 Clinical Indications and Applications of Serum and Urine Protein Electrophoresis 75 DAVID F. KEREN AND RICHARD L. HUMPHREY 10 Immunochemical Characterization of Immunoglobulins in Serum, Urine, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 88 JERRY A. KATZMANN AND ROBERT A. KYLE 11 Cryoglobulins, Cryofibrinogenemia, and Pyroglobulins 101 PETER D. GOREVIC AND DENNIS GALANAKIS C. COMPLEMENT VOLUME EDITOR Robert G. Hamilton SECTION EDITOR Patricia C. Giclas 12 Evaluation of Complement Activation and Its Clinical Relevance 115 PATRICIA C. GICLAS 13 Molecular and Clinical Evaluation of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome 118 LISA STRAIN, JUDITH A. GOODSHIP, AND TIMOTHY H. J. GOODSHIP 14 An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay-Based Method for Functional Analysis of the Classical, Alternative, and MBL Pathways of the Complement System 124 M. A. SEELEN, A. ROOS, J. WIESLANDER, AND M. R. DAHA 15 Evaluation of the Mannan-Binding Lectin Pathway of Complement Activation 128 MIHAELA GADJEVA AND STEFFEN THIEL 16 Complement in Transplant Rejection 134 WILLIAM M. BALDWIN III D. FLOW CYTOMETRY VOLUME EDITOR Barbara Detrick SECTION EDITOR Maurice R. G. O'Gorman 17 Introduction 143 MAURICE R. G. O'GORMAN 18 Flow Cytometry-Based Immunophenotyping Method and Applications 147 LANCE E. HULTIN AND PATRICIA HULTIN 19 Nontraditional Clinical Applications: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Testing, Fetal Red Cell Testing, T-Cell Receptor V? Analysis, and Platelet Analysis by Flow Cytometry 158 JIACHUN X. KUNG AND ERIC D. HSI 20 Immunophenotyping of Leukemia and Lymphoma by Flow Cytometry 171 BRENT LEE WOOD 21 Standardized Flow Cytometry Assays for Enumerating Hematopoietic Stem Cells 187 D. ROBERT SUTHERLAND, IAN CHIN-YEE, MICHAEL KEENEY, AND JAN GRATAMA 22 Phenotypic Correlates of Genetic Abnormalities in Acute and Chronic Leukemias 201 ELISABETH PAIETTA 23 Multimeric MHC Reagents for the Detection and Quantitation of Specific T-Cell Populations 215 JOHN ALTMAN 24 In Situ Gene Amplification and Hybridization Assays: Disease Monitoring Applications Using Flow Cytometry 222 BRUCE K. PATTERSON E. FUNCTIONAL CELLULAR ASSAYS VOLUME EDITOR Barbara Detrick SECTION EDITOR Steven D. Douglas 25 Introduction 233 STEVEN D. DOUGLAS 26 Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Skin Testing 234 THERON MCCORMICK AND WILLIAM T. SHEARER 27 Cryopreservation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells 241 ADRIANA WEINBERG 28 Methods for Detection of Antigen-Specific T Cells by Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay (ELISPOT) 245 BARBARA L. SHACKLETT AND DOUGLAS F. NIXON 29 Evaluation of the T-Cell Receptor Repertoire 249 SAVITA PAHWA 30 Molecular Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease 262 PAUL G. HEYWORTH AND JOHN T. CURNUTTE 31 Clinical Evaluation of Myeloid and Monocytic Cell Functions 272 MAURICE R. G. O'GORMAN 32 Flow Cytometric Detection and Quantification of Apoptotic Cells 281 THOMAS W. MCCLOSKEY, BARBARA N. PHENIX, AND SAVITA PAHWA 33 Quantification of Recent Thymic Emigrants: T-Cell-Receptor Excision Circles 291 