Agler, B.A. (1992). Photographic identification of individual fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Gulf of Maine: Wildlife management. Orono, ME. 158 p.
Descriptors: finback whale, identification, photographic, Gulf of Maine, wildlife management, Balaenoptera physalus.
Notes: Thesis (M.S.) in Wildlife Management--University of Maine, 1992.
Allen, K.R. (1983). Development and application of cetacean population models whales. Advances in Applied Biology 7: 333-405.
NAL Call Number: QH301.A8
Descriptors: whales, Cetacean, population, models.
Allen, K.R. (1980). Conservation and Management of Whales, Sea Grant Communications: Seattle, 107 p. ISBN: 0295957069.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4A42
Descriptors: whales, wildlife conservation, wildlife management.
Anderson, J.R. (1995). Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 239-43. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, animal communication, discrimination learning, orientation, social behavior.
Andre, M., A. Supin, E. Delory, C. Kamminga, E. Degollada, and J.M. Alonso (2003). Evidence of deafness in a striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba. Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 3-8. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, sound reception, deafness, Mediterranean Sea, Spain, stranding record and evidence of deafness.
Anonymous (2004). Report of the workshop on the Western gray whale: research and monitoring needs. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(Suppl.): 487-500. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Descriptors: Eschrichtius robustus industry, oil and gas development, meetings, proceedings, endangered status, migration, migration route, population size, zoogeography, South Korea, Ulsan, workshop on the western gray whale, research and monitoring needs, International Whaling Commission, North Atlantic, meeting proceedings.
Anonymous (2003). New whale species. Biodiversity (Ottawa) 4(4): 37. ISSN: 1488-8386.
Descriptors: biodiversity, dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, systematics and taxonomy.
Anonymous (2003). Transportation of dolphins. Marine Sciences (Beijing) 27(4): 26-27. ISSN: 1000-3096.
Descriptors: delphinidae, transportation of live animals.
Anonymous (2002). Dolphins in the Amazon River. Marine Observer 72(355): 44-45. ISSN: 0025-3251.
Descriptors: Sotalia fluviatilis, Inia geoffrensis, Brazil, River Amazon, Trombetas, unusual record.
Anonymous (2002). North Atlantic right whales. Marine Observer 72(355): 44-45. ISSN: 0025-3251.
Descriptors: Eubalaena glacialis, north west Atlantic, Canada, Nova Scotia, unusual record.
Anonymous (1988). Whales face even greater threat. Animals International 8(25): 8. ISSN: 0254-3923.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A53
Descriptors: whales, fishing industry, fishing methods, legislation, animal welfare.
Anonymous (1980). A captura da baleia: A captura da baleia. [Capturing whales]. Revista Dos Criadores 49(602): 88-89. ISSN: 0034-9259.
NAL Call Number: 43.8 R32
Descriptors: whales, capturing.
Antrim, J. (2001). Logistics of maintenance, rehabilitation and return to the Pacific Ocean of a California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 228-230. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: animal care, wildlife management, animal maintenance, animal transport, contingency plans, logistics, resource acquisition, grey whale, Pacific ocean, wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld, San Diego.
Aradanas, J.S. (1998). Aboriginal whaling--biological diversity meets cultural diversity. Northwest Science 72(2): 142-145. ISSN: 0029-344X.
NAL Call Number: 470 N81
Descriptors: American Indians, whales, cultural heritage, Washington, Makah Indian tribe, California gray whales, Treaty of Neah Bay.
Aragones, L.V. and Bienvenido Gonzales (2001). Status and Conservation of Marine Mammals in the Philippines, College, Laguna (Philippines), 29 p.
Abstract: To date, a total of 25 species out of the 27 marine mammals reported within the Philippine waters have been confirmed. These included 22 cetaceans, 1 dugong (Dugong dugon), 1 pinniped (Phoca largha), and 1 otter (Amblonynx cinereus). The large seal (accidentally caught in 1998 along the coasts of Buguey, Cagayan Valley) was an extralimital recording because its normal southermost range of distribution is southern Japan. The small clawless otter is a part-time riverine species and could be found also in estuaries of Palawan. Among the 22 cetaceans, 18 are odontocetes, and 4 are mysticetes. Out of the 18 odontocetes, 13 are delphinids (spinner, pantropical spotted, striped, Fraser's, Risso's, rough-toothed, and Irra waddy dolphins, and short-finned pilot, melon-headed, pygmy killer, false killer, and killer whales), 2 kogiids (dwarf and pygmy sperm whales), 2 ziphiids (Blainville's and Cuvier's beaked whales), and 1 physiterid (sperm whale). The 4 mysticetes are balaenopterids including minke, Bryde's humpback and fin whales. The two unconfirmed species consist of the bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon sp.) and the largest living animal, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). In general, the spinner dophin is the most commonly sighted and widely distributed marine mammal species within the Philippine waters, followed by spotted dolphins. Unusually, large group sizes (100's or more) have been sighted for Fraser's, Risso's, and striped dolphins, and short-finned pilot whales. Among the cetaceans, the Irrawaddy dolphin has the most restricted distribution (northern Palawan). Moreover, the small clawless otter is restricted in the main island of Palawan only. The dugong is probably the most threatened marine mammal species within the Philippine waters due to its coastal affiliation. The major hotspots for cetaceans in the Philippines include southern Tanon Strait area, which has one of the most comprehensive marine mammals sighting database through its dolphin watching tour activities, waters off northern Luzon (off Babuyan and Batanes islands), Sulu Sea and Bohol Sea, to mention a few. The major hotspots for the dugong include the coastal waters off Palawan, southern Mindanao and northeast Luzon. The major threats to marine mammals in the Philippines are incidental mortalities, habitat loss (e.g. coastal development) and pollution. This is further aggravated by insufficient institutional support, the low priority from the government and the scarcity of basic information (e.g. stock assessment, level of interactions with fisheries) necesary for their conservation and management. Despite some laws on the protection and conservation of marine mammals such as dugong and dolphins, opportunistic directed fisheries is still being practiced particularly in remote areas where unknown numbers of these species thrive. However, there is still hope. The increasing popularity of dolphin watching tours in Bais City and the establishment of the Ocean Adventure Park at Subic, which features whale shows and encounters, could serve as tools in educating the public on the plight of these animals and the rest of the marine environment.
Descriptors: Cetacea, dugongs, seals, otters, geographical distribution, resource conservation, Philippines, Asia, biogeography, carnivora, mammals, mustelidae, Pinnipedia, resource management, South East Asia.
Language of Text: English summary.
Arnason, U. (1981). Fin whales in the NE North East Atlantic: relationships between abundance and distribution. Holarctic Ecology 4(4): 245-251. ISSN: 0105-9327.
NAL Call Number: QH540.H6
Descriptors: Atlantic Ocean, fin whales, distribution, abundbance, relationships.
Arnason, U., A. Gullberg, and A. Janke (2004). Mitogenomic analyses provide new insights into cetacean origin and evolution. Gene 333: 27-34. ISSN: 0378-1119.
NAL Call Number: QH442.A1G4
Abstract: The evolution of the order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises) has, for a long time, attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Here we examine cetacean phylogenetic relationships on the basis of analyses of complete mitochondrial genomes that represent all extant cetacean families. The results suggest that the ancestors of recent cetaceans had an explosive evolutionary radiation 30-35 million years before present. During this period, extant cetaceans divided into the two primary groups, Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales). Soon after this basal split, the Odontoceti diverged into the four extant lineages, sperm whales, beaked whales, Indian river dolphins and delphinoids (iniid river dolphins, narwhals/belugas, porpoises and true dolphins). The current data set has allowed test of two recent morphological hypotheses on cetacean origin. One of these hypotheses posits that Artiodactyla and Cetacea originated from the extinct group Mesonychia, and the other that Mesonychia/Cetacea constitutes a sister group to Artiodactyla. The current results are inconsistent with both these hypotheses. The findings suggest that the claimed morphological similarities between Mesonychia and Cetacea are the result of evolutionary convergence rather than common ancestry.
Descriptors: Cetacea genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, evolution, molecular, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, models, genetic, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, sequence analysis, DNA, time factors, variation genetics.
Atkins, S., N. Pillay, and V.M. Peddemors (2004). Spatial distribution of indo-pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) at Richards Bay, South Africa: environmental influences and behavioural patterns. Aquatic Mammals 30(1): 84-93. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) are caught in shark nets at Richards Bay, South Africa, at higher levels than elsewhere along the KwaZuluNatal coast. As part of an investigation to understand the reasons for humpback dolphin capture in shark nets at Richards Bay, we studied the spatial distribution and behavioral patterns of these dolphins. The study area was divided into five offshore sectors, 13 longshore sectors, and three regions. The geographic positions of humpback dolphins were recorded during boat-based follows, as was the proportion of time focal groups spent feeding, resting, socialising, and traveling. Humpback dolphins used the area within 2 km of the shore extensively. Along the shore, "hot spots" where humpback dolphins were most likely to be found were widely spaced, but sea conditions (water depth, surface, and subsurface temperatures and water visibility) did not appear to influence this spatial distribution. This may be because most measurements were within humpback dolphins' preferred range. In general, humpback dolphins used the area south of Richards Bay Harbor most often. The inshore area was important for feeding, but humpback dolphins moved further offshore to rest. Feeding was particularly important at the entrance to the harbor, where breakwaters and an estuary mouth are found. The Harbor Mouth region may be considered a feeding area of humpback dolphins, and this is where the shark nets are placed.
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, behavior, environmental influences, shark nets, spatial distribution.
Australia. Parliament. Senate. Select Committee on Animal Welfare. (1985). Dolphins and Whales in Captivity: Report. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 117 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4A9
Descriptors: Cetacea, Australia, dolphins, whales, treatment of animals, animal welfare.
Baird, R.W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World: Natural History and Conservation, Voyageur Press: Stillwater, 132 p. ISBN: 0896585123.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, conservation, comprehensive works, natural history and conservation.
Baker, A. and A. Baker (1990). Whales and Dolphins of Australia and New Zealand: an Guide to Identification, Allen & Unwin: Sydney; Boston, 133 p. ISBN: 0044422016.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4B34
Descriptors: whales New Zealand identification, Whales Australia identification, dolphins New Zealand identification, dolphins Australia identification.
Notes: Updated and enlarged editon of: Whales and Dolphins of New Zealand and Australia 1983.
Barlow, J. and G.A. Cameron (2003). Field experiments show that acoustic pingers reduce marine mammal bycatch in the California drift gill net fishery. Marine Mammal Science 19(2): 265-283. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea, fishing and fisheries, conservation measures, mortality, north Pacific, USA, California, fishery bycatch reduction using acoustic pingers, evaluation.
Barnes, G.R., P. Madie, and D.K. Blackmore (1996). Assessment of the humane aspects of electric lancing of whales by measurement of current densities in the brain and heart of dead animals. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 34(6): 436-40. ISSN: 0140-0118.
Abstract: The potential physiological effects of the electric lance are assessed, as used in Japanese whaling operations. Current densities are measured in the brains and hearts of six whales to which a controlled current of 5 A is applied by two electrodes inserted at various sites in the carcasses. The whales vary in size from 1.8 m (22 kg) to 16 m (40 t). The minimum current density in the brain necessary to cause depolarisation of neurones is estimated to be 10 mA cm-2 and to cause ventricular fibrillation is estimated to be 0.5 mA cm-2. No current densities exceeding 4.8 mA cm-2 are recorded in the brain. Very few recordings of current density from the heart are above 0.5 mA cm-2, and they occur only when electrodes are in optimal positions. When electrodes are placed as in whaling operations, no whale over 3 m in length would receive current densities in the heart or brain sufficient to cause permanent dysfunction. It is concluded that electric lancing is ineffective as a secondary method of killing whales and that the current densities recorded could cause pain and suffering to an already distressed animal.
Descriptors: brain physiopathology, electric injuries, heart physiopathology, whales physiology, electric injuries physiopathology, electric stimulation, electricity, electrophysiology.
Barnes, G.R.G. and P. Madie (2000). Concluding studies on the failures of electrical lancing of whales. Animal Welfare 9(4): 433-441. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, electrocution, electronarcosis, slaughter, electric current, brain, heart, sea water, pain, animal welfare, current density.
Barnett, J. and I. Robinson (2003). Marine mammals. In: E. Mullineaux, D. Best and J.E. Cooper (Editors), BSAVA (British Small Animal Veterinary Association) Manual of Wildife Casualties, British Small Animal Veterinary Association: Quedgeley, p. 182-201. ISBN: 0905214633.
