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Introduction 1 Ljiljana Progovac, Kate Paesani, Eugenia Casielles, and Ellen Barton 1. Background: Defining and describing nonsententials 1 2. Goals of the current volume 4 3. Volume overview 6 CHAPTER 1 Toward a nonsentential analysis in generative grammar n1 Ellen Barton 1. Introduction ni 2. Early arguments for an ellipsis aialysis 12 3. Early arguments for a nonsentential analysis 17 4. Mixed analyses 21 5. Data and sentential/nonsentential analyses in Minimalism 25 6. Conclusion 27 CHAPTER 2 The syntax of nonsententials: Small clauses and phrases at the root 33 Ljiljana Progovac 1. Introduction 33 2. Outline of the proposed analysis 37 3. Sentence and Tense 42 4. Noun Phrase, Determiners, and Case 45 5. Small clauses in current syntactic theory 52 6. Tense, Time, assertion, and the role of context 54 7. Conclusion 61 CHAPTER 3 "Small structures": A sententialist perspective 73 Jason Merchant 1. Introduction 73 2. Fragment answers 74 3. Discourse-initial (?) fragments 83 4. Conclusion 89 CHAPTER 4 Neither fragments nor ellipsis 93 Robert I. Stainton 1. Introduction 93 2. Merchant's proposal and its advantages 95 3. Empirical objections 103 4. A methodological objection: "Fragments" and simplicity 113 5. Concluding remarks 114 CHAPTER 5 Big questions, small answers 117 Eugenia Casielles 1. Introduction 117 2. The elliptical view 119 3. The nonelliptical view 122 4. The sluicing view 125 5. Toward a phrasal analysis of small answers 130 6. Conclusions and further issues 134 CHAPTER 6 Extending the nonsentential analysis: The case of special registers 14; Kate Paesani 1. Introduction 147 2. An overview of special registers 149 3. The (non)sentential nature of special registers 157 4. The syntax of nonsententials in special registers 159 5. Expressing time in special registers 167 6. Conclusion 172 CHAPTER 7 The narrowing acquisition path: From expressive small clauses to declaratives 18, Christopher Potts and Tom Roeper 1. Expressive small clauses 183 2. Small clauses in adult English 185 3. Small clauses in child English 186 4. A note on expressive content 187 5. When speaking expressively, we're all children 188 6. Self-directed disapprobation cross-linguistically 189 7. The acquisition of expressive small clauses 193 8. Analysis of self-disapprobation small clauses 194 9. Analysis of incredulity small clauses 198 to. Summary and conclusions 199 CHAPTER 8 Nonsententials and second language acquisition 203 Nicola Work 1. Introduction 203 2. Background 204 3. Early L2 acquisition data: The Basic Variety 206 4. Learner language and native adult nonsententials 211 5. Nonsentential grammar and theories of L2 acquisition 219 6. Teacher talk 221 7. Conclusion 223 CHAPTER 9 How language adapts to the brain: An analysis of agrammatic aphasia 229 Herman Kolk 1. Overview 229 2. Variability of symptoms 230 3. Theories of agrammatism as a variable phenomenon 232 4. Evidence for the temporal-window hypothesis 234 5. Adaptation 237 6. Conclusion 251 CHAPTER 10 Nonsententials and agrammatism 259 Patricia Siple 1. Introduction 259 2. Syntactic deficits associated with agrammatic production 260 3. Theoretical accounts of agrammatic production 263 4. Extending Kolk: Syntactic structure and adaptation theory 268 5. Conclusion 277 CHAPTER 11 Reduced syntax in (prototypical) pidgins 283 Donald Winford 1. Introduction 283 2. Structural characteristics of pidgins 286 3. Processes of pidginization 288 4. Pidgins and second language acquisition 292 5. Stages of development in pidginization and early IL 295 6. Conclusion 304 CHAPTER 12 Copula variation in Guyanese Creole and AAVE: Implications for nonsentential grammar 309 Walter Edwards 1. Introduction 309 2. The copula in Rural Guyanese Creole 309 3. Urban Guyanese Creole and the present-tense copula 311 4. Copula variation in Urban Guyanese Creole 311 5. Guyanese Creole and the nonsentential analysis 314 6. Copula variation in AAVE 315 7. AAVE, Guyanese Creole, and the nonsentential analysis 318 8. Discussion 319 Epilogue: Wherefrom and whereto? 323 Ljiljana Progovac, Kate Paesani, Eugenia Casielles, and Ellen Barton 1. Nonsententials, individual variation, and multiple grammars 323 2. Why nonsententials: A historical perspective 328 3. Elliptical versus nonsentential approaches 333 4. Some remaining issues and future prospects 343