ITEMS FROM THE UKRAINE

KHARKOV INSTITUTE FOR PLANT PRODUCTION

National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, Moskovsky prospekt, 142, Kharkov, 310060, Ukraine.

Inheritance of morphometric complex in progenies of hybrids of amphidiploid Triticum dicoccum / T. monococcum with T. durum.

R. Boguslavsky and O. Golik.

Artificial amphidiploids created with indigenous wheat species contain a complex of valuable characters deficient in wheat, including immunity to disease, resistance to pests, and a number of other factors. Therefore, amphidiploids are of practical use in wheat breeding (Filatenko and Boguslavsky 1991). Crosses between amphidiploids and cultivated wheat can exhibit a number of characters introduced from the wild and hulled species. The search for criteria to evaluate the characters and study their inheritance is important. Vavilov (1966) specified the importance and necessity of integrating evaluation of plant morphology. Crosses between amphidiploids and cultivated wheat are unequal (Karpetchenko 1935). Because of the high sterility in the gametes of the hybrids, elimination of separate genotypes, or even of segregation classes can occur, and Mendelian segregation ratios are disturbed. Classical genetic analysis are inapplicable in these cases.

Our previous publication (Ann Wheat Newslet 43:243-245) describes a crossing program including amphidiploids of different genome structure with cultivated wheats. In this paper, we described hybrids between the T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum/T. monococcum amphidiploid PAG 31 and the durum wheat cultivar Kharkovskaya 19. Evaluation of hybrid plant morphology between amphidiploids and durum wheat can be done by applying Euclidean metrics of multidimensional space and using a many-dimensional analysis.

We analyzed 19 easily measurable characters distinguished in the amphidiploid and durum parents. Euclidean distances were determined in hybrid plants of the F1 and F2, from the first and subsequent backcross with the wheat parent and also BC1 selfs. Backcross generations were designated as BCXY, where x is the number of the backcross and y is the parent (y = 1 for the female and y = 2 for the male). Descendants of the first backcross are designated as F2BCXY. We then used a two-dimensional frame with the horizontal or x axis corresponding to the female parent and the vertical or y axis is the male. On this frame, distances from the axes are marked that were equal to the Euclidean distances of each hybrid plant generation of the female and the male.

The form and orientation of the obtained point-clusters visualize the character of distribution in the offspring of the both parents. A given two-dimensional cluster should be considered as a projection on a plane of a certain cluster of points of many-dimensional space, and, consequently, the distances between points in the given frame will not correspond to Euclidean distances obtained in a cluster analysis. The bisecting of an angle by the axes of coordinates connects points when Euclidean distances from both parents are equal. Therefore, inheritance of a phenotypical character-complex by plants appropriate to these points is intermediate (no dominance). Placing points between a bisecting line and one of coordinate axes means dominance of the parent coresponding to this axis.

In the cross 'PAG 31 / Kharkovskaya 19', the amphidiploid phenotype is dominant in most of the F1 plants (Figure 1.1), whereas only some plants were of an intermediate morphology. Euclidean distances for the points appropriate to the hybrid F2 plants (Figure 1.2) are located round a bisector with significant displacement in the axis of the wheat parent. The displacement of the hybrid population morphological complex is in the axis of the durum wheat. A single backcross (BC12) (Figure 1.3), producing the F2BC12 (Figure 1.4), produced few modifications in the morphology of the hybrid population. Plants from repeated backcrossing to durum wheat (BC22) (Figure 1.5) also were near the bisector, but from the side of the wheat parent. This picture as a whole coincides with the visual evaluation of plant morphology. The outcome specifies that the cross is absorbing in the relation of morphology of the durum wheat. The return to a durum-type phenotype is obviously achievable in later backcross generations.

Thus, this method using graphic representation of the morphology of plants in hybrid generations is informative for use in distant crosses.

References.

Filatenko AA and Boguslavsky Rl. 1991. About breeding value of wheat amphidiploids. In: The Collection of the Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding. 142:32-35 (in Russian).

Vavilov NI. 1966. The critical review of present condition of the genetic theory of selection of plants and animals. In: The Elected Compositions. A Genetics and Selection. M: P.15 (in Russian).

Karpetchenko GD. 1935. The theory of wide hybridization. M:P.1-64 (in Russian).

Golik O. 1997. Useful traits of wheat amphidiploids and their hybridization with bread and durum wheat cultivars. Ann Wheat Newslet 43:243-245.

Resistance to fungal diseases and production performance of new cultivars of winter/facultative bread wheat in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine

V.V. Sotnikov, V.P. Gritsai, and N.P. Novoseltseva.

Qualitative and primary estimations of biological and major performance traits were made in 182 cultivars received from CIMMYT in an introductory-quarantine nursery of the Plant Production Institute in 1997­98. The material in the 7th Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery is comprised of cultivar sets from Ukraine (25), Russia (3), Bulgaria (12), Romania (4), Turkey (24), Turkey-USA (7), Turkey-Mexico(21), Iran (21), Syria-Iran (2), China (13), USA(27), Mexico (11), Mexico-Iran (1),Mexico-USA (5), and Mexico-USA-Turkey (7). The cultivars Al'batros odes'kyi and Myronivs'ka 61 were used as local checks.

Pathogen resistance was determined under natural conditions using a 1-9 scale where 1 is very susceptible, 5 is moderately susceptible, 6 is moderately resistant, and 9 is highly resistant. The degree of winter hardiness was estimated according to a 0-9 scale where 0 is complete winterkill, 1 is low survival rate, and 9 is high survival. Crop yield of cultivars was estimated as low if it was less than 96 % of the local check Myronivs'ka 61, medium at 96-115 % of the check, high at 116-135 %, and very high at more than 135 %. The plot size was 0.60 m2. Field trials were conducted under dry conditions. The cultivars overwintered satisfactorily in spite of considerable fluctuations in air temperature. Crop yield was limited to a certain extent by fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and Septoria spp. and to a considerable extent by unfavorable weather. This included hot dry winds, a considerable increase in the average daily soil and air temperatures, and an insufficient amount of rainfall from shoot stage to wheat wax-ripeness. Rainfall during that period was 85 mm, only 75 % of the average. Total rainfall during vegetative stages was 438 mm or 88 % of the average. Despite the negative influences, there was a rather high grain yield. Among the local checks and the check cultivars, Myronivs'ka 61 had the top yield at 626 g/m^2^. Other cultivars also yielded well, 406 g/m^2^ in Al'batros odes'kyi, 553 g/m^2^ in Bezostaya 1, 500 g/m^2^ in Seri, 510 g/m^2^ in Bolal, 395 g/m^2^ in Gerek, and 243 g/m^2^ in Atay 85.

Nearly 3 % of samples were winter-killed. Fifty-two percent of studied samples were winter hardy, with estimated scores of 7-9. Samples that were winter-killed were from the Turkey-Mexico, Iran, China, and Mexico groups. Samples from Bulgaria were very hardy, and their yield varied between medium and high (655-725 g/m^2^) in line BUL5626.5.2. Two lines from the Turkish group also did well (CIT90010-OYC-OYC-OYC-1YC-OYC, pedigree: DOGU88/885.K4.1 and ICWH900747-OAP-OYC-OYC-2YC-OYC, pedigree: TAST/SPRW//BLL/7/SOTY/SUT//LER/4/2*RFN/3/FR//KAD/GB/5/TMP64).

Fifty-five percent of the lines, mainly from Turkey, Mexico, and Iran, were susceptible to powdery mildew (scale 1-4). Septoria-susceptible lines were 46 %, mainly lines from the U.S., Iran, and Ukraine. Only 21 % of samples were susceptible to leaf rust. Under drought conditions, most of the samples escaped leaf rust infection because of early ripening. Cultivars from Iran and Turkey were the most susceptible to leaf rust. However, 124 lines (70 % of those studied) were resistant to leaf rust. The proportions of resistant cultivars were 100 % from the Romanian and Mexico-U.S.-Turkey groups; 80-92 % from Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Turkey-Mexican, Mexican, and Mexico-U.S. groups; 67 % from the U.S. group; 50-63 % from the Turkish, Iranian, Syria-Iran groups; and 25 % from the China-Turkey-U.S group. Most of these cultivars are low yielding. The average yield (600-707 g/m2) was found in only 16 % of resistant cultivars, and these were from the Ukraine (55 %), Bulgaria (15 %), Turkey (10 %), Iran (10 %), and the U.S. (10 %). High yields (738-795 g/m2) were found in only 6 % of resistant cultivars, four from Bulgaria, two from Turkey, and one from the Mexico-U.S. group. Cultivars or lines with average (*) and high (**) grain yields and group or individual resistance to fungal pathogens are as follows:

