FFF

Fabila, Alfonso

    1957             Los Pápagos de Sonora. Acción Indigenista, núm. 47, pp. 2-4. México, D.F., Instituto Nacional Indigenista. [Seven photographs and a map accompany this general description of Papagos in Sonora. The author estimates the 1957 Sonoran population at about 745 Papagos living in three municipios and eleven settlements. Papagos are said to be living at the subsistence level, raising few cash crops. Subsistence, cattle, clothing, houses, roads, rainfall, climate, political organization of villages, and relations of Sonoran Papagos to those living in the United States are topics of discussion.]

Fages, Pedro. See Ives, translator and editor (1968)

Fair, Charles L.

    1965             "Geology of the Fresnal Canyon Area, Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Arizona." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 111 pp. (AAT 6600712) [Fresnal Canyon is on the west side of the Baboquivari Mountains on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Falls, Jo

    1996             Tepary beans -- Milky Way in the desert. Desert Corner Journal, September-October, pp. 2, 12. Tucson, Tohono Chul Park. [This article about tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius) includes some discussion about the one-time importance of this plant to the Tohono O'odham. The latter have a tradition that the stars in the Milky Way are abundant white tepary beans scattered across the sky.]

    1997             More Kino missions. Desert Corner Journal, May/June, p. 4. Tucson, Tohono Chul Park. [Mention is made of a planned visit to missions San Xavier del Bac and Tumacacori on May 13, 1997 by members of Tohono Chul Park.]

Fandray, Dayton

    2000             On Tucson time. Alaska Airlines Magazine, Vol. 24, no. 9 (September), front cover, pp. 26-29, 31, 137-138. Seattle, Paradigm Communications Group. [The front cover of the magazine consists of a spectacular color photo by Jack Dykinga of the north elevation of the west bell tower of Mission San Xavier del Bac at sunset. This overview of Tucson and the surrounding area describes mission San Xavier as the "crown jewel of a city that cares deeply about its history."]

Fannin, Paul

    1969             Statement of Hon. Paul J. Fannin, a U.S. Senator from the State of Arizona. In Indian education: Hearings before the Special Sub-committee on Indian education of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Congress, 90th Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions, Part 3, pp. 990-992. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. [Senator Fannin alludes in his remarks to a visit made by him to the Papago Indian Reservation and meeting there with student Marian Antone.]

Farbman, N.R.

    1961             Desert mission. Life, Vol. 50, no. 8 (February 24), pp. 8-59. New York, Time, Inc. [This is a panoramic color photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac showing the convento, church, mortuary chapel, school, and nuns= house. South elevation.]

Farish, Thomas E.

    1915             History of Arizona, Vol. 2. San Francisco, The Filmer Brothers Electrotype Company. [Mention of Papagos on page 29.]

    1916             History of Arizona, Vol. 4. San Francisco, The Filmer Brothers Electrotype Company. [Mention of Papagos on page 21.]

    1918             History of Arizona, Vol. 7. San Francisco, The Filmer Brothers Electrotype Company. 327 pp. [Chapter 7, pages 297-312, deals with the Papago and Sobaipuri Indians, including a photograph of a San Xavier Papago opposite page 297. Papagos also mentioned on page 2.]

Faulk, Odie B.

    1973             Destiny road: the Gila Trail and the opening of the Southwest. New York, Oxford University Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. 232 pp. [Mention is made of the fact that in 1768 Father Francisco Garcés, a Franciscan missionary, arrived to take charge of Mission San Xavier del Bac (p. 10).]

Faulk, Odie B., editor

    1966             John Baptist Salpointe: soldier of the cross. Foreword by Francis J. Green. Tucson, Diocese of Tucson. Illus., index. xxiii + 181 pp. [In this re-issued version of Soldiers of the Cross (Salpointe 1898), Faulk adds extensive footnotes, including two that allude to mission San Xavier del Bac (pages 57 and 61) as well as to Papago Indians (page 57). Faulk mistakenly dates the construction of the Franciscan church at San Xavier as "between 1790 and 1820," and he misstates the founding of the mission as having been in 1701.]

Fay, George E.

    1967             Charter, constitutions and by-laws of the Indian tribes of North America, part IV: the Southwest (Navajo-Zuni). Occasional Publications in Anthropology, no. 5, Ethnology Series. Greeley, Colorado State College, Museum of Anthropology. 120 pp. [The Constitution and By-laws of the Ak-Chin (Papago) Indian Community, Arizona, are on pages 28-35. The Constitution and By-laws of the Papago Tribe of Arizona are on pages 45-52.]

Feagin, Joe R., and Randall Anderson

    1973             Intertribal attitudes among Native American youth. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 54, no. 1 (June), pp. 117-131. Austin, Texas, Southwestern Social Science Association and the University of Texas at Austin. [This is a study of the antipathy attitudes of Papago, Pima, Hopi, Navajo, and Apache students in Sherman Institute, a Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding school in Riverside, California. The authors try to assess the opinions of these students toward one another as ethnic groups and toward other ethnic groups in general (e.g., Blacks, Whites).]

Federal Writers' Project

    1939             The Papago [Arizona State Teachers College Bulletin, Vol. 20, no. 3 (October)]. Flagstaff, Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff. Bibl. 16 pp. [This is a tightly written outline of Papago history and culture, with sections entitled "history," "economics," "social organization," and "religion." Included are data on material culture (e.g. pottery and basketry), food production, hunting, and gathering.]

Feinman, Gary M.

    1991             Hohokam archaeology in the eighties: an outside view. In Exploring the Hohokam, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 461-483. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [The author questions the use of Pima and Papago cultural analogies as an aid to understanding the prehistoric culture patterns of the Hohokam (p. 473).]

Feldman, Dede

    1980             Solar energy on the reservation -- a way to grow but remain the same. New America, Vol. 4, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 68-72. Albuquerque, New American Editorial Board, sponsored by American Studies Graduate Students Association, University of New Mexico. [Includes a photo by U.S. Indian Health Service engineer Sal Reyes of the photovoltaic array at the Papago village of Schuchulik (Gunsight) on the Papago Indian Reservation. There is no mention of Papago solar power in the text.]

Feldman, Kerry D.

    1972             Deviation, demography, and development: differences between Papago Indian communities. Human Organization, Vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 137-148. Washington, D.C., The Society for Applied Anthropology. [Data taken from the Papago population register are utilized to construct three demographic community types. These are utilized in predicting levels of modernization in education, employment, and acceptance of Protestant religion. It is concluded that the varying demographic segments, including Papago Indian villages, are part of an emerging system of hierarchical organization of communities according to function.]

Felger, Richard S.

    1976             The Gulf of California: an ethno-ecological perspective. Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 16, (July), pp. 451-464. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico School of Law. [Although the discussion centers on the Seri Indians' adaptation to the Gulf of California region in Sonora, mention is made of the western Papagos in the Pinacate Mountains area of northwestern Sonora.]

    1980             Vegetation and flora of the Gran Desierto, Sonora, Mexico. Desert Plants, Vol. 2, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 87-114. Tucson, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. [A thoroughgoing discussion of the 180 species of plants that grow in the Gran Desierto region of northwestern Sonora includes mention of some two dozen potentially edible species which have been utilized by Papago Indians. Papagos are mentioned specifically as having eaten the root of Ammobroma sonorae (sandfood).]

    1981             Teparies -- the desert beans. sonorensis, Vol. 3, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 3, 12. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [A very brief essay about tepary beans notes their availability for sale on the Papago Indian Reservation and the possibility that the word "Papago" derived from the Piman term for tepary bean.]

    1998             Sonoran sandfood. Dryland Oasis, Vol. 1, nos. 1 & 2 (Spring/Summer), pp. 1, 7. Tucson, Drylands Institute. [This is about the plant Pholisma sonorae (formerly Ammobroma sonorae) that grows in the sand dunes of southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora and whose tuberous root was a source of food for the HiaCed O'odham, or Western Papago. Illustrated.]

    2000             Flora of the Gran Desierto and the Río Colorado of northwestern Mexico. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., gazetteer, appendices, refs., index. xii + 673 pp. [The names in O'odham are given for a great many of the hundreds of plants listed here for southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora. There are also a discussion of the relationship of the HiCed O'odham to Quitobaquito and of their history in the region in general. Consult the index under "O'odham" for mention of the O'odham generally.]

Felger, RichardS.; Matthew B. Johnson, and Michael F. Wilson

    2001             The trees of Sonora, Mexico. Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press. Map, illus., refs., appendix, index. vi + 391 pp. [The Tohono O'odham names are given for the Sonoran trees Populus fremontii (Western cottonwood), Fraxinus velutina (Velvet ash), Morus microphylla (Littleleaf mulberry), Quercus emoryi (Emory oak), and Parkinsonia aculeata (Mexican palo verde). The HiaCed O'odham name for Populus fremontii is also given.]

Felger, Richard S., and Mary B. Moser

    1974             Seri Indian pharmacopeia. Economic Botany, Vol. 28, no. 4 (October-December), pp. 414-436. Bronx, New York, The Society for Economic Botany. [Zinnia acerosa (DC.) Gray, a member of the sunflower family, is said by Seri Indians to have been used by Papagos to make a medicine to cure diarrhea (p. 423).]

    1985             People of the desert and sea: ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 435 pp. [Papago Indians, neighbors of the Seris, are mentioned throughout the text in terms of their use of plants in basketry and medicine and as a source of Seri plant names. Consult the book's index.]

Felger, Richard S.; Peter L. Warren, L. Susan Anderson, and Gary P. Nabhan

     1992            Vascular plants of a desert oasis: flora and ethnobotany of Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, No. 8 (June 1). San Diego. [AIncluded in this study of the flora of the Quitobaquito oasis are indigenous Sonoran Tohono O'odham and Hia C-ed O'odham names and uses for plants at Quitobaquito. This is the first time such ethnobotanical information has been made available concerning the westernmost Piman speakers. We urge that cultural as well as biological processes be considered further in planning the long-term conservation and management of Quitobaquito."]

Felix, Ermolinda, and Monica Lopez

    1982             [Untitled.] Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p.32. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [This untitled poem by two Papago middle school students is as follows: "Rabbit, rabbit, how does it feel to have fur? / To be warm and soft and comfortable in December? // Rabbit, rabbit, how does it feel to have fur? / To be hot and sweaty and disappointed in June?"]

Felix, Geri

    1980             From this world. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, p. 185. Tucson, University of Arizona, Department of English. [This is a contemporary poem in English by a Papago concerning memories of a loved one who has died.]

Félix G., José Rómulo

    2002             Sonora de la prehistoria al siglo XXI en pocas palabras. Hermosillo, José Rómulo Félix Gastélum. Maps, illus., bibl. 80 pp. [This well-illustrated and concise summary of Sonoran history devotes three paragraphs to the APápagos-Pimas Altos.@ The author subscribes to the etymology of APapago@ as meaning Abean eaters.@]

Fenger, Susan Y.

    1988             AA study of a photographic collection: the photographs of Father Augustine Schwarz.@ Master of Arts thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe. Illus. vii + 143 pp. [Father Augustine Schwarz was a 20th century Franciscan missionary among the Pima Indians, but one who also served among the Papagos at old San Solano in Cababi (KoVaya) from 1919 to 1921 and as superior of the San Solano Missions at Topawa from September, 1927 through January 1929, and again from May, 1935 through January, 1941. Some of his many photographs are of Tohono O=odham and places on the Papago Reservation.]

Fennell, Thomas W., compiler

    1967             St. John's Indian School. Laveen, Arizona, St. John's Indian School. Illus. 33 pp. [This pictorial booklet about St. John's Indian School on the Gila River Indian Reservation includes a paragraph about Fr. Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M., a long time missionary to the Papago Indians. Two black-and-white photos with Fr. Bonaventure in them are included as are photos of his grave site at Topawa and of the community house at Topawa. There are also individual photos of Papagos Mike Chiago, Rico Thomas, and Leonard Enos in their military uniforms.]

Fer, Nicolas de

    1965             ... Carte de Californie et de Nouveau Mexique ... In Kino and the cartography of northwestern New Spain, by Ernest J. Burrus, plate 14. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers= Historical Society. [The caption written by Father Burrus beneath the map reproduced here says, in part, ANicolas de Fer=s first pirated copy of Kino=s 1695-1696 map, printed in Paris in 1705.@ As does Kino=s original map, it shows the region of the Pimería Alta and lists the O=odham communities there.]

    1989             La Californie ou Nouvelle Caroline. Teatro de los Trabajos Apostólicos de la Compa. e Jesús en la América Septe. Pimería, Vol. 21, no. 1, front cover. Tucson, University of Arizona, University Library, Map Collection. [Printed here enlarged 41% is that portion of a 1720-printed map by Nicolas de Fer showing the region of the Pimería Alta, including locations of Pima, Soba, and Sobaipuri Indian communities. It is wildly inaccurate.]

Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr.

    1967             The Hohokam "ball court": an alternate view of its function. Kiva, Vol. 33, no. 1 (October), pp. 1-14. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Ferdon suggests that Hohokam so-called "ball courts" may have served different functions. General similarities, including basic court orientations, with the Papago Vikita dance court assemblages at Santa Rosa and Quitovac may reflect a similar use of Hohokam courts in prehistoric times. A section entitled "The Papago Vikita Ceremony: a Possible Reflection of Hohokam Court Function," is on pages 8-12.]

Ferg, Alan

    1979             The petroglyphs of Tumamoc Hill. Kiva, Vol. 45, nos. 1-2 (Fall-Winter), pp. 95-118. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This study of petroglyphs on a hill next to Tucson, Arizona, includes mention of an unsuccessful attempt to link the markings on Papago and Pima calendar sticks with the markings on the rocks.]

    1983             Two archaeological occurrences of black vulture in southern Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 49, nos. 1-2 (Fall-Winter), pp. 111-117. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [One of these occurrences of black vulture bones was in the archaeological site of Burro Pond (Ariz. DD: 5: 8) on the Papago Indian Reservation. They were excavated by Wilfred Bailey in 1940-41. The other occurrence is at Tumacacori Mission National Monument, where they were excavated by Louis Caywood in 1964.]

    1991             Hohokam T-shaped stone. Archaeology in Tucson, Vol. 5, no. 3 (August), pp. 1-3, 8. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [Included here is an illustration of "stone artifacts collected by Carl Lumholtz near San Xavier in 1909-1910." The artifacts are a mano and a T-shaped stone being used as a metate. Ferg notes that the stone may have been in use by Tohono O'odham as a metate when Lumholtz collected it.]

Ferg, Alan, and William D. Peachey

    1998             An atlatl from the Sierra Pinacate. Kiva, Vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 175-200. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a description of a prehistoric atlatl found in a cave in the Sierra Pinacate of northwestern Sonora, a cave said by an unnamed Tohono O'odham to be called Ceson Ceho in O'odham. The O'odham asked that no translation be given (ceson is the word for desert bighorn sheep).]

Ferg, Alan, and Lawrence Vogler

    1977             An archaeological survey of Route PIR 21: Kom Vo to Papago Farms, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona. Archaeological Series, no. 110 (April). Tucson, Cultural Resource Management Section, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. Maps, refs. cited. 34 pp. [In a survey of a proposed road right-of-way, archaeological work in 1977 found seven archaeological sites and thirty-five isolated artifacts, all on the Papago Indian Reservation. All sites are prehistoric, although one apparently has a 19th century Papago component. Only one site was recommended either to be avoided by road building or to be excavated archaeologically.]

Ferguson, Charles W.

    1950             "An ecological analysis of Lower Sonoran Zone relic vegetation in south-central Arizona." Master's thesis, Department of Botany and Range Ecology, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus. 41 pp. [This thesis provides a study of Lower Sonoran relic vegetation on Black Mountain on the San Xavier (Papago) Indian Reservation.]

Ferguson, T.J.; Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh, and Roger Anyon

    2004             One valley, many histories: Tohono O=odham, Hopi, Zuni, and Western Apache history in the San Pedro Valley. Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 18, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 1-2, 4-15. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [This is a well-illustrated collection of brief essays concerning living groups of Indians whose forebears are believed either once to have lived in or to have used the resources of the San Pedro River Valley of southeastern Arizona. Among these are the Tohono O=odham, a few of whom visited the area with archaeologists and some of whose observations are recorded here in a section titled, A>Our cousins to the east=: O=odham traditions in the San Pedro Valley.@ It is noted: AThe Tohono O=odham acknowledge that there are several groups of O=odham-speaking peoples, some of whom lived in great houses and platform mound communities, and some of whom attacked those settlements. The Tohono O=odham today recognize both of these groups as ancestors.@]

Fergusson, David

    1863             Report of the country, its resources, and the route between Tucson and Lobos Bay. Senate Executive Documents, no. 1, 38th Congress, special session, pp. 1-22. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This report, dated February 1, 1863, was written in Santa Fe, New Mexico and is accompanied by maps showing the area between Tucson and Lobos Bay in northwestern Sonora. The entry for October 10, 1862, under "Itinerary of the route," reads: "3 p.m. Tucson to Mission San Xavier del Bac -- good level road; wood, water, grass, grain, corn, fodder. Course of route S. by W. 2W. distance in miles, 8.89." There are descriptions here Caborca, Pitiquito, Altar, Tubutama, Oquitoa, Saric, Atil, houses, crops, cattle, Papago Indians, and more.]

    1897a           [Letter to Colonel J.R.West, 1^st Infantry, California Volunteers, Commanding, datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, June 25, 1862.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 1, pp. 1159-1162. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Fergusson reports on supplies available in Sonora. He gives the prices for such commodities as beans, wheat, and barely; the cost of transportation; and location and population information on such Pimería Alta communities as those at Imuris, San Ignacio, Magdalena, and Santa Ana. The more recent communities of Terrenate, La Mesa, San Lorenzo, and Santa Marta are included as well.]

    1897b           [Letters to Major R.C. Drum and Lieutenant Benjamin C. Cutler, datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, June 26 and August 19, 1862.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, pp. 76-81. Washington, Government Printing Office. [These letters concern routes, transportation, and availability of supplies from northern Sonora, with tables of distances from town to town given. Crops, times of harvest, and costs of crops are given. San Xavier is mention on page 80.]

    1897c           Report on a survey from Tucson to Port Lobos and Libertad, on the Gulf of California, made by order of Brig. Gen. Carleton; General Order 20 (September 5, 1862), Hq. Distirct of Ariz. In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 3, Vol. 3, pp. 24-35. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This is slightly condensed version of Fergusson (1863).]

    1897d           [Letter to Lieut. J.F. Bennett, Acting Assistant Adjutant General.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, pp. 394-395. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated April 14, 1863 and written in Tucson, Arizona Territory, this letter is addressed to Bennett at Headquarters, District of Arizona, Harts Mill, Texas. Fergusson writes that there is a Papago ranchería of about 400 persons at Fresnal. He says they have about 43 jacales (brush houses), some 300 horses and an equal number of cattle, principally milch cows. He says there is also a Papago ranchería at Coyote Springs (i.e., Ban Dak {Pan Tak} or Coyote Sits) with a population of some 250 Papagos and 150 horses.]

    1897e           [Letter to Lieut. J.F. Bennett, First Infantry California Volunteers, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, April 14, 1863.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, p. 395. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This letter is addressed to Headquarters District of Arizona, Hart's Mill, Texas. Fergusson was Colonel, First Cavalry California Volunteers, Commanding. The letter deals with the distribution of arms to the Pimas and Maricopas for use against Apaches. Fergusson expressed his willingness to lend arms to Papagos at San Xavier and in other settlements. He notes that it is an unfavorable time for a campaign against the Apaches as the Papagos, Pimas, and Maricopas are required to remain at home until their crops are harvested (which would suggest crops of winter wheat).]

    1897f            [Letter to Lieut. J.F. Bennett, First Infantry California Volunteers, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, April 14, 1863.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, p. 396. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Included here: AThe Indians have been very busy lately in this vicinity. They have on several occasions stolen citizens= cattle from San Xavier and Tucson, the most of which have been recovered, but last week they carried away about forty head from San Xavier.@]

    1897g           [Letter to Captain T.T. Tidball, Fifth California Infantry California Volunteers, datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, May 2, 1863.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, pp. 422-423. Washington, Government Printing Office. [This letter contains orders to attack and destroy an Apache ranchería at Cajon de Arivapa (i.e., Aravaipa Canyon). He authorizes that 20 Papagos be used in the attack, and he refers to Jose Antonio Saborez as the Governor of the Papagos. He tells Tidball that the latter will have to "exercise considerable vigor" to prevent Papagos and tame Apache guides from killing women and children and plundering when they should be fighting. The attacking force was also to include Mexicans headed by guide Jesus María Elías and nine Atame Apaches.@ Their route was to be via the Canada del Oro.]

    1897h           Orders No. 8, Hq. Tucson, Ariz. Ter., May12, 1863. In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, pp. 431-432. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Fergusson congratulates Captain T.T. Tidball on Athe very gallant and solider-like manner in which the expedition against the Apache Indians in the Canada de Arivaypa (Aravaipa Canyon) was conducted, and the highly creditable result of the attack on those savages, who have been devastating, robbing, and murdering in this Territory and Sonora for centuries. Capt. T.T. Tidball ... who commanded the expedition may well be proud of it and the brave men under his command, who marched for five days without ever lighting a fire, maintaining silence, hiding by day and traveling by night, to accomplish their object. That a handful of twenty-five soldiers and a few brave volunteer citizens should so completely surprise a rancheria of the craftiest savages on the continent, traveling for sixteen hours the evening and night before the battle, over frightful precipices, through gloomy canons and chasms heretofore untrod by white man, out of a numerous horde of savages killing over 50, wounding as many, taking 10 prisoners, is something for emulation to others in future campaigns against Apaches. We all have to mourn over the brave and generous youth who fell doing his duty. Mr. Thomas C. McClelland, the only one who fell in this brilliant little affair, will long be mourned by those who knew him only to esteem him as a good citizen, a dutiful son, and firm friend.@

                             Although no Papagos are mentioned in the General Order, Fergusson (1897f) had earlier authorized their presence. This event was clearly a prelude to a similar one that occurred in 1871 at the same site, an event that came to be known as the Camp Grant Massacre and most of whose attackers were Papagos.]

Ferrante, Maureen

    1982             Arizona=s mission trail B predecessor of the California missions B San Xavier del Bac. Travelhost, Vol. 15, no. 46 (August 8), pp. 3, 7, 9. Dallas, Texas, Omni Industries, Inc. [Three black-and-white photos of mission San Xavier del Bac accompany this article about the mission and Father Eusebio Kino and his pioneering missionary efforts among the Northern Piman Indians.

Ferrin, Jerry

    1987             Mission San Xavier del Bac. In The official visitors guide to metropolitan Tucson, pp. 32-33. Tucson, JWJ Enterprises, Inc. [This is a color photograph of the southeast elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Fewkes, Jesse W.

    1912             Casa Grande, Arizona. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1906-1907, Vol. 28, pp. 33-220. Washington, Government Printing Office. [There are scattered references to Papagos as follows: Papago dwellings near Florence (p. 34); Papago huts still exist near Akutchin (i.e., Ak Chin) (p. 36); Father Kino, who from 1687 until 1711 was a missionary among the Opata, Pima, Papago, and Sobaipuri, was the first white man to visit Casa Grande Ruins (p. 54); Sobaipuris at San Xavier are mentioned in an account by Fr. Francisco Garcés (p. 58); Adolph Bandelier's account mentions Papago pottery (p. 70); Pima and Papago houses resemble one another (p. 113); Papagos did not preserve the art of pottery as well as did the Kwahadt (Kohatk) (p. 140 n); and the relation between Papago and the Salado and Hohokam is speculated upon (pp. 152-153).]

    1928a           Reports of the Chief. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1919-1924, Vol. 41, pp. 1-116. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Details of a February, 1920 study by Frances Densmore of Papago songs conducted on the San Xavier Reservation are given (p. 13); details of Densmore's December, 1920 research at Sells and surrounding villages concerning Papago songs are discussed (pp. 35-36).]

    1928b           Report of the Chief. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1924-1925, Vol. 42, pp. 1-19. Washington, Government Printing Office. [On page 15 there is a note that seventeen mathematical group analyses of 167 Papago songs, including a tabulated analysis of individual songs, all collected by Frances Densmore, have been purchased by the Bureau of American Ethnology.]

Field, Clark

    1957             The art and romance of Indian basketry. Tulsa, Philbrook Art Center. Illus. [Case number 4 describes and discusses a Papago carrying basket and a Papago ceremonial wine basket. Black-and-white photos of the baskets are in plates 6D and 7B respectively.]

    1958             Indian pottery of the Southwest post Spanish period. Tulsa, Philbrook Art Center. Illus. [Two groups of Papago pottery are illustrated: "Old seed pots" dated ca. 1890 in plate 20A and "tourist pottery" dated 1938 in plate 20B.]

Figueroa y Salazar, Pedro de Castro

    1997             Decree of the most excellent Duque de la Conquista for the creation of two presidios, one in the area of Pitiquín and the other between the missions of Guevavi and Suamca, each with fifty men. In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 343-352. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Pitiquín became today's Hermosillo, Sonora. And no presidio was ever established between Guevavi and Suamca, this 1741 decree by the Viceroy of New Spain notwithstanding.]