NAL Call Number: SF996.45.B73 2003
Descriptors: Phocidae, Cetacea, care in captivity, diagnostic techniques, treatment techniques, parasites diseases and disorders, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Bejder, L. and B.K. Hall (2002). Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss. Evolution and Development 4(6): 445-58. ISSN: 1520-541X.
Abstract: We address the developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying fore- and hindlimb development and progressive hindlimb reduction and skeletal loss in whales and evaluate whether the genetic, developmental, and evolutionary mechanisms thought to be responsible for limb loss in snakes "explain" loss of the hindlimbs in whales. Limb loss and concurrent morphological and physiological changes associated with the transition from land to water are discussed within the context of the current whale phylogeny. Emphasis is placed on fore- and hindlimb development, how the forelimbs transformed into flippers, and how the hindlimbs regressed, leaving either no elements or vestigial skeletal elements. Hindlimbs likely began to regress only after the ancestors of whales entered the aquatic environment: Hindlimb function was co-opted by the undulatory vertical axial locomotion made possible by the newly evolved caudal flukes. Loss of the hindlimbs was associated with elongation of the body during the transition from land to water. Limblessness in most snakes is also associated with adoption of a new (burrowing) lifestyle and was driven by developmental changes associated with elongation of the body. Parallels between adaptation to burrowing or to the aquatic environment reflect structural and functional changes associated with the switch to axial locomotion. Because they are more fully studied and to determine whether hindlimb loss in lineages that are not closely related could result from similar genetically controlled developmental pathways, we discuss developmental (cellular and genetic) processes that may have driven limb loss in snakes and leg-less lizards and compare these processes to the loss of hindlimbs in whales. In neither group does ontogenetic or phylogenetic limb reduction result from failure to initiate limb development. In both groups limb loss results from arrested development at the limb bud stage, as a result of inability to maintain necessary inductive tissue interactions and enhanced cell death over that seen in limbed tetrapods. An evolutionary change in Hox gene expression--as occurs in snakes--or in Hox gene regulation--as occurs in some limbless mutants--is unlikely to have initiated loss of the hindlimbs in cetaceans. Selective pressures acting on a wide range of developmental processes and adult traits other than the limbs are likely to have driven the loss of hindlimbs in whales.
Descriptors: evolution, extremities anatomy and histology, limb deformities, congenital genetics, whales anatomy and histology, gene expression regulation, genes, homeobox, limb bud, lizards embryology, phylogeny, snakes embryology, whales genetics.
Bekierz, F.W. (1986). Cetacea: Bibliographie Uber Wal--Bibliographien. [Cetacea: Bibliography on Whale--Bibliographies], Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg; 0341-4116; 88. Veroffentlichungen des Informationszentrums fur Biologie am Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg; Nr. 5, Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft: Frankfurt A. M., 159 p. ISBN: 3924500266.
NAL Call Number: Z5973.W5B44 1986
Descriptors: Cetacea bibliography.
Language of Text: German and English.
Bekoff, M. (Editor) (2000). The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions, Discovery Books: London, 224 p. ISBN: 184201014X.
Descriptors: comprehensive zoology, popular works, behavior, emotions.
Berrow, S. and M.L. Dalebout (2002). Cuvier's whale Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier. Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(4): 167-168. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Ziphius cavirostris, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Clare, Doonbeg, stranding record.
Berzin, A.A. and G.M. Veinger (1981). Investigations into the population morphology of sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus L. 1758, of the Pacific Ocean. In: J. Gordon-Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome (Italy), p. 259-268. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: sperm whales, animal morphology, Pacific Ocean.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Best, P.B. (1982). Seasonal abundance, feeding, reproduction, age and growth in minke whales off Durban (with incidental observations from the Antarctic). International Whaling Commission Report of the Commission 32: 759-786. ISSN: 0074-9591.
Descriptors: Cestoda, Pennella, Cyamus, mammalian hosts, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, prevalence, south west Indian Ocean, Antarctic Ocean.
Best, P.B. and R.B. Abernethy (1994). Heaviside's dolphin Cephalorhynchus heavisidii (Gray, 1828). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 289-310. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, behavior, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, parasitology, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Birnie, P.W. (1989). International legal issues in the management and protection of the whale: a review of four decades of experience. Natural Resources Journal 29(4): 903-934. ISSN: 0028-0739.
NAL Call Number: HC79.E5N3
Descriptors: whales, fishery management, protected species, international agreements, developmental history, international organizations, regulations, quotas, fishing industry, fishing methods, marine areas, licenses and permits, developed countries, developing countries, international convention for the regulation of whaling, international whaling commission, maritime zones.
Notes: In the series analytic: The International Law of Migratory Species edited by P.W. Birnie.
Blackmore, D.K., P. Madie, and G.R.G. Barnes (1997). Observations on the electric lance and the welfare of whales: a critical appraisal. Animal Welfare 6(1): 43-51. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, stunning, brain, heart, electrical conductivity, pain, animal welfare, whaling, inhumane treatment.
Blackmore, D.K., P. Madie, M.C. Bowling, A. Nutman, A.S. Davies, W.R. McLeod, J. Taylor, and M. Degen (1995). The use of a shotgun for euthanasia of stranded cetaceans. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43(4): 158-159. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N483
Abstract: A 12-gauge shotgun, loaded with either a solid 28 g lead slug or buckshot consisting of nine individual lead pellets with a total mass of 28 g, was used to shoot the heads of one dead common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and five dead long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melaena) varying in length from 2.5 m to 5 m. The dolphin and the smallest pilot whale were shot with both projectiles from the dorsal surface of the head. The projectiles penetrated the head and dorsal surface of the skull, but not the base of the cranium. This site using buckshot was not effective in the larger animals. Two whales between 3 and 4 m in length were shot with buckshot through the lateral side of the head caudal to and above the eye, without penetration of the contralateral side of the head. It is concluded that shooting smaller cetaceans with a shotgun can be effective and safe. Further work is required to develop more suitable projectiles for cetaceans up to the size of mature pilot whales.
Descriptors: euthanasia, cetaceans, dolphin, pilot whales, shotgun, penetration, projectiles, stranded.
Bonn, W.G. van (1995). Captive cetaceans [welfare aspects of US Navy dolphins]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 206(2): 155-166. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: armed forces, wild animals, animal welfare, dolphins, captive.
Bonner, W.N. (1989). Whales of the World, Facts on File: New York, 191 p. ISBN: 0816017344.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4B67
Descriptors: Cetacea, whales.
Booth, S. and D. Zeller (2005). Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(5): 521-526. ISSN: 0091-6765.
Abstract: We modeled the flow of methyl mercury, a toxic global pollutant, in the Faroe Islands marine ecosystem and compared average human methyl mercury exposure from consumption of pilot whale meat and fish (cod, Gadus morhua) with current tolerable weekly intake (TWI) levels. Under present conditions and climate change scenarios, methyl mercury increased in the ecosystem, translating into increased human exposure over time. However, we saw greater changes as a result of changing fishing mortalities. A large portion of the general human population exceed the TWI levels set by the World Health Organization [WHO; 1.6 microg/kg body weight (bw)], and they all exceed the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 microg/kg bw/day set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; equivalent to a TWI of 0.7 microg/kg bw). As a result of an independent study documenting that Faroese children exposed prenatally to methyl mercury had reduced cognitive abilities, pregnant women have decreased their intake of whale meat and were below the TWI levels set by the WHO and the U.S. EPA. Cod had approximately 95% lower methyl mercury concentrations than did pilot whale. Thus, the high and harmful levels of methyl mercury in the diet of Faroe Islanders are driven by whale meat consumption, and the increasing impact of climate change is likely to exacerbate this situation. Significantly, base inflow rates of mercury into the environment would need to be reduced by approximately 50% to ensure levels of intake below the WHO TWI levels, given current levels of whale consumption.
Descriptors: food webs, marine mammals, mercury, diet, global pollutant, human health, Faroe Islanders, whale meat.
Braeger, S., J.A. Harraway, and B.F.J. Manly (2003). Habitat selection in a coastal dolphin species (Cephalorhynchus hectori). Marine Biology (Berlin) 143(2): 233-244. ISSN: 0025-3162.
Descriptors: Cephalorhynchus hectori, habitat preference, marine habitat, coastal habitat, physical factors, south Pacific, New Zealand, South Island, habitat selection, abiotic criteria.
Braham, H.W. (1983). Northern records of Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus, in the Northeast Pacific. Canadian Field Naturalist 97(1): 89-90. ISSN: 0008-3550.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 OT8
Descriptors: Pacific Ocean, Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus.
Brakes, P. and C. Bamber (2004). Euthanasia of cetaceans. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: a Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 78-83. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: Cetacea, philosophy and ethics, killing techniques, euthanasia.
Brass, I. (2002). Vergleichende bakteriologische Untersuchungen zur Zusammensetzung der Atemwegsflora bei Delphinen (Tursiops truncatus) in verschiedenen Haltungssystemen. [Comparative microbiological investigations on the composition of the respiratory flora in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in different husbandry systems]. 222 p.
NAL Call Number: DISS F2002162
Descriptors: etiology, animal husbandry, microbial flora, respiratory diseases, respiratory system, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Tursiops truncatus, Vibrio.
Breiwick, J.M., L.L. Eberhardt, and H.W. Braham (1984). Population dynamics of western Arctic bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41(3): 484-496. ISSN: 0706-652X.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 C16J
Descriptors: bowhead whales, Arctic, population dynamics, Balaena mysticetus.
Brown, S.G. (1986). Research on large and small cetaceans: conservation and management. Ambio 15(3): 168-172. ISSN: 0044-7447.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A52
Descriptors: Cetacea, aquatic mammals, resource conservation, resource exploitation, animal resources, nature conservation, research, sea pollution, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, conservation, living resources, mammals, natural resources, pollution, resource development, resources, vertebrates, water pollution.
Browne, D. (2004). Do dolphins know their own minds? Biology and Philosophy 19(4): 633-653. ISSN: 0169-3867.
Abstract: Knowledge of one's own states of mind is one of the varieties of self-knowledge. Do any nonhuman animals have the capacity for this variety of self-knowledge? The question is open to empirical inquiry, which is most often conducted with primate subjects. Research with a bottlenose dolphin gives some evidence for the capacity in a nonprimate taxon. I describe the research and evaluate the metacognitive interpretation of the dolphin's behaviour. The research exhibits some of the difficulties attached to the task of eliciting behaviour that both attracts a higher-order interpretation while also resisting deflationary, lower-order interpretations. Lloyd Morgan's Canon, which prohibits inflationary interpretations of animal behaviour, has influenced many animal psychologists. There is one defensible version of the Canon, the version that warns specifically against unnecessary intentional ascent. The Canon on this interpretation seems at first to tell against a metacognitive interpretation of the data collected in the dolphin study. However, the model of metacognition that is in play in the dolphin studies is a functional model, one that does not implicate intentional ascents I explore some interpretations of the dolphin's behaviour as metacognitive, in this sense. While this species of metacognitive interpretation breaks the connection with the more familiar theory of mind research using animal subjects, the interpretation also points in an interesting way towards issues concerning consciousness in dolphins.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, philosophy and ethics, behavior, self knowledge, states of mind, discussion.
Brueggeman, J.J. (1982). Early spring distribution of bowhead whales in the Bering Sea. Journal of Wildlife Management 46(4): 1036-1044. ISSN: 0022-541X.
NAL Call Number: 410 J827
Descriptors: Marine Areas, bowhead whales, Bering Sea, distribution.
Bruehler, G.L., S. Dirocco, T. Ryan, and K. Robinson (2001). Husbandry and hand-rearing of a rehabilitating California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 222-227. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: animal care, Cetacean housing, diets, feeding techniques, hand rearing, health stabilization, husbandry, natural behavior, nutritional requirements, skill development, wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld, grey whale.
Bruyns, W.F.J.M. (1971). Field Guide of Whales and Dolphins, Amsterdam, Mees, 258 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4B7
Descriptors: Cetacea, Delphinus, whales, dolphins, field guide.
Burns, W.C.G. and A. Gillespie (Editors) ( 2003). The Future of Cetaceans in a Changing World, Transnational Publishers, Inc.: Ardsley, 457 p. ISBN: 1571052623.
Descriptors: Cetacea, whaling, conservation, threats and conservation measures, future proposals, review.
Burton, J.A. and A. King (1974). Whales. Nature (London) 251(5472): 182.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: whales.