• powdery mildew, Septoria, and leaf rust
  Lutescens 9189 (Ukraine *),
  CO900166 (U.S. *) and
  TX81V6603.3-4WM-1WM-OWM (Mexico-U.S. **).
• powdery mildew and Septoria
  Lutescens 8589 (Ukraine *).
• powdery mildew and leaf rust
  Odes'ka 132 and Myrohivs'ka 32 (Ukraine, both *), and
  BUL1032.1204 and BUL1056.12186 (Bulgaria, both *).
• Septoria and leaf rust
  CIT90155T-OYC-OYC-OYC-14YC-OYC (Turkey *, pedigree: DODGE//PLK70/LIRA/3/KSK46/BUC) and CO900314 (U.S. *);
• powdery mildew
  Lutescens 2690, Odes'ka 162, and Myronivs'ka 63 (Ukraine, all *), BUL17044.12 and BUL281.5 (Bulgaria, both **);
• Septoria
  BUL2957.5 (Bulgaria *), CIT90010-OYC-OYC-OYC-1YC-OYC (pedigree: DOGU88/885.K4.1, Turkey *) and CIT90018-OYC-OYC-OYC-1YC-OYC (pedigree: CNO/GLL//BACA/3/VONA/4/885.K1.1, Turkey **), and BLL/F7223/3/TLLA/2*FR/KAD//GB/GB/4/TAST (Iran *).
• leaf rust
  Erytrospermum 1016-89, Erytrospermum 896-89, and Odes'ka 133 (Ukraine, all *); BUL10542.63.86 and BUL2385.59 (Bulgaria, both **); CIT90151T-OYC-OYC-OYC-5YC-OYC (pedigree: SCT/ATR//SXL/3/TRK13/4/1D13.1/MLT, Turkey **); and BEZ2B/CGN//VRZ (Iran *).

Three cultivar or lines from Turkey were susceptible to diseases, but highly productive (725­767 g/m^2^) ICWH900747-OAP-OYC-OYC-2YC-OYC (pedigree: TAST/SPRW//BLL/7/SOTY/SUT//LER/4/2*RFN /3/FR//KAD/GB/5/TMP64), CIT90010-OYC-OYC-OYC-6YC-OYC (pedigree: DOGU88/885.K4.1). One line was rated very high at 938 g/m^2^, TE3093-OTE-18R-5R-OR-25R-OR (pedigree: TRAKIA/KNR).

The lines that were winter-killed or had low overwintering scores also were sown in the spring. The spring bread wheat Kharkiv'ska 6 was used as a local check. In the dry conditions of 1998, the yield of Kharkiv'ska 6 was 200 g/m^2^. Compared to the check, samples CMSW90M419-OYC-OYC-OYC-7YC-OYC (Turkey-Mexico, pedigree: 88ZHONG257//CNO79/PRL), WU GENG8025 (China), and SWM12314-2M-OM-5M-1M-3WM-OWM 3WM-1WM-OWM (Mexico, pedigree: MNCH) were in the range of 10-33 %. These lines were winter-killed in the autumn sowing. Cultivars and lines from Turkey-Mexico (SWM12174-11M-OM-6M-1M-OYE-3WM-1WM-OWM, pedigree: 1D13.1/MLT; CMSW90M71-OYC-OYC-OYC-6YC-OYC, pedigree: YMH/HYS//HYS/TUR3055/3/ DGA/4/VPM/MOS/5/...), CMSW90M80-OYC-OYC-OYC-1OYC-OYC (pedigree: AE.VENTRICOSA //T.TURGIDUM/2*MOS/3/BOW/NKT), and CMSW90M398-OYC-OYC-OYC-5YC-OYC (pedigree: ID13.1/MLT//TUI), Iran (HYS//DRG*2/7C/3/2*RSH, TOROUS4/5/CNN/KHRKOV//KS66/3/SKP35/4/VEE, and ZARGOON/SEFID), China (89ZHONG228), the U.S. (KS550B/GRATSIYA B; D403, pedigree: A38.1.8.2.1/RODOPA), Mexico (SWM12174-11M-OM-6M-1M-1M-OWM-1WM-OWM, pedigree: 1D13.1/MLT), Mexico-USA (SWM9783-1M-1WM-OWM-4WM-2WM-OWM, pedigree: TJB916.46/CB306//2*MHB/3/BUC and SWM9783-2P-1M-5WM-OWM-5WM-1WM-OWM, pedigree: TJB916.46/CB306//2*MHB/3/BUC), and Mexico USA-Turkey (SWM866462-2H-1YC-OYC, pedigree: PJ/HN4//GLL/3/Seri) ranged between 17-50 % (1-13 % winter kill). Lines 47A*2/OGOSTA, GDS/4/ANZA/3/PI/NAR//HYS, GDS/4/ANZA/3/PI/NAR//HYS, IRAN.1.67.75 (pedigree: 1.67.75), and IRAN.1.67.93 (pedigree: GNODS/4/ANZA/3/PI/NAR//HYS) from Iran and FANJA12 from China did not have any yield (2-10 % winterkill).

KHARKOV STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Svobody sq., 4, Kharkov, 310077, Ukraine.

Manifestation of Ppd gene effects in winter wheat and the dependence on temperature.

Vasily V. Zhmurko.

The development of wheat is controlled by the Ppd (day length) and Vrn (vernalization) genes (Worland AS et al. 1998; Stelmakh AF 1998; Musitch WN 1993; Zhmurko VV 1998). We studied the effects of the Ppd gene in 40 cultivars and six NILs (by Vrn loci) of winter wheat under different temperature regimes. The plants were grown from unvernalized seeds in a phytotron under 16- and 8-hour day lengths at 7-9°C and 18-20°C. Typical results are shown in Table 1. Day length had a weak effect on development rate at 7-9°C. Plants become vernalized at this temperature.

At 18-20°C vernalization did not occur. Three of the cultivar groups differed in their short-day response. The first group had no change in heading date, the second group had delayed heading, and the third group was accelerated. The cultivars were classified as day-neutral, short-day, and long-day.

Interrupting a plant's dark period is known not to change or accelerate the development rate of spring crops of long-day species grown under short-days. Short-day plants have a delayed development rate in similar conditions. In our experiments, unvernalized seeds of day-neutral and long- and short-day winter wheat cultivars and NILs with a recessive Vrn locus were planted in a phytotron with a 10-hour day at 18-20°C (continuous) or 12-14°C/3-6°C (day/night). The dark period was interrupted by a 1-hour period of light. Long-day cultivars were not accelerated, and no change in heading date was observed when the plants were grown at 18-20°C (Table 2). Day-neutral plants did not react to the light interruption. Short-day plants either did not flower or flowered 25-30 days later than those with a continuous dark period. At the lower temperature (12-14°C/3-6°C day/night), which ensured vernalization, none of the winter wheat cultivars or NILs had a change in development rate when the dark period was interrupted.

Both spring and winter wheats exhibit all three photoperiodic groups (long-, short- and day-neutral), even when grown under high temperatures that preclude vernalization. Therefore, the Ppd and Vrn genes substitute for each other to control plant development. This control is accomplished by Vrn genes under low temperatures and the Ppd genes under high temperatures.

Photoperiodic response in winter wheat is connected with frost resistance (Table 3). Long-day and day-neutral cultivars are less frost resistant than short-day wheats. According to our data, the frost resistance of long-day and day-neutral cultivars decreases, whereas that of short-day plants is unchanged or even shows an increase. We assume that the Ppd genes participate in control of the level of frost resistance in winter wheat.

References.

Musitch VV, Pylnev VV, Nefedov AV, and Rabinovich SV. 1996. Photoperiodic sensitivity and adaptivity of winter wheat cultivars. Isvestiya TSHA 2:77-86 (in Russian).

Steimakh AF. 1998. Genetic systems regulating flowering response in wheat. In: Wheat: Prospects for Global Improvement. pp. 491-501.

Worland AJ, Börner A, Korzun V, Li WM, Petrovic S, and Sayers EJ. 1998. The influence of photoperiod genes on the adaptability of European winter wheats. In: Wheat: Prospects for Global Improvement. pp. 517-526.

Winter wheat genotype response to water stress.

Yu.A. Sadovnichenko, O.A. Avksent'eva, L.A. Krasilnikova, and V.V. Zhmurko.

The sensitivity of wheat to stress conditions is often caused by Rht genes. Phenotypic manifestation of dwarfing sometimes is connected with an anomalous hormone balance that regulates plant metabolism and is a significant component of adaptation. Cytokinins play a special role in adaptation. The main function of the cytokinins in metabolism is the regulation of protein synthesis.

The effect of a water deficit was investigated in two T. aestivum var. lutescens cultivars differing in stem length (Khar'kovskaya 81 is of normal stem length and Polucarlik 3 is a semidwarf). Seventeen-day-old winter wheat seedlings were stressed at 30 % soil moisture for 9 days. The cytokinin content; total protein; free amino acids; and the activities of protheolytic enzymes, aminoacil-tRNA-synthetase (ARS), and aminotransferases were measured in the leaves.