Finch, L. Boyd

    1996             Confederate pathway to the Pacific: Major Sherod Hunter and the Arizona Territory, C.S.A. Maps, illus., appendix, notes, bibl., index. xv + 319 pp. [Scattered mention of Papagos in terms of their being contacted as potential allies by Confederates. Also mention of a visit made by Charles Harkin to the San Xavier village in the winter of 1861-62, where a Papago greeted him and provided "a liberal supply of strong intoxicative drink called mescal" (p. 133).]

    2000             Group notes anniversary. Buckskin Bulletin, Vol. 33, no. 4 (Fall), pp. 1, 6. Oklahoma City, Westerners International. [This is about the 20th anniversary meeting of the Adobe Corral of the Westerners that was held August 20, 2000 at Mission San Xavier del Bac. The corral's initial meeting was held there as well. A photo on page 6 shows the present and eight past sheriffs of the corral standing inside the church at the northeast corner of the crossing.]

Fink, Augusta

    1983             I - Mary. A biography of Mary Austin. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., bibl., index. x + 310 pp. [There is a summary on page 213 of a journey made in the Papago country in April, 1923 by Mary Austin, Daniel T. McDougal, Gerald Cassidy, and Ina Sizer Cassidy.]

Fink. Georgeanne F.

    1987             A paleomalacological evaluation of fossil molluscs. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 3, Appendix D, pp. 387-393. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. ["This report describes the results of a paleomalacological evaluation of 670 fossil molluscs collected from 40 archaeological features at the (prehistoric) San Xavier Bridge Site. ... Six of the species were freshwater snails and five were land snails." The site is located on the San Xavier Reservation.]

Finley, Fonda, and S.E. Hamm

    1985             Comes the river demon. In Where waters meet, by Faith Cummins and others, pp. 13-15. Winkelman, Central Arizona College, Aravaipa Campus. [An essay on the Spanish-period and early Anglo-period history of the lower San Pedro River Valley in southeastern Arizona includes a recounting of the Camp Grant Massacre of 1871 in which a group of Mexicans, Anglos, and Papagos killed unsuspecting Apaches who ostensibly were under protection of the United States Army.]

Finnerty, Margaret

    1985             The white dove of the desert. Saturday Magazine of the Scottsdale Daily Progress, October 19, pp. 1, 3-5. Scottsdale, Arizona, Scottsdale Daily Progress. [A history and description of the Mission San Xavier del Bac includes photos. no mention made of Papagos.]

Finney, Charles G.

    1964             Isabell the inscrutable. Harper's Magazine, Vol. 228, no. 1267 (April), pp. 51-58. New York, Harper's Magazine. [A very readable account dealing with Isabell, a young Papago housekeeper from the San Xavier Reservation who kept house for the author in 1931. Gives some general, if not always accurate, information on the Papago in general as well as some of the attitudes that existed towards the Papago in the 1930s in Tucson.]

Fireman, Bert M.

    1982             Arizona: historic land. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. 270 pp. [Scattered references to Papagos are on pages 24, 33, 43, and 128, including mention of Papagos' working in the excavation of Ventana Cave and not objecting to the exhumation of burials; the belief that the Hohokam were the Papagos' ancestors; and the involvement of the Papagos in the 1871 massacre of Apaches at Camp Grant. Fireman also mistakenly asserts that the "Papagos" got their name from the mesquite bean.]

Fish, Paul R., and Suzanne K. Fish

    1991             Hohokam political and social organization. In Exploring the Hohokam, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 151-175. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [Mention is made of William Doelle's excavation of a single-unit household at Nolic on the Papago Indian Reservation (p. 160). There is also mention (p. 152) of the fact that the ethnographic record of the Pima and Papago has been used by archaeologists in aiding their interpretation of the prehistoric Hohokam. The bi-seasonal settlement pattern of the Papagos is also mentioned (p. 153).]

Fish, Suzanne K.

    1982             Pollen analysis at AZ EE:7:22. In Archaeological test excavations in southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 152], compiled by Susan A. Brew, pp. 57-62. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [A roasting pit was excavated in this prehistoric site, one probably used for roasting cholla buds. Fish draws on ethnographic analogy, using data from Papago Indian studies to discuss the possible interpretation of the feature. She also discusses Papagos= use of yucca fruit.]

    1987             Pollen analysis. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 3, pp. 319-333. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [This is an intensive analysis of pollens collected from stratigraphic profiles and archaeological units at a prehistoric site on the San Xavier Reservation. The pollen record at the site extends to 8000 B.C.]

    2000a           "Saguaro fruit gathering ramada at Sells." Glyphs, Vol. 512, no. 5 (November), p. 10. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is a black-and-white photograph of the scene given in he caption.]

    2000b           "Saguaro fruit gathering ramada at Sells." Glyphs, Vol. 51, no. 6 (December), p. 1. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is the same photo as in Fish (2000a.]

Fish, Suzanne K., and Marcia Donaldson

    1991             Production and consumption in the archaeological record: a Hohokam example. Kiva, Vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 255-275. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Russell (1975: 93) is cited to the effect that Papagos are known to have traded saguaro syrup to the Pima although both groups produced it (p. 267).]

Fish, Suzanne K.; Paul R. Fish, and Christian Downum

    1984             Hohokam terraces and agricultural production in the Tucson Basin. Anthropological Research Papers, no. 33, pp. 54-71. Tempe, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University. [Passing mention is made of trincheras sites on the San Xavier Reservation at Martinez Hill and Black Mountain.]

Fish, Suzanne K.; Paul R. Fish, and John H. Madsen

    1985             Prehistoric agave in southern Arizona. Desert Plants, Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 107-112, 100. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona at the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. [Menton is made of the Papagos' transplanting local species of Agave (p. 109).]

    1990             Sedentism and settlement mobility in the Tucson Basin prior to A.D. 1000. In Perspectives on Southwestern prehistory, edited by Paul A. Minnis and Charles L. Redman, pp. 76-91. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford, Westview Press. [It's noted that the Sand Papago Sonoran Desert peoples with little agriculture lived in regions receiving half to one-third the relatively generous 25-30 cm (10-12 in.) of annual rainfall of the Tucson area. "The historic Papago, only some of whom moved seasonally, did not occupy stretches of the Santa Cruz floodplain with good water; Hispanics, Anglos, and missionized Indians dominated these locations." The authors also discuss Papago settlement patterns (p. 88) and point to a variety of Papago subsistence patterns within the Sonoran Desert."]

Fish, Suzanne K.; Paul R. Fish, and John H. Madsen, editors

    1992             The Marana Community in the Hohokam world. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, no. 56. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Although the study concerns the prehistoric Hohokam of this region north of Tucson, Arizona, there are occasional references to the Tohono O'odham who, as noted, had their duration of settlement in the vicinity of water sources curtailed by the requirements of numerous cattle (p. 13).]

Fish, Suzanne K., and William B. Gillespie

    1987             Prehistoric use of riparian resources at the San Xavier Bridge Site. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 2, pp. 71-80. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [Relying largely on stratigraphic pollen samples, Fish studies the plants that were present at this site on the San Xavier Reservation during the prehistoric Tanque Verde phase of Hohokam occupation, while Gillespie examines vertebrate and molluscan remains to determine which animals were present at the same time. The authors agree the evidence indicates "intervals of well-developed wetland habitats." Gillespie also draws on historical documentation to write about animals in the vicinity.]

Fish, Suzanne K., and Gary P. Nabhan

    1991             Desert as context: the Hohokam environment. In Exploring the Hohokam, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 29-60. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [Mention is made of Tohono O'odham nighttime irrigation practices (p. 38); of Tohono O'odham well villages (p. 35); of Tohono O'odham water control devices (pp. 47-48); and of Tohono O'odham settlement in relation to potable water both for people and for cattle.]

Fisher, Andrew H.

    2000             Working in the Indian way. The Southwest Forest Firefighter program and Native American wage labor. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 41, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 121-148. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [This illustrated article about the Southwest Forest Firefighter (SWFF) program begin in 1948 and involving American Indians examines the program in terms of wage labor. It is noted (p. 123) that Tohono O'odham entered Arizona copper mines in the late 1880s. A black-and-white photo (p. 139) shows a fire camp in California in 1996, with the Fort Apache crew's sleeping area in the foreground and that of the Tohono O'odham in the background.]

Fisher, Eileen

    1989a           The annual Native American students awards. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3, no. 1 (Summer), p. 5. Tucson, Coordinator of Indian Programs, The University of Arizona. [Mention is made that Tohono O'odham student Kimberly Carlos modeled a traditional dress at the spring, 1989 awards ceremony for American Indian students at the University of Arizona. A photo of her in costume is included.]

    1989b           Fourth annual aging conference. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3, no. 1 (Summer), p. 6. Tucson, Coordinator of Indian Programs, The University of Arizona. [Menton is made that participants in the March, 1989 annual conference of the Arizona Indian Council on Aging were entertained by the Santa Rosa Youth Group of the Tohono O'odham Nation.]

    1990             The Native American Student Resource Center. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3, no. 2 (Spring), p. 6. Tucson, Coordinator of Indian Programs, The University of Arizona. [This article tells about the February, 1990 opening on the University of Arizona campus of the Native American Student Resource Center, whose coordinator is Ms. Vivian Juan, a Tohono O'odham. Her educational background is described and she is shown in a photograph.]

Fisher, James, Jr.

    1992             Reports from your gardens. The Seedhead News, No. 38 (Autumn), p. 14. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Fisher reports success in growing Tohono O'odham I'itoi Onions at his 3,000' altitude home at Indian Springs, Nevada.]

Fisher, Karen

    1977             Papago harvest. Arizona Highways, Vol. 53, no. 6 (June), pp. 2-5. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is about the saguaro harvest camp and activities of Juanita Ahil, a Papago whose camp is in the western unit of Saguaro National Monument. One color photo and three black-and-white photos accompany the text. Fisher observed the harvest and the treatment of the saguaro fruit in the camp.]

    1978             Almost forgotten. In Sonoran heritage: food on the desert [supplement to the Arizona Daily Star, October], p. 2. Tucson, National Endowment for the Humanities Learning Library Program at the Tucson Public Library. [This illustrated article is about the gathering, growing, storing, and preparation of wild and domestic crops by the Pima and Papago Indians. Most of the material concerns the Gila River Pimas, but Papagos are considered as well.]

Fisher-Chacon, Eileen

    1991a           15 Tohono O'odham children attend the University of Arizona's chemistry camp. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring), p. 10. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Office of Indian Programs. [Fifteen 4th to 8th grade students from the Baboquivari School District on the Papago Indian Reservation attended a special five-day program, a "Chemistry Can Be Fun Summer Camp," during the summer of 1990.]

    1991b           1990 President's Tribal Leader's Advisory Council. Indian Programs Newsletter, Vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring), p. 7. Tucson, The University of Arizona, Office of Indian Programs. [Included among those mentioned here are Ofelia Zepeda, Tohono O'odham and director of American Indian Studies at the University of Arizona, and Mike Enis, Tohono O'odham, who stressed that his tribe needs technical assistance for economic development.]

Fisk, Erma J.

    1983             The peacocks of Baboquivari. Illustrations by Louise Russell. New York and London, W.W. Norton and Company. Map, illus. 284 pp. [This is the author's journal and correspondence relating to her five months' stay in 1978-79 at the Riggs Ranch on the east side of the Baboquivari Mountains. In it she briefly recounts the history of climbers who made the ascent to the top of Baboquivari Peak, half of which is on the Papago Indian Reservation. She says that the CCC constructed a trail in 1933 (p. 197).]

    1984             The peacocks of Baboquivari: a journal. Arizona Highways, Vol. 60, no. 5 (May), pp. 24-31. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Excerpts from the journal of her five-month stay in 1978-79 at the Riggs Ranch in Thomas Canyon on the west side of the Baboquivari Mountains begins with a one-paragraph "Papago myth of Baboquivari."]

Fitzgerald, Colleen M.

    1997             "O'odham rhythms." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson.

    1998             The meter of Tohono O'odham songs. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 1-36. New York, Douglas C. McMurtrie. [In this study of the meter of traditional songs in Tohono O=odham, Fitzgerald finds, among other things, that lines in these songs are flexible in some traditions. She uses her findings as a test against a theory of meter proposed by Bruce Hayes.]

    1999             Loanwords and stress in Tohono O=odham. Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 41, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 193-108. Bloomington, Indiana University, Department of Anthropology. [The Tohono O=odham language assigns primary stress to the first syllable in content words. There is, however, an asymmetry in the distribution of secondary stress. That the principal support for the existence of an asymmetry in this secondary distribution comes only from loanwords is quite interesting.]