Busch III, A.A. (2001). Collected papers on the rescue, rehabilitation, and scientific studies of a California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 199-305. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Eschrichtius robustus, care in captivity, rehabilitation techniques, collecting techniques, rescue techniques, north Pacific, USA, California, rescue, rehabilitation and scientific studies, young, collected papers.
Butterworth, A. (2005). Death at sea-when is a whale dead. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 169(1): 5-6. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V484
Descriptors: whale, death, at sea.
Butterworth, A., S.C. Kestin, and J.F. McBain (2004). Evaluation of baseline indices of sensibility in captive cetaceans. Veterinary Record 155(17): 513-518. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: captive, cetaceans, sensitivity, baseline, evaluation.
Butterworth, A., L. Sadler, T.G. Knowles, and S.C. Kestin (2004). Evaluating possible indicators of insensibility and death in cetacea. Animal Welfare 13(1): 13-17. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, consciousness, animal welfare, Cetacea, insensibility.
Butterworth, A. (2004). Review of criteria for determining death and insensibility in cetacea. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: a Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 84-89. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: Cetacea, whaling, review of criteria for determining time of death, killing techniques, mortality.
Cahill, M. (2004). Marine mammal report 2003. Proceedings of the Isle of Wight Natural History and Archaeological Society 20: 39. ISSN: 0140-3729.
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea. North Atlantic, United Kingdom, England, Isle of Wight, annual records report.
Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (1990). Whales in Captivity: Right or Wrong?: Proceedings of a Symposium, Canadian Federation of Humane Societies: Ottawa, Ont., 172 p.
NAL Call Number: HV4704.W5
Descriptors: animal welfare societies, Whales Protection Canada Congresses, captivity, symposium.
Canto, J., P. Ruiz, and J.C. Cardenas (1991). Necropsia de ballena franca austral Eubalaena australis y consideraciones sobre manejo de la especie. [Necropsy of the sourthern white whale Eubalaena australis and considerations on the management of the species]. Boletin Museo Nacional De Historia Natural (42): 105-111. ISSN: 0027-3910.
Abstract: The sourthern white whale Eubalaena australis (Desmoulins 1922) was drastically diminished through massive captures since the 18th century. This species was put under international protection in 1936 and since then, it is only occasionally seen in the Chilean coast. The arrival of a female and a newborn at Los Reumbes beach (37 deg 12'S - 73 deg 35W) Golfo de Arauco, Chile, may point to the beginning of a settlement of its former domains. The permanency of two specimens allowed the recollection of information on behaviour and photographic identification. The process of upbringing was not completed due to human intervention that lead the calf to be stranded at the beach. This note evaluates the responsability of human action, and gives through necropsy information about morphometric and reproductive aspects.
Descriptors: whales, postmortem examination, animal morphology, reproductive performance, biological analysis, biological properties, Cetacea, histocytological analysis, mammals, performance.
Language of Text: English and Spanish summaries.
Capaldo, T. (1986). Animal welfare tests the waters of a human-dolphin bond project. PsyETA Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Bulletin 8(2): 7-8.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.B85
Descriptors: animal welfare, ethics, dolphins, bonds, projects, aquatic environment.
Carr, S.M., H.D. Marshall, K.A. Johnstone, L.M. Pynn, and G.B. Stenson (2002). How to tell a sea monster: molecular discrimination of large marine animals of the North Atlantic. Biological Bulletin 202(1): 1-5. ISSN: 0006-3185.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B52
Abstract: Remains of large marine animals that wash onshore can be difficult to identify due to decomposition and loss of external body parts, and in consequence may be dubbed "sea monsters." DNA that survives in such carcasses can provide a basis of identification. One such creature washed ashore at St. Bernard's, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland, in August 2001. DNA was extracted from the carcass and enzymatically amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR): the mitochondrial NADH2 DNA sequence was identified as that of a sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Amplification and sequencing of cryptozoological DNA with "universal" PCR primers with broad specificity to vertebrate taxa and comparison with species in the GenBank taxonomic database is an effective means of discriminating otherwise unidentifiable large marine creatures.
Descriptors: dna analysis, whales classification, whales genetics, Atlantic Ocean, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, marine biology methods, nad genetics, polymerase chain reaction, postmortem changes, sequence analysis, DNA, sequence homology.
Carter, A.M. and A.C. Enders (2004). Comparative aspects of trophoblast development and placentation. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2(1): 46. ISSN: 1477-7827.
Abstract: Based on the number of tissues separating maternal from fetal blood, placentas are classified as epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial or hemochorial. We review the occurrence of these placental types in the various orders of eutherian mammals within the framework of the four superorders identified by the techniques of molecular phylogenetics. The superorder Afrotheria diversified in ancient Africa and its living representatives include elephants, sea cows, hyraxes, aardvark, elephant shrews and tenrecs. Xenarthra, comprising armadillos, anteaters and sloths, diversified in South America. All placentas examined from members of these two oldest superorders are either endotheliochorial or hemochorial. The superorder Euarchontoglires includes two sister groups, Glires and Euarchonta. The former comprises rodents and lagomorphs, which typically have hemochorial placentas. The most primitive members of Euarchonta, the tree shrews, have endotheliochorial placentation. Flying lemurs and all higher primates have hemochorial placentas. However, the lemurs and lorises are exceptional among primates in having epitheliochorial placentation. Laurasiatheria, the last superorder to arise, includes several orders with epitheliochorial placentation. These comprise whales, camels, pigs, ruminants, horses and pangolins. In contrast, nearly all carnivores have endotheliochorial placentation, whilst bats have endotheliochorial or hemochorial placentas. Also included in Laurasiatheria are a number of insectivores that have many conserved morphological characters; none of these has epitheliochorial placentation. Consideration of placental type in relation to the findings of molecular phylogenetics suggests that the likely path of evolution in Afrotheria was from endotheliochorial to hemochorial placentation. This is also a likely scenario for Xenarthra and the bats. We argue that a definitive epitheliochorial placenta is a secondary specialization and that it evolved twice, once in the Laurasiatheria and once in the lemurs and lorises.
Descriptors: placenta growth and development, trophoblasts metabolism.
Catton, C. (1995). Dolphins, St. Martin's Press: New York, 160 p. ISBN: 0312132417; 1852839449.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432C35 1995
Descriptors: dolphins, pictorial works.
Notes: Maps of the distribution of different types of dolphins over the world on end papers.
Chakraborty, S. and V.C. Agrawal (2000). Mammalia. In: J.R.B. Alfred (Editor), Fauna of Gujarat. Vertebrates, State Fauna Series, Vol. 1, Zoological Survey of India: Calcutta, p. 15-83. ISBN: 8185874417.
NAL Call Number: QL309.F3734 2000
Descriptors: mammalia, checklists, taxonomic checklist, Gujarat, systematic account including new records, terrestrial and marine taxa, Arabian Sea, India, systematic account.
Chevassus au Louis, N. (2002). Bruits de botte autour du petit rorqual (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). [Problems about minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)]. Recherche (355): 86-87. ISSN: 0029-5671.
Abstract: Apres un moratoire de vingt ans sur la chasse a la baleine, viole seulement par trois pays, seules les populations de petit rorqual ont recouvre un niveau satisfaisant. Faut-il en autoriser a nouveau la capture, au risque que d' autres especes, plus fragiles, en fassent les frais?
Descriptors: whales, protected species, resource conservation, fishery policies, Cetacea, mammals, nature conservation, policies, resource conservation, resource management.
Language of Text: French.
Notes: Special: La Mer. P1903.
Christiaens, J. (2002). Humpback whales. CCA Ecological Journal 4: 59.
Descriptors: Megaptera novaeangliae, south west Indian Ocean, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Mnemba Island, annotated record.
Clarke, M.R. (1970). Function of the spermaceti organ of the sperm whale. Nature (London) 228(5274): 873-874. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: The structure of the head of the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) was described in outline by Pouchet and Beauregard(1-3) and by Raven and Gregory(4), but the function of the large, wax filled spermaceti organ and related structures is not known although several theories(4-6) have been advanced.
Descriptors: sperm whale, spermaceti organ, function, Physeter, theories.
Clarke, R. (2005). Male nipples in blue and fin whales and their absence in sperm whales. Aquatic Mammals 31(1): 124-132. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: male nipples, penis, blue whale, fin whale, sperm whale, fetal, postnatal, male, morphology, review.
Clarke, R. (2004). Pygmy fin whales. Marine Mammal Science 20(2): 329-334. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: marine ecology, environmental sciences, movement patterns, physical maturity, sexual maturity, species distribution, vocalization .
Clarke, T. and J. Knight (2003). Whale genetics study leaves conservationists all at sea. Nature (London) 424(6948): 479. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: conservation of natural resources trends, mutagenesis, whales genetics, whales physiology, models, biological, population density.
Coffey, D.J., D.K. Caldwell and M.C. Caldwell (Editors) (1977). Dolphins, Whales, and Porpoises: an Encyclopedia of Sea Mammals, 1st American edition, Macmillan: New York, 223 p.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.C63 1977
Descriptors: marine mammals, dictionaries, dolphins, whales, porpoises, encyclopedia, sea mammals.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Canberra (Australia). (1979). The whale - bleak past, uncertain future [populations, conservation]. Ecos (Australia) (19): 3-8. ISSN: 0311-4546.
Descriptors: whale, past, future, populations, conservation.
Connor, R.C. and D.M. Peterson (1994). The Lives of Whales and Dolphins, 1st edition, Holt: New York, 233 p. ISBN: 0805019502.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4C595 1994
Descriptors: Cetacea behavior, whales, dolphins, lives.
Conrad, J.M. (1987). Bioeconomics and the bowhead whale. Cornell Agricultural Economics Staff Paper 87(14): 40.
Descriptors: megaptera, Eskimos, population decrease, fishing operations, economic resources, Balaena mysticetus.
Constant, P. (1992). Marine Life of the Galapagos: a Guide to the Fishes, Whales, Dolphins, Other Marine Mammals, P. Constant: Paris, 248 p.
NAL Call Number: QL345.G2C65 1992
Descriptors: marine fauna Galapagos Islands, scuba diving Galapagos Islands.
Cornell, L.H. and E.D. Asper (1981). A census of captive marine mammals in North America. In: J. Gordon-Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome, Italy, p. 137-150. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: aquatic mammals, North America, captive marine mammals, census.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Cowan, D.F. and Z. Gatalica (2002). Immunohistochemistry in cetaceans. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 280-288. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Cetacea, biochemical techniques, histological techniques, diagnostic techniques, immune response, antibodies, immunohistochemistry review.
Crail, T. (1981). Apetalk & Whalespeak: the Quest for Interspecies Communication, 1st edition, J.P. Tarcher; distributed by Houghton Mifflin: Los Angeles, Boston, 298 p. ISBN: 0874771803.
NAL Call Number: QL776.C7 1981
Descriptors: human animal communication.
Cranford, T.W. (2004). Structure and function of the sperm whale nose: science, art, and folklore. Journal of Morphology 260(3): 284-285. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, art, folklore, science.
Notes: Meeting Information: Seventh International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2004.
D'Vincent, C., D. Haley and F. Sharpe (1989). Voyaging With the Whales, 1st edition, Oakwell Boulton: Chicago (USA), 216 p. ISBN: 09-208-31095.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C424D85 1989
Descriptors: whales, behavior, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, ISSCAAP group b 61, ISSCAAP group b 62, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, meat animals, oil producing animals, vertebrates, humpback whale.
Daemers Lambert, C. (1999). Perception et communication en milieu marin. Quatre lecons de physiologie animale. [Perception and communication in the sea. Four lessons in animal physiology]. Cahiers D'Ethologie Fondamentale Et Appliquee, Animale Et Humaine (Belgium) 19(3-4): 265-492. ISSN: 0778-7103.
Abstract: Through his mask, the scuba diver discovers an enigmatic fauna which evolves with a disconcerting ease in front of his dazzled eyes. What are the signals perceived by these living beings which populate the seas and the depths of the oceans? By which refinements of their anatomy and of their physiology can they detect these signals? How do they live in a world descending to bluer and darker depths only crossed by flashes of luminescence? By what intimate mechanisms do they respond to external stimuli to reproduce, renew their shells or start a long migration journey ?... These are the themes of this book concerned with the physiology and biochemistry of the marine animal world. A review of necessary concepts of physics and physiology introduces each-chapter and can be used as reference material for even the uninitiated reader. The author shows how the evolution of both the detection of chemical substances and of environmental physical factors gave birth to particularly original systems of perception and communication. The important subjects in contemporary marine biology, such as visual adaptations, bioluminescence, the impact of toxins and poisons on the food-chain, the echolocation mechanisms used by dolphins, the magnetic orientation capabilities of sharks and the electric fish transmitter-receiver sensory systems amongst other things, illustrate the author position. The last chapter is dedicated to the neuroendocrine system which assimilates information drawn from the environment into periodic activities as wide-ranging as the reproduction migrations and the molting by crustaceans. The author concludes this synthesis with the astonishing discovery of the neural and endocrine regulation of the sea-hare egg-laying behaviour. The in-depth study of these mechanisms, as presented here, should make encounters with the marine world decidedly more pleasurable experiences.
