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CONTENTS Chapter 1_In the Beginning: Heroes, Events and the Curriculum The Battle to Improve and Democratize the Curriculum Profiles in Courage Jefferson's Footsteps The Giants and What We Can Still Learn from Them Laying the Groundwork (The Necessity of a Precursor) What Had to Be Reformed Elementary Education Common Sense Reform The Threat That Never Goes Away: A Separate Curriculum for Poor Children The Pursuit of Efficiency versus Having the Best Monitorial Instruction Limitations of a Mechanical View of Education Direct Instruction: The Past Comes Calling Emergence of a New Curriculum System Based on Having the Best A Standard American Language Sectional Differences The Textbook and an Up-to-Date Curriculum Going Beyond the Minimum: A Principle from Yesterday for Today Ideas as Instruments of Curriculum Change Achievements as Instruments of Curriculum Change The Vision of Human Development European Influences on the Elementary School Pestalozzi's Influence on the Curriculum Herbart's Influence on the Curriculum Fr¿ebel's Influence on the Curriculum Criticism of the "New Education" Love at First Sight: The High School Growing Pains Improving Teaching in High Schools Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 2_New Directions and Turning Points in the Curriculum A Single Critical Publication: Spencer's Essay Science Enters the Curriculum Spencer's Effect on Curriculum Theory The Beginning of Progressive Education: Parker's Work in Quincy An Appalling (and Eye Opening) Discovery Parker's Pedagogy Parker's Ideas Today The Report of the Committee of Ten The Impact of Universities The Secondary Curriculum: Battle Lines President Eliot's Concerns Determining the Course of Secondary Education The Legacy of the Committee of Ten The Report of the Committee of Fifteen Firming Up the Status Quo The Final Result Dewey's Laboratory School at Chicago The Curriculum Problem: What Dewey Hoped to Discover The Curriculum High School Accreditation for College Admission Standards and Accreditation Regional Associations of Colleges and Secondary Schools New Criteria for Good Secondary Schools Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 3_Century of the Curriculum How Fads Impede Progress Achieving Transfer of Learning Thorndike's Monumental Study Demolishing Mental Discipline Research on Transfer Effects of Thorndike's Studies Is Mental Discipline Really Dead? Changing Conceptions of Learning and Transfer Increasing the Possibility of Transfer Scientism in Curriculum Development Business Ideology and the Curriculum Educators as Mechanics The Committee on Economy of Time The Doctrine of Specific Objectives Scientism, Technology, and the Curriculum Child Development Knowledge and the Curriculum Educational Opportunity and Social Progress: The Biological Connection Planning for a Better Human Condition Progress, Intelligence, and the Curriculum Democracy and Education Dewey Forges the Link The Revolution in Secondary Education A Flexible School Structure: The Comprehensive High School Educational Theory and the Adolescent Years The Junior High School Changing Times for Secondary Education Problems Faced by Secondary Education The Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 4_Evolution of the Modern Curriculum Theoretical Steps Forward The Twenty-sixth Yearbook The Society for Curriculum Study The Landmark Schools: They Touch Our Lives The Lincoln School Curriculum Research Research from Relevant Fields Vocabulary Research The Eight-Year Study The Activity Curriculum The Decline of Curriculum Experimentation Using Best Practices: Goodlad's Study of Schooling The Mythical Average School The Future of Curriculum Research Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 5_Changing Conceptions of Curriculum A Matter of Definition A Proposed Modern Definition of Curriculum Traditionalist Conceptions and Functions of Curriculum Curriculum as Subject-Matter Content Curriculum as the Cumulative Tradition of Organized Knowledge Curriculum as Disciplinary Knowledge Curriculum as an Instructional Plan or Course of Study Curriculum as Measured Instructional Outcomes (Products): A Technological Production Model Curriculum as Cultural Reproduction Progressivist Conceptions and Functions of Curriculum Curriculum as Modes of Thought Curriculum as Experience Changing Conceptions Extraclass Activities The Curriculum-Instruction Dualism Curriculum and Instruction Research on Teaching The Hidden Curriculum and the Collateral Curriculum The Collateral Curriculum A Unitary Conception of Curriculum Codified Knowledge and Becoming Knowledgeable A Proposed Definition Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 6_A Paradigm for the Curriculum Field: Compass for Curriculum Renewal The Route Toward a Paradigm for the Curriculum Field Conflicting Schools of Thought and Shifting Grounds Systematic Curriculum Development The Sources of a Science of Education Sources of Educational Objectives The Curriculum Paradigm Curriculum Development as Inquiry and Problem Solving The "Tyler Rationale" Interaction of Determinants and Sources Reassessment of the Curriculum Paradigm Tyler's Version of the Curriculum Paradigm: Criticism