    2000a           Vowel hiatus and faithfulness in Tohono O'odham reduplication. Linguistic Inquiry, Vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 713-722. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press. [AEvidence from Tohono O=odham B a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Arizona and Mexico B shows that IO faithfulness is not equivalent to IB faithfulness. ... Tohono O=odham provides evidence in favor of a fuller model of reduplication, which allows all possible rankings of the three types of faithfulness, especially a higher ranking of IR faithfulness. The evidence comes from Tohono O=odham reduplication ... .@]

    2001             The morpheme-to-stress principle in Tohono O=odham. Linguistics, Vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 941-972. The Hague, Mouton. [AIn this paper, I describe and analyze a novel pattern of secondary stress in Tohono O=odham. Tohono O=odham ... assigns primary stress to the first syllable in content words ... . Fieldwork by the author ... shows that a word-final secondary stress is disallowed in monomorphemic words but is allowed in polymorphemic words. This descriptive generalization holds regardless of the morphological composition or the derivational history of the words. This appears to be a novel stress pattern in the world=s languages ... .@]

    2002             Tohono O=odham stress in a single ranking. Phonology, Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 253-271. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

    2003             Word order and discourse genre in Tohono O=odham. In Formal approaches to function in grammar: in honor of Eloise Jelinek, edited by Andrew Carnie, Heidi Harley, and MaryAnn Willie, chapter 10. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, John Benjamins Pub.

Flaccus, Elmer W.

    1981             Arizona's last great Indian war. The saga of Pia Machita. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 22, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 1-22. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [About an elderly Papago leader from Stoa Pitk on the Papago Indian Reservation who counseled young Papagos to resist the draft during World War II. He was captured and sent to jail at the federal prison at Terminal Island.]

Fleck, Fred

    1964             Visiting Father Kino=s missions. Tucsonora, December, front cover, pp. 4-7, 24. Tucson, Delta Printing and Publishing Co. [With a map and black-and-white photos of missions presently on sites in southern Arizona and northern Sonora where Father Eusebio Kino established missions among Piman Indians in the late 17^th century, this article, published in both Spanish and English, provides a tour that takes the reader to such places as San Xavier del Bac, San Ignacio, Pitiquito, Caborca, Magdalena, Cocóspera, and Oquitoa.]

Fleming, Paula R., and Judith Lusky, compilers

    1986             The North American Indians in early photographs. New York, Harper & Row. [Page 144 has a brief account of W J McGee's 1894 and 1894 expeditions among the Papago and Seri Indians, with data taken from annual reports of the Smithsonian Institution. There are no photos of Papagos in the book.]

Flick, Lawrence F.

    1894             The Papago Indians and their church. Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 384-416. Philadelphia. [An article about Mission San Xavier del Bac, including its Spanish-period and later history and including a detailed description of the structure and its art work. There are one photo of the exterior and three photos of the interior of the church. Much of the history as presented here is now known to be incorrect. A bibliography is included.]

Flores, Chester

    1972             The four brothers. In Arrow IV, edited by T.D. Allen, pp. 29-30. s.l., The Pacific Grove Press. [This is a telling by a Papago high school senior about how four brothers inherited the task from their deceased parents of watching the sun. They took turns that resulted in the creation of four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.]

    1974             The four brothers. In Arrows four. Prose and poetry by young American Indians, edited by T.D. Allen, pp. 163-164. New York, Pocket Books. [A reprint of C. Flores (1972).]

Flores, Diane

    1971             Cooking. In Arrow III, edited by T.D. Allen, p. 20. s.l., The Pacific Grove Press. [This poem by a Papago in an 8^th grade class in the Santa Rosa School on the Papago Reservation is about the author=s cooking while her mother makes baskets.]

    1974             Cooking. In Arrows four. Prose and poetry by young American Indians, edited by T.D. Allen, p. 103. New York, Pocket Books. [A reprint of D. Flores (1971).]

Flores, Felipe

    1997             [Letter to Colonel José María Elías González from Fresnal del Baboquivari, April 24, 1843.] In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 80-82. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Lt. Col. Flores was at the head of some five hundred armed men in the heart of the Papaguería when he wrote this letter, one noting that the Papago enemies were using smoke signals in the Baboquivari Mountains to warn others of his presence. He writes in detail about battles with Papagos, including the name of one, Hilarión Gálevez, from Pitiquito. He writes of a skirmish at Ban Dak (Coyote Sits) where they captured one Papago man and a woman and three children. In the Cababi Mountains they clashed with forty-five Papago warriors, killing six of them. He says, A... these regions are practically impassable because of the scarcity of water. Despite all this, we will renew our march on the morrow toward Quitovac and Sonoita on the basis of information gathered from our most recent captive, and experts who accompany me, that there may be sizable Papago gatherings there.@]

Flores, Floyd

    1996             An interview with Floyd Flores (Hia-Ced O'odham). In People of the seventh fire: returning lifeways of Native America, edited by Dagmar Thorpe, pp. 94-103. Ithaca, New York, Akwe:kon Press, Cornell University American Indian Program. [Flores talks about his personal life experiences and his Indian beliefs as well as about the Hia-Ced O'odham Alliance formally organized in 1994 to work toward recovery of lost lands on both sides of the International Boundary. By 1994, some 1,500 individuals had been registered as Hia-Ced O'odham.]

Flores, M.; F. Valentine, and Gary P. Nabhan

    1990             Managing cultural resources in Sonoran Desert biosphere reserves. Cultural Survival Quarterly, Vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 26-30. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cultural Survival, Inc. [This is a discussion of the role to be played by O=odham in the planning and implementation of protection of the cultural and natural resources of the Pinacate Mountains in northwestern Sonora, a part of the Sierra el Pinacate Protected Zone. Because of the interest of O=odham elders and young activists in the area, conservation, eco-tourism, and resource management may be affected in a positive way.]

Fobes, Jacqueline

    1975             A Papago boy and his friends. Papago translation of the English into Papago by Felicia Nunez. Tucson, Impresora Sahuaro. Illus. 31 pp. [With a large number of illustrations by Ted De Grazia, "This story was written primarily to provide elementary school-aged and Papago students with a reader of the own, written in the Papago language and relevant to their cultural lifestyle."]

Folk-Williams, John A.

    1993             Parties and permanence: alternative dispute resolution principles. In Indian water in the new West, edited by Thomas R. McGuire, William B. Lord, and Mary G. Wallace, pp. 147-162. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [The Tohono O'odham Nation is included in a list of Indian tribes in the United States who resolved water disputes via negotiation and legislation. The Southern Arizona Water Rights Settlement Act of 1982 is cited specifically.]

Fong, Franklin

    2003             Children of the desert. The Way of St,. Francis, Vol. 9, no. 1 (January-February), pp. 20-27. Sacramento, California, Franciscan Friars of California, Inc. [Three photos accompany this essay by a Franciscan brother about his stay at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation. The photo captioned, AFriars and children prepare to enter St. Catherine=s Church,@ is misidentified. The church in the photo is some other chapel on the reservation.]

Font, Pedro

    1930             see Bolton, translator and editor, 1930o and 1930s

    1975             Letters of Friar Pedro Font, 1776-1777. Translated by Dan S. Matson. Ethnohistory, Vol. 22, no. 3 (Summer), pp. 263-293. Tucson, American Society for Ethnohistory. [All three of these letters, written respectively from the Sonoran communities of Ures, Imuris, and Tubutama, concern Father Font's missionary experiences among Northern Piman Indians.]

Fontana, Bernard L.

    n.d.               Progress on an Indian reservation. In Progress in Arizona: the state=s crucial issues. Project progress I - progress and history in Arizona. Compiled by William R. Noyes. Tucson, University of Arizona. [Published in 1973, first in many newspapers throughout Arizona, this essay B although it is never explicitly stated B is about the rate of suicides and other violent deaths on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. The essay here appears with three others in the series by different authors in this undated separate.]

    1960a           "Assimilative change: a Papago Indian case study." Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. 245 pp. [This is a study of assimilative and non-assimilative change on the San Xavier Papago Indian Reservation. Major subjects headings are as follows: Introduction; Setting; Personal Names; Houses; Occupation; Miscellaneous Cultural Change; Correlation of Cultural Categories with Regard to Assimilation; Communication and Levels of Sociocultural Integration; and Conclusions. The study provides an ethnographic snapshot of the San Xavier community as it existed ca. 1955-1960.]

    1960b           Lost arsenal of the Papagos. Desert Magazine, Vol. 23, no. 1 (January), pp. 22-23. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine. [This discussion concerns a missing arsenal of old guns of all types allegedly discovered by W.E. Bancroft in 1882. If such a cache existed, it was probably located between Casa Grande and Covered Wells in the Santa Rosa Valley. Black-and-white photos show hills near Santa Rosa and the author viewing adobe bricks being sun-dried for use in construction of a Papago house.]

    1961a           Biography of a desert church: the story of Mission San Xavier del Bac [Smoke Signal, no. 3 (Spring)]. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. Map, illus. Refs. 20 pp. [This is an outline history of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Papago Indians are discussed, but the major emphasis here is on missionaries and a history of the San Xavier church and its construction.]

    1961b           The green dog. Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 17, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 56-62. Tucson, The University of Arizona. [A fictional story that concerns a Papago family and a Papago medicine man. The events take place on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

    1963             Pioneers in ideas: three early southwestern ethnologists. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science, Vol. 2, no. 3 (February), pp. 124-129. Tempe, Arizona Academy of Science. [The discussion of W J McGee ( p. 127) alludes to his 1894 and 1895 expeditions through the Papaguería and among the Papagos.]

    1971a           Biography of a desert church: the story of Mission San Xavier del Bac [Smoke Signal, no. 3 (Spring)]. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. Map, illus., refs. 20 pp. [More illustrations have been added, but this is otherwise a reprint of Fontana (1961a).]

    1971b           Calabazas of the Río Rico. The Smoke Signal, no. 24 (Fall), pp. 65-88. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [This history of the Indian village and mission visiting station of Calabazas in southern Arizona includes mention throughout of the Piman Indians who once lived there.]

    1973a           The cultural dimensions of pottery: ceramics as social documents. In Ceramics in America [Wintherthur Conference Report for 1972], edited by Ian M.G. Quimby, pp. 1-13. Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia. [On pages 5 and 7 there is a short discussion of the form, meaning, use, and function of Papago pottery. Two black-and-white photos show a Papago olla being used as a chicken coop (p. 6) and a ca. 1930 Papago salt shaker (p. 8).]

    1973b           Mission San Xavier del Bac. Photographs by Helga Teiwes-French. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. 30 pp. [This is a photographic and word essay on the Desert People and their church. Both color and black-and-white photos by Teiwes-French are included; the extended captions are provided by Fontana.]

    1974a           Foreword. In Piman shamanism and staying sickness, by Donald M. Bahr, Juan Gregorio, David I. Lopez, and Albert Alvarez, pp. ix-xi. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [The foreword is comprised of a synopsis of the book's content, explaining the meaning to Papagos of the concepts of wandering and staying sicknesses.]

    1974b           Man in arid lands: the Piman Indians of the Sonoran Desert. In Desert biology, Vol. 2, edited by George W. Brown, Jr., pp. 489-528. New York, Academic Press, Inc. [This is the seminal conceptualization of three major adaptation styles of Piman Indians to their Sonoran Desert surroundings: the "no village" nomads of the west; the "two village" people of the riverless central desert; and the "one village" people of the riverine perimeters. Maps and illustrations included.]

    1974c           The Papago Tribe of Arizona. In Papago Indians III. American Indian ethnohistory: Indians of the Southwest, edited by David A. Horr, pp. 151-226. New York and London, Garland Publishing Company. [This is the report submitted by Fontana in the Papago Indian Claims Case, Indian Claims Commission Docket No. 345, Petitioner's Exhibit Number 278. The report's three chapters are titled "Identification of Papago Indians"; "Aboriginal land use and occupancy -- historical evidence"; and "Loss of land and minerals."]

    1975a           The desert domain: people and land in the arid Southwest. In Land and the pursuit of happiness, edited by Elinor Lenz and Alice LeBel, pp. 11-19. Los Angeles, Western Humanities Center, UCLA Extension. [Included here is a discussion of Joseph Enos, a Papago Indian, and his attitudes toward land and the universe. The Papago experience is drawn upon to make generalizations concerning man's use of land in the Southwest.]

    1975b           Introduction to re-edition. In The Pima Indians, by Frank Russell, pp. ix-xv. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [It is noted that linguistically, culturally, and historically, Pimas are related to the Papago Indians (p. ix); the list of bibliographic references related to Papagos is at least ten times as extensive as that related to the Gila River Pimas (p. ix); and the game of kinyskut is played by both Pimas and Papagos (p. xii).]

    1976a           Desertification of Papagueria: cattle and the Papago. In Desertification: process, problems, perspectives, edited by Patricia Paylore and Richard A. Haney, Jr., pp. 59-69. Tucson, Office of Arid Land Research, The University of Arizona. [This is a very brief history of the Papago cattle industry and its effects on the land and on the social, political, and economic spheres of Papago life.]