Descriptors: aquatic animals, animal physiology, communication between animals, pheromones, vision, marine environment, environmental factors, neurophysiology, endocrine glands, behavior, animal glands, aquatic environment, aquatic organisms, body parts, environment, physiological functions, semiochemicals, senses.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Collection Enquetes et Dossiers no. 25.
Darling, J.D. (1987). Wild Whales, SummerWild Productions, Distributed by Publishers Group West: Vancouver, B.C.; Emeryville, Calif. 96 p. ISBN: 0969280726.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4D37
Descriptors: humpback whale pictorial works, gray whale pictorial works, killer whale pictorial works, humpback whale, gray whale.
Davis, R., and United States. Minerals Management Service. Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. Texas A & M University at Galveston. Texas Institute of Oceanography. United States. Dept. of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Marine Fisheries Service. Southeast Fisheries Science Center. (1994). Distribution and Abundance of Marine Mammals in the North-Central and Western Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report. OCS study MMS 94-0003. OCS study MMS 94-0004. New Orleans, La.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region,
NAL Call Number: Fiche S 133
Descriptors: marine mammals, Gulf of Mexico, whales, ecology, cetaceans.
Daws, G. (1983). "Animal liberation" as crime: the Hawaii dolphin case. In: Harlan B. Miller and William H. Williams (Editors), Ethics and Animals, Humana Press: Clifton, NJ., p. 361-371. ISBN: 0896030369.
NAL Call Number: HV4711.E87
Descriptors: dolphins, animal welfare, courts, crime, Hawaii.
de Block, P. (1987). [Seventeen years of observations on dolphins in Antwerp Zoo.]. Lutra 30(2): 203-206. ISSN: 0024-7634.
Descriptors: delphinidae, zoological gardens, care in captivity, history of dolphinarium, Belgium, Antwerp Zoo, dolphinarium history.
De Master, D.P. and J.K. Drevenak (1988). Survivorship patterns in three species of captive cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 4(4): 297-311. ISSN: 0824-0469.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinapterus leucas, survival in captivity.
de Muizon, C. (2001). Walking with whales. Nature (London) 413(6853): 259-60. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: evolution, fossils, whales anatomy and histology, bone and bones anatomy and histology, Pakistan, tarsal bones anatomy and histology, walking.
Notes: Comment On: Nature. 2001 Sep 20;413(6853):277-81.
de Muizon, C. and D.P. Domning (2002). The anatomy of Odobenocetops (Delphinoidea, Mammalia), the walrus-like dolphin from the Pliocene of Peru and its palaeobiological implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134(4): 423-452. ISSN: 0024-4082.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 L64
Descriptors: Odobenocetops leptodon, mouth, tusks, skull, jaws, eye, vision, ear, ear bones, echolocation, feeding behavior, nasal passages, orientation, Peru, south, skull and postcranial anatomy, functional and systematic significance, Pliocene.
Devine, E. and M. Clark (Compiler) (1967). The Dolphin Smile; Twenty-Nine Centuries of Dolphin Lore, Macmillan: New York, 370 p.
NAL Call Number: QL795.D7D4
Descriptors: dolphins legends and stories, dolphin smile, dolphin lore.
Diaz Reganon Teresa, A. (1978). Un Depredador Marino: El Delphinus Delphis L. [A Marine Predator: Delphinus Delphis L.]., Libros Portico: Zaragoza, 571 p. ISBN: 8485264266.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432D5
Descriptors: dolphins, Spain, marine predator, Delphinus delphus.
Dierauf, L. (2001). The electronic whale. In: CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, 2 edition, p. 117-126.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.M35C73 2001
Descriptors: animal health, data processing, internet, marine mammals, whales.
Doak, W. (1989). Encounters With Whales & Dolphins, Sheridan House: Dobbs Ferry, NY, 250 p. ISBN: 0911378863.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4D63
Descriptors: Cetacea, whales, dolphins, encounters.
Dobson, G.P. (2003). On being the right size: heart design, mitochondrial efficiency and lifespan potential. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 30(8): 590-7. ISSN: 0305-1870.
Descriptors: heart anatomy and histology, heart physiology, mitochondria, adenosine diphosphate metabolism, adenosine diphosphate physiology, adenosine triphosphate metabolism, adenosine triphosphate physiology, body weight physiology, cytosol metabolism, guinea pigs, life expectancy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mice, mitochondria, heart metabolism, myocardium metabolism, myofibrils metabolism, myofibrils ultrastructure, organ size physiology, rabbits, rats.
Dobson, G.P. and J.P. Headrick (1995). Bioenergetic scaling: metabolic design and body-size constraints in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92(16): 7317-21. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: The cytosolic phosphorylation ratio ([ATP]/[ADP][P(i)]) in the mammalian heart was found to be inversely related to body mass with an exponent of -0.30 (r = 0.999). This exponent is similar to -0.25 calculated for the mass-specific O2 consumption. The inverse of cytosolic free [ADP], the Gibbs energy of ATP hydrolysis (delta G'ATP), and the efficiency of ATP production (energy captured in forming 3 mol of ATP per cycle along the mitochondrial respiratory chain from NADH to 1/2 O2) were all found to scale with body mass with a negative exponent. On the basis of scaling of the phosphorylation ratio and free cytosolic [ADP], we propose that the myocardium and other tissues of small mammals represent a metabolic system with a higher driving potential (a higher delta G'ATP from the higher [ATP]/[ADP][P(i)]) and a higher kinetic gain [(delta V/Vmax)/delta [ADP]] where small changes in free [ADP] produce large changes in steady-state rates of O2 consumption. From the inverse relationship between mitochondrial efficiency and body size we calculate that tissues of small mammals are more efficient than those of large mammals in converting energy from the oxidation of foodstuffs to the bond energy of ATP. A higher efficiency also indicates that mitochondrial electron transport is not the major site for higher heat production in small mammals. We further propose that the lower limit of about 2 g for adult endotherm body size (bumblebee-bat, Estrucan shrew, and hummingbird) may be set by the thermodynamics of the electron transport chain. The upper limit for body size (100,000-kg adult blue whale) may relate to a minimum delta G'ATP of approximately 55 kJ/mol for a cytoplasmic phosphorylation ratio of 12,000 M-1.
Descriptors: body constitution, energy metabolism, myocardium metabolism, adenosine diphosphate metabolism, adenosine triphosphate metabolism, body temperature regulation, cytosol metabolism, dogs, electron transport, evolution, kinetics, oxygen consumption, phosphates metabolism, phosphorylation, rabbits, rats, wistar rats, thermodynamics.
Dudok van Heel, W.H. and J.D. van der Toorn (1988). A biological approach to dolphinarium water purification. 2. A practical application: the Delfinaario in Tampere, Finland. Aquatic Mammals 14(3): 92-106. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: delphinidae, housing techniques, dolphinarium design incorporating biological water treatment system, environmental control device, biological water purification system for dolphinarium, Finland, Tampere, dolphinarium incorporating biological water treatment system.
Evans, K. and M.A. Hindell (2004). The age structure and growth of female sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in southern Australian waters. Journal of Zoology (London) 263(3): 237-250. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: marine ecology. population studies, wildlife management, conservation, mass stranding, whale survival rates, sperm whales, age, teeth.
Evans, P.G.H. (1997). Ecology of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Eastern North Atlantic, with special reference to sightings and strandings records from the British Isles. Bulletin De L' Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie (Belgium). Bulletin Van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen - Biologie 67(Suppl.): 133. ISSN: 0374-6429.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I48
Abstract: The sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus is a common large odontocete inhabiting deep oceans throughout the world where it feeds primarily upon cephalopods, particularly large squid. Human exploitation of the species has occurred on a large scale between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. Although modern whaling concentrated upon other species like the large rorquals, as new uses were discovered for sperm oil, sperm whale catches increased from the 1950s for a period of about twenty years. After imposing increasingly restrictive catch limits, the IWC banned pelagic catches worldwide in 1979, whilst the remaining coastal fisheries closed during the 1980s. Sperm whales are seasonal breeders but with a prolonged mating season. Females and breeding schools remain in low latitudes throughout the year, whereas adult males join these groups only intermittently and mainly during the breeding season. Outside this period, adult males tend to move into high latitudes in summer remaining there between July and December before returning south again. In Northern Europe, the greatest number of sperm whale records come from the British Isles. In past decades, virtually all sperm whale records around the British Isles were lone, mature males. However, since the mid-1970s, accompanying a marked increase in the number of strandings recorded, there has also been a significant increase in the frequency of animals measuring less than 14 m, with one-third measuring less than 12 m and therefore likely to be sexually immature. Over this same period, groups numbering from three to eleven individuals including subadults have been recorded. Three possible explanations for the recent increase in strandings are: that a greater number of sperm whales are entering the region; there has been a recent increase in mortality (perhaps human induced); or both factors may be operating: a greater number of overwintering whales are becoming exposed to an energy demand from food shortage leading to higher mortality which might be exacerbated by other factors such as contaminants. At present, there is no strong evidence that contaminant burdens are directly responsible for any of the recent strandings. The most parsimonious explanation is that the cessation in the late 1970s-early 1980s of hunting pressure, which traditionally concentrated upon males, has enabled sperm whale populations to recover, at the same time exposing pubertal males to greater competition for females from other males. This may have forced an increasing number of adolescent and young adult males to leave the breeding groups and to move into high latitudes where some have remained for extended periods, running into a seasonal shortage of food by late autumn.
Descriptors: Physeter, beaches, behavior, death, hunting, international law, body measurements, North Atlantic, British Isles, Atlantic Ocean, Cetacea, developmental stages, Europe, law, mammals, marine areas, physiographic features, Western Europe, whales.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Meeting Information: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Symposium "The North Sea Sperm Whales, One Year After" Held in Koksijde (Belgium) on the Anniversary of the Stranding of Four Sperm Whales on the Belgian Coast, Koksijde Belgium, Nov. 16-18, 1995.
Evans, W.E. (1994). Common dolphin, white-bellied porpoise Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758. In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins , Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 191-224. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, behavior, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, parasitology, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Fairbairn, P.W. and A.M. Haynes (1983). Jamaican surveys of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), dolphin (Tursiops trunacatus), sea turtles (families Cheloniidae and Dermochelydae) and booby terns (family Laridae). FAO Fisheries Report 278(Suppl.): 289-295.
Descriptors: Jamaica, manatee, dolphin, sea turtles, boobyterns, surveys.
Fairley, J.S. (1994). Minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata lacepede. Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 508. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, note, skull.
Fairley, J.S. and D.E. Tangney (1994). Sperm whale Physeter catodon L. Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 508. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, morphology, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, body length, jaw, note, teeth.
FAO Fisheries Dept. (1976). Mammals in the seas. Ad hoc group. 2. Small cetaceans and sirenians, report. Fisheries Dept. Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research. Scientific Consultation on Marine Mammals, August 31, 1976, Bergen (Norway), FAO: Rome, Italy, Vol. FAO ACCESS. No. 34367, 105 p.
Descriptors: small cetaceans, sirenians, report, mammals, seas, FAO.
Fernandez Casado, M. (2000). El cachalote Physeter macrocephalus. [The sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus.]. Galemys 12(2): 3-22. ISSN: 1137-8700.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus biological notes.
Ferrero, R.C., S.E. Moore, and R.C. Hobbs (2000). Development of beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, capture and satellite tagging protocol in Cook Inlet, Alaska. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fisheries Review 62(3): 112-123. ISSN: 0090-1830.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 F532
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, trapping, capture protocol, tagging, tracking techniques, satellite tagging, north Pacific, USA, Alaska, Cook Inlet, capture and satellite tagging protocol.
Fodor, B. (Compiler) (1971). The Sperm Whale (Physeter Catodon L.) a Bibliography, U.S. Dept. of Interior. Office of Library Services. Bibliography Series, Office of Library Services: Washington, 100 p.
NAL Call Number: Z5973.W5F6
Descriptors: sperm whale, bibliography.