and Modification Why Reforms Succeed or Fail Distortion and Ignorance of General Education Paradigm-Based Fields and the Value of the Textbook Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 7_Sources and Forces for Curriculum Renewal: Society and the World of Knowledge Society as Curricular Source and Influence Contemporary Life Needs Societal Demands and Pressures Community, School and Multiculturalism Society as Curricular Source and Influence: Changing Functions of Schooling Fundamental Skills Testing as a Nationalizing Influence on the Curriculum Cultural Heritage Knowledge Production: Disciplinarity Individual-Social Growth The World of Knowledge as Curricular Source and Influence Subject Matter Specialists Curriculum Generalists Mediative Role of the School Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 8_The Nature of the Learner as Curricular Source and Influence Conflicting Conceptions of the Learner Faculty Psychology and Mental Discipline The Learner as an Autonomously Thinking, Socially Responsible Individual Categorizing and Evaluating Learning Outcomes Cognitive Processes Affective Processes Psychomotor Processes Developmental Stage Theory Stages of Intellectual Development Erikson's Developmental Stage Theory Needs and Developmental Tasks Organic Interdependence of Tasks and Processes Spectrum of Human Intelligences Dewey's Fourfold Developmental Learning Activities Moral Education Constructivism Radical Cultural/Social Constructivism and the World of Science The Collateral Curriculum and the Hidden Curriculum Excessive Quantification Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 9_Curricular Sources and Influences: Conflicting Educational Theories Need for a Guiding Philosophy Philosophy and Objectives Conflicting Educational Philosophies The Conservative Vision Perennialism Essentialism Eclecticism The Progressive Vision Experimentalism Reconstructionism The New Academic-Left Radicalism Crises of Negativism and Contradiction The Romantic Vision Romantic Naturalism The Inner Vision Existentialism Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 10_The Search for a Core Curriculum: General Education in a Free Society Knowledge, Education, and Life Education and Life Knowledge and the Curriculum Eclosion and Synthesis: The Unfolding of Knowledge The Search for Synthesis The Macrocurriculum and the Microcurriculum The Macrocurriculum: Complementary Functions General Education for a Free Society General Education and the Phases of Schooling The Comprehensive High School The Junior High School The Middle School The Elementary School Alternative Schools or Schools of Choice Accelerated Schools General Education and Knowledge Specialism The Scholar-Specialist and the Citizen Two Cultures The Problem of Curriculum Organization The Subject Curriculum and General Education Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 11_Determining the Structure of the Curriculum: Design for Synthesis Alternative Patterns of Curriculum Organization Core as Distribution Electives Core as Academic Disciplines Core as Correlated Subjects Core as Fused Subjects Scope, Sequence, and Balance: Vertical and Horizontal Articulation Prospects Reconstructing the Curriculum Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 12_Proposals for Reform: Curricular Priorities and Polarities Proposals for General Education: The Democratic Vision and the Practical Need Democracy's High School ALL American Children and ALL American Youth The Harvard Report on General Education Resurgent Essentialism Conant's Report on the High School Conant's Report on the Junior High School Slums and Suburbs The Discipline-Centered Curriculum and the Decline of General Education The Discipline-Centered University and the Mission-Oriented Society A Curriculum Manifesto Decline of General Education and the Democratic Ideal The Structure of the Disciplines Doctrine Distorted Conception of the Learner Teacher-Proof Curricula Declining Enrollments in Science The Myth of a Monolithic Structure Aftermath of the New Math Citizenship Rediscovered Emergence of Alternative Approaches to Disciplinarity The Curriculum, the Learner, and Society "The Remaking of American Education" The "Youth Problem" Education for Techno-Industrial Mobilization "Nation at Risk" Reducing the Curriculum Basic Schooling "Less is More": Essentialist Schools A Basic Curriculum for Basic Schools A Further Look at the Schools Carnegie Foundation Report on the High School America 2000/Goals 2000 The Sandia Study "No Child Left Behind" Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 13_The Curriculum and the World of Work The Democratic Ideal: A Unitary School Structure Nationalistic and Vested Interests Versus the Democratic Interest The Struggle for a Recognized Place in the Curriculum Bypassing the Schools From Postwar Visions to Cold War Counterforces The Comprehensive High School in Cold War Crisis Cold War Criticisms The Comprehensive High School as Scapegoat In Defense of the Comprehensive High School Era of Social Crisis "Social Dynamite" Presage for a Dual System The "War on Poverty" Seething Social Problems Splitting Up the School System New Agendas and Contravening Forces Career Education Curriculum