    1976b           The faces and forces of Pimería Alta. In Voices from the Southwest, gathered by Donald C. Dickinson, W. David Laird, and Margaret F. Maxwell, pp. 45-54. Flagstaff, Northland Press. [Largely about the Papago Indians' aboriginal adaptation to various portions of the Sonoran Desert and its perimeters, including remarks concerning the influence of Spaniards and 19th-century Anglo Americans on the Indians and the land.]

    1976c           Meanwhile back at the rancheria ... The Indian Historian, Vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 13-18. San Francisco, American Indian Historical Society. [This paper deals with the problems and other effects of the Dawes Act on land allotments on the San Xavier Indian Reservation.]

    1976d           The Papago Indians. Parts 1-3. Sells, Arizona, Title IV-A, Indian Education Act, Indian Oasis Schools. 245 pp. [These three volumes present a history of the Papago Indians from 1687 through 1961. They also contain considerable information on the physiography and natural history of the Papaguería and of Papago culture.]

    1979a           Where are we? Tucson Magazine, Vol. 5, no. 4 (April), pp. 24-29. Tucson, Desert Silhouette Publishing Company. [A discussion of differing conceptions of the Sonoran Desert held by various cultural groups who reside there includes an overview of the Papagos' attitude toward their natural surroundings.]

    1979b           Tarahumara: runners of the West. Arizona Highways, Vol. 55, no. 5 (May), pp. 6-15. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Papagos' running abilities are mentioned on page 7.]

    1980a           Ethnobotany of the saguaro, an annotated bibliography. Desert Plants, Vol. 2, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 62-78. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum. [The majority of the 194 references cited here concern the relationship between Papago Indians and the saguaro cactus.]

    1980b           Frank Lopez and the Papago origin story. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, pp. 128-129. Tucson, Department of English, The University of Arizona. [A discussion of how Fontana tape recorded the Papago origin story as narrated by Frank Lopez, and how the tape was subsequently transcribed by Papago linguist Albert Alvarez.]

    1980c           Tucson=s stranger neighbors. Sketch Book, Vol. 5, no. 4 (October), p. 2. Tucson, s.n. [Fontana writes about the way in which Papagos have become largely invisible to their neighboring non-Indian community, a situation that may change in light of the Papagos= pushing for their water rights.]

    1981a           Of earth and little rain: the Papago Indians. Photographs by John P. Schaefer. Flagstaff, Northland Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. xii + 140 pp. [This is an overview of the history and culture of the Papago Indians on both sides of the United States and Mexican boundary. It is told from the highly personal perspective of an anthropologist who had lived and worked among Papago Indians for twenty-five years. The color and black-and-white photos were taken by Schaefer in 1979 and 1980.]

    1981b           Pilgrimage to Magdalena. American West, Vol. 18, no. 5 (September-October), pp. 40-45, 60. Tucson, American West Publishing Company. [Passing mention is made of Papago involvement in the annual Fiesta de San Francisco de Asís held each October 4 in Magdalena de Kino, Sonora.]

    1982             Tarahumara: runners of the West. Regency Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 42-46. Los Angeles, King Network Publications, Inc. [A reprint of Fontana (1979b) as it appeared in Arizona Highways.]

    1983a           Drawing the line between Mexico and the United States. American West, Vol. 20, no. 4 (July-August), pp. 50-56. Tucson, American West Publishing Company. [An article about Arthur Carl Victor Schott, artist and scientific collector on the mid-nineteenth century U.S. and Mexican boundary survey, shows colored lithographs based on his drawings of two Papago women harvesting organ pipe cactus fruit (p. 50) and another of two Sand Papago (Areneño) men fishing near the head of the Gulf of California (p. 55).]

    1983b           History of the Papago. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 137-148. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Twenty-six black-and-white photographs and a map accompany this outline of Papago history for the period 1687 to 1981.]

    1983c           Out West: a book discussion guide. In Out West: program ideas for public libraries, edited by Karen Dahood, pp. 11-16. Tucson, Tucson Public Library and the Arizona Historical Society. [Mention is made of Carl Lumholtz's book on his travels in Papago country, New Trails in Mexico.]

    1983d           Pima and Papago: introduction. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 125-136. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [A map and nineteen black-and-white photographs showing various Pima and Papago activities accompany this general sketch of Pimans' environmental adaptations and a list of bibliographic and other sources relating to their history and traditional culture.]

    1983e           The Papagos. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), pp. 34-37, 40-42, 44-46. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A general overview of Papago history, traditional culture, and contemporary culture, one emphasizing the Papagos' location within the Gadsden Purchase area. The article is illustrated with color and black-and-white photographs by several photographers that depict such people and scenes as Baboquivari Mountain, basketmaker Juanita Ahil, Pete Martinez, the Papago Tribal Fair and Rodeo, a cattle roundup, a youth rodeo, basketmaker Laura Martinez, the Sil Nakya chapel, Ed Kisto's home and ranch in the shadow of Baboquivari, Papagos underground in the Noranda Mine, Papago school children (girls) at Pisinemo, the Friday-after-Easter pageant at San Xavier del Bac, and Santa Rosa rain dancers performing at San Xavier.]

    1983f            Solar power in the land of the Papago. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), p. 43. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [An article about the photovoltaic array installed by NASA at the Papago village of Schuchulik (Gunsight) and the solar contrivance at Queen's Well used to power the pump on the village's water well.]

    1983g           The unsolved riddle of the River Hohokam. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), pp. 38-39. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A thumbnail outline of the culture of the prehistoric Hohokam, one pointing out that the problem of possible Hohokam-Piman connections (including the relationship of the Hohokam and the Papago) remains unresolved. The article is accompanied by a black-and-white photograph by Al Abrams of potter Laura Kermen.]

    1984a           Desert as home. In Saguaro cactus forest drive, compiled by Mary Robinson and T.J. Priehs, p. 2. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. [This is a brief quote from Fontana (1981a) noting that the desert, which is not a sandy, treeless waste, is home for the Papago Indians.]

    1984b           Development proposal for the San Xavier Indian Reservation: a clash in value systems. Arid Lands Newsletter, no. 20 (January), pp. 8-12. Tucson, Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona. [A brief account of a 1983 proposal for a development on some 18,000 acres of San Xavier Reservation land that would include a golf course, condominiums, a large resort hotel, and residential and commercial facilities -- a non-Papago community of about 110,000 people. The San Xavier case is offered as an example of conflicts arising between centers of urban expansion and neighboring rural areas and the contrasting values of rural and urban peoples.]

    1986             Pilgrimage to San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 62, no. 11 (November), pp. 44-inside back cover. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [An article about pilgrimages made to San Xavier by Mexicans includes a color photo by Greg Keller of two Papagos walking into the church through the front door.]

    1987a           Father Eusebio Kino, agent of God and King. AB Bookman=s Weekly, Vol. 79, no. 23, pp. 2533-2534, 2536, 2538, 2540. Clifton, New Jersey, AB Bookman Publications, Inc. [This is a biographical sketch of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino who in 1687 became the first missionary and the first non-Indian to live permanently among the Northern Piman Indians. Included is a discussion of his literary legacy, the plethora of publications that have since been written about him.]

    1987b           Santa Ana del Cuiquiburitac: Pimería Alta's northernmost mission. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 29, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 133-159. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Included here are translations by Daniel S. Matson of two Spanish documents, one by Fray Juan Bautista Llorens (1811) and another by Father Francisco Moyano (1812). Both concern a mission visita built for Piman Indians known as the Kohatk. The church was built by Father Llorens of Mission San Xavier del Bac in the early 19th century at a site northwest of Tucson and south of the Gila River. There are considerable data concerning the Kohatk.]

    1987c           The vikita: a biblio-history. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 29, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 258-272. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [A bibliographic account of the vikita ceremony of the Tohono O'odham, citing references to it in the published and unpublished literature and with quotations from some of the accounts.]

    1989a           Of earth and little rain: the Papago Indians. Photographs by John P. Schaefer. Tucson and London, The University of Arizona Press. Map, illus., index. xiii + 168 pp. [With somewhat different photos, and all printed here in black-and-white, this is a reprint of Fontana (1981a).]   

    1989b           Our mission and the Patronato San Xavier. Wa:k Newsletter, March, pp. [13]-[14]. Tucson, San Xavier District [of the Tohono O'odham Nation]. [A discussion of the role being played in the conservation of Mission San Xavier del Bac by the incorporated not-for-profit Patronato San Xavier.]

    1989c           Work moves forward on the mission. Wa:k Newsletter, July, pp. [3]-[4]. Tucson, San Xavier District [of the Tohono O'odham Nation]. [A progress report on the conservation project at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1990a           Restoration continues. Dove of the Desert, no. 5 (Spring), p. [1]. Tucson, San Xavier Mission Church. [A brief article about plans to clean, stabilize, and reintegrate the interior art of Mission San Xavier del Bac with the help of Paul Schwartzbaum and a team of Italian conservators.]

    [1990]b        1984-1991. The inside. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered] page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Fontana, in this unsigned article, writes about the visit made to Mission San Xavier del Bac in April, 1990, by Paul Schwartzbaum and three Italian conservators to evaluate the problems and to propose a working schedule to resolve them. It is noted that Tohono O'odham apprentices will be hired to work with the conservation team. Also referred to is the 1984 study of the church's interior done by art conservators Gloria Giffords and Miguel Celorio.]

    1991a           One region, many cultures. In 1992. Indians of Pimería Alta [calendar], p. 3. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [Published here in English, O'odham, and Spanish, this is a three-paragraph essay concerning the cultures whose members co-exist in the region of the Pimería Alta. One of these cultures is that of the O'odham.]

    1991b           One region, many cultures. PAHS Newsletter, October, p. [4]. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [This is a three-paragraph discussion of the value derived by residents of northern Sonora and southern Arizona in living in proximity to members of three distinct cultures: Tohono O'odham, Mexican, and Anglo.]

    1992a           Conservation work at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Westfriars, Vol. 26, no. 2 (February), pp. 6-7. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [Two black-and-white photos by Berard Connolly accompany an article telling of plans to effect conservation of the art inside the east transept of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Written before work actually began, the efforts were carried out by a team of international conservators working from January 6 to April 16, 1992. Mentioned are four Tohono O'odham hired as apprentices: Tony Encinas, Gabriel Wilson, Mike Campos, and Timothy Lewis.]

    1992b           San Xavier conservation, phase one completion. Dove of the Desert, no. 10 (Spring), p. 2. Tucson, San Xavier Mission Parish. [This is an account of work accomplished by a team of European conservators and Tohono O=odham apprentices who worked in the east transept of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac from January into April, 1992.]

    1993a           Dove of the Desert. Westfriars, Vol. 27, no. 3 (May), pp. 6-7. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [This is a summary of conservation activities carried out by a team of international conservators and Tohono O'odham apprentices in the west chapel of Mission San Xavier del Bac between Feb. 1 and May 1, 1993.]

    1993b           From the Dove of the Desert. Westfriars, Vol. 27, no. 4 (June), p. 5. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [This is a note about the role of Ignacio Gaona in building Mission San Xavier del Bac; about the fact that Pedro Bojórques was merely a soldier; and that the bulto formerly identified as that of Santa Escolástica is more likely that of Santa Rita de Casia.]

    1993c           Pilgrimage to Magdalena. San Juan Bautista, California, Westfriars, Saint Francis Retreat Center. Illus. 9 pp. [This essay about the annual early October pilgrimage to Magdalena, Sonora to honor San Francisco mentions O'odham participation in the event.]

    1993d           Saving San Xavier: the role of a patronato. In The Spanish missionary heritage of the United States. Selected papers and commentaries from the November 1990 Quincentenary Symposium, edited by Howard Benoist and Maria Carolina Flores, pp. 203-207. San Antonio, Texas, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service and Los Compadres de San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. [This is a detailed discussion of the role of the Patronato San Xavier in the conservation of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1994a           Background information on Mission San Xavier del Bac and phase III of the San Xavier conservation project. Footprints, Vol. 7, no. 4 (April), pp. 1-2. Tucson, Southern Arizona Guides Association. [The title is the abstract.]

    1994b           The dome at Ba:c. Westfriars, Vol. 28, no. 1 (February), p. 12. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [An article written preliminarily to the cleaning and conservation of the paintings beneath the main dome and generally above the crossing of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Some of the images are incorrectly identified here.]

    [1994]c        El Retablo Mayor: the San Xavier altarpiece. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, p. [2]. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [This is a detailed description of the main altarpiece, or retablo mayor, at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1994d           Trailing the Holy Cross: soldiers= feet, Apache ears, and the Santa Cruz Valley. Tucson, Peccary Press. Map, bibl. 23 pp. [This fine-press edition of an essay on the history of southern Arizona's Santa Cruz Valley includes mention of Piman settlements and Piman history as well as the valley's Spanish and Mexican-period past. The book, an exemplar of the best in book art, is designed, printed letterpress, and hand bound by Mark and Linda Sanders in two different versions.]