Fordyce, E. and C. de Muizon. (2001). Evolutionary history of cetaceans: a review. In: Secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water: proceedings of the international meeting, 1996, Poitiers, Dr. Friedrich Pfeil: Muenchen, p. 169-233. 367 p. ISBN: 3931516881.
Descriptors: Cetacea, literature review, skeleton, evolutionary adaptation, marine life adaptations, evolutionary history and classification, review, marine habitat, caenozoic.
Frantzis, A. (2001). Sperm whales: the animals of superlatives! Acta Astronautica 49(3-10): 557-61. ISSN: 0094-5765.
Descriptors: dolphins, evolution, vocalization, animal, whales, acoustics, Greece.
Freeman, M.M.R. and U.P. Kreuter (1994). Elephants and Whales: Resources for Whom?, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers: Basel, Switzerland, 321 p. ISBN: 2884490116 (pbk.); 2884490108.
Descriptors: wildlife conservation, conservation of natural resources, elephants, whales.
Frohoff, T. (2003). Interacting with captive dolphins. In: T. Frohoff and B. Peterson (Editors), Between Species: Celebrating the Dolphin-Human Bond, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, p. 331-334. ISBN: 1578050707.
Descriptors: delphinidae, education and entertainment, philosophy and ethics, ethics, USA, human interactions with captive individuals, welfare and ethical issues.
Frohoff, T. (2003). Interacting with dolphins in the wild: science, policy, and guidelines. In: T. Frohoff and B. Peterson (Editors), Between Species: Celebrating the Dolphin-Human Bond, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, p. 335-340. ISBN: 1578050707.
Descriptors: Delphinidae, leisure and sport, education and entertainment, human interactions with wild individuals, science, policy and guidelines, conservation measures, legislation.
Fullard, K.J., G. Early, M.P. Heide Jorgensen, D. Bloch, A. Rosing Asvid, and W. Amos (2000). Population structure of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic: a correlation with sea surface temperature? Molecular Ecology 9(7): 949-58. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Abstract: The long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas, is a social, pelagic odontocete distributed widely in the cold temperate waters of the North Atlantic. Despite genetic, morphometric, physiological and observational studies, it remains unclear whether any population substructure exists. We have used eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci to analyse samples from four disparate sampling sites: USA East Coast (Cape Cod), West Greenland, the Faeroe Islands and the UK. Our results indicate that substructure does exist, and is particularly pronounced between West Greenland and other sites. The magnitudes of the various pairwise comparisons do not support a simple isolation-by-distance model. Instead, the patterns of genetic differentiation suggest that population isolation occurs between areas of the ocean which differ in sea surface temperature. Such a mechanism is supported by the observation that temperature is a primary factor determining the relative distributions of two short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus) populations off the Pacific coast of Japan.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, genetics, population, microsatellite repeats genetics, temperature, atlantic ocean, geography, heterozygote, linkage disequilibrium, polymorphism, genetic, seawater, variation genetics.
Gallup Jr., G.G. (1995). Mirrors, minds, and cetaceans. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 226-8. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, discrimination learning, social behavior.
Gambell, R. (1973). Some effects of exploitation on reproduction in whales. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 19(Suppl.): 533-53. ISSN: 0449-3087.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: Cetacea physiology, fisheries, reproduction, age factors, Antarctic regions, birth rate, corpus luteum, Indian Ocean islands, ovarian follicle, ovulation, population density, puberty.
Gaskin, D.E. (1982). The Ecology of Whales and Dolphins, N.H. Heinemann: London; Exeter, 459 p. ISBN: 0435622862.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4G24
Descriptors: Cetacea ecology, whales, dolphins.
Gauthier, J.M., H. Dubeau and E. Rassart (2003). Evaluation of genotoxic effects of environmental contaminants in cells of marine mammals, with particular emphasis on beluga whales. In: J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier and T.J. O'Shea (Editors), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment, Taylor & Francis: London & New York, p. 404-428. ISBN: 0415239141.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.T685 2003
Descriptors: mammalia, molecular genetics, genotoxic effects of environmental contaminants, chemical pollution, chemical factors, genotoxic effects of contaminants, overview.
Geisler, J.H. and M.D. Uhen (2003). Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(4): 991-996. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: Hippotamidae, skeleton, phylogeny, cladistic analysis, morphological support for close relationship with Cetacea.
Gewalt, W. (2001). Der Weisswal Delphinapterus leucas. 2 Ueberarbeitete Auflage. [The Beluga Delphinapterus leucas. 2nd revised edition]. Neue Brehm Buecherei 497: 3-230. ISSN: 0138-1423.
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, comprehensive works.
Gilbert, C.R. and J.D. Williams (2002). National Audubon Society Field Guide to Fishes. North America, 2nd, fully revised edition, Alfred A. Knopf: New York , [288] pages of plates, 607 p. ISBN: 0375412247 (pbk.).
NAL Call Number: QL625.G56 2002
Descriptors: fishes, North America identification, whales, dolphins, guide, National Audubon Society.
Notes: Revised edition of: National Audubon Society Field Guide to Fishes, Whales & Dolphins by the National Audubon Society staff, 1983.
Glanville, E., P. Bartlett, and S. Berrow (2003). Common dolphin Delphinus delphis (L.). Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(6): 241-242. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Clare, live stranding records.
Gonzalez, A.F., A. Lopez, X. Valeiras, and J.M. Alonso (2000). Foreign bodies found in the digestive tract of marine mammals in north-western Spanish coast. European Research on Cetaceans 14: 270-271. ISSN: 1028-3412.
Descriptors: Cetacea, pollutants, digestive system, digestive tract, pollution, north east Atlantic, Spain, Galicia, foreign bodies in digestive tract.
Goodall, R.N.P. (1994). Chilean dolphin Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray 1846). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 269-287. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, behavior, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, parasitology, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Goodall, R.N.P. (1994). Commerson's dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Lacepede 1804). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 241-267. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, behavior, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, parasitology, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Gordon Clark, J. (Editor) (1982). Mammals in the Seas. Small Cetaceans, Seals, Sirenians and Otters. Selected Papers of the Scientific Consultation on the Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals and Their Environment [Bergen, Norway, 1976]. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 4, FAO: Rome (Italy), 541 p. ISBN: 92-5-100514-1.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: aquatic mammals.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Gordon Clark, J. (1981). Objectives for the management and conservation of marine mammals. In: J. Gordon Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome (Italy), p. 103-116. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: aquatic mammals, fishery management, fishery conservation.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Gormley, G. (1990). Orcas of the Gulf: a Natural History, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, 205 p. ISBN: 087156601X.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432G68
Descriptors: killer whale behavior, Orca, history.
Griffin, D.R. (1992). Animal Minds, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 310 p. ISBN: 0226308634.
NAL Call Number: QL785.G715 1992
Descriptors: cognition in animals, animal behavior, animal psychology.
Griffin, R.B. and N.J. Griffin (2004). Temporal variation in Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) densities on the west Florida continental shelf. Aquatic Mammals 30(3): 380-390. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: We surveyed Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in an area of the west Florida continental shelf (82[degree] to 84.5[degree] W and 26[degree] to 28[degree] N) from November 1998 to December 2001. Objectives were to estimate relative abundances of these two species and test for seasonal and interannual variations in distribution. Monthly surveys were conducted over a three-year period between the coast and the 180 m depth contour. Abundances of Atlantic spotted dolphins and bottlenose dolphins were estimated using the software program Distance. Sightings from monthly surveys were pooled by years and by seasons within a year. Significant seasonal variations in Atlantic spotted dolphin densities were repeated across years, with lower abundances during the warm season (June-October), and higher densities during the cool season (November-May). Atlantic spotted dolphin densities significantly decreased during 2000, while bottlenose dolphin density trends were not apparent. These trends continued into 2001, suggesting differential species response to environmental variation may affect changes in cetacean community structure over relatively short temporal scales.
Descriptors: Stenella frontalis, Tursiops truncatus, relative abundance, population density, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, distribution and density temporal variation.
Gubbins, C.M. (2002). The Dolphins of Hilton Head: Their Natural History, University of South Carolina Press: Columbia, S.C., 74 p. ISBN: 1570034583.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432 G835 2002
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphin, South Carolina, Hilton Head Island, natural history.
Haag, A. (2005). Marine biology: whale fall. Nature (London) 433(7026): 566-7. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: death, food chain, seawater chemistry, seawater microbiology, skeleton, whales microbiology, biodegradation, biodiversity, bone and bones chemistry, bone and bones metabolism, diet, evolution, fats metabolism, larva physiology, marine biology, oceans and seas, sulfur metabolism.
Hall, N.R. (1975). Rearing young whales and dolphins (correspondence). Veterinary Record 97(11): 213.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: young, raising, whales, dolphins.
Halsey, L. (2002). Ultimate divers. Biologist (London) 49(4): 161-4. ISSN: 0006-3347.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 IN7
Abstract: An extraordinary variety of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles are adapted to life in the oceans. Many of them spend their entire lives there without being able to breathe underwater. But just how do they exploit this hostile environment?
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological, birds physiology, diving physiology, respiration, whales physiology, evolution, oceans and seas.
Notes: Comment In: Biologist (London). 2002 Oct;49(5):192; author reply 192.
Hamilton, H., S. Caballero, A.G. Collins, and R.L. Brownell Jr. (2001). Evolution of river dolphins. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 268(1466): 549-56. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: The world's river dolphins (Inia, Pontoporia, Lipotes and Platanista) are among the least known and most endangered of all cetaceans. The four extant genera inhabit geographically disjunct river systems and exhibit highly modified morphologies, leading many cetologists to regard river dolphins as an unnatural group. Numerous arrangements have been proposed for their phylogenetic relationships to one another and to other odontocete cetaceans. These alternative views strongly affect the biogeographical and evolutionary implications raised by the important, although limited, fossil record of river dolphins. We present a hypothesis of river dolphin relationships based on phylogenetic analysis of three mitochondrial genes for 29 cetacean species, concluding that the four genera represent three separate, ancient branches in odontocete evolution. Our molecular phylogeny corresponds well with the first fossil appearances of the primary lineages of modern odontocetes. Integrating relevant events in Tertiary palaeoceanography, we develop a scenario for river dolphin evolution during the globally high sea levels of the Middle Miocene. We suggest that ancestors of the four extant river dolphin lineages colonized the shallow epicontintental seas that inundated the Amazon, Parana, Yangtze and Indo-Gangetic river basins, subsequently remaining in these extensive waterways during their transition to freshwater with the Late Neogene trend of sea-level lowering.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, evolution, cytochrome b group genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, dolphins classification, evolution, molecular, fossils, phylogeny.
Notes: Erratum In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 2001 Dec 22;268(1485):2615.
Hammond, P.S. (1981). Informe del grupo de trabajo sobre la interaccion atun-delfin. [Report on the workshop on tuna-dolphin interactions], April 6, 1981-April 10, 1981, Managua, Nicaragua, Special report (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission), Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission: La Jolla, Calif. 259 p.
NAL Call Number: SH351.T8S63 no. 4
Descriptors: tuna congresses, dolphins congresses.
Harper, C.M.G., R. Borkowski, A.M. Hoffman, and A. Warner (2001). Development of a standardized nomenclature for bronchoscopy of the respiratory system of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32(2): 190-195. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: bronchoscopy, diagnosis, lesions, nomenclature, respiratory diseases, Phocoena, Phocoenidae.
Hart, D. and J.W. Whitlow Jr. (1995). The experience of self in the bottlenose dolphin. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 244-7. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Abstract: Marten and Psarakos have presented some evidence which suggests that objective self-awareness and possibly representations of self may characterize the dolphins' experience of self. Their research demonstrates the possibility of similarities in the sense of self between primate species and dolphins, although whether dolphins have subjective self-awareness, personal memories, and theories of self--all important facets of the sense of self in humans--was not examined. Clearly, even this limited evidence was difficult to achieve; the difficulties in adapting methods and coding behavior are quite apparent in their report. Future progress, however, may depend upon clarification of what are the necessary components for a sense of self and an explication of how these might be reflected in dolphin behavior. We are mindful of the authors' point (pp. 219 and 220) that the dolphin lives more in an acoustic than a visual environment. Thus, while tasks relying upon vision may reveal the presence or absence of the sense of self in primates, it might well be the case that in dolphins self-related experiences might be better revealed in auditory tasks. But then, what is the nature of human self-awareness in terms of audition? While both conceptual and methodological hurdles remain, Marten and Psarakos have demonstrated that important questions can be asked about the minds and phenomenal worlds of nonanthropoid species.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, animal communication, body image, social behavior, species specificity.