PAUL KROGSTAD 34 Measurement of NK-Cell Activity in Humans 296 THERESA L. WHITESIDE 35 Cellular Immune Assays for Evaluation of Vaccine Efficacy 301 JOSEPHINE H. COX, MARK DESOUZA, SILVIA RATTO-KIM, GUIDO FERRARI, KENT J. WEINHOLD, AND DEBORAH L. BIRX 36 T-Lymphocyte Activation and Cell Signaling 315 JEFFREY R. CURRIER 37 Functional Assays for B Cells and Antibodies 328 MOON H. NAHM AND ROBIN G. LORENZ F. CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES VOLUME EDITOR Barbara Detrick SECTION EDITOR John J. Hooks 38 Introduction 339 JOHN J. HOOKS 39 Multiplex Cytokine Assays 340 DANIEL G. REMICK 40 Monitoring of Immune Response Using Cytokine Flow Cytometry 353 SMITA A. GHANEKAR, HOLDEN T. MAECKER, AND VERNON C. MAINO 41 Molecular Analysis of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors 361 NIELS KRUSE AND PETER RIECKMANN 42 Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Analysis 371 BENJAMIN D. MEDOFF AND ANDREW D. LUSTER 43 Laboratory Monitoring of Cytokine Therapy 385 ANDREW R. PACHNER G. IMMUNOHISTOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY VOLUME EDITOR Robert G. Hamilton SECTION EDITOR Russell H. Tomar 44 Introduction 395 RUSSELL H. TOMAR 45 Immunohistochemistry: Principles and Advances 396 PATRICK C. ROCHE, ERIC D. HSI, AND BOURKE L. FIRFER 46 Use of Molecular Biology Methods on Tissues 403 SUMAN SETTY, CHUNG-CHE (JEFF) CHANG, AND ANDRÉ A. KAJDACSY-BALLA 47 Immunohistochemistry: Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications 408 VINOD B. SHIDHAM AND ANDRÉ A. KAJDACSY-BALLA 48 Immunofluorescence Methods in the Diagnosis of Renal and Skin Diseases 414 A. BERNARD COLLINS, ROBERT B. COLVIN, CARLOS H. NOUSARI, AND GRANT J. ANHALT H. INFECTIOUS DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA, MYCOPLASMAS, CHLAMYDIAE, AND RICKETTSIAE VOLUME EDITOR James D. Folds SECTION EDITOR Harry E. Prince 49 Introduction 427 HARRY E. PRINCE 50 Diagnostic Methods for Group A Streptococcal Infections 428 ANITA SHET AND EDWARD KAPLAN 51 Immune Responses to Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccines 434 CARL E. FRASCH 52 Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium tetani: Immune Response and Diagnostic Methods 444 MARTHA L. LEPOW AND PATRICIA A. HUGHES 53 Immunologic Methods for Diagnosis of Infections Caused by Diarrheagenic Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae 448 MARCELA F. PASETTI, JAMES P. NATARO, AND MYRON M. LEVINE 54 Serologic and Molecular Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Eradication 462 BRUCE E. DUNN AND SUHAS PHADNIS 55 Detection of Antibodies to Legionella spp. 468 PAUL H. EDELSTEIN 56 Immunologic Methods for Diagnosis of Spirochetal Diseases 477 VICTORIA POPE, MARY D. ARI, MARTIN E. SCHRIEFER, AND PAUL N. LEVETT 57 Lyme Disease: Serologic Assays for Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi 493 BARBARA J. B. JOHNSON 58 Immunological Tests in Tuberculosis and Leprosy 501 GRAHAM H. BOTHAMLEY 59 Mycoplasma: Immunologic and Molecular Diagnostic Methods 510 KEN B. WAITES, MARY B. BROWN, AND JERRY W. SIMECKA 60 Chlamydial Infections 518 LEE ANN CAMPBELL, CHO-CHOU KUO, AND