    1995a           Conservation work at Wa:k. Westfriars, Vol. 29, no. 5 (July), p. 8. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [Emphasized here is the story of the legend of the Veil of Veronica, two painted images of which appear on arches inside Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1995b           Restoring San Xavier del Bac, "Our Church." Native Peoples, Vol. 8, no. 4 (Summer), front cover, pp. 28-35. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [With color photos by David Burckhalter, this article is about the involvement of Tohono O'odham, both historically and contemporaneously, in the construction and preservation of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    [1995]c        The Virgin Mary. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered] page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Fontana summarizes the winter, 1995 conservation efforts inside Mission San Xavier and writes as well about the seventeen painted and sculptured representations of the Virgin Mary inside the church of San Xavier del Bac. He also elaborates on the methods used by its creators in decorating the church's retablo mayor.]

    [1996]a        The angels of San Xavier. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered] page. [Tucson], Patronato San Xavier. [This is an essay concerning the nearly two hundred painted and sculptured angels inside the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1996b           Biography of a desert church: The story of Mission San Xavier del Bac [Smoke Signal, no. 3, revised]. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. Map, illus., refs. 68 pp. [This is a much revised and greatly expanded version of Fontana (1961a). It includes both color and black-and-white photographs.]

    1996c           [Untitled.] In San Xavier del Bac: an artist=s portfolio, by Sharon W. Pettus, p. 4. Tucson, Treasure Chest Books. [In this one-paragraph notes, a kind of preface for the book, Fontana writes, AA tribute to the genius of Ultra Baroque on the frontier of New Spain, Mission San Xavier del Bac offers a joyful inventory of the messages Franciscans hopoed to impart to the native peoples.@]

    1996d           Who were the builders and decorators of Mission San Xavier del Bac? Kiva, Vol. 61, no. 4 (Summer), pp. 365-384. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This is an illustrated article concerning the O'odham and Spaniards who were responsible for the design, construction, and decoration of the late 18th-century church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1997a           Biography of a desert church: the story of Mission San Xavier del Bac [Smoke Signal, no. 3 (Spring)]. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. Map, illus. Refs. 20 pp. [This is a hardcover copy of Fontana (1971a) with the addition of a note by Lorraine Drachman on the Mission San Xavier preservation program, 1991-1997 and a foreword by Fontana in which he erroneously suggests construction of the present church began in 1777 rather than in 1783. He points out that the church continues as the parish church for the San Xavier Indian community.]

    1997b           Mission San Xavier del Bac: a model for conservation. CRM, Vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 30-31. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources. [This is a discussion of the Patronato San Xavier and how this not-for-profit corporation operates with respect to the preservation of the physical structure of the church at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    [1997]c        Past, present, and future. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered] page. [Tucson], Patronato San Xavier. [This is a 7-paragraph review of the conservation project on the interior of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac that occurred between 1992 and 1997 and of work on the building that began in 1989 and which remains ongoing as of 1997.]

    1997d           People, places, and things: along with John Schaefer, photographer. In People, places, and things: thirty years in photography, by John P. Schaefer, p. 5. Tucson, Tucson Museum of Art. [Fontana mentions his accompanying photographer John Schaefer on visits into the land of Tohono O'odham living on both sides of the international boundary in Arizona and Sonora.]

    1997e           San Xavier's church is 200 years old. Let's celebrate. In Tucson: a guide to living in the Old Pueblo, coordinated by Judith Whipple, pp. 8-12. Tucson, TNI Partners. [This brief history of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one crediting its O'odham builders, appears as the August 8 supplement to the Arizona Daily Star and Tucson Citizen. It is accompanied by black-and-white photos of the mission taken by John P. Schaefer.]

    [1998]a        Conserving the church. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered] page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [A photo of Fontana accompanies his brief outline of conservation efforts at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1998b           The making of a field archaeologist. In The Sierra Pinacate, by Julian D. Hayden, pp. x-xv. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [In writing about archaeologist Julian Hayden, Fontana makes note of Hayden's attendance at Papago Vikita ceremonies in 1936 and 1945 and of his supervision of a crew of O'odham in excavations in 1942 at Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation. He also notes Hayden's belief that the O'odham are direct lineal descendants of a people (Amargosans) who have lived in the Sonoran Desert for at least 5,000 years.]

    1998c           Spain in Arizona: the saga of San Xavier del Bac. The Web of Time: Pages from the American Past, issue 2 (Fall), online at <http://www.theweboftime.com>. [This illustrated article that appeared on a web page provides a summary of the history of the church and efforts to preserve it, including an account of the campaign carried out between 1992 and 1997 by a team of international conservators.]

    1999a           An archaeological survey of the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge: a reminiscence. In La Frontera: Papers in honor of Patrick H. Beckett [The Archaeological Society of New Mexico, 25], edited by Meliha S. Duran and David T. Kirkpatrick, pp. 79-89. Albuquerque, Archaeological Society of New Mexico. [One of the persons who accompanied this survey was Tohono O'odham Juan Xavier, who is quoted and discussed and whose photo appears here three times. Mention is also made of the HiaCed O'odham, or Sand Papagos, whose territory was that being surveyed.]

     1999b          A guide to contemporary Southwest Indians. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. Maps, illus. 88 pp. [Included here is a brief account of the history and recreational opportunities in the Tohono O'odham Nation (pp. 36-39). It is accompanied by color photos of Mission San Xavier del Bac, of Saint Augustine's church in Chuichu, and of O'odham girls playing a stick game.]

    [1999]c        [Untitled.] Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, on 2 unnumbered pages. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Fontana writes about the forces of entropy ever at work in damaging the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac, and he outlines a history of restoration and conservation efforts at the mission beginning in 1859 and continuing with a campaign begun in 1989.]

    2000a           An endowment for San Xavier. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, front and back page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Fontana makes an appeal for funds for a permanent endowment that will assure the future upkeep of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac. In doing so, he outlines the history of efforts to care for the church.]

    2000b           The finials of San Xavier -- 1780-2000. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, one page insert. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [The history of the thirty-three finials that once stood along the parapet of the roof of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac is outlined. It includes a discussion of finials that replaced the 1780s originals and concludes by pointing out that in 2000 the most recent finials are being replaced by lighter weight replicas of the 292-pound concrete finials that had been there between the late 1970s and 2000.]

    2000c           Tucson at the millennium. In Images: Tucson at the millennium, pp. iv-v. [Tucson], s.n. [In reviewing the history of Tucson and environs, Fontana writes of the arrival in 1692 of Father Eusebio Kino at the village of Wa:k and of the O'odham population of Tucson in the 18th century. He further notes the continued presence of the O'odham in the region.]

    2002a           Upkeep and endowment. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, p. [1]. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [In five paragraphs, Fontana explains the necessity of having an endowment for continuing conservation efforts involving the church of San Xavier del Bac.]

    2002b           The west bell tower. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, pp. [2]-[3]. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [This is a detailed discussion of the history and purpose of the west bell tower of Mission San Xavier del Bac, the tower in which all four of the mission=s bells hang. The history of the use of bells in Christian observances is outlined as well as the specific uses for these bells in the lives of the Tohono O=odham in the village of Wa:k.]

    2003a           Interior maintenance and repair to be underwritten by endowment. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, p. [6]. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [This is about an endowment fund being raised by the Patronato San Xavier whose interest will allow the Patronato to pay for annual conservation upkeep on the interior of the church. At this time, the two conservators working on annual maintenance are Tim Lewis, a Tohono O=odham from San Xavier village, and his Spanish wife, Matilde Rubio of Madrid, Spain.]

    2003b           What=s wrong with the bell towers? Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, p. [2]. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [Three paragraphs explain the reason for the scaffolding recently erected on the west bell tower of Mission San Xavier del Bac. AThe present guess is that it will take about two years for each bell tower. But the real answer is that it will take as long as needed to be sure the job is done right.@]

Fontana, Bernard L., editor. See Brennan 1959

Fontana, Bernard L, and Hazel M. Fontana

    1983             A search for the Seris, 1895. In Tales from Tiburón. An anthology of adventures in Seriland, edited by Neil M. Carmony and David E. Brown, pp. 23-26. Phoenix, The Southwestern Natural History Association. [This is an introduction to the field diary entries by W J McGee for December 14-28, 1895, entries that recount McGee's unsuccessful search for Seri Indians on Tiburón Island. The five Papago guards and Papago interpreter Hugh Norris who accompanied McGee part of this time are mentioned.]

Fontana, Bernard L., editor, and Hazel M. Fontana, illustrator. See Brennan 1958 and 1991

Fontana, Bernard L.; J. Cameron Greenleaf, and Donnelly D. Cassidy

    1959             A fortified Arizona mountain. Kiva, Vol. 25, no. 2 (December), pp. 41-52. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [This illustrated report discusses the prehistoric occupation of Black Mountain on the southern edge of the San Xavier Indian Reservation. Evidence for such occupation consists of long stone walls, or trincheras, circular stone rings (perhaps sleeping circles), petroglyphs, manmade trails, and Indian pottery.]

Fontana, Bernard L.; J. Cameron Greenleaf, Charles W. Ferguson, and others

    1962             Johnny Ward's Ranch: a study in historic archaeology. Kiva, Vol. 28, nos. 1-2 (October-December), pp. 1-115. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Maps, illustrations, and a bibliography accompany this lengthy essay. In 1959-1960 Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society members excavated the ruins of an Anglo-American ranch house in southern Arizona dating between 1859 and 1903. Among many other objects, Piman (Papago) Indian pottery, stone, and shell artifacts were recovered.]

Fontana, Bernard L.; Rose E. Piper, Susan C. Spater, Felipe de Jesús Valenzuela, and Rosilda Manuel

    [1991]          1992. Indians of Pimeria Alta / Los indios de Pimería Alta / Na:nko >i-ma:s hemajkam >am Pimeria Alta. Nogales, Arizona, Pimeria Alta Historical Society. 30 pp. [This is a 1992 calendar featuring text and original art portraying O=odham, Yaquis, Apaches, Opatas, and prehistoric Hohokam of the Pimería Alta. In addition to texts and captions by the authors, for the O=odham there are drawings by F.R. Juan (logo for Tohono O=odham Nation); Rea Ragatz (O=odham baskets); Betty Plank (O=odham pottery); Leonard Chana (gathering mesquite beans); Carlos S. Moyah (saguaro fruit gatherer); Janice Johnson (Sobaipuri roasting pit); Michael Chiago (Tohono O=odham rain dance); and Virginia Todd (Tohono O=odham, basket maker).]

Fontana, Bernard L., and Edward McCain

    2003             The hidden artwork of Mission San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 79, no. 10 (October), pp. 18-33. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [With twenty-two color photos by Edward McCain, this article by Fontana illuminates some of the painted and sculptured art of Mission San Xavier del Bac and provides a very brief synopsis of the church=s history.]

Fontana, Bernard L.; William J. Robinson, Charles W. Cormack, and Ernest E. Leavitt, Jr.

    1962             Papago Indian pottery. Seattle, University of Washington Press. Map, illus., bibl. index. 163 pp. [This is a detailed study of Papago pottery in all of its dimensions. Not only material culture, but all aspects of Papago life become involved as the authors consider the origin, evolution, use, and discontinuation of various pottery forms. The table of contents includes Introduction; Pottery Studies in Papaguería; Modern Papago Pottery; Time and Space Perspective; Implications from Papago Pottery Design; and Conclusions. The volume is profusely illustrated.]

    1988             Papago Indian pottery. New York, AMS Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. 163 pp. [A reprint of Fontana, Robinson, Cormack, and Leavitt (1962).]

    1970             Techniques of pottery manufacture of the Papago Indians. In Culture shock, edited by Philip K. Bock, pp. 179-193. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. [This is a summary of Papago pottery manufacture techniques taken from the 1962 book by the same authors, but without the accompanying photographs.]

Fontana, Hazel M.

    1960             [Pen-and-ink drawing of Mission San Xavier del Bac]. Arizona and the West, Vol. 2, no. 2 (Summer), front cover. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Fontana's drawing of Mission San Xavier del Bac decorates the cover of this issue.]

Fontana, Hazel M., transcriber, and Bernard L. Fontana, annotator. See McGee 2000

Forbes, Jack D.

    1957             Historical survey of the Indians of Sonora: 1821-1910. Ethnohistory, Vol. 4, no. 4 (Fall), pp. 335-368. Bloomington, American Indian Ethnohistoric Conference. [The Papagos are listed on pages 335 and 336 as Sonoran Indians who were only indirectly affected by missionization. On page 350 the Sonoran Papagos are briefly discussed. Other scattered references to Papagos exist throughout.]

    1964             The development of the Yuma route before 1846. California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 43, no. 2 (June), pp. 99-118. San Francisco, California Historical Society. [This discussion of the overland route to California via the lower Gila River makes passing mention of Papago Indians living in the region and of Papago hostilities.]