Analysis of the cytokinin contents of both winter wheat cultivars (Table 4) revealed a substantial difference in zeatin, the primary active cytokinin found in wheat seedlings. The zeatin level of the control Polucarlik 3 seedlings was significantly more. In contrast, leaves of the semidwarf cultivar subjected to 9 days of water stress had the same zeatin content as the leaves of Khar'kovskaya 81 (Table 4), although it had a 4.7-fold decrease in zeatin level compared to that of the semidwarf Poulcarik 3, which had only a 1.4-fold decrease.

Zeatin riboside concentration did not vary in 17-day-old winter wheat seedling leaves of either cultivar, but the long-term water-stressed seedlings of Polucarlik 3 showed about a 40 % reduction of this cytokinin (Table 4) and seedlings of Khar'kovskaya 81 did not.

Thus, wheat genotypes do control not only the peculiarities of cytokinin quantity, but the response of the phytohormone system to water deficit as well. In our investigations, we established that Khar'kovskaya 81 can turn zeatin into its transport form, zeatin riboside, but Polucarlik 3 has another way to metabolically inactivate zeatin.

Active forms of cytokinins differentially influence the activity of the genes that regulate protein content. Our data show that the cultivars investigated differed in protein accumulation both in the control and under conditions of water stress (Table 5). The semidwarf Poulcarlik 3 seedlings had a 1.35-fold reduction in protein. The reduction in Khar'kovskaya 81 was 1.23-fold. Futhermore, long-term water-stressed leaves also showed a decrease in ARS activity and, consequently, protein synthesis. A rise in the free amino acid content could be attributable to an increase in proteolytic activity.

The water-stressed leaves of Polucarlik 3 had greater changes in enzyme activity than those of Kharkovskaya 81. However, the speed of proteolysis was more than that of free amino acid accumulation and reduction of ARS activity. Proteolysis not only adds to the free amino acid pool under water-stress conditions, but assists in the formation of some low-molecular protective proteins by the disintegration of normal protein macromolecules. Part of the stress proteins and other protective molecules are synthesized de novo under unfavorable conditions and also are the sources of amino acids for the free amino acid pool. Taking into account the possibility of amino acid synthesis under water stress, we can define the activities of alanine-aminotransferase (AlT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AsT). AlT activity decreases and AsT activity increases in unfavorable conditions (Table 6), defining the significant role of aspartate under stress conditions. Aspartate is known to be active in cell metabolism, because it produces ammonia from the high degradation of free amino acids and helps form some of the amino acids that are needed in the synthesis of stress proteins.

Significant changes in cytokinin (zeatin) content, protein content, and enzyme activities in the leaves of Polucarlik 3 seedlings were negatively correlated with its drought resistance. In our research, we established that presence of an Rht gene in the genotype causes a change in the cytokinin balance in seedlings of Polucarlik 3. Khar'kovskaya 81 does not exhibit this effect. Differences in the components of protein synthesis in both cultivars apparently are connected with hormone balance. Thus, regulation of cytokinin metabolism is a one of the principal mechanisms by which water stress damages protein synthesis activity and, consequently, the stress resistance of winter wheat.

Reference.

Zhmurko VV. 1997. Monitoring the mode of gene interaction of the photoperiodic response in winter wheat. Ann Wheat Newslet 43:223-225.

Publications.

Krasilnikova LA, Sadovnichenko YuA, and Avksentjeva OA. 1997. Influence of stress conditions on the protein metabolism and cytokinin content in the winter wheat seedlings. In: Proc Intern Conf Sustainable Agriculture for Food, Energy and Industry. pp. 411.

Krasilnikova LA and Sadovnichenko YuA. 1997. Influence of water stress and cartolin on the cytokinin content and activity in the winter wheat seedling roots. Biol Newslet 1(1):83-87 (in Russian).

Avksentjeva OA, Krasilnikova LA, and Sadovnichenko YuA. 1997. Effect of cartolin-2 on the protein synthesis system of the winter wheat seedlings under water stress conditions. Physiol Biochem Cult Plants 30(5):386-390 (in Russian).

V.YA. YRU'EV INSTITUTE FOR PLANT PRODUCITON.

National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of the Ukraine, Laboratory for Plant Immunity to diseases and Insects, Moskowsky prospect, 142, 310060 Kharkov, Ukraine.

The HMW-glutenin subunit compositions of bread wheats released in the Ukraine, Russian Federation, Germany, and Austria and their connection with bread-making quality and distribution.

O.Yu. Leonov, S.V. Rabinovich, V.N. Bondarenko, and A.A. Kushchenko.

The composition of the HMW-glutenin subunits is closely connected to bread making quality in wheat. Analysis of glutenin distribution in the pool of world wheat cultivars is useful for choosing initial material for breeding programs. We analyzed over 500 bread wheat cultivars released during the last 70 years for their Glu-1 subunits. These cultivars were from the Ukraine and Russian Federation (Morgunov et al. 1990; Bespalov et al. 1996; Rabinovich et al. 1997, 1998) and Germany and Austria (Friebe et al. 1989; Vahl et al. 1993; Kazman et al.1996; Groger et al. 1997). Pedigrees of the cultivars are in Rabinovich 1972; Doropheev et al. 1976; Remeslo et al. 1976; Zeven et al. 1976, 1991; Martynov et al.1990; PC GRIN 1993; and Zhivotkov et al. 1996.

The HMW-glutenin subunits are distributed unequally in bread wheat cultivars in different countries (Table 1). Of the 100 wheats registered in the Russian Federation, 37 have excellent bread-making quality (strong wheats) and 31 are of good quality (valuable wheats). Seventy-nine of the cultivars were bred in Russia, and 21 in the Ukraine (Register of Plant Cultivars of the Ukraine, 1998). Most of the cultivars have Glu-1 subunits 1 or 2*, 7+9, and 5+10 from Myronivs'ka (MYR) 808 (1, 7+9, 5+10) or Bezosta (BEZ) 1 (2* ,7+9 ,5+10) in their pedigree. The strong wheat cultivars planted in three or more regions of the Russian Federation include MYR 808 (eight regions), Komsomol's'ka 56 (three), Zarya (four), Tarasovskaya 29 (three), Don 85 (three), Donskaya bezostaya (three), and Bezenchukskaya 380 (five). Among the valuable wheats are Inna (four regions), Moskovskaya 70 (three), Moskovskaya nizkostebel'naya (three), and Saratovskaya 90 (three). The high adaptive potential of their ancestors leads to their success in different regions.

Thirty-two (34 %) strong and 27 (42 %) valuable winter bread wheat cultivars were among the 65 registered in the Ukraine (55 bred in the Ukraine, eight in the Russian Federation, one in the Czech Republic, and one in Hungary) in 1999 (Register of Plant Cultivars of the Ukraine, 1999). The HMW-glutenin subunit composition in the Ukrainian wheats is similar to that of the Russian wheats because of common ancestors, but many cultivars released in the 1990s have subunit 7+8 of Glu-1B. This subunit is from the use of Red River 68 descendants for breeding cultivars such as Obrij, Al'batros Odes'kyi, and Promin' (Red River 68 / Odes'ka 51). The new strong wheats Lelya, Nikoniya, Symvol Odes'kyi, Fantaziya and Odes'ka, and the valuable wheats Ukrainka Odes'ka and Lyubava Odes'ka have Al'batros Odes'kyi in their pedigree. The strong wheats Al`batros odes'kyi, Donets'ka 46, Kolomak 3, and Tira and the valuable wheats Odes'ka 161 and Myronivs'ka 61 are planted in three or more regions of the Ukraine and Russian Federation.

Fifty-seven (44 %) strong and 43 (33 %) valuable spring wheat cultivars were among the 130 registered in the Russian Federation in 1998 (119 bred in the Russian Federation, eight in Kazakhstan, two in Ukraine, and four in west European countries). Three (21 %) strong and five (36 %) valuable wheats were among the Ukranian cultivars registered in 1998. Fourteen cultivars were registered in 1999; nine bred in the Ukraine, two in the Russian Federation, one in Belarus, and two in west European countries. The Glu-1A 2*subunit predominates over 1, and the frequency of the Glu-D1 subunit 2+12 is similar to that of the 5+10 subunit in spring wheats. Thus, the average quality score of the winter wheats is better than in that of the spring wheats. Widely planted strong wheat cultivars (those planted in three or more regions in 1998) include Saratovskaya (SAR) 29 (three regions), SAR 42 (four), Albidum 28 (three), Niva 2 (three), and Omskaya 20 (three); and the valuable cultivars include Ivolga (in four regions), L 503 (four), and Irgina (five). These cultivar's have the Glu-1D subunit 2+12, whereas the strong wheat Voronezhskaya 6 (three regions) and valuable wheats Moskovskaya 35 (four), Priokskaya (five), Lada (four), and Prokhorovka (six) have subunit 5+10. The strong wheats Simbirka (six regions) and Novosibirskaya 89 (three) have 5+10/2+12. Subunit Glu-1D 2+12 does not prevent excellent or good bread-making quality in Russian spring wheats. Most of the widely grown wheats with this subunit and other cultivars bred at the Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Region (in Saratov) with drought resistance have Saratovskaya 29 in their pedigree. Russian and Ukrainian breeders also often use winter wheats such as MYR 808, BEZ 1, and Obrij in spring wheat breeding and this is the probable reason that Russian and Ukrainian winter and spring wheats belong to the same cluster (Fig. 1).