CHARLOTTE A. GAYDOS 61 The Rickettsiaceae, Anaplasmataceae, Bartonellaceae, and Coxiellaceae 526 KARIM E. HECHEMY, YASUKO RIKIHISA, KEVIN MACALUSO, ANDREW W. O. BURGESS, BURT E. ANDERSON, AND HERBERT A. THOMPSON 62 Serologic and Molecular Tools for Diagnosing Bordetella pertussis Infection 540 SCOTT A. HALPERIN 63 Bacillus anthracis Detection and Anthrax Diagnosis 547 ALEX R. HOFFMASTER AND TANJA POPOVIC I. MYCOTIC AND PARASITIC DISEASES VOLUME EDITOR Robert G. Hamilton SECTION EDITOR Thomas B. Nutman 64 Introduction 555 THOMAS B. NUTMAN 65 Molecular and Immunological Approaches to the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections 557 MARIANNA WILSON, PETER M. SCHANTZ, AND THOMAS NUTMAN 66 Serological and Molecular Diagnosis of Fungal Infections 569 MARK D. LINDSLEY, DAVID W. WARNOCK, AND CHRISTINE J. MORRISON J. VIRAL DISEASES VOLUME EDITOR James D. Folds SECTION EDITOR Steven C. Specter 67 Introduction 609 STEVEN C. SPECTER 68 Rapid Viral Diagnosis 610 MARIE LOUISE LANDRY 69 Enhanced Detection of Viruses in Cell Cultures 617 THOMAS F. SMITH 70 Herpes Simplex Virus 626 D. SCOTT SCHMID 71 Varicella-Zoster Virus 631 D. SCOTT SCHMID AND VLADIMIR LOPAREV 72 Epstein-Barr Virus 637 HAL B. JENSON 73 Cytomegalovirus 648 KIRSTEN ST. GEORGE, AKI HOJI, AND CHARLES R. RINALDO, JR. 74 Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 658 RICHARD L. HODINKA 75 Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses 669 KEERTI V. SHAH AND EUGENE O. MAJOR 76 Adenoviruses 677 LETA K. CRAWFORD-MIKSZA 77 Parvovirus B19 684 STANLEY J. NAIDES 78 Influenza Viruses 691 JACQUELINE M. KATZ, ALEXANDER I. KLIMOV, STEPHEN E. LINDSTROM, AND NANCY J. COX 79 Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, and the Parainfluenza Viruses 700 PEDRO A. PIEDRA AND GUY BOIVIN 80 Measles and Mumps 707 DIANE S. LELAND 81 Rubella Virus 713 JAMES B. MAHONY 82 Enteroviruses 719 DAVID SCHNURR 83 Viral Hepatitis 724 MAURO BENDINELLI, MAURO PISTELLO, GIULIA FREER, MARIALINDA VATTERONI, AND FABRIZIO MAGGI 84 Rotaviruses and Noroviruses 746 NINGGUO FENG AND SUZANNE M. MATSUI 85 Arboviruses 757 ROBERT S. LANCIOTTI AND JOHN T. ROEHRIG 86 Hantavirus Infections 766 BRIAN HJELLE AND STEPHEN A. YOUNG 87 Filoviruses and Arenaviruses 774 JAMES E. STRONG, ALLEN GROLLA, PETER B. JAHRLING, AND HEINZ FELDMANN 88 Rabies Virus 791 D. CRAIG HOOPER 89 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2 798 SUSAN B. NYLAND, THOMAS P. LOUGHRAN, AND KENNETH E. UGEN 90 Coronavirus Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 803 JAMES B. MAHONY AND CHENGSHENG ZHANG 91 Poxviruses 810 KEVIN L. KAREM AND INGER K. DAMON 92 Prion Diagnostics 822 STEPHEN DEALLER K. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VOLUME EDITOR Barbara Detrick SECTION EDITOR Michael W. Baseler 93 Introduction 833 MICHAEL W. BASELER 94 Principles and Procedures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Serodiagnosis 834 ROBIN DEWAR, HELENE HIGHBARGER, RICHARD DAVEY, AND JULIA METCALF 95 General Immunologic Evaluation of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 847 RANDY A. STEVENS, RICHARD A. LEMPICKI, VEN NATARAJAN, JEANETTE