    1965             Warriors of the Colorado. The Yumas of the Quechan Nation and their neighbors. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Maps, illus. bibl., index. xx + 378 pp. [This history of the Quechan Indians of the lower Colorado River covers the period from prehistoric times to the mid-19th century. It makes frequent mention of Papago Indians. Consult the book's index.]

    1979             The Papago-Apache treaty of 1853: property rights and religious liberties of the O'odham, Maricopa, and other native peoples. Davis, Native American Studies, Tecumseh Center, University of California. 32 pp. [Forbes refers to the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, negotiated between the United States and Mexico without consent or meaningful involvement of the Indians living with the area, as "the Papago-Apache treaty." This is a lengthy argument, one based largely on law and court decisions, concluding that Papagos and other Indians of the region should still be allowed "to use" lands in southern Arizona claimed by the federal government.]

Forbes, Jack D., and Howard Adams

    1976             A model of "grass-roots" community development: the D-Q University Native American language education project. Davis, University of California, Tecumseh Center. Illus., bibl. iii + 41 pp. [One of the subjects of this booklet is the study and teaching of the Papago language.]

Forbes, Robert H.

    1918             Preface. In Southwestern beans and teparies [Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station, no. 68], by George Freeman, pp. [i]-[ii]. Tucson, University of Arizona, College of Agriculture. [Forbes notes: "While teparies are well known to the natives of the Southwest, the Papagoes (meaning the beans people) even deriving their name from them, they seem not to have been mentioned before in the horticultural literature."]

Ford, Richard I.

    1983             Inter-Indian exchange in the Southwest. In Handbook of American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 10, Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 711-722. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of aboriginal Papago involvement in trade in cotton, agave fibers, dried mescal sheets, saguaro fruit products, wheat, tepary beans, and gourds (p. 712), as well as salt (p. 713). Papago village entertainment is mentioned on page 717, and the development of friendly relations via trade are mentioned on page 719. Papagos are mentioned elsewhere throughout.]

Ford, Rochester

    1902(?)        Tucson, Arizona. Tucson, Chamber of Commerce. Illus. 16 pp. [Reprinted and paper bound as a separate from Out West Magazine, September, 1902. Facing page one there is a panoramic view of the southeast elevation of Mission San Xavier and the plaza to its south taken from the slopes of what later became "Grotto Hill." It shows a still-standing adobe row house that once formed part of the east side of the plaza. No mention of San Xavier or of Papagos in the text.]

Forrest, Earle R.

    1929             Missions and pueblos of the old Southwest. Cleveland, The Arthur H. Clark Company. Illus., bibl., index. 386 pp. [Includes mention that Papagos took part in the Pima Revolt of 1751 (p. 234); Mission San Xavier del Bac is surrounded by a Papago village (p. 248); Papagos cared for Mission San Xavier after departure of the Spanish Franciscans (p. 251); articles from San Xavier Mission were secreted by Papagos after the 1751 Jesuit expulsion (p. 252); and the name "Tucson" is of Papago origin. Mission San Xavier del Bac is, mentioned on pages 234, 243, 248-253, 255, and 256, and there are two photos, one showing its exterior (facing p. 1) and another its interior (p. 249).]

    1962             Missions and pueblos of the old Southwest. Chicago, The Río Grande Press, Inc. Illus., bibl., index. 386 pp. [A reprint of Forrest 1929.]

Fortson, James R., compiler

    1987             El Padre Kino. 300 años en la historia de Sonora [Papeles, no. 17]. México, D.F., J.R. Fortson y Cia, S.A. Maps, illus., bibl. [This printed folder contains eight papeles, or papers, each individually formatted and designed to fold in a different way, concerning various aspects of the life of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, the pioneer European among Northern Piman Indians. Devoted to such topics as the European setting in which Kino was born and grew up, the Spanish missionary program, and mines and missions on the northern frontier of New Spain, one paper (no. 5) is devoted to Father kino in New Spain, another (no. 6) to Father Kino as diplomat and evangelist; and one (no. 8) to his burial in Magdalena, Sonora in 1711 and subsequent successful efforts to locate his grave and to memorialize him.]

Foster, Jeanne [pseud., Jeanne Williams]

    1984             Woman of three worlds. New York, Ballantine Books. 311 pp. [A novel about a Southern girl who winds up at Fort Bowie in southeastern Arizona in the 1870s and who is captured by Chiricahua Apaches. Details of the 1871 Camp Grant Massacre of Apaches by Papago Indians and others are imagined on page 129.]

Foster, Kennith E.

    1978             The Winters Doctrine: historical perspective and future applications for reserved water rights in Arizona. Groundwater, Vol. 16, no. 3 (May-June), pp. 186-191. Worthington, Ohio, Water Well Journal Publishing Company for the Ground-Water Technology Division of the National Water Well Association. [Mention is made of Papagos' presentation before the U.S. Senate's Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs at which Papagos asserted that in 1974 they were irrigating only 1,840 acres out of a potentially irrigable 1,000,000 acres on their reservation. Ground water was identified as a potential water source.]

Fowler, Catherine S.

    1983             Some lexical clues to Uto-Aztecan prehistory. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 49, no. 3 (July), pp. 224-257. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Focusing on words for plants and animals, use is made of linguistic data -- including that for Papago -- to arrive at a hypothetical "homeland" for speakers of proto Uto-Aztecan languages. This putative homeland covers all of northern and southeasternmost Arizona, southwesternmost New Mexico, and much of northeastern Sonora and northwestern Chihuahua.]

Fox, Francis J.

    1966             Bibliography. In Father Kino in Arizona, by Fay J. Smith, John L. Kessell, and Francis J. Fox, pp. 97-122. Phoenix, Arizona Historical Foundation. [Preceded with a biographical sketch of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, including his pioneer efforts in the Pimería Alta, this is a bibliography of published works by and about Father Kino.]

    1976             Laying the foundations for the Diocese of Tucson. The coming of Salpointe, 1866. Brand Book, no. 3, pp. 257-264. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [Father Fox provides a brief Aearly history of the Catholic Church in Arizona,@ including mention of the activities of Father Eusebio Kino and other missionaries among the Northern O=odham. He also notes that a Jesuit, Father Charles E. Messea, was briefly stationed at Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1864 and he observes there was an unsuccessful attempt by Vicar Apostolic Jean Baptiste Salpointe to place a Mr. Vincent at San Xavier as teacher sometime after 1866.]

Francisco, Alan

    1982             Rope twister. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 8. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [Drawings and a brief text describe the device used by Papagos to twist horse hair into rope.]

Francisco, Anna

    1946             Eeetoy and hawka. In Voices from the desert, by the Sixth Grade Class and compiled and edited by Hazel Cuthill, pp. 38-39. Tucson, Tucson Indian Training School. [This is the Tohono O=odham story of the killing of Ho=ok, the cruel woman, by burning her in a cave.]

Francisco, Colleen

    1999             Funeral. In When the rain sings. Poems by young Native Americans, edited by David Gale, p. 56. Washington, D.C., National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster. [A 16-year-old Baboquivari High School Tohono O'odham student uses poetry to describe that part of a wake when mourners file by the casket of a deceased person to pay their respects.]

Francisco, Jefford

    1997             Sustaining a tradition of plant stewardship. Bajada, Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 1. Tucson, U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. [This is a brief discussion of the traditional regard for plants by the Tohono O'odham; of the need for plant studies on the reservation; and of the fact that six species of plants on the reservation "have sensitive status." Mention is also made of the use of the sweet fruit of the saguaro as a food source.]

Francisco, Shiela

    1982a           The lady and the caveman. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 12. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [Eleven-year-old Francisco is from Ventana village on the Papago Reservation. [This is a delightfully fanciful story about a woman gathering clay for pottery who encounters a "ghost or something" living in a cave. The creature helps her by digging clay for her and ultimately agrees to abandon his cave dwelling and to live with her family.]

    1982b           [Untitled; petroglyphs.] Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 29. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [These are drawings of petroglyphs that originated in the imagination of Francisco. Her drawings are interpreted by Vavages (1982c).]

Francisco, Shiela; Henrietta Valenzuela, and Angelo Patricio

    1982             Naming ceremony. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 15. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [These three Papago middle school students recount the traditional manner in which a medicine man gives a newborn child a name.]

[Franco, Chepa]

    1980             Elder brother (a Papago odyssey). As told to A.C. Navarro. Cortaro, Arizona, A.C. Navarro. 57 pp. [A story as told by Chepa Franco, a Tohono O'odham of the San Xavier Reservation, one which combines elements of Papago, Christian, and other European, Plains Indians, and other mythologies, all blended together through the medium of her splendid imagination.]

Franco, Daniel

    2000a           Black Mountain Singers. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, p. 23. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [Franco explains that the "Black Mountain Singers are a pow-wow drum group from San Xavier who started in June 1995." They started with twenty singers, but now (2000) have thirteen between the ages of eight and twenty. The group has traveled to South Korea as well as to Hawaii, California, New Mexico, and all over Arizona. Franco is a member of the Black Mountain Singers. A black-and-white photo of the group accompanies the essay.]

    2000b           Pegi 'oig, nt o a 'ep m-nei. In San Xavier. Learning history ... making history, by Alice Begay and others, p. 32. [Tucson], San Xavier District and the Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [Franco, a Tohono O'odham, writes that he attends Desert View High School and will be a senior in the fall of 2000. He contributed most of the drawings used to help illustrate San Xavier. Learning history ... making history.]

Franco, Jeré

    1994             Beyond reservation boundaries: Native American laborers in World War II. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 36, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 242-254. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [Among the post WWII laborers profiled is Thomas Segundo who, after the war, twice served as chairman of the Papago Indian Tribe of Arizona. Segundo's wartime experiences in San Francisco working for the Pacific Bridge Company are discussed. He specifically notes the lack of prejudice directed at him as an American Indian.]

Franklin, B.J.

    1896             Report of the Governor of Arizona. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1896, Vol. 3, pp. 207-346. Washington, Government Printing Office. [A section titled "Depredations of the Nomadic Papagoes" contains a lengthy discussion complaining about the cattle stealing propensities of the Papagos. Papagos, Pimas, and Maricopas are grouped together here under the generic "Papago" term (pages 252-255).]

Frantz, Joe B.

    1974             Southwest collection. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 77, no. 3 (January), pp. 399-414. Austin, Texas State Historical Association. [A one-paragraph discussion (p. 403) of the Arizona State Museum and National Park Service archaeological project along the Santa Rosa Wash near Chui chu (sic) on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Franzoy, Corey, and Associates, and Harza Engineering Company

    1983a           Environmental assessment for the Ak-Chin Community on-reservation irrigation development program, phase II, Pinal County, Arizona. Tempe, Arizona, Franzoy, Corey and Associates. Illus. Various paging. [The title is the abstract. The Ak-Chin Community is comprised largely of Tohono O=odham. This report was prepared for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and submitted by the Ak-Chin Community.]

    1983b           Small reclamation loan application report and feasibility study, phase II development for Ak-Chin Indian Community, Maricopa County, Arizona.. Tempe, Arizona, Franzoy, Corey & Associates. Maps. Various paging. [The title is the abstract.]

Franzoy Corey, Engineers and Architects

    1988             Papago water supply, San Xavier District, Tohono O=odham Nation: environmental assessment of the San Xavier farm rehabilitation project. Phoenix, Arizona, Franzoy Corey, Engineers & Architects. Maps, illus., bibls. ca. 390 pp. [Water supply, water distribution, flood control, and other environmental aspects connected with delivery of Central Arizona Project water to the cooperative San Xavier Farm on the San Xavier Reservation are the subjects addressed in this report.]

Frary, I.T.

    1926             Mission San Xavier del Bac near Tucson, Arizona. The Architectural Record, Vol. 60, no. 4 (October), pp. 376-378. New York, F.W. Dodge Corporation. [Four photos and a brief account of the history and architecture of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Papago Indians are not mentioned, but three Papago children are in the photo at the bottom of page 377.]

Fratt, Lee

    1981             Tumacacori plaza excavation, 1979 [Publications in Anthropology, no. 16]. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center. Map, plans, illus., appendices, refs. xii + 269 pp. [Archaeological excavations in the plaza of Mission Tumacácori, an eighteenth-century Spanish mission which served a community of Northern Piman Indians, yielded 8,798 sherds of Aindigenous@ pottery, nearly all of them Piman in origin. Fratt=s report also contains a brief Asite chronology@ Tumacácori, 1691-1930s (pp. 11-13).]

    1986             Tumacacori National Monument: archeological assessment and management recommendations. In Miscellaneous historic period archeological projects in the Western Region [Publications in Anthropology, no. 37], compiled by Martin D Tagg, pp. 41-74. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Archaeological and Conservation Center. [This study of the archaeological remains of Mission Tumacácori in southern Arizona, with detailed plans of the site, includes a review of previous archaeological work here. Emphasis is on architectural features of this 18^th-century mission founded for the Northern O=odham, but it is noted that the cultural material assemblage is comprised chiefly of Piman ceramics.]