German and Austrian winter wheat varieties belong to another cluster (Fig. 1). Among these wheats, the Null subunit at Glu-A1, 7+9 or 6+8 at Glu-B1 and 5+10 at Glu-D1 predominate. Quality scores between 6.4 and 7.0 are less than those for the Ukraine or Russian Federation (8.7 to 8.9), but have a greater standard deviation. Among 65 winter wheat cultivars registered in Germany in 1996 (Bundessortemant: Beschreibende Sortenliste 1996), 10 (16 %) belong to class E (best quality from four classes) and 24 (37 %) to class A. Among the nine German cultivars are two sister lines bred in the former East Germany (Miras (2*, 7+9, 5+10) and Ramiro (1, 7+9, 5+10)) that are descendants of MYR 808 and BEZ 1; Absolvent (2* 7+9, 5+10) a BEZ 1 derivative; Monopol (Pantus (Sweden) / Admiral) and its derivatives Bussard and Astron (all three with 1, 7+9, 5+10); the 1994 releases Batis and Pegassos (both 1, 7+9, 5+10); and the old German cultivar Vuka (2*, 7+9, 5+10), which has the U.S. cultivars Minhardi and Minturki (derivatives through Carsten's VIII of old Ukrainian local varieties Krymka (Turkey) and Odessa) and has a quality score of 9.

Two cultivars from the former East Germany (both N, 17+18, 5+10) have a quality score of 8. These cultivars are Alidos and Kontrast (descendants of Alcedo, a Carsten's VIII derivative). More than 15 of the wheats have a quality score of 7 (all N, 7+9, 5+10) and include Tambor (a BEZ 1, descendant through Kavkaz); Rector (a Monopol derivative); descendants of Zentos (from former East German Alcedo) and Compal (U.S. cultivar Atlas 66 in pedigree). Aron and Glockner (bred in the 1990s with pedigrees unknown to the authors) belong to the group with good quality.

The old Austrian cultivar Erla Kolben (from the cross 'Admonter Fruch (a descendant of Thatcher) / Stamm 101 (a derivative of an old Hungarian local cultivars)') is the only one of 44 cultivars released in this country that is in the best qualty class of 9 (Groger at al. 1997). Nine cultivars are of class 8. The 11 cultivars in class 7 include Agron, Amadeus, Perlo, Spartakus, Brutus, and Jozef with subunits 2*, 7+9, 5+10 and Exquisit with 1, 7+9, 5+10. Agron, Amadeus, Perlo, Spartakusc, and Exuizit are derivatives of BEZ 1. The pedigrees of Brutus and Jozef are unknown to us. Extrem (pedigree: Record (derivative of old Ukrainian wheat Improved Fife) / Harrah)) from quality class 7 and its descendants Martin and Expert from class 8, have subunits N, 7+9, 5+10 and quality scores of 7.

Of spring wheat cultivars released in Germany and Austria, the predominant HMW-subunits are 1 in Glu A1, 7+9 or 14+15 in Glu-B1, and 5+10 in Glu-D1. A decrease in Null and 6+8 is the reason for higher than average quality score compared with winter wheat.

Among the 24 spring wheat cultivars released in Germany in 1996, seven (29 %) belong to class E and 12 (50 %) to class A. Remus with subunits 2*, 14+15, 5+10; two cultivars bred in the 1990s (Tinos and Thasos with 1, 7+9, 5+10); and the three new cultivars Hugin, Lavett, and Triso have quality scores of 9 and are in class E. Ralle with subunits 1, 7+9, 5+10 has a quality score of 9 and is in class A.

Of the 11 spring wheat cultivars released in Austria, 18 % (2) belong to class 8. The old Swedish variety Kadett and new Swiss Golin both have quality scores of 9 and Glu-1 subunits 1, 7+9, 5+10. Two old Austrian cultivars Karthner fruher (2* ,7+8, 5+10) and Rubin (1, 7+8, 5+10), from class 7 have quality scores of 10.

Connection of the HMW-glutenin subunits and extent of distribution. As mentioned, most of the winter wheat cultivars widespread in Ukraine and Russian Federation have the 1 and/or 2*, 7+9, 5+10 Glu-1 subunits. Some Ukrainian cultivars released in the 1990s have the Glu-1B subunits 7+8 or 7+8/7+9. As a rule,cultivars from different geographic areas and genetic origins were used in their pedigrees. For example, BEZ1 and Odes'ka 16 were in the pedigrees of three parents of the Ukrainian cultivar Al'batros Odes'kyj (1, 7+8, 5+10,
pedigree: M 57-74 / Majak // Promin (Red River 68 / Odes'ka 51). The Russian cultivars BEZ 1, SAR 3, and Skorospelka 3 (in the pedigree of Kanred (U.S.), which is a derivative of Krymka (UKR), and the Argentinian wheat Klein 33), and the Ukrainian cultivar Odes'ka 3 are in the pedigree of the Russian wheat Bezenchukskaja 380 (MYR 808 2* / Severokubanka) with the Glu-1 subunits 1, 7+9, 5+10.

Twelve winter wheat cultivars (Bundessortemant: Beschreibende Sortenliste 1996), nine German, two Dutch, and one French were planted in 1996 at three to seven locations in 11 different west European countries: Austria, Belium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. Appolo (German; N, 6+8, 2+12), Ritmo (Dutch; 1, 6+8, 3+12), and Estica (Dutch; N, 6+8, 5+10) in the quality groups B and C were planted in six to seven countries. Contra and Agent (German; N, 6+8, 2+12) and Atlantis (German; 1, 6+8, 2+12) were planted in three countries. One cultivar from quality group A (Herzog; German; N, 7+9, 2+12) was planted in five countries. Cultivars with quality scores from 4­6 and subunits N or 1, 6+8, 2+12 predominate in this group.

Other cultivars from quality classes E and A have quality scores of 7­10, but these cultivars were planted only in three to four countries. The German varieties Urban, Toronto, and Aron (N, 7+9, 5+10); and Astron (1, 7+9, 5+10); and the French cultivar Renan (2* ,7+8, 5+10) belong to this group. Renan inherited subunit 7+8 from Etoile de Choisy, an ancestor of Moisson, and subunit 5+10 and good bread-making quality from MYR 808. Subunits N, 1 or 2*, 7+9, and 5+10 were most common in this group.

The parental forms of three cultivars released in Germany, Appollo (German,1984), Ritmo (Dutch, 1993), and Renan (French, 1991) may be examples of using widely grown cultivars in breeding. Appollo was created with cultivars from three countries, Maris Beacon (Great Britain; Capelle Desprez (France) in pedigree); Clement (Dutch; Heine VII (Germany) in pedigree); and Kronjuwel. The Dutch cultivar Ritmo is a derivative of four cultivars, Maris Hobbit, Wizard, Maris Marksman, and Virtue, all from Great Britain. Renan (pedigree: MYR 808 / Maris Huntsman /3/ VPM 1 (France) / Moisson (France) // Courtot (France, Mexican wheat in pedigree) was bred from cultivars from four countries, the Ukraine, Great Britain, France, and Mexico.

MYR yara (1, 7+9, 5+10) is a derivative of MYR 808 (1, 7+9, 5+10) and is the most widely grown Ukrainian spring wheat. This wheat is grown in the forest-steppe and woodland regions in the Ukraine, eastern Siberia, and the far east regions of the Russian Federation.

The most widely grown spring wheats of the Russian Federation have the Glu-D1 subunits 2+12 and 5+10/2+12. Spring wheats occupy a greater area than winter wheats here. Among them are SAR 29 (2*, 7+9, 5+12) and many of its derivatives. Only some cultivars bred in the Central Non-Black-Earth region near Moskow, Moskovskaya 35, Enita, Priokskaja, and Lada (all bred with the Russian winter wheat BEZ 1 and the Belarussian spring wheat Minskaja in their pedigree) and the Volga Region-bred cultivar Prokhorovka have subunits 2* or 1, 7+8 or 7+9, and 5+10. Prokhorovka, released in 1996, was grown in 6­12 regions of the Russian Federation in 1998. In the pedigree of Prokhorovka are Omskaja 9 (BEZ 1 / 2* SAR 29), the winter wheat Ershovskaya 3 (Osetinskaya 3 (Vencedor (Argentinian winter) / Kawvalle (U.S. winter)), SAR 36 (sib of SAR 29), and PV 18 (India).