HIGGINS, JOSEPH W. ADELSBERGER, AND JULIA A. METCALF 96 Quantitation of Viremia and Determination of Drug Resistance in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 862 TAREK ELBEIK, HELENE HIGHBARGER, ROBIN DEWAR, VEN NATARAJAN, HIROMI IMAMICHI, AND TOMOZUMI IMAMICHI 97 Measurement of T-Cell-Specific Immunity in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 878 RICHARD L. HENGEL, TOMOZUMI IMAMICHI, AND STEPHEN A. MIGUELES L. IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES VOLUME EDITOR Barbara Detrick SECTION EDITOR Howard M. Lederman 98 The Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 893 HOWARD M. LEDERMAN 99 Approach to the Diagnosis of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency 895 CHAIM M. ROIFMAN 100 Investigation of Signal Transduction Defects 901 MELISSA E. ELDER 101 Primary Antibody Deficiency Diseases 906 MARY ELLEN CONLEY 102 Hereditary and Acquired Complement Deficiencies 914 PATRICIA C. GICLAS 103 Neutropenia and Neutrophil Defects 924 STEVEN M. HOLLAND M. ALLERGIC DISEASES VOLUME EDITOR Robert G. Hamilton SECTION EDITOR Sarbjit Saini 104 Introduction 935 SARBJIT SAINI 105 Quantification and Standardization of Allergens 937 NICOLETTE C. DEVORE AND JAY E. SLATER 106 In Vivo Diagnostic Allergy Testing 947 DEREK A. DAMIN AND R. STOKES PEEBLES, JR. 107 Immunological Methods in the Diagnostic Allergy Clinical and Research Laboratory 955 ROBERT G. HAMILTON 108 Assay Methods for Measurement of Mediators and Markers of Allergic Inflammation 964 JOHN T. SCHROEDER AND SARBJIT SAINI 109 Tests for Immunologic Reactions to Foods 975 DAVID M. FLEISCHER AND ROBERT A. WOOD 110 Diagnosis of Hypereosinophilic Syndromes 984 AMY D. KLION N. SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES VOLUME EDITOR James D. Folds SECTION EDITOR Westley H. Reeves 111 Introduction 993 WESTLEY H. REEVES 112 Immunofluorescent Antinuclear Antibody Tests 995 ARTHUR R. BRADWELL, RICHARD G. HUGHES, AND ABID R. KARIM 113 Detection of Autoantibodies against Proteins and Ribonucleoproteins by Double Immunodiffusion and Immunoprecipitation 1007 WESTLEY H. REEVES, MINORU SATOH, ROBERT LYONS, CODY NICHOLS, AND SONALI NARAIN 114 Detection of Autoantibodies by Using Immobilized Natural and Recombinant Autoantigens 1019 EDWARD K. L. CHAN, RUFUS W. BURLINGAME, AND MARVIN J. FRITZLER 115 Detection of Anti-DNA Autoantibodies 1027 TRINH T. TRAN AND DAVID S. PISETSKY 116 Autoantibody Testing in Rheumatoid Arthritis 1033 SONALI NARAIN, MEGHAVI KOSBOTH, AND PAULETTE HAHN 117 Laboratory Testing for Antibodies Associated with Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome 1046 JOHN SCHMITZ 118 Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibodies (ANCAs) and Strategy for Diagnosing ANCA-Associated Vasculitides 1053 ALLAN WIIK O. ORGAN-LOCALIZED AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES VOLUME EDITOR James D. Folds SECTION EDITOR C. Lynne Burek 119 Introduction 1061 C. LYNNE BUREK 120 Endocrinopathies 1062 C. L. BUREK, P. E. BIGAZZI, N. R. ROSE, M. ZAKARIJA, J. M. MCKENZIE, L. YU, J. WANG, AND G. S. EISENBARTH 121 Autoantibodies to Glycolipids in Peripheral