Fredericksen, Hazel

    1970             He-who-runs-far. New York, Young Scott Books. Illus. 249 pp. [The fictional story of Papago Red Deer, a Papago Indian boy brought up in a little village on the Papago Reservation in Arizona. It includes a portfolio of pen-and-ink drawings by artist John Houser.]

Freedman, Robert L.

    1976             Native North American food preparation techniques. Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana, Vol. 38, núm. 47, pp. 101-159. México, Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Comisión de Historia. [Includes data from Thackery and Leding (1929) on the preparation of buds of the chollas Opuntia versicolor and O. echinocarpa (p. 123) and of saguaro syrup (p. 148).]

Freeman, George F.

    1912             Southwestern beans and teparies. Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station, no. 68, pp. 573-619. Tucson, University of Arizona. [Included here are mention of Papago corn, beans, pumpkins, and squash (p. 573); samples of beans from Papago villages for experimentation (p. 575); Papago name for the common frijole (p. 576); Papagos and the tepary bean (pp. 582-583); and other scattered references.]

    1913             The tepary, a new cultivated legume from the Southwest. Botanical Gazette, Vol. 56, no. 5 (November), pp. 395-417. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. [This illustrated article concerns agricultural tests conducted at the Arizona Experiment Station using tepary bean seeds obtained from plants grown on the Papago Reservation. Brief references to Papagos are on pages 395-398.]

    1915             Papago sweet corn, a new variety. Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station, no. 75, pp. 452-467. Tucson, University of Arizona. [This is an illustrated report on Papago sweet corn, a new variety developed by cross-breeding strains of Squaw or Indian corn on the Papago Reservation in 1910.]

    1918             Southwestern beans and teparies. Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station, no. 68 (revised). Tucson, University of Arizona College of Agriculture. [This is an updated version of Freeman (1912), with Papago mentions left intact.]

Freeman, Merrill P.

    1915             A vocabulary of the Papago and Pima language. s.l., s.n. [This is a three-page reprint of an article which appeared in the Arizona Daily Star on May 9, 1915, concerning a Papago or Pima vocabulary of about 3,000 words that was compiled by Captain F.E. Grossman. A copy is in the library of the Arizona State Museum, Tucson.]

    1939             The City of Tucson and its foundation and origin of its name. Introduction by Victor R. Stoner. Tucson, Acme Printing Company. Illus. 11 pp. [This handsomely-printed essay B a newly-printed version of a 1912 pamphlet B goes into some detail concerning the Papago origin of the name, ATucson.@ He writes that Papago interpreter Hugh Norris told him the name in Papago is Styook-zone, and that it translates as Aat the foot of, or base of, a black hill.@ Freeman also discusses the location of the original Piman village, drawing on material from the writings and maps of Father Eusebio Kino.]

Freese, Alison

    1993             [Commentary.] American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 143-150. Los Angeles, American Indian Studies Center, University of California. [Brief mention is made of the assertion by a modern historian, Ramón Gutiérrez, that the cultures of the Yuma, Pima-Papago, and Pueblos on the eve European conquest were more similar than dissimilar -- a viewpoint with which Freese takes exception.]

French, David H., and Kathrine S. French

    1996             Personal names. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 17, Languages, edited by Ives Goddard, pp. 200-221. Washington, Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of the fact that Papago nicknames include stereotype (p. 202); that name givers among Papagos had some supernatural authority (p. 204); and that Papagos proscribed against using the names of the dead out of respect for the deceased's kin as well as out of fear of the dead.]

French, E.B.

    1862             Letter of the Second Auditor of the Treasury, transmitting accounts ... from persons charged .. with the disbursement of monies ... for the benefit of the Indians, from July 1, 1860, to June 30, 1861. Senate Executive Documents, no. 31, 37^th Congress, 2d session, Vol. 4. Washington, Government printing Office. [Pages 207-208 include an abstract of accounts and disbursements by John R. Walker, agent in charge of the Pima and Papago tribes. A little more than $2,000 was spent in the last two quarters of 1860, most of it in salaries for the agent, interpreter, and a blacksmith at San Xavier. This volume is 1121 in the serial set.]

Freundlich, Carol

    1994             Contemporary kiva. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 12, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 86-89, 91, 93. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [This is about the new Southside Presbyterian Church in Tucson designed by architects Robert Vint and Jody Gibbs, a church which at the beginning of the century was primarily Aa community mission and school for the Tohono O=odham living in the area.@ The new structure includes Aa traditional Tohono O=odham crotched-post gate made of live ocotillo by Ed Kisto,@ himself a Tohono O=odham. The gate is shown in a color photo.]

Frick, Paul S.

    1954             "An archaeological survey in the central Santa Cruz Valley, Southern Arizona." Master's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. Map, bibl. 138 pp. [This is a study of scattered surface archaeological sites and collections along the Santa Cruz River in southern Arizona between Tubac in the south and Sahuarita in the north. The survey was done in an area where in historic times there was a fairly concentrated O'odham population.]

Frisbie, Charlotte J.

    1977             Music and dance research of southwestern United States Indians. Past trends, present activities, and suggestions for future research. Detroit Studies in Music Bibliography, no. 36. Detroit, Information Coordinators, Inc. [A history and discography, Papago music and musical instruments are mentioned throughout. Listed are extensive recordings of Papago music in the Lowie Museum of Anthropology in Berkeley, California, and 3.5 hours of music recorded by Ruth Underhill on file in the Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington.]

Frisbie, Theodore R.

    1976             Open forum: ceramic typology. Pottery Southwest, Vol. 3, special supplement. Albuquerque, Albuquerque Archaeological Society. 12 pp. [Passing mention is made that a study of Papago Indian pottery was made by Fontana and others, one that helps "provide a wealth of available data which have direct archaeological bearing on typology." (p. 7).]

    1986             The mystery of Veteado Mountain anthropomorphs and related matters. In By hands unknown: papers on rock art and archaeology in honor of James G. Bain [Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico], edited by Anne Poore, pp. 61-78. Santa Fe, Ancient City Press for the Archaeological Society of New Mexico. [There is a brief discussion here of the Papago man-in-the-maze design on Papago and Pima baskets. He cites DeWald (1954) concerning a Papago version of the man-in-the-maze.]

Fritz, Gordon L.

    1989             The ecological significance of early Piman immigration to southern Arizona. The Artifact, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 51-109. El Paso, El Paso Archaeological Society. [This illustrated essays sets forth Fritz's views concerning possible prehistoric Hohokam and historic Piman Indian relationships in northern Sonora/southern Arizona and what may have happened between ca. A.D. 1450 and the end of the 17th century. He does not believe there is any significant connection between the two groups.]

Froebel, Julius

    1856-57       Aus Amerika, Erfahrungen, Reisen and Studien. Two volumes. Leipzig, Dyksche Buchhandlung. [This is the original, German version of Froebel (1859). His travels in the Santa Cruz Valley are in the second volume.]

    1859             Seven years' travel in Central America, northern Mexico, and the Far West of the United States. London, Richard Bentley. Illus. [Froebel was in southern Arizona during the second half of 1854, just after the region became a part of the United States and before 1863 when the region became part of a territory labeled AArizona.@ He spent a few days at the "Pima" community of San Xavier and describes his visit is some detail, including a brief mention of the church (pp. 499-502). He describes Papagos' weaving of cloth, describes their arrows, their use of saguaro fruit, etc. An engraving of Mission San Xavier del Bac is the book's frontispiece.]

    1861             A travers l>amerique. Three volumes. Translated from the German by Emile Tandel. Paris, E. Jung-Treuttel; Brussels, A. Lacroix. 358 pp. [This is the French translation of Froebel (1856-57). His Santa Cruz Valley travels are in the third volume.]

Frontain, Dick

    1968             San Xavier del Bac: a living mission. Tucson, Los Amigos. Illus.40 pp. [Illustrated with large numbers of black-and-white photographs taken by the author, chapter titles are, AAn Architect Views San Xavier,@ AA History,@ AIndian Festivals at San Xavier,@ AThe Day of the Dead,@ ASan Xavier Fiesta,@ AThe Present and the Future,@ and AA Reading Guide.@]

    1972             San Xavier del Bac: poem of the desert. Introduction by Ted De Grazia. Tucson, Los Amigos. Illus. 36 pp. [The book=s chapters, written as poems, are AThe Desert,@ AThe Creatures,@ AThe Step,@ APadre Kino,@ AThe Robes of Black,@ AThe Followers of Francis,@ ALife at San Xavier, 1887,@ AThe Desert Peoples,@ ALife at San Xavier, 1972,@ ADeath at San Xavier,@ and AA Saint for All Seasons.@ Profusely illustrated with black-and-white photos by the author, including pictures taken elsewhere in Papago country than at San Xavier.]

    1989             San Xavier del Bac: a living mission. In Cababi, edited by Robin Payne and others, front cover, pp. 75-79. Tucson, PIma Community College. [Excerpted from Frontain (1968). The front cover of this collection of poetry and prose by Pima College students is a color photo by Frontain of the west-northwest elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac. The photo was taken when an ocotillo fence surrounded the outlines of the Jesuit church built by Father Alonso Espinosa ca. 1756.]

Frost, Earnie

    1998             The ride home. In A good Cherokee, a good anthropologist, edited by Steve Pavlik, pp. 355-365. Los Angeles, University of California, American Indian Studies Center. [This is the hilarious saga of getting the body of a deceased anthropologist, Robert Thomas, from where he died in Texas to the San Xavier Reservation. Mention is made of Thomas=s two sons by his former Papago wife and of the fact that his remains were cremated and his ashes deposited in various places.]

Frost, Tom

    1997             Friars' forum ... Westfriars, Vol. 31, no. 1 (February), p. 9. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [A Franciscan missionary on the Papago Indian Reservation presents his answer to the question asked of him by another Franciscan, "Why do you stay where you are? You only have funerals out there. No one wants to come there."]

Frye, Josie

    1999             Is it "I am" or "my name." In When the rain sings. Poems by young Native Americans, edited by David Gale, pp. 57-58. Washington, D.C., National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster. [Frye, a 17-year-old Baboquivari High School student, reflects in this poem on the fact that her name, Josephine, is a white woman's name, while her Indian name is Spotted Feather. "Not just my name it's who I am."]

Fuchs, Estelle, and Robert J. Havighurst

    1973             To live on the earth. American Indian education. Garden City, New York, Anchor Press/Doubleday. 390 pp. [A survey of American Indian education based largely on studies completed in 1971, one of which includes an overview of education on the Papago Indian Reservation excluding San Xavier and Gila Bend (pp. 64-76).]

Fuchs, M.

    1979             Provider attitudes toward STARPAHC - telemedicine project on the Papago Reservation. Medical Care, Vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 59-68. Philadelphia, etc. etc., Lippincott.

Fulbright, Tom

    1968             Cow-country counselor. New York, Exposition Press. 196 pp. [These are the personal reminiscences of a Pinal County, Arizona lawyer. There are scattered mentions throughout of Papago Indians, usually in connections with Papagos' drinking or dancing (see pp. 37-38, 65, and 111).]

Full, Roy P.

    1970             An appraisal of the mineral resources in the lands acquired by the United States from the Papago Indians as decided September 10, 1968 and October 1, 1969 before the Indian Claims Commission. Two volumes. Salt Lake City, R.P. Full. Maps. [The title is the abstract. The report was submitted as Indian Claims Commission docket no. 345, PLF. EXH no. F-1.]

Fuller, Nancy

    1991             Ak-Chin Him-Dak -- a new model for community management opens to public. CRM, Vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 36-37, 43. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources. [An illustrated article tells about the June 29, 1991 opening of the new cultural resources museum/center on the Pima/Papago Ak Chin Reservation. It is said to be "the first museum in the United States to be established on the ecomuseum concept," a place where "identification, preservation, study and interpretation (are) conceived as a tool for cultural survival and generation during a time of profoundly changing tribal lifestyles."]

Fuller, Wallace H.

    1982             Papago children. In Arizona anthem, edited, designed and compiled by Blair Morton Armstrong, p. 417. Scottsdale, Arizona, The Mnemosyne Press. [A six-stanza poem describing the appearance and demeanor of Papago Indian children.]

Furman-Berg, Katherine

    1995             Close-up business interview: Ned Norris, Jr. Tucson Lifestyle, November, pp. 60-61. Tucson, Steven E. Rosenberg. [A black-and-photo of Tohono O'odham Ned Norris, Jr. accompanies this article about him, one which emphasizes his role as manager of the Tohono O'odham Nation's Desert Diamond Casino on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. Some of his life's story is told here as well.]