The spring wheat Cadenza (Great Britain; Axona (Dutch; pedigree HPG 552-66 / Maris Dove (Great Britain (Koga II, German))) / Tonic (Dutch; pedigree RPB 87-73 / RPB 94-73) was released in five countries of western Europe. Ralle (Svenno (Swiss, pedigree: Hatif Iniversable (France), Holland (Dutch), and Marquis (Canadian)) / Perlo (Austrian (Extrem / BEZ 1)); Remus (Sappo (Swiss) / Mexican wheat // Famos (German) (in pedigree Garnet, CAN)]; Nandu and Munk (both German) were released in three west European countries. Cadenza and Munk also were released in the Ukraine.

Ralle (1, 7+9, 5+10) belongs to quality class E; Remus (2*, 14+15, 5+10) and Munk (N, 7+9, 5+10) to class A; and Nandu (1, 7, 5+10) and Cadenza (N, 14+15, 5+ 10) to class B. However, Munk and Cadenza are class C wheats in the Ukraine. The quality scores are 9 for Ralle and Remus, 8 for Nandu, and 7 for Cadenza and Munk. Spring wheat cultivars have the Glu-B1 subunits 7+9, 14+15 or 7 and the Glu-D1 subunit 5+10, are released in three to five countries, and are not widely grown in western Europe.

Rabinovich at al. 1998 assumed that spring wheats with Glu-D1 subunits 2+12 are better adapted to arid regions than cultivars with subunit 5+10. A predominance of Glu-B1 subunit 6+8 and Glu-D1 subunit 2+12 among the winter wheat cultivars widely grown in humid conditions of western Europe suggests a connection between adaptation to arid conditions and subunits 2+12 and 6+8. However, these subunits are considered by most countries to be of low bread-making quality.

References.

Bespalov AM, Morgunov AI, and Pogorelova LG. 1996. Correlation of valuations of spring wheat bread-making quality by electrophoresis of proteins. In: Principles and Methods of Breeding and Seed Production of Corn and Bean Cultures in Non-Black-Ground Region. Moscow. p.151-159 (in Russian).

Beschreibende Sortenliste fur Getreide, Mais, Olfruchte, Leguminosen, (groskornig), Hackfruchte (auber Kartoffeln) 1991. 1991. Vergal Alfred Strothe. 230 pp.

Bundessortemant: Beschreibende Sortenliste 1996: Getreide, Mais, Olfruchte, Leguminosen, Hackfruchte. 1996. Leudbuch-Vergal 231 pp.

Catalogue of Released Cultivars of Agricultural Crops. 1983. V. III. Index. Moscow. 288 pp. (in Russian).

Catalogue of Released Cultivars of Agricultural Crops in Russian Federation. 1992. V. 1. Index (grain, fodder and industrial crops). Moscow. 192 pp. (in Russian).

Doropheev VF, Jakubziner MM, Rudenko MI, Mygushova EF, Udachin RA, Merezko AF, Semenova LV, Novikova MV, Gradchaninova OD, and Shitova IP. 1976. Wheats of the World. "Kolos", Leningrad. 487 pp. (in Russian).

Friebe B, Heun M, and Bushuk W. 1989. Cytological characterization, powdery mildew resistance and storage protein composition of tetraploid and hexaploid 1BL·1RS wheat-rye translocation lines. Theor Appl Genet 78:425 432.

Germplasm Resources Information Network. 1993. Public version for the PC (PC GRIN). Version 1.1. USDA ARS, USA.

Groger S, Oberforster M, Werteker M, Grausgruber H, and Lelley T. 1997. HMW glutenin subunit composition and bread making quality of Austrian grown wheats. J Cereal Sci 25:955-962.

Kazman ME and Lein V. 1996. Cytological and SDS-PAGE characterization of 1994­95-grown European wheat cultivars. Ann Wheat Newslet 42:86-91.

Lutz J, Katzhammer M, Stephan U, Felsenstein F.G., Oppitz K., and Zeller F.J. 1995. Identification of powdery mildew-resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.). V. Old German cultivars released in the former GDR. Plant Breed 114:29-31.

Martynov SP, Salachova TL, and Bojko EV. 1990. Pedigree, Genetic Characteristics, Origin of 20000 Wheat Varieties and Lines. Catalogue, V. 4, Saratov. 683 pp (in Russian).

Morgunov AI, Rogers WJ, Sayers EJ, and Metakovsky E.V. 1990. The high-molecular-weight subunit composition of Soviet wheat varieties. Euphytica 51:41-52.

Payne PI and Lawrence GJ. 1983. Catalogue of alleles of the complex loci Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 which code for high molecular weight subunits of glutenin in hexaploid wheat. Cereal Res Commun 11:29-35.

Plaschke J, Galan MW, and Roder MS. 1995. Detection of genetic diversity in closely related bread wheat using microsatellite markers. Theor Appl Genet 91:1001-1007.

Rabinovich SV. 1972. Modern Wheat Varieties and Their Pedigree. "Urozhaj", Kiev. 328 pp (in Russian).

Rabinovich SV, Panshenko IA, Parchomenko RG, and Usova ZV. 1997. HMW glutenin subunit composition of winter bread wheats grown in the Ukraine and Russian Federation in 1995­96 and their connection with pedigrees. Ann Wheat Newslet 43:231-240.

Rabinovich SV, Panchenko IA, Parchomenko RG, and Bondarenko VN. 1998. HWM glutenin subunit composition of spring bread wheats grown in the Ukraine and Russian Federation between 1995-97 and its connection with pedigrees. Ann Wheat Newslet 44:236-251.

Register of Plant Cultivars of the Ukraine in 1999 year. Part I. Official publication, Kiev. 47 pp (in Ukrainian).

Remeslo VN and Zhivotkov LA. 1976. Mironovka winter wheat breeding and primary seed production.. In: Mironovka Wheats. "Kolos", Moscow. pp. 19-98 (in Russian).

Sortenbeschreibung Landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen: Bundesanstalt für Pflanzenbau. 1986a. Wien.

Sortenbeschreibung Landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen. 3, neubearbeitete Auflage. 1986b. Wien. 541 pp.

State Register of Breeding Achievements Permitted to Utilization. Cultivars of plants. Official publication. 1998. Moscow. 172 pp.(in Russian).

Vahl U, Muller G, and Bohme T. 1993. Elektrophoretic protein analysis for the identification of doubled haploid 1A-1R, 1B-1R wheat-rye double translocation lines and for the assessment of their genetic stability. Theor Appl Genet 86:547-556.

Zeven AC and Reiner L. 1991. Genealogies of 3200 Wheat Varieties. Institute of Plant Breeding I.V.P., Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, and Crop Husbandry Technical University. 79 pp.

Zeven AC and Zeven-Hissink NCh. 1976. Genealogies of 14000 Wheat Varieties. Institute of Plant Breeding I.V.P., Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, and Crop Husbandry Technical University. 117 pp.

Zhivotkov LA, Vlasenko VA, Solona VI, and Shalin AYu. 1996. Using foreign germplasm in breeding modern wheat varieties. In: Wheat Breeding: Objectives, Methodology, and Progress: Proceeding of the Ukraine /CIMMYT Workshop. Wheat Special Report No 37. CIMMYT. Mexico, D.F. pp. 41-45.
Glu-D1 which code for high molecular weight subunits of glutenin in hexaploid wheat. Cereal Res Commun 11:29-35.

Plaschke J, Galan MW, and Roder MS. 1995. Detection of genetic diversity in closely related bread wheat using microsatellite markers. Theor Appl Genet 91:1001-1007.

Rabinovich SV. 1972. Modern Wheat Varieties and Their Pedigree. "Urozhaj", Kiev. 328 pp (in Russian).

Rabinovich SV, Panshenko IA, Parchomenko RG, and Usova ZV. 1997. HMW glutenin subunit composition of winter bread wheats grown in the Ukraine and Russian Federation in 1995­96 and their connection with pedigrees. Ann Wheat Newslet 43:231-240.

Rabinovich SV, Panchenko IA, Parchomenko RG, and Bondarenko VN. 1998. HWM glutenin subunit composition of spring bread wheats grown in the Ukraine and Russian Federation between 1995­97 and its connection with pedigrees. Ann Wheat Newslet 44:236-251.

Register of Plant Cultivars of the Ukraine in 1999 year. Part I. Official publication, Kiev. 47 pp (in Ukrainian).

Remeslo VN and Zhivotkov LA. 1976. Mironovka winter wheat breeding and primary seed production.. In: Mironovka Wheats. "Kolos", Moscow. pp. 19-98 (in Russian).

Sortenbeschreibung Landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen: Bundesanstalt für Pflanzenbau. 1986a. Wien.

Sortenbeschreibung Landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen. 3, neubearbeitete Auflage. 1986b. Wien. 541 pp.

State Register of Breeding Achievements Permitted to Utilization. Cultivars of plants. Official publication. 1998. Moscow. 172 pp.(in Russian).