Harvey, J., J. Hurley, and S. Skrovan (2001). Training California sea lions to record whale behavior using a rehabilitating California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 289-293. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: behavior, marine ecology, sea lions, animal training, swimming behavior, transport distance, underwater behavior, underwater movements, verbal commands, visual contact, whale behavior, recording, wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld, grey whale.
Hasegawa, M. and J. Adachi (1996). Phylogenetic position of cetaceans relative to artiodactyls: reanalysis of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13(5): 710-7. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL Call Number: QH506.M642
Abstract: By a maximum likelihood analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences, we examine Graur and Higgins' hypothesis of the Ruminantia/Cetacea clade with Suiformes as an outgroup. Graur and Higgins analyzed these sequences by the neighbor-joining and parsimony methods, as well as by the maximum likelihood method under the assumption that the substitution rate is the same for all sites. The Ruminantia/Suiformes clade assumed by the traditional taxonomy was rejected strongly by this analysis and the Ruminantia/Cetacea clade was supported. Adoption of a more realistic model distinguishing among rates at different codon positions in the maximum likelihood analysis of the same data, however, grossly reduces the significance level on the Graur-Higgins hypothesis. Thus, although the Ruminantia/Suiformes grouping is indeed least likely from Graur and Higgins' data set of mitochondrial DNA, this traditional tree cannot be rejected with statistical significance under the new analysis, and more data are needed to settle the issue. In the same way, we examine Irwin and Arnason's suggestion of the Hippopotamus/Cetacea clade by using cytochrome b and hemoglobins alpha and beta, and it turn out that their suggestion is also fragile. This analysis demonstrates the importance of selecting an appropriate model among the alternatives in the maximum likelihood analysis and of using many different genes from many relevant species in order to make reliable phylogenetic inferences.
Descriptors: artiodactyla genetics, DNA genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, phylogeny, whales genetics, cattle genetics, codon genetics, cytochrome b group genetics, hemoglobins genetics, likelihood functions, mice genetics, molecular sequence data, sequence analysis, DNA, swine genetics, variation genetics genetics.
Haug, T., G.A. Vikingsson, L. Witting, and G. Desportes (2003). Harbour porpoises in the North Atlantic. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 1-315. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, conservation, north Atlantic, distribution, biology and conservation, collected papers.
Heintzelman, D.S. (1981). A World Guide to Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises, Winchester Press: Tulsa, Okla., 156 p. ISBN: 0876913230.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4H35
Descriptors: Cetacea identification, whales, dolphins, porpoises, guide.
Hoelzel, A.R. (1992). Conservation genetics of whales and dolphins. Molecular Ecology 1(2): 119-25. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Abstract: Whales and dolphins (cetaceans) are found in all the world's oceans and in some of the major rivers, yet little is known about the distribution and behaviour of many species. At the same time, cetaceans are under threat from a variety of pressures including direct and indirect takes, pollution, and competition for habitat and prey. To ensure their long-term survival it will be necessary to preserve genetic diversity through the identification and protection of differentiated populations, the assessment of variation within local populations, and through a better understanding of reproductive and dispersal behaviour. The application of molecular genetic techniques is helping to provide answers to some of these previously intractable questions. Early results suggest few consistent patterns. Obvious geographic boundaries correlate to genetic distance in some species, and not in others. Furthermore, morphological variation within species can be fairly extensive without correlating to genetic distance, or relatively minor between morphotypes that are as genetically distinct as some species. These examples emphasize the need for further study.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, whales genetics, conservation of natural resources, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, ecosystem, genetics, population, polymorphism, restriction fragment length, variation genetics.
Hoelzel, A.R., J.M. Hancock, and G.A. Dover (1991). Evolution of the cetacean mitochondrial D-loop region. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8(4): 475-93. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL Call Number: QH506.M642
Abstract: We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA D-loop regions from two cetacean species and compared these with the published D-loop sequences of several other mammalian species, including one other cetacean. Nucleotide substitution rates, DNA sequence simplicity, possible open reading frames (ORFs), and potential RNA secondary structure were investigated. The substitution rate is an order of magnitude lower than would be expected on the basis of reports on human sequence variation in this region but are consistent with interspecific primate and rodent D-loop sequence variation and with estimates of substitution rates from whole mitochondrial genomes. Deletions/insertions are less common in the cetacean D-loop than in other vertebrate species. Areas of high sequence simplicity (clusters of short repetitive motifs) across the region correspond to areas of high sequence divergence. Three regions predicted to form secondary structures are homologous to such putative structures in other species; however, the presumptive structures most conserved in cetaceans are different from those reported for other taxa. While all three species have possible long ORFs, only a short sequence of seven amino acids is shared with other mammalian species, and those changes that had occurred within it are all nonsynonymous. We conclude that DNA slippage, in addition to point mutation, contributes to the evolution of the D-loop and that regions of conserved secondary structure in cetaceans and an ORF are unlikely to contribute significantly to the conservation of the central region.
Descriptors: Cetacea genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, evolution, amino acid sequence, base composition, base sequence, Cetacea classification, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, haplorhini genetics, molecular sequence data, mutagenesis, nucleic acid conformation, open reading frames, rna chemistry, sequence alignment, sequence homology, nucleic acid.
Hoelzel, A.R. (1994). Genetics and ecology of whales and dolphins. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 377-399. ISSN: 0066-4162.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A55
Descriptors: climatology, environmental sciences, conservation, genetics, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, nutrition, population genetics, population studies, reproductive system, reproduction, systematics and taxonomy, wildlife management, conservation, breeding, feeding, migration, seasonality, wildlife management.
Hoelzel, A.R. (1991). Genetic Ecology of Whales and Dolphins: Incorporating the Proceedings of the Workshop on the Genetic Analysis of Cetacean Populations, Reports of the International Whaling Commission, International Whaling Commission: Cambridge, 311 p. ISBN: 0906975255.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4G45 1991
Descriptors: whales genetics, dolphins Genetics, population genetics, nucleotide sequence, molecular sequence data.
Holt, S.J. (1983). The Indian Ocean whale sancturary [Seychelles]. Ambio 12(6): 345-347. ISSN: 0044-7447.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A52
Descriptors: Indian Ocean, Seychelles, whale sancturary.
Horwood, J. (1987). The Sei Whale: Population Biology, Ecology & Management, Croom Helm: London; New York, 375 p. ISBN: 0709947860.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C424H67 1987
Descriptors: Sei whale, population biology, ecology, management.
Howarth, P.C. (1994). Entanglement of marine mammals in synthetic debris. In: The Fourth California Islands Symposium: update on the status of resources, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara, CA, p. 111-121. 530 p. ISBN: 0936494204.
NAL Call Number: QH105.C2M84 1994
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea, mortality, accidental entrapment, north Pacific, USA, California, Channel Islands, entanglement in synthetic debris, incidence, characteristics and importance as mortality cause.
Hoyt, E. (2005). Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises: a World Handbook for Cetacean Habitat Conservation, Earthscan: London; Sterling, VA, 492 p. ISBN: 1844070638 (hbk); 1844070646 (pbk).
Online: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0420/2004016778.html
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4 H675 2005
Descriptors: Cetacea conservation, Cetacea habitat, marine parks and reserves.
IAblokov, A.V., V.M. Bel'kovich and V.I. Borisov (1974). Whales and Dolphins, Joint Publications Research Service: Arlington, Va., 2 v p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4I33
Descriptors: whales, dolphins.
Notes: Translation of his Kity i Delfiny (QL737.C4I3). jPRS 62150.
Iida, H., Y. Murata, Matsumoto G., S. Toda, Y. Yamashita, and M. Yokoyama (1998). Chemical composition of the edible parts of minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (11): 27-36. ISSN: 0915-8014.
NAL Call Number: SH301.S852
Descriptors: Balaenoptera, chemical composition, meat, skin, animal products, body parts, Cetacea, integument, mammals, whales.
Language of Text: English summary.
Irvine, A.B., R.S. Wells, and M.D. Scott (1982). An evaluation of techniques for tagging small odontocete cetaceans Tursiops truncatus, Atlantic bottlenose dolphins. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fishery Bulletin 80(1): 135-143.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 B87
Descriptors: odontocete, Cetacean, tagging, evaluation, techniques, bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus.
Ishikawa, H. and H. Shigemune (2005). Improvements in more humane killing methods of Antarctic minke whales, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, in the Japanese Whale Research Program under special permit in the Antarctic Sea (JARPA). Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 10(1): 27-34. ISSN: 1342-6133.
Abstract: The Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) has been conducted since the 1987/88 season and has taken an annual maximum of 440 Antarctic minke whales Balaenoptera bonaerensis. In order to improve whale-killing methods, we have analyzed 3,246 catch and necropsy records of Antarctic minke whales taken between the 1993/94 - 2000/2001 seasons. The average time-to-death (TTD) for each body-length class increased with body length, while the instantaneous death rate (IDR) showed no relation to body length except for whales less than 6 m. The relationship between the severity of harpoon wounds and IDR/TTD was examined. The highest 1DR was observed for wounds to the brain and cervical vertebra (Central Nervous System; CNS). Wounds to the forepart of the thoracic vertebra and heart showed the next highest IDR. On the other hand, destruction of abdominal viscera as well as lumbar and caudal vertebra showed a low IDR and were less effective in reducing TTD. The average firing angle was 36.7[degree] and there was no significant difference in that angle between whales that died instantly and those that did not. Considering the chasing methods in the JARPA, the most efficient internal harpoon tracks (target organs) were, thorax - skull (heart and CNS), penetration of thorax (heart) as well as abdomen - thorax (heart). TTD and IDR in the JARPA have been steadily improved. The next step calls for further improvements in whaling devices.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera bonaerensis, killing techniques, evaluation and improvement, Antarctic Ocean, killing methods evaluation and improvement.
Jamieson, D. and T. Regan (1985). Whales are not cetacean resources. Advances in Animal Welfare Science : 101-111.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A34
Descriptors: whales, animal welfare, ethics, moral development.
Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber (1993). Marine Mammals of the World, FAO Species Identification Guide, United Nations Environment Programme: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, 320 p. ISBN: 9251032920.
Abstract: Identification guide to marine mammals and to cetaceans, seals, and sirenians found in fresh water.
Descriptors: marine mammals identification, aquatic mammals identification, Cetacea identification, Pinnipedia identification, Sirenia identification.
Jefferson, T.A., M.W. Newcomer, S. Leatherwood and K. Van Waerebeek (1994). Right whale dolphins Lissodelphis borealis (Peale, 1848) and Lissodelphis peronii (Lacepede, 1804). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 335-362. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Jehl Jr., J.R., W.E. Evans, F.T. Awbrey, and W.S. Drieschmann (1980). Distribution and geographic variation in the killer whale (Orcinus orca) populations of the Antarctic and adjacent waters. Antarctic Journal of the United States 15(5): 161-163. ISSN: 0003-5335.
Descriptors: Antarctica, killer whale, distribution, populations, Orcinus orca.
Jennings, J.G., J.M. Coe, and W.F. Gandy (1981). A corral system for examining pelagic dolphin schools Marine Mammal Protection Act. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fisheries Review 43(11): 16-20. ISSN: 0090-1830.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 F532
Descriptors: dolphins, corral, examining, Marine Mammal Protection Act, system.
Johnson, T. (2005). Entanglements: the Intertwined Fates of Whales and Fishermen, University Press of Florida: Gainesville, FL, 289 p. ISBN: 0813027977.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4 J644 2005
Descriptors: whales, endangered species, North Atlantic Ocean, fisheries, nature effect of human beings on North Atlantic Ocean.
Joiris, C.R. (1997). Ecotoxicology of stable pollutants: organochlorines and heavy metals in seabirds and marine mammals. Bulletin De La Societe Royale Des Sciences De Liege 66(1-3): 51-59. ISSN: 0037-9565.
Descriptors: North Sea, waterfowl, stenella, delphinus, Phocoena, toxicology, pollutants, heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, bioaccumulation, Atlantic Ocean, Cetacea, contamination, dolphins, Eastern Atlantic, elements, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, organic halogen compounds.
Jones, M.L., S.L. Swartz and S. Leatherwood (1984). The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius Robustus, Academic Press: Orlando, Fla., 600 p. ISBN: 0123891809.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C425G73
Descriptors: Pacific gray whale, whaling, Pacific Coast, North America.
Jonsson, G. (1994). Dictionary for aquatic animals: fishes, whales, seals, and invertebrates. Hafrannsoknir (47): 5-185. ISSN: 0258-381X.
