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CONTENTS Preface to Separations Process Engineering Acknowledgments Nomenclature for Chapters 1 to 15 Chapter 1. Introduction to Process System Engineering. 1.1. Importance of Separations 1.2. Concept of Equilibrium 1.3. Mass Transfer 1.4. Problem-Solving Methods 1.5. Prerequisite Material 1.6. Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering 1.7. Summary / Objectives References Homework 2. Flash Distillation. 2.1. Basic Method of Flash Distillation 2.2. Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data 2.3. Graphical Representation of Binary VLE 2.4. Binary Flash Distillation 2.4.1. Sequential Solution Procedure Example 2-1. Flash separator for ethanol and water. 2.4.2. Simultaneous Solution Procedure 2.5. Multicomponent VLE 2.6. Multicomponent Flash Distillation Example 2-2. Multicomponent flash distillation. 2.7. Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence Example 2-3. Simultaneous solution for flash distillation. 2.8. Size Calculation Example 2-4. Calculation of drum size. 2.9. Utilizing Existing Flash Drums 2.10. Summary-Objectives References Homework Appendix. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation 3. Introduction to Column Distillation. 3.1. Developing a Distillation Cascade 3.2. Distillation Equipment 3.3. Specifications 3.4. External Column Balances Example 3-1. External balances for binary distillation. 3.5. Summary / Objectives References Homework 4. Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-stage Calculations. 4.1. Internal Balances 4.2. Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods Example 4-1. Stage-by-stage calculation by the Lewis Method. 4.3. Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method. 4.4. Feed Line Example 4-2. Feed line calculations 4.5. Complete McCabe-Thiele Method Example 4-3. McCabe-Thiele Method 4.6. Profiles for Binary Distillation 4.7. Open Steam Heating Example 4-4. McCabe-Thiele analysis of open steam heating. 4.8. General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure Example 4-5. Distillation with two feeds. 4.9. Other Distillation Column Situations 4.9.1. Partial Condensers 4.9.2. Total Reboilers 4.9.3. Side Streams or Withdrawal Lines 4.9.4. Intermediate Reboilers and Intermediate Condensers 4.9.5. Stripping and Enriching Columns 4.10. Limiting Operating Conditions 4.11. Efficiencies 4.12. Simulation Problems 4.13. New Uses for Old Columns 4.14. Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup 4.15. Comparisons Between Analytical and Graphical Methods 4.16. Summary / Objectives References Homework Appendix. Computer Simulations for Binary Distillation 5. Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation. 5.1. Calculational Difficulties Example 5-1. External Mass Balances Using Fractional Recoveries 5.2. Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation 5.3. Summary / Objectives References Homework 6. Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation. 6.1. Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation 6.2. Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form 6.3. Initial Guess for Flow Rates 6.4. Bubble Point Calculations Example 6-1. Bubble-point Temperature. 6.5. _-Method of Convergence Example 6-2. Matrix Calculations and _-method. 6.6. Energy Balances in Matrix Form 6.7. Summary / Objectives References Homework Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation 7. Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation. 7.1. Total Reflux: Fenske Equation Example 7-1. Fenske Equation. 7.2. Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations Example 7-2. Underwood Equations 7.3. Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratio Example 7-3. Gilliland Correlation. 7.4. Summary / Objectives References Homework 8. Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods. 8.1. Breaking Azeotropes with Other Separators 8.2. Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes 8.2.1. Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes. 8.2.2. Drying Organic Compounds that are Partially Miscible with Water Example 8-1. Drying Benzene by Distillation. 8.3. Steam Distillation Example 8-2. Steam Distillation. 8.4. Two-Pressure Distillation Processes 8.5. Complex Ternary Distillation Systems 8.5.1. Distillation Curves 8.5.2. Residue Curves 8.6. Extractive Distillation 8.7. Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent 8.8. Distillation with Chemical Reaction 8.9. Summary / Objectives References Homework Appendix. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems. 9. Batch Distillation. 9.1. Binary Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation 9.2. Simple Binary Batch Distillation Example 9-1. Simple Rayleigh Distillation 9.3. Constant-Level Batch Distillation 9.4. Batch Steam Distillation 9.5. Multistage Batch Distillation 9.5.1. Constant Reflux Ratio Example 9-2. Multistage Batch Distillation 9.5.2. Variable Reflux Ratio 9.6. Operating Time 9.7. Summary / Objectives References Homework 10. Staged and Packed Column Design. 10.1. Staged Column Equipment Description 10.1.1. Trays, Downcomers and Weirs 10.1.2. Inlets and Outlets 10.2. Tray Efficiencies Example 10-1. Overall Efficiency Estimation 10.3. Column Diameter Calculations Example 10-2. Diameter Calculation for Tray Column 10.4. Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics Example 10-3. Tray Layout and Hydraulics 10.5. Valve Tray Design 10.6. Introduction to Packed Column Design 10.7. Packed Column Internals 10.8. Height of Packing: HETP Method 10.9. Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation Example 10-4. Packed Column Diameter Calculation 10.10. Economic Trade-Offs 10.11. Summary / Objectives References Homework 11. Economics and Energy Conservation in Distillation. 11.1. Distillation Costs 11.2. Operating Effects on Costs Example 11-1. Cost Estimate for Distillation 11.3. Changes in Plant Operating Rates 11.4. Energy Conservation in Distillation 11.5. Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation. Example 11-2. Sequencing Heuristics 11.6. Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Non-Ideal Ternary Systems. Example 11-3. Process Development for Separation of Complex Ternary Mixture 11.7. Summary / Objectives References Homework 12. Absorption and Stripping. 12.1. Absorption and Stripping Equilibria 12.2. Operating Lines for Absorption Example 12-1. Graphical Absorption Analysis 12.3. Stripping Analysis 12.4. Column Diameter 12.5. Analytical Solution: Kremser Equation Example 12-2. Stripping Analysis with Kremser Equation. 12.6. Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers 12.7. Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers 12.8. Irreversible Absorption 12.9. Summary / Objectives References Homework Appendix. Computer Simulations for Absorption and Stripping 13. Immiscible Extraction, Washing, Leaching and Supercritical Extraction. 13.1. Extraction Processes and Equipment 13.2. Countercurrent Extraction 13.2.1. McCabe-Thiele Method for Dilute Systems Example 13-1. Dilute Countercurrent Immiscible Extraction 13.2.2. Kremser Method for Dilute Systems 13.3. Dilute Fractional Extraction 13.4. Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction Example 13-2. Single-stage and cross-flow extraction of a protein 13.5. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction 13.6. Batch Extraction 13.7. Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures 13.8. Washing Example 13-3. Washing 13.9. Leaching 13.10. Supercritical Fluid Extraction 13.11. Application to Other Separations 13.12. Summary - Objectives References Homework 14. Extraction of Partially Miscible Systems. 14.1. Extraction Equilibria 14.2. Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule 14.3. Single-stage and Cross-flow Systems Example 14-1. Single-stage Extraction 14.4. Countercurrent Extraction Cascades 14.4.1. External Mass Balances 14.4.2. Difference Points and Stage-by-Stage Calculations 14.4.3. Complete Extraction Problem Example 14-2. Countercurrent Extraction 14.5. Relationship Between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams 14.6. Minimum Solvent Rate 14.7. Extraction Computer Simulations 14.8. Leaching with Variable Flow Rates Example 14-3. Leaching Calculations 14.9. Summary / Objectives References Homework Appendix. Computer Simulations for Extraction 15. Mass Transfer Analysis for Packed Columns. 15.1. Basics of Mass Transfer 15.2. HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns Example 15-1. Distillation in a Packed Column 15.3. Relationship of HETP and HTU 15.4. Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Towers 15.4.1. Detailed Correlations Example 15-2. Estimation of HG and HL 15.4.2. Simple Correlations 15.5. HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers Example 15-3. Absorption of SO2 15.6. HTU-NTU Analysis of Cocurrent Absorbers 15.7. Mass Transfer on a Stage Example 15-4. Estimation of Stage Efficiency 15.8. Summary / Objectives References Homework Nomenclature for Chapter 16. 16. Membrane Separation Techniques. 16.1. Membrane Separation Equipment 16.2. Membrane Concepts 16.3. Gas Permeation 16.3.1. Gas Permeation of Binary Mixtures 16.3.2. Binary Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems Example 16-1. Well Mixed Gas Permeation / Sequential, Analytical Solution. Example 16-2. Well-Mixed Gas Permeation / Simultaneous Analytical and Graphical Solutions 16.3.3. Multicomponent Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems Example 16-3. Multicomponent, Perfectly Mixed Gas Permeation 16.4. Reverse Osmosis (RO) 16.4.1. Analysis of Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis Example 16-4. Reverse Osmosis Without Concentration Polarization. 16.4.2. Determination of Membrane Properties from Experiments Example 16-5. Determination of RO Membrane Properties 16.4.3. Determination of Concentration Polarization Example 16-6. Reverse Osmosis with Concentration Polarization Example 16-7. Prediction of RO Performance with Concentration Polarization. 16.4.4. RO with Concentrated Solutions 16.5. Ultrafiltration (UF) Example 16-8. UF with Gel Formation. 16.6. Pervaporation (Pervap) Example 16-9. Pervaporation: Feasibility Calculation. Example 16-10. Pervaporation: Development of Feasible Design. 16.7. Bulk Flow Pattern Effects Example 16-11. Flow Pattern Effects in Gas Permeation 16.7.1. Binary Cross-flow Permeation 16.7.2. Binary Co-current Permeation 16.7.3. Binary Countercurrent Flow 16.8. Summary-Objectives References Homework Appendix. Spreadsheets for Flow Pattern Calculations for Gas Permeation. 16.A1. Cross-flow 16.A2. Co-Current flow 16.A3. Countercurrent flow Nomenclature for Chapter 17. 17. Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography & Ion Exchange. 17.1. Sorbents & Sorption Equilibrium 17.1.1. Definitions 17.1.2. Sorbent Types 17.1.3. Adsorption Equilibrium Behavior Example 17-1. Adsorption Equilibrium 17.2. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography 17.2.1. Movement of Solute in a Column 17.2.1. Solute Movement Theory for Linear Isotherms 17.2.3. Application of Linear Solute Movement Theory to Purge Cycles and Elution Chromatography Example 17-2. Linear Solute Movement Analysis of Elution Chromatography. 17.3. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Thermal and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds 17.3.1. Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) Example 17-3. Thermal Regeneration with Linear Isotherms. 17.3.2. Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Example 17-4. PSA System. 17.3.3. Simulated Moving Beds (SMB) Example 17-5. SMB System. 17.4. Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis 17.4.1. Diffuse Waves Example 17-6. Diffuse Waves 17.4.2. Shock Waves Example 17-7. Self-sharpening Shock Wave 17.5. Ion Exchange 17.5.1. Ion Exchange Equilibrium 17.5.2. Movement of Ions Example 17-8. Ion Movement for Monovalent-Divalent Exchange. 17.6. Mass and Energy Transfer 17.6.1. Mass Transfer and Diffusion 17.6.2. Column Mass Balances 17.6.3. Lumped Parameter Mass Transfer 17.6.4. Energy Balances and Heat Transfer 17.6.5. Derivation of Solute Movement Theory 17.6.6. Detailed Simulators 17.7. Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems 17.7.1. Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Local Equilibrium with Dispersion 17.7.2. Superposition in Linear Systems Example 17-9. Lapidus & Amundson solution for elution. 17.7.3. Linear Chromatography Example 17-10. Determination of linear isotherm parameters, N and resolution for linear chromatography 17.8. LUB Approach for Nonlinear Systems Example 17-11. LUB approach. 17.9. Checklist for Practical Design & Operation 17.10. Summary / Objectives References Homework Appendix. Introduction to the Aspen Chromatography Simulator. Appendix. Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations Answers to Selected Problems Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Separation (Technology).