Vahl U, Muller G, and Bohme T. 1993. Elektrophoretic protein analysis for the identification of doubled haploid 1A-1R, 1B-1R wheat-rye double translocation lines and for the assessment of their genetic stability. Theor Appl Genet 86:547-556.

Zeven AC and Reiner L. 1991. Genealogies of 3200 Wheat Varieties. Institute of Plant Breeding I.V.P., Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, and Crop Husbandry Technical University. 79 pp.

Zeven AC and Zeven-Hissink NCh. 1976. Genealogies of 14000 Wheat Varieties. Institute of Plant Breeding I.V.P., Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, and Crop Husbandry Technical University. 117 pp.

Zhivotkov LA, Vlasenko VA, Solona VI, and Shalin AYu. 1996. Using foreign germplasm in breeding modern wheat varieties. In: Wheat Breeding: Objectives, Methodology, and Progress: Proceeding of the Ukraine /CIMMYT Workshop. Wheat Special Report No 37. CIMMYT. Mexico, D.F. pp. 41-45.

Ukrainian wheats - ancestors of modern spring bread wheat cultivars of the Ukraine and Russian Federation.

S.V. Rabinovich, O.Yu. Leonov, and V.N. Bondarenko.

The compositions of Ukranian and Russian spring wheat cultivars and of their parents are closely connected. We analyzed pedigrees and the data are published in Rabinovich 1972; Dorofeev at al. 1976; Martynov at al. 1990; Catalogue of released cultivars of agricultural crops in Russian Federation 1992; and Rabinovich at al. 1998.

The cultivar Lutescens (LUT) 62 was recommended and was widely grown in all spring wheat growing regions in the Ukraine and Russian Federation of the former USSR after the organization in 1929 of the State Committee for Crop Cultivars Testing. Elite plants of LUT 62 were selected by A.P. Shekhurdin in 1911 in Saratov in a field of the local variety Poltavka. Poltavka was brought to the Lower Volga Region by settlers from the Ukraine, probably near the end of the 19th century (Mamontova 1967).

Lutescens 62, despite being widely growing in all regions of of the Ukraine, was not actually used in the pedigrees of other Ukrainian cultivars. Sometime before 1972 during more than 25 years, an ancestor of LUT 62, the Russian wheat Leningradka (LNG) was grown in the Ukraine. Lutescens 62 and the Ukrainian winter wheat Kooperatorka appear in pedigrees of Ukrainian cultivars bred from the Kazakhstanian wheat PPG 56 (a wheat-Thinopyrum hybrid). By the end of the 1950s, P.V. Kuchumov at Kharkiv had made two excellent hybrid combinations PPG 56 (KAZ / Selkirk (Canada) and 'SAR 29 / Milturum 215' (see Fig. 2). The cultivars Kharkivs'ka (KHR) 2 and KHR 6 were selected from the first cross, KHR 93 from the second, and KHR 10 from both. The Ukrainian wheats KHR 12 released in 1993, KHR 18 released in 1998, and Kolektyvna 3 expected to be released in 2000 are its descendants.

The spring wheat Artemivka (a selection from a local variety of the Poltava region), widely grown in the 1940-70s in the Ukraine and Russian Federation, appeared to be very valuable initial material for breeding of spring and winter wheats of the Ukraine, Russian Federation, and many other east European countries. Dniprjanka and KHR 18 are derivatives through the cultivar Kolektyvna,. The initial breeding material of famous winter wheat Myronivs'ka (MYR) 808 were selected from Artemivka in a winter sowing. This cultivar and its descendants, Ukrainian spring wheats MYR jara, Lugans'ka 4, and the Russian Burjatskaja 79, have ancetors among the wheats of the Ukraine and Russian Federation.

Kharkivs'ka 93 and KHR 2 were grown and KHR 6 and Lugans'ka 4 are now grown in the Ukraine and Russia. Kharkivs'ka 10 and KHR 12 are grown only in Russia and some of them were used in breeding Russian wheats.

The local variety Poltavka was used at Saratov not only in the breeding of LUT 62, but for many other Saratov cultivars that were widely grown. Among these wheats were Saratovskaja (SAR) 29 (and its sibs SAR 36 and SAR 39), SAR 38, and SAR 42.

The west Siberian cultivar Caesium (CAES) 111 was bred from elite plants of Poltavka. Released in 1929, CAES 111 was selected by N.A. Skalozubov in 1914 from a sowing of Poltavka near the town of Kurgan. Seeds of Poltavka were received from the estate of Kochubey near Poltava throgh the Bezenchuk Experimental Station in the Samara region (Udol'skaja 1936). Modern Russian cultivars Izumrudnaja, from the Ural region, and Altajskay 88 and Altajskiy Prostor, from Siberia, are descendants of Poltavka through CAES 111.

The Russian wheats LNG, LNG 12, Voronezhskaya 10 and 12 (both also KHR 93 descendants), Kurskaja 2038 (a KHR 10 derivative), Samsar, Prokhorovka, Albidum 188, and Omskaya (OMS) 9; and some others cultivars bred in Siberia and the Far East Regions; and the Kazakhstanian wheats Kazakhstanskaya rannespelaja, Karagandinskaya 70, Karabalykskaya 85, and Karabalykskaya 90 were grown in the Russian Federation in 1998. All are descendants of Potavka and its derivatives LUT 62, SAR 29, and some other Saratov-bred wheats.

The winter wheats Krasnodar (bred from BEZ 1, which has LUT 17 as a female parent) and Krasnodarskaja 39 (a descendant of Kharkivs'ka through the Volga-region wheat Hostianum (HOST) 237) and the Ukrainian cultivar Obrij (pedigree contains Odes'ka 51, Odes'ka 16 (a derivative of Zemka and 'HOST 237 / BEZ 1'), and Red River 68 (U.S.)) were successfully used in the breeding programs of many regions in Russia.

The greatest number of cultivars (Table 2) derived from BEZ 1 were bred in the Volga Regions and include the new cultivars Prokhorovka and Albidum 188. The west Siberian MYR 808 was succesfully used in eastern Siberia, and was used in breeding the widely grown cultivars Krepysh in North-West region, Kinelskaya 59 in Middle Volga area, and Kerba in the Ural region. In the Volga region, a large number of cultivars are bred from Saratov wheats.

Widely grown cultivars Moskovskaja 35, Enita, Priokskaya, and Lada from the Central Black-Earth region; Simbirka from the Middle Volga area, and Novosibirskaja 89 from western Siberia have the Belorussian-bred wheat Minskaya (a selection from an Altay-region cultivar) and/or BEZ 1, SAR 29, and SAR 36 in their pedigrees. Enita, Priokskaya, and Lada also have LNG and CIMMYT wheats in their pedigree. The majority of these cultivars were grown in the northeast area of the Russian Federation and the Volga, Ural, and Siberian regions. Minskaya was bred in 1956 in Belarus and was grown in Belarus and in the North-West and Central Black-Earth regions of the Russian Federaton. A derivative, Belarusskaja 12 (Opal (German) / Minskaja), was grown during the next 20 years in the Ukraine and Central Black-Earth and Middle Volga regions. This fact substantiates the wide adaptablility of Minskaja and its' Russian descendants.

The Russian cultivars Isheevskaya, Samsar, and L 503 from the Volga region; Baskirskaja 4 from the Ural region, and Amurskaya 75 from the Far East region are derivatives of Thatcher (U.S.) or its sib II 21-44. In the pedigree of both Baskirskaja 4 and Amurskaya 75 are the old Ukrainian wheats Red Fife (spring) and Krymka (winter, Turkey).

Early Ukrainian wheats and the ancestors of current cultivars belong to the strong, valuable, and filler-wheat classes. The winter wheats MYR 808 and Obrij, the spring wheats KHR 93 and Luganskaja 4, the Russian winter wheats BEZ 1 and Krasnodarskaya 39 and the spring-types SAR 29 and SAR 36, and the Saratov-bred CAES 111 are strong wheats. Ukrainian spring wheats MYR yara and KHR 10 are valuable wheats. Ukrainian spring wheats Poltavka and Artemivka, the Russian LUT 62 and LNG and the winter-type HOST 237, and the Kazakhstanian spring wheat PPG 56 are fillers. Grain qualities of the modern Ukrainian wheats and their Russian derivatives are shown in Figure 2 and Table 2.

The wheats of the Ukraine are the valuable initial material for breeding of cultivars with wide adaptation potential and may provide the answer to modern demands for high grain quality.

References.

Catalogue of Released Cultivars of Agricultural Crops in Russian Federation. 1992. V. 1. Index (grain, fodder and industrial crops). Moscow. 192 pp (in Russian).

Doropheev VF, Jakubziner MM, Rudenko MI, Mygushova EF, Udachin RA, Merezko AF, Semenova LV, Novikova MV, Gradchaninova OD, and Shitova IP. 1976. Wheats of the World. "Kolos", Leningrad. 487 pp (in Russian).