Retrenchment Integrating Academic and Vocational Studies "Tech/Prep" or "Two-Plus-Two." Private For-Profit Vocational Schools Biases and Myths The Comprehensive Curriculum and Tracking An American Dilemma The Myth of Mental Discipline The Myth of Obsolescence The Myth of the Postindustrial Service Society The Myth of Industrial Know-How The Myth of Adolescent Negativism Toward Schooling Reality of the Human Community The Emerging Curriculum in Career Education Curriculum Unity and Interdependence The Comprehensive Vocational Curriculum Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 14_Interpreting Research for Curriculum Improvement Curriculum Research, Development, and Practice: Protection Against Bias Valuation Sources and Influences The Need to Look to Possibilities, Not Limitations Statistics are Not Factual or Objective Knowledge Education and the American Creed Research and Valuation: Equality of Educational Opportunity International Comparisons of Educational Yield The Politics of Education Reform The Sandia Study: Perspectives on Education in America The National Adult Literacy Survey National Survey on Reading Proving the Project Proves Counterproductive Why Innovations and Reforms Have Failed One-Sided Value Premises Avoidance of Controlled Research Proving the Project Curricular Interrelationships Toward Curriculum Renewal Curriculum Controversy The Clich¿ of Experiment The Best Available Evidence as Guide to Practice Best Practices Need for Sound Qualitative Ideas to Guide Research Freedom to Learn Segmental versus Aggregate Approaches to Curriculum Renewal Shifting Expectations and Demands and Priorities The Law of the Minimum Knowledge/Ability Level The Deficiency of Efficiency Education as an Emergent Process Assessment and Accountability Authentic Assessment The New Technology Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 15_Who Makes the Curriculum? Demystifying the Curriculum The Textbook Publisher Myth The Single-Factor Myth The Decision Makers Influence of the Public Efforts by Organized Groups Efforts by Individuals Political Influences Federal Level The State Level The Local School District Level Test Agencies and Publishers Teaching the Test The Merging of Politics and Testing Instructional Assessment: Building on Past Learning University Professors Influence of Subject Matter Specialists Professors of Education Professional Influences Professional Associations Central Administrators Teachers Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 16_Curriculum Improvement: Role of the Teacher Teachers' Preparedness for Curriculum Improvement Teachers' Feelings About Preparedness Teacher Education and Curriculum Development Resources for Problem Solving Professional Relationships Levels of Curriculum Development Level I: Imitative-Maintenance Level II: Mediative Level III: Creative-Generative Implications of the Levels Best Practices The Application of Skills Idea-Oriented Teaching Ecological Interaction Involving Learners in Curriculum Planning: Important for All (Particularly Beneficial for Some) Access to the Curriculum Curriculum Improvement as Inquiry Teacher Research Local Curriculum Development Programs The Gold Standard for Involvement: The Denver Plan A Modern Prototype: Teacher-Instigated Curriculum Development in New York City Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 17_Curriculum Improvement: Administrative Leadership Leadership at the District Level The Need for Expertise The Curriculum Expert Leadership Responsibilities The Superintendent The Assistant Superintendent for Curriculum and Instruction The Supervisor Leadership at the Local School Level The Successful School Principal Setting the Stage for Curriculum Improvement Human Resources Material Resources Media Center Time Teacher Organizations Teacher Contentment and Resource Adequacy Collaborative Approaches for Curriculum Improvement Setting a Common Vision Problem Solving What Good Leaders Do Leadership for Curriculum Design, Development, and Evaluation Transforming Theory into Practice Curriculum Design, Development, and Evaluation: A Way of Thinking Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Chapter 18_School Renewal: Ways And Means Reform and Renewal Teaching Democratic Citizenship Forces Impelling Renewal Processes for School Improvement The Magic Bullet Approach New Organizational Structures Innovation The Comprehensive-Connected Approach The Ecology of Curriculum Renewal Segmental Approaches Impede Renewal The Problem of Professional Isolation The Curriculum Development Infrastructure Role of the Central Office The Impact of Effective Schools Research Improving Teaching and Learning Assessment for Curriculum Development The Crucial Importance of Support for Curriculum Development Carrying Out District Responsibilities Problems Faced by Central Office Staff District or Local School? Continuous and Cumulative Curriculum Development Avoiding Curriculum Stagnation Correlates of Effective Curriculum Improvement Perspective Problems for Study and Discussion Epilogue References Name Index Subject Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Education -- United States -- Curricula -- History.
Curriculum planning -- United States.