Descriptors: ecology, environmental sciences, physiology, systematics and taxonomy.
Kastelein, R.A., C. Staal, and P.R. Wiepkema (2003). Food consumption, food passage time, and body measurements of captive Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 53-66. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, age, size, body length, body weight relations, weight, digestion, passage of food, rate, feeding rate, body weight, reproduction and sex effects, reproduction, behavioral sex differences.
Kasuya, T. (1978). The life history of Dall's porpoise with special reference to the stock off the Pacific coast of Japan. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (30): 1-63. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: Dall's popoise, life history, Pacific coast, Japan.
Language of Text: English summary.
Katona, S.K., D.T. Richardson and R. Hazard (1977). A Field Guide to the Whales and Seals of the Gulf of Maine, 2nd edition, College of the Atlantic: Bar Harbor, ME, 99 p. ISBN: 09-601-02418.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4K27 1977
Descriptors: whales, seals, Gulf of Maine, field guide.
Katona, S.K., V. Rough and D.T. Richardson (1983). A Field Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and Seals of the Gulf of Maine and Eastern Canada: Cape Cod to Newfoundland, 3rd edition, Scribner: New York, 255 p. ISBN: 0684179016; 0684179024 (pbk.).
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.K37 1983
Descriptors: marine mammals, Gulf of Maine, identification, marine mammals Canada, Eastern, mammals, mammals Canada, Eastern.
Notes: Revised edition of: A Field Guide to the Whales and Seals of the Gulf of Maine. 2nd ed. c1977.
Kestin, S.C. (2001). Review of welfare concerns relating to commercial and special permit (scientific) whaling. Veterinary Record 148(10): 304-307. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: whales, animal welfare, slaughter, slaughtering equipment, Norway, Japan.
Kestin, S.C. (1995). Welfare aspects of the commercial slaughter of whales. Animal Welfare 4(1): 11-27.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, wild animals, animal welfare, slaughtering, Cetacea, animals, Cetacea, mammals, wildlife, harpoons.
King, J.K. (2003). Whale standings: reasons, rescues and rationale. Australian Biologist 16(2): 78-90. ISSN: 1030-6234.
Descriptors: Cetacea, conservation measures, rescue of stranded individuals or groups, parasites, diseases and disorders, injuries, mortality, climate and weather, magnetism, magnetic fields, South Indian Ocean, South Pacific, Australia, strandings, reasons, consequences and responses, discussion.
Kingston, S.E. and P.E. Rosel (2004). Genetic differentiation among recently diverged delphinid taxa determined using AFLP markers. Journal of Heredity 95(1): 1-10. ISSN: 0022-1503.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 AM3
Abstract: In the mid-1990s, a new common dolphin species (Delphinus capensis) was defined in the northeast Pacific using morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. This species is sympatric with a second species, Delphinus delphis; morphological differences between the two are slight and it is clear they are closely related. Does the phenotypic distinction result from only a few important genes or from large differences between their nuclear genomes? We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to broadly survey the nuclear genomes of these two species to examine the levels of nuclear divergence and genetic diversity between them. Furthermore, to create an evolutionary context in which to compare the level of interspecific divergence found between the two Delphinus taxa, we also examined two distinct morphotypes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). A nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis clearly differentiated both Delphinus species, indicating that significant nuclear genetic differentiation has arisen between the species despite their morphological similarity. However, the AFLP data indicated that the two T. truncatus morphotypes exhibit greater divergence than D. capensis and D. delphis, suggesting that they too should be considered different species.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, nucleic acid amplification techniques methods, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins classification, genetic markers, phenotype, phylogeny, polymorphism, restriction fragment length, sequence analysis, dna.
Kinze, C.C. (1997). Hvaler. [Whales], Natur og Museum (Denmark), Naturhistorisk Museum: Aarhus, Denmark, 35 p. ISBN: 87-89137-56-6.
Descriptors: whales, animal morphology, zoology, taxonomy, behavior, Cetacea, mammals.
Kirkwood, J.K., P.M. Bennett, P.D. Jepson, T. Kuiken, V.R. Simpson, and J.R. Baker (1997). Entanglement in fishing gear and other causes of death in cetaceans stranded on the coasts of England and Wales. Veterinary Record 141(4): 94-98. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: marine mammals, Cetacea, fishing gear, causes of death, postmortem examinations, fish diseases, England, Wales.
Kishiro, T. (2001). Age determination of toothed whales and dolphins. Aquabiology (Tokyo) 23(4): 377-382; 135. ISSN: 0285-4376.
NAL Call Number: QH90.A1K35
Descriptors: odontoceti, age determination, use of dental growth layer, teeth, dental growth layer.
Kleinenberg, S.E. (1969). Beluga (Delphinapterus Leucas) Investigation of the Species, Israel Program for Scientific Translations: Jerusalem, 376 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C433B43
Descriptors: white whale, beluga, Delphinapterus leucas.
Notes: TT: 67-51345; IPST cat. no. 1923. Translation of: Belu Kha; Opyt Monograficheskogo Issledovaniya Vida. Akademiia nauk SSR Institut morfologii zhivotnykh.
Klima, M. (1995). Cetacean phylogeny and systematics based on the morphogenesis of the nasal skull. Aquatic Mammals 21(2): 79-89. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: The morphogenesis of the nasal skull of the cetaceans indicates that the traditional division of the order Cetacea into two suborders, the toothed whales (Odontoceti) and the baleen whales (Mysticeti), is phylogenetically not substantiated. The following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of the presented study. The whales are of a monophyletic origin, with all the extant forms being closely related. The sperm whales are, however, distinct from other odontocetes, with which they are traditionally associated, and seem to be more closely related to the baleen whales. The embryological findings presented here are remarkably consistent with a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis. According the morphogenesis of the nasal skull the following almost equivalent groupings, which may be considered superfamilies, can be distinguished within the order Cetacea: Balaenopteroidea, Physeteroidea, and Delphinoidea. However, no representatives of the families Ziphiidae and Platanistidae were available for the present study.
Descriptors: development, evolution and adaptation, general life studies, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, Balaenopteroidea, Delphinoidea, embryology, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea.
Klinowska, M. and S. Brown. (1987). Cetaceans in captivity. In: The proceedings of the Animal Welfare Foundation's fourth symposium: entitled the Welfare of Animals in Captivity, [London]: British Veterinary Association (BVA) Animal Welfare Foundation, [1987?], May 13, 1987, London, UK, p. 51-61. ISBN: 0901028320.
NAL Call Number: HV4704.A54 1987
Descriptors: Cetacea, exhibits, shelter, environment, animal welfare, United Kingdom.
Knudsen, S.K. (2005). A review of the criteria used to assess insensibility and death in hunted whales compared to other species. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 169(1): 42-59. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V484
Abstract: This review addresses the diagnosis of insensibility and death in various species so as to evaluate the validity of the current criteria used to judge death in hunted whales by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). The only other species in which official criteria of death have been formulated is humans and these are controversial with the kernel of the debate being the definition of brain death. In slaughter animals, the moment of insensibility is regarded as the most important criterion and the issue has received scientific interest related to the pre-slaughter stunning. During hunting of terrestrial wildlife, the moment of death is usually regarded as the moment the animal falls and does not move. Based on the data presented in the present paper, it is concluded that when death in whales is solely determined on the basis of the IWC criteria, which in practice are based on immobility, a significant proportion of animals will be recorded as being sensible and alive when they are actually unconscious and the time to death (TTD) will be overestimated. If the criteria are used in conjunction with a postmortem examination, the recorded TTD will be closer to the real TTD and can be used for comparison of methods and performance.
Descriptors: animal welfare, death, whales injuries, whales physiology, animals, wild injuries, animals, wild physiology, brain death diagnosis, brain death, equipment failure, Japan, Norway, reproducibility of results, respiration.
Notes: Comment In: Veterinary Journal. 2005 Jan;169(1):5-6.
Knudsen, S.K., S. Mork, and E.O. Oen (2002). A novel method for in situ fixation of whale brains. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 120(1): 35-44. ISSN: 0165-0270.
Abstract: A new method of in situ formalin fixation was used on 38 brains from minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). The method was developed because traditional ways of fixing brains are poorly suited to the collection of whale brains. The whole brain was preserved uncut in its meninges and then excised undamaged from the skull at a later opportunity. There was no handling of the brain in the fresh state. Fixation was started within a couple of hours post mortem. All brains were subjected to gross and light microscopy examination. The results showed that both the gross and microscopic architecture of the brains were adequately preserved, with no massive gross or histological changes due to insufficient fixation apparent. The occurrence of fixation artifacts was low. Microscopic examination showed well-preserved cells and myelin in all parts of the brain. We report the mean fixed weight of the minke whale brain as 2741 g, which is the lowest among the baleen whales. The cerebellum constituted 22% of the total brain weight, which conforms to findings in other baleen whales. This in situ method can probably be used without any particular modifications in other whale species and also in large terrestrial mammals.
Descriptors: brain cytology, formaldehyde diagnostic use, whales anatomy and histology, brain anatomy and histology, histological techniques methods.
Knudsen, S.K. and E.O. Oen (2003). Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46(3): 377-86. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Abstract: A majority of investigations on primary blast injuries have focused on gas-containing organs, while the likelihood of blast-induced neurotrauma remains underrated. In Norway minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are hunted using small fishing boats rigged with harpoon guns, which fire harpoons tipped with a grenade containing a charge of 30-g penthrite. The grenade detonates 60-70 cm inside the animal. The present study was undertaken to characterize the neuropathological changes caused by the penthrite blast and evaluate its role in the loss of consciousness and death in hunted whales. The study included 37 minke whales that were examined shipboard. The brains were later subjected to gross and light microscopy examination. The results showed that intra-body detonation of the grenade in near vicinity of the brain resulted in trauma similar to severe traumatic brain injury associated with a direct blow to the head. Detonation in more distant areas of the body resulted in injuries resembling acceleration-induced diffuse traumatic brain injury. The authors conclude that even if several vital organs were fatally injured in most whales, the neurotrauma induced by the blast-generated pressure waves were the primary cause for the immediate or very rapid loss of consciousness and death.
Descriptors: blast injuries pathology, whales, blast injuries classification, brain, brain injuries classification, brain injuries etiology, motor neurons pathology, myelin sheath pathology, organ size, skull fractures, staining and labeling.
Knudsen, S.K. and E.O. Oen (2003). Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46(3): 377-386. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, loss of consciousness, disease miscellaneous, neurotrauma, nervous system disease, severe traumatic brain injury, injury, nervous system disease, death, pressure wave.
Kraus, S.D., M.W. Brown, H. Caswell, C.W. Clark, M. Fujiwara, P.K. Hamilton, R.D. Kenney, A.R. Knowlton, S. Landry, C.A. Mayo, W.A. McLellan, M.J. Moore, D.P. Nowacek, D.A. Pabst, A.J. Read, and R.M. Rolland (2005). Ecology. North Atlantic right whales in crisis. Science 309(5734): 561-2. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: ecosystem, whales physiology, Atlantic Ocean, ecology, environment, fisheries, mortality, population dynamics, population growth, public policy, reproduction, ships.
Kreger, M.D. (1992). A history of cetaceans in captivity in the United States. Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 3(2): 6-9. ISSN: 1050-561X.
NAL Call Number: aHV4701.A952
Descriptors: Cetacea, aquaria, marine mammals, history, USA.
Kruger, L. (2003). Edward Tyson's 1680 account of the 'porpess' brain and its place in the history of comparative neurology. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 12(4): 339-49. ISSN: 0964-704X.
Abstract: Edward Tyson (1650-1708), a prominent London physician and an early fellow of the Royal Society is best known for his several anatomical contributions in the creation of primatology, including the preputial and coronal mucilaginous glands (Tyson's glands), later described by Alexis Littre. He also published the first comprehensive account of a single animal (the 'porpess') and placed it in the context of a systematic and experimental methodology. This rare monograph accounts for the contention that Tyson was the founder of comparative anatomy in England, by using this 'fish' to better understand the human condition. His description of the highly convoluted cetacean brain as well as his recognition of the many homologies with "land-quadrupeds", rather than the fishes it resembled, constitutes a major landmark contribution to the history of biology. The prevailing theological thrust of training in 'physick' ultimately led Tyson to evade the conundrum of how the human brain differs from that of animals, by attributing the intellectual uniqueness of man to endowments derived from God rather than the physical substance of the brain.