Martynov SP, Salachova TL, and Bojko EV. 1990. Pedigree, Genetic Characteristics, Origin of 20000 Wheat Varieties and Lines. Catalogue V. 4. Saratov. 683 pp (in Russian).

Rabinovich SV. 1972. Modern Wheat Varieties and Their Pedigrees. "Urozhaj", Kiev. 328 pp (in Russian).

Rabinovich SV, Panchenko IA, Parchomenko RG, and Bondarenko VN. 1998. HWM glutenin subunit composition of spring bread wheats grown in the Ukraine and Russian Federation between 1995-97 and its connection with pedigrees. Ann Wheat Newslet 44:236-251.

Genealogical analysis of spring and winter durum wheat cultivars included on the U.S.S.R., Ukraine, and Russian Official Lists between 1929-1998.

S.V. Rabinovich, N.K. Il'chenko, T.V. Dobrotvorskaya, and S.P. Martynov.

We determined the overall pattern of relationships within a group of spring and winter durum wheat cultivars recommended for different regions of the Ukraine and Russia between 1929 and 1998 based on their pedigree information. For cultivars of self-polllinated species with known pedigrees, the coefficient of parentage (COP) can provide an estimate of genetic similarity and be used as an indicator of latent diversity within and between cultivar groups or growing regions.

We analyzed the pedigrees of 79 spring and 14 winter durum wheats (Table 3, pages 188-191). Date of cultivar release and recommended growing regions were according to the Catalogue of Released Cultivars of Agricultural Crops, (1965, 1974, 1983, and 1992); Rabinovich (1972); Dorofeev at al. (1976); Martynov at al. (1990); Rabinovich at al. (1997); the Register of Plant Cultivars of the Ukraine (1997); and the State Register of Breeding Achievements Permitted to Utilization (1998).

Of the spring wheats, 15 were bred in the Ukraine and 60 in Russia. For the winter wheat, nine were from the Ukraine and five were of Russian origin. The spring wheats Krasnokutka 10 and Kolektyvna 2 were bred in both of these countries. The Kazakhstanian spring wheats SID 88 and Damsinskaja 90 are grown in Russia. The Ukrainian spring wheats Narodna, and Nakat and Russian Melanopus (MEL) 69 were grown between 1929-92, whereas the spring wheats Kharkivs'ka (KHR) 46, KHR 3, and KHR 23; the winter wheats Koral Odes'kyj, Aysberg Odes'kyj, and Alyj parus; and the Russian cultivar Svetlana are currently grown in the Ukraine and Russia.

The percent similarity between cultivars was examined using COP and computed for all 4,278 pairwise combinations of the cultivars from pedigree information from the Genetic Resources Information System (GRIS3.2). A cluster analysis was made on the COP matrix using a hierarchical agglomerative algorithm.

Clusters A, B, C, D, E, F, and G include 62 spring durum wheats, and clusters H and I include 10 winter durum wheats. Twenty-one cultivars (22.6 %), 17 spring, and four winter durum wheats were not grouped into any cluster. Most cultivars of group I were selected from local varieties or have pedigrees of unknown parentage. The predominant parents or ancestors shared by spring wheat cultivars in the cluster are: cluster A, Kharkivs`ka 46 (pedigree '34-5129 (T. turgidum / T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum) / unknown cultivar of Volga region'); cluster B, Weels; cluster C Narodna (a selection from LV of the Kharkiv region); cluster D, KHR 51 (pedigree 'Narodna / 34 5129') and Raketa (pedigree 'Hordeiforme 27 (a selection from LV Kubanka)*2 / T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum'); cluster E, LV Beloturka; cluster F, Melanopus 69 (a selection from LV Sivouska); and cluster G, LV Garnovka. Among the winter wheats, the predominant parents were 'KHR 1 / Oviachik 65' and other durum winter wheats in cluster H and 'KHR 1 / Oviachik 65' in cluster I. The mean COP values within all clusters ranged from 0.19 to 0.37, with an average of 0.28. These values were much higher than those between clusters (0.02 on average). Thus, the cultivar grouping was considered correct.

Cluster A is the largest with 24 cultivars and includes three closely related subclusters A1, A2, and A3. The Ukrainian cultivar Kharkivs'ka 46 and its 23 derivatives were bred in the forest-steppe and steppe regions of the Ukraine, regions 5­11 in Russia (for names of the regions see Table 10), and Kazakhstan. These wheats were released between 1979 and 1996. Among the cultivars in cluster A are nine widespread wheats KHR 46, KHR 23, Krasnokutka 10, Bezenchukskaya (BZK) 139, BZK 182, Kolektyvna 2, Orenburgskaya (ORB) 2, ORB 10, and Altayka. The predominant parents of the cultivars are: subcluster A1, KHR 46; in A2, two older Bezenchuk wheats, BG 40, BZK 105, and KHR 46; and in A3, KHR 46 and the Siberian cultivar Raketa. Another dominant ancestor for cultivars in cluster A was the land race Beloturka. Mean COP values within subclusters A1, A2, and A3 are 0.31, 0.37, and 0.50, respectively.

Only two cultivars released in 1990s, Novodonskaya from North Caucasian and Omskyj Rubin from Western Siberia belong to cluster B (COP = 0.36). Predominant parents were the U.S. cultivars Wells and Leeds (Br180 / Wells).

Cluster C (COP = 0.32) includes the widely grown Ukrainian cultivar Narodna, three of its Ukrainian derivatives bred between 1975­93, and the Russian wheat Saratovskaya (SAR) 57. The predominant parents in this cluster are Narodna and its descendant KHR 51 (Narodna / 34-5129).

In cluster D are 12 cultivars bred in the forest-steppe region of the Ukraine and regions 5-8, 10, and 11 of Russia between 1929-98. This cluster has three subclusters, D1, D2, and D3. The oldest cultivar, Hordeiforme (HRD) 189 and the newer Svetlana, Step' 3, and SAR zolotistaya are in cluster D. Predominant parents of subcluster D1 (COP = 0.36) are KHR 51 and Raketa (Kubanka derivative), in D2 (COP = 0.37) are Kubanka and Raketa, and in D3 (COP = 0.50) are KHR 46 and Raketa. The COP within cluster D is 0.24.

Cluster E (COP = 0.21) includes six old cultivars bred between 1929 and 1975 and grown in the middle to lower Volga region. Most of them were grown only in their own region, although HRD 432 was grown for more then 45 years in lower Volga and Ural regions and in Kyrgyzstan. Predominant parents in subcluster E1 (COP = 0.25) are MEL 212 and HRD 1717, and in subcluster E2 (COP = 0.30), LV Beloturka and a descendant HRD 5695.

Cluster F (COP = 0.19) consists of nine cultivars bred in the North Caucasian (two cultivars) and the lower Volga region, mainly between 1929-74. Most of these cultivars were grown exclusively in the lower Volga Region. Only two wheats from this cluster are widespread, MEL 69 (a selection from LV Syvouska), grown for 45 years in two regions of the Ukraine, six in Russia, and in Kazakhstan; and its derivative MEL 26, grown for more than 30 years in three regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. The predominant parents are MEL 69 and some other wheats from the lower Volga Region.

Cluster G (COP = 0.37) is composed of four old cultivars bred in regions 5, 6, and 10 of Russia between 1929 and 1955. The predominant parents among them are Garnovka and its descendant HRD 10. Cultivar HRD 10 (a selection from Garnovka) is more interesting. The breeding of Garnovka began in the steppe region of the Ukraine and finished in western Siberia. Garnovka was grown for 37 years in four regions of Russia and Kazakhstan.

Clusters H and I consist of 10 winter durum wheat cultivars. Cluster H (COP = 0.27) includes the Ukrainian wheats Aysberg Odeskyj and Alyj Parus, which are derivatives of KHR 1 (Alabasskaya / Narodna // HRD 13 / Oviachik 65) and the Russian cultivar Yantar Povolzhya, a descendant of KHR 1. Their pedigrees contain many spring and durum winter wheats. Two old Ukrainian cultivars Michurinka and Novomichurinka, which are derivatives of winter bread wheat Odes'ka 3; the spring durum winter wheat cultivars; and the Russian variety Kristall 2, which is derivative of Novomichirinka and the Chilean spring durum Candeal 17, also belong to cluster H.

The Ukrainian cultivars Parus and Korall Odes'kyj released in the 1980s and the Russian wheats Leucurun 21 and Pricumchanka released in the 1990s belong to cluster I (COP = 0.36). These cultivars are derivatives of KHR 1 and the Mexican spring wheat Oviachik 65.