Neuropathy 1078 HUGH J. WILLISON 122 Detection of Antimitochondrial Autoantibodies in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Liver Kidney Microsomal Antibodies in Autoimmune Hepatitis 1082 PATRICK S. C. LEUNG, MICHAEL P. MANNS, ROSS L. COPPEL, AND M. ERIC GERSHWIN 123 Skin Diseases 1091 CARLOS H. NOUSARI AND GRANT J. ANHALT 124 Cardiovascular Diseases 1101 J. BRUCE SUNDSTROM, C. LYNNE BUREK, NOEL R. ROSE, AND AFTAB A. ANSARI 125 Kidney and Lung Disease Mediated by Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies: Detection by Western Blot Analysis 1110 A. BERNARD COLLINS AND ROBERT B. COLVIN 126 Autoimmunity of Testis, Ovary, and Spermatozoa 1116 RICHARD A. BRONSON, JULIA LUBORSKY, AND KENNETH S. K. TUNG 127 Immunologic Testing for Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease 1125 JAMES A. GOEKEN 128 Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia 1132 THOMAS S. KICKLER 129 Monitoring Autoimmune Reactivity within the Retina 1136 JOHN J. HOOKS, MARIAN S. CHIN, CHI-CHAO CHAN, AND BARBARA DETRICK P. CANCER VOLUME EDITOR Robert G. Hamilton SECTION EDITOR Mark Raffeld 130 Introduction 1143 131 Immunologic Approaches to Tumor Markers: Assays, Applications, and Discovery 1145 ALEX J. RAI AND DANIEL W. CHAN 132 Malignancies of the Immune System: Use of Immunologic and Molecular Tumor Markers in Classification and Diagnostics 1152 MARK RAFFELD AND ELAINE S. JAFFE 133 Monitoring of Immunologic Therapies 1171 THERESA L. WHITESIDE 134 The Future of Cancer Diagnostics: Proteomics, Immunoproteomics, and Beyond 1183 MARY E. WINTERS, MARK LOWENTHAL, ANDREW L. FELDMAN, AND LANCE A. LIOTTA Q. TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY VOLUME EDITOR Barbara Detrick SECTION EDITOR Mary S. Leffell 135 Histocompatibility Testing after Fifty Years of Transplantation 1195 MARY S. LEFFELL 136 Molecular Methods: HLA Alleles 1198 CAROLYN KATOVICH HURLEY, KAI CAO, TING TANG, NORIKO STEINER, ANA M. LAZARO, C. ALAN HOWARD, AND JENNIFER NG 137 Evaluation of the Humoral Response in Transplantation 1215 ANDREA A. ZACHARY, JULIE A. HOUP, RENATO VEGA, KEVIN CHESTERTON, AND DONNA P. LUCAS 138 Evaluation of the Cellular Immune Response in Transplantation 1228 NANCY L. REINSMOEN AND ADRIANA ZEEVI 139 Molecular Characterization of Rejection in Solid Organ Transplantation 1244 CHOLI HARTONO, DARSHANA DADHANIA, AND MANIKKAM SUTHANTHIRAN 140 Human Natural Killer Cell Receptors 1260 DOLLY B. TYAN AND MARY CARRINGTON 141 Detecting Chimerism after Blood and Marrow Transplantation 1269 LEE ANN BAXTER-LOWE R. LABORATORY MANAGEMENT VOLUME EDITOR James D. Folds SECTION EDITOR Ronald J. Harbeck 142 Clinical Immunology Laboratory Accreditation, Licensure, and Credentials 1279 LINDA COOK AND RONALD J. HARBECK Author Index 1291 Subject Index 1293
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Immunodiagnosis -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Immunology -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Molecular immunology -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Immunologic Techniques -- Laboratory Manuals.
Immunologic Tests -- methods -- Laboratory Manuals.