Among the 79 spring durum wheats released between 1929 and 1998 in the Ukraine and Russia, 45 (57 %) are of the botanical variety hordeiforme, 18 (23 %) of leucurum, 11 (14 %) of melanopus, and five (6 %) other botanical varieties. Of the 34 cultivars grown in 1998, 23 (68 %) belong to hordeiforme, 9 (26 %) to leucurum, and 2 (6 %) to other varieties. Among 18 cultivars widely grown (in three or more regions) between 1929­98 and 11 in 1998, 12 (67 %) and 8 (73 %) belong to hordeiforme and 4 (22 %) and 3 (27 %) to leucurum, respectively. Nine cultivars (11 %) grown between 1929-98 are variety melanopus. In 1998, none of widely grown cultivars were of this variety. Thus, the red, nonpubescent spike of the hordeiforme varieties has a remarkable breeding advantage in the Ukraine and most regions of Russia.

Cultivars of melanopus, MEL 69 and its derivative MEL 26, were grown widely during 45 and 32 years, respectively. Old cultivars belonging to hordeiforme (HRD 189, HRD 432, and HRD 10) were released in 1929 and Narodna (1947) was grown for 37-46 years. The best Ukrainian cultivar KHR 46, released in 1957 (hordeiforme) is still grown, and many derivatives are predominatly hordeiforme cultivars. Ten of the 11 widely grown cultivars in 1998 are derivatives of KHR 46 and one, SAR zolotistaya, is a descendant of KHR 51 (Narodna / 34-5129). Among the widely grown wheats are four leucurum varieties: Almaz (grown during the past 18 years), Svetlana (grown currently and for the past 12 years), and Step and SAR zolotistaya released in the 1990s. The first three are derivatives of KHR 46, and SAR zolotistaya is from KHR 51 (hordeiforme).

The most widely grown durum wheat cultivar is KHR 46, grown on 4.5 million hectares in 1969. KHR 46 was released in 1957 in Kazakhstan and later in all regions of the Ukraine and Russia where durum wheats are grown. The success of KHR 46 and its derivatives is from 34-5129, a 'T. turgidum / T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum' hybrid. Among the derivatives of KHR 46 are 17 cultivars bred in the Ukraine, Russia, or Kazakhstan and grown only in one or two regions. Although the mean COP between KHR 46 and 12 of its widely grown derivatives is 0.47, it is interesting that the mean COP between KHR 46 and descendants grown in limited regions is only 0.32.

To estimate spatial genetic diversity, the average COPs within groups of cultivars recommended for different regions were calculated (Table 4). Some cultivars are recommended for use in several regions (Register of Plant Cultivars of the Ukraine in 1998 year, 1997; State Register of Breeding Achievements Permitted to Utilization, 1998). Therefore, the total number exceeds the number of cultivars from the Official Lists.

The genetic diversity among cultivars recommended for use in the lower Volga and East-Siberia regions was high. The average COP is from 0.15 to 0.25 in the other regions of Russia and two regions of the Ukraine. The latter corresponds to the cultivars with an average relationship similar to that between quarter-sibs and half-sibs. This situation is dangerous, because the actual diversity probably is lower than the recommended diversity, increasing the vulnerability of durum wheats to disease and other biotic and abiotic stresses.

References.

Catalogue of Released Cultivars of Agricultural Crops. 1965. Kolos, Moskow. 288 pp. (in Russian).

Catalogue of Released Cultivars of Agricultural Crops. 1974. Kolos, Moskow. 480 pp. (in Russian).

Catalogue of Released Cultivars of Agricultural Crops. 1983. V. III. Index. Kolos, Moskow. 288 pp. (in Russian).

Doropheev VF, Jakubziner MM, Rudenko MI, Mygushova EF, Udachin RA, Merezko AF, Semenova LV, Novikova MV, Gradchaninova OD, and Shitova IP. 1976. Wheats of the World. Kolos, Leningrad. 487 pp. (in Russian).

Martynov SP, Salachova TL, and Bojko EV. 1990. Pedigree, Genetic Characteristics, Origin of 20,000 Wheat Varieties and Lines. Catalogue, V. 4. Saratov. 683 pp. (in Russian).

Rabinovich SV. 1972. Modern Wheat Varieties and Their Pedigrees. Urozhaj, Kiev. 328 pp. (in Russian).

Rabinovich SV and Il'chenko NK. 1997. Pedigree analysis of T. durum cultivars grown in the Ukraine and the Russian Federation in 1996 and their relatinoships in cultivars. Ann Wheat Newslet 43:225-231.

Register of Plant Cultivars of the Ukraine in 1998 year. Part I. Official publication. 1997. Kiev. 47 pp. (in Ukrainian).

State Register of Breeding Achievements Permitted to Utilization. Cultivars of plants. Official publication. 1998. Moscow. 172 pp. (in Russian).

Environmental variability in emmer wheats.

Tatjana T. Tkachenko.

Environmental variability is an important characteristic of emmer wheat to consider when using the species in breeding bread and durum wheats. We studied 150 spring emmer samples kindly supplied by the Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry to determine the diversity of this trait in emmer wheat. The durum wheat cultivar Kharkovskaya 37 was used as a check variety. The study was grown in the northeast Ukraine. Climatic conditions varied during the study; 1993 and 1994 had favorable temperatures and humidity, whereas 1995 and 1996 were droughtly, but at different times. The 1995 drought began after sowing (around the 3rd week of April), ended at boot stage, and was followed by heavy rain (90 mm) that caused repeated tillering in the emmer plants. There was another period of drough until harvest. In 1996, the plants did not recover from a drought and a sharp rise in temperature at grain forming (1st and 2nd weeks of June).

Environmental variability was studied according to Eberhart and Russell (Crop Sci, 6:36-40, 1966). The effect of genotype on yield was significant only in the durum wheat check Kharkovskaya 37 and in the emmer subspecies aethiopicum and maroccanum. Kharkovskaya 37 had a high and positive genotypic effect (248.5) estimated by a 1 ranking, whereas the Ethiopian and Moroccan samples had high, but negative effects (-153.0 to -168.8).

Samples belonging to subsp. europeum had a positive and those of subsp. asiaticum had a negative significance of genotypic potential. These subspecies differ from the mean value estimated for the set of samples (less than the least significant difference) by a ranking of 2.

The highest positive 'G x E' effect was in the European sample i-528519A from Switzerland at 93.0. Considerably less were the Asian samples k-10456 (from Russia, Tatarstan) at 62.5 and k-13664 and k-23640 (from Armenia) at 65.0 and 64.0, respectively. Negative genotypical effects were found in line k-44167 (from India, subsp. aethiopicum) at 93.8, k-22481 (from Russia, Chuvashia, subsp. asiaticum) at 98.3, and to a lesser degree in another European line k-19358 (from the Ukraine, L'viv region) at 61.8.

The regression coefficient of crop productivity to growing conditions is an estimate of environmental variablity. This coefficient was positive in all samples, but significantly exceeded the mean (a ranking of 3) in samples of subsp. europeum k-36527 (Sweden) at 1.4, k-15007 (Poland) at 1.6, and k-40035 (Yugoslavia) at 1.9; for subsp. asiaticum in k-14118 at 1.3, k-13664 at 1.8, and k-23640 at 1.8 (Armenia), k-12991 (Georgia) at 1.6, and k 20967 (Turkey) at 1.9; and for subsp. aethiopicum in k-44167 (India) at 1.2. The Kharkovskaya 37 check was 1.6.

Samples with a high index of environmental variability had low productivity during the droughts and realized their potential only in the favorable years.

The European lines k-19352 and k-19358 (Ukraine, L'viv region); Asian lines k-14043 (Armenia), IR 68/94 (Russia, Daghestan), emmer wheat Hybrid 7 (Russia, Ul'janovsk), k-13011 and k-22481 (Russia, Chuvashia), and k-6436 (Georgia); the subsp. aethiopicum lines k-13895 and k-19564; and the Moroccan k-15840 have low regression coefficients (up to 0.71) as estimated by a ranking of 1. These lines produced small gains under good growing conditions. The European and Asian lines showed increased productivity even in the drought years of 1995 and 1996. The Ethiopian and Moroccan lines had a low crop productivity in both drought and favorable years.

Lines with mean and high regression coefficients at fairly high, although not significant, genotypic effects were i-528519A (Switzerland), k-10456 (Russia, Tatarstan), and k-13664 and k-23640 (Armenia). These lines are of especial interest because they are high-yielding and responsive to good growing conditions.

The relative practical value of the lines was determinated by sum of the rankings evaluating genotypical effects and regression coefficients. The samples with an advantage (when the index is lower than that of the standard durum wheat cultivar) are k-19352 and k-19358 (Ukraine, L'viv region), k-14043 (Armenia), k-6436 (Georgia), k 13925 and IR-68/94 (Russia, Daghestan), emmer wheat Hybrid 7 (Russssia, Ul'janovsk), and k-13011 and k-22481 (Russia, Chuvashia). These samples are considered to be the highest-yielding varieties for the conditions in the northeast Wood-Steppe of the Ukraine. They may be recommended for use in wheat breeding programs during the current reniassance of emmer wheat growing in this region.