Descriptors: anatomy, comparative history, brain anatomy and histology, neurology history, porpoises anatomy and histology, 17th century history, manuscripts, medical history, portraits.
Kubota, R., T. Kunito, and S. Tanabe (2002). Chemical speciation of arsenic in the livers of higher trophic marine animals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 45(1-12): 218-23. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Abstract: Concentrations of total arsenic and individual arsenic compounds were determined in livers of cetaceans (Dall's porpoise and short-finned pilot whale), pinnipeds (harp and ringed seals), sirenian (dugong), and sea turtles (green and loggerhead turtles) to characterize arsenic accumulation profiles in higher trophic marine animals. Hepatic arsenic concentrations in sea turtles were highest among the species examined. Chemical speciation of arsenic revealed that arsenobetaine was the major arsenic compound in almost all the species. In contrast, arsenobetaine was a minor constituent in dugong. Dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonic acid, arsenocholine, tetramethylarsonium ion, arsenite, and an unidentified arsenic compound were also detected as minor constituents. However, the composition of arsenic compounds was different among these species. These results might reflect the differences in the metabolism of arsenic and/or the compositions of arsenic compounds in their preys. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the large variation in the composition of arsenic species in liver of marine mammals and sea turtles.
Descriptors: arsenic chemistry, dugong, food chain, liver chemistry, porpoises, seals, earless, turtles, water pollutants pharmacokinetics, whales, arsenic pharmacokinetics, chromatography, high pressure liquid, spectrum analysis, mass, tissue distribution.
Kuczaj, S., K. Tranel, M. Trone, and H. Hill. (2001). Are animals capable of deception or empathy? Implications for animal consciouness and animal welfare. Proceedings of the UFAW Symposium on Consciousness, Cognition and Animal Welfare, May 11, 2000-May 11, 2000, London, Vol. 10 (Suppl.), p. S161-S173.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: awareness, species differences, dolphins, whales, mental ability, animal welfare.
Kuiken, T., V.R. Simpson, C.R. Allchin, P.M. Bennett, G.A. Codd, E.A. Harris, G.J. Howes, S. Kennedy, J.K. Kirkwood, R.J. Law, N.R. Merrett, and S. Phillips (1994). Mass mortality of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in south west England due to incidental capture in fishing gear. Veterinary Record 134(4): 81-89. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: delphinus, mortality, fishing gear, south west England.
Kumar, K. (2003). Estimating dolphins weight: some evidence of seasonality. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32(3): 255-257. ISSN: 0379-5136.
NAL Call Number: QH91.A1I48
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, biometrical techniques, weight estimation, weight, seasonal variation, implications for estimation techniques.
Lal Mohan, R.S. (1998). Mortality of marine mammals along the Indian Coast. Tigerpaper 25(4): 13-16. ISSN: 1014-2789.
NAL Call Number: QL84.5.A1T53
Descriptors: dolphins, whales, dugongs, mortality, India, aquatic mammals, species, gillnets, coasts, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, Asia, Cetacea, equipment, fishing gear, fishing nets, mammals, physiographic features, south Asia, taxa.
Notes: FAO Accession No: XF99:386199.
Laurent, L. (1991). Observations cetologiques en Mediterranee occidentale. Observations on Cetaceans in the Western Mediterranean. Vie Et Milieu 41(4): 263-269. ISSN: 0240-8759.
Descriptors: stenella, delphinus, Tursiops, Cetacea, natural distribution, Mediterranean Sea, biogeography, Cetacea, dolphins, mammals, marine areas.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Lavigne, D.M., S. Innes, G.A. Worthy, and K.M. Kovacs (1986). Metabolic rate--body size relations in marine mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 122(1): 123-4. ISSN: 0022-5193.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8223
Descriptors: body weight, Cetacea metabolism, Pinnipedia metabolism, seals, earless metabolism, whales metabolism.
Leatherwood, S. and R.R. Reeves (1982). Bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus and other toothed cetaceans. In: J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer (Editors), Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics, John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore & London, p. 369-414.
NAL Call Number: QL715.W56
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, Delphinapterus leucas, Monodon monoceros, Physeter macrocephalus, Berardius bairdii, Ziphius cavirostris, Phocaena dalli, Phocaena Phocoena, faunal works, north America, biology, economic status and management, brief review.
Leatherwood, S. and W.A. Walker. (1976). The northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis Peale in the eastern North Pacific. Fisheries Dept. Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research. Scientific Consultation on Marine Mammals, August 31, 1976, Bergen (Norway), FAO: Rome, Italy, Vol. FAO ACCESS. No. 34437, 33 p.
Descriptors: right whale, northern, North Pacific.
Leatherwood, S. and R.R. Reeves (1990). The Bottlenose Dolphin, Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 653 p. ISBN: 0124402801.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432B6
Descriptors: Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin.
Leatherwood, S., R.R. Reeves and L. Foster (1983). The Sierra Club Handbook of Whales and Dolphins: Whales and Dolphins, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, CA, 302 p. ISBN: 0871563401 (pbk.); 087156341X.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4L3
Descriptors: Cetacea, whales, dolphins, handbook.
Lema, S.C. and J.T. Kelly (2002). The production of communication signals at the air-water and water-substrate boundaries. Journal of Comparative Psychology 116(2): 145-50. ISSN: 0735-7036.
Abstract: The 2 interfaces of the aquatic environment, the boundary between air-water and water-substrate, have distinctive physical characteristics that facilitate the production of communication signals. Recent evidence suggests that animals living on or near these boundaries use the interface to generate signals in 2 ways: (a) by producing a signal that propagates along the interface or (b) by producing a signal at the interface that is transmitted and detected within 1 of the component media. By examining the diversity of behaviors used to produce signals at these boundaries, the authors illustrate how human perception of these environments may cause researchers to incorrectly assume the environmental context of signal-generating behaviors and overlook modalities of communication pertinent to the animal.
Descriptors: air, animal communication, behavior, animal, environment, vocalization, animal, water, acoustics, amphibia, fishes, social environment, species specificity, vibration, whales.
Lilly, J.C. (1978). Communication Between Man and Dolphin: the Possibilities of Talking With Other Species, Crown Publishers: New York, 269 p. ISBN: 0517530368.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432L53
Descriptors: dolphins behavior, animal communication, animal intelligence.
Ling, J.K. and M.M. Bryden. (1985). Studies of sea mammals in south latitudes. Proceedings of a symposium of the 52nd Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science (ANZAAS) Congress, May, 1982, Sydney, Aus., South Australian Museum: Adelaide, p. vii. 132 p. ISBN: 0724367616.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P6S78
Descriptors: seals, animals, whales, congresses.
Lo, N.C.H. (1983). Sample size for estimating dolphin mortality associated with the tuna fishery Thunnus albacares, Stenella attenuate, Stenella longirostris. Journal of Wildllife Management 47(2): 413-421. ISSN: 0022-541X.
NAL Call Number: 410 J827
Descriptors: dolphin, mortality, fishery, tuna, stenella, sample size.
Lockard, J.S. (1986). Research status of Orcinus orca: what is not known about its behavioral biology. Zoo Biology Monographs 1: 407-442.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, feeding, breeding habits, behavior, vocalizations, social behavior, research status, review.
Lockyer, C. (1976). Body weights of some species of large whales. Journal Du Conseil 36(3): 259-273.
Descriptors: large whales, body weights.
Language of Text: English summary.
Lockyer, C., M.P. Heide Jorgensen, J. Jensen, and M.J. Walton (2003). Life history and ecology of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from west Greenland. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 177-194. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Abstract: During 1988, 1989 and 1995, 187 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were sampled from the catches off West Greenland. The samples were taken in 3 areas between 62[degree]N and 70 [degree]N: northerly (n=134, Maniitsoq and locations Kangaamiut, Qeqertarsuaq and Qasigiannguit further north), southerly (n=30, Nuuk) and southernmost (n=23, Paamiut). A suite of biological measurements and data were collected from these samples. Comparison of age and length distributions between years and areas indicated that while there were no statistical differences between the Maniitsoq and northerly samples in different years, the southerly Nuuk and Paamiut samples were biased to younger age classes. Application of the Gompertz growth model to length and weight at age data indicated an asymptotic length of 154 cm in females and 143 cm in males with weights of 64 kg and 52 kg respectively. A number of correlations were observed between length, mid-girth (G3), body and blubber weights and blubber thickness. Indicators of body condition showed that overall pregnant females were fattest but that blubber thickness was greatest in juveniles. The blubber lipid content was generally 92-95% wet weight of tissue. Stomach content analysis for 92 animals indicated regional differences, although capelin (Mallotus villosus) was predominant in all samples. The presence of fish, squid and crustaceans indicated opportunistic feeding. Females ovulated from age 3-4 years at a length of about 140 cm; combined testis weights >200 g indicated maturation in males from age 2 years upwards at a length >125 cm. Several small embryos were found, consistent with a mating season in late summer. Testis hypertrophy in August also supported a late summer breeding. Analysis of ovarian corpora indicated annual ovulation. Certain biological parameters, including body condition indicators, indicate differences between West Greenland and eastern North Atlantic populations that agree with published genetic findings.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, size, length, weight, physiological condition, body condition, prey, sexual maturation, breeding season, growth, age class distribution, age and length distributions, Arctic Ocean, north Atlantic, Greenland, life history and ecology.
Lockyer, C. and C. Kinze (2003). Status, ecology and life history of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Danish waters. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 143-176. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Abstract: A review of historical harbour porpoise catches in Danish waters, together with current distribution, are provided. Most information on distribution is derived from historical catch data with a total of about 100,000 animals taken in Little Belt alone and 40,000 from Isefjord area during the 19th century. Recent sightings surveys and tagging indicate extensive movements of animals within and between Inner Danish Waters and the Skagerrak / North Sea. Biological information is reviewed for the region, drawing on directed catches, bycatches and strandings from a database comprising nearly 1,900 records from 1834 through 1998. Diet, parasites, pollutants, biological parameters (age and reproduction) and body condition are reported, focusing mainly on the period 1996-98 when comprehensive data were collected. In 1980s samples, gadoids were the most important prey items (found in 62% of stomachs) followed by clupeoids (35%), gobiids (30%), and ammodytids (30%). Some dietary differences were observed between North Sea and Inner Danish waters. Pollutant analyses indicated a decline in sumDDT concentrations yet an increase in sumPCB and HCH levels in Danish porpoises, with comparatively higher levels here than in Baltic and Norwegian waters. Heavy metal concentrations appear higher than in Baltic porpoises. Biological parameters indicate a longevity of up to 23 years in both sexes but with fewer than 5% living beyond 12 years. Sexual maturity occurred at slightly over age 3 in both females and males, with corresponding lengths of about 135 cm in males and 143 cm in females. The data indicate a size range at birth of 65 - 75 cm (weight 4.5 û 6.7 kg), with a minimum of 60 cm. and 3.4 kg, and a likely gestation time of 10 months. Conception most likely occurs during August, with peak births in June. Directed catches comprised adult animals whereas bycaught and stranded porpoises comprised predominantly juveniles. In data from all sources, males outnumbered females. Directed catches occurred in winter months, strandings year-round with a peak in late summer, and bycatches year-round with most in September and the later part of the year.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, age, size, length, physiological condition, body condition, pollutants, organochlorines and heavy metals, prey, sexual maturation, longevity, parasites, population density, chemical pollution, metal pollution, chemical factors, organochlorines, metals, heavy metals, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Denmark, historical and current status, ecology and life history, review.
Lonsdale, J. (2004). The small cetacean dimension. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: a Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 54-62. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: Cetacea, whaling, history of small taxa management by International Waling Commission, organizations, philosophy and ethics.
Lord, N. (2004). Beluga Days: Tracking a White Whale's Truths, Counterpoint: New York, 242 p. ISBN: 1582431515.
Online: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip045/2003014465.html
NAL Call Number: QL737.C433L67 2004
Descriptors: beluga, white whale, Alaska, Cook Inlet, endangered species.
Loveland, K.A. (1995). Self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: ecological considerations. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 254-7. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, social environment, visual perception, attention, body image, exploratory behavior, species specificity, television.
Lynch, F. and D.C. Cotton (2003). White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray. Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(6): 240. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Lagenorhynchus albirostris, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Leitrim, Tullaghan Bay, new stranding record.
Maas, B. (2004). The potential stress effects of whaling and the welfare implications for hunted cetaceans. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: a Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 69-77. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: Cetacea, whaling potential stress effects and welfare implications, philosophy and ethics, physiological condition, stress.
Mackey, E.A., R. Demiralp, P.R. Becker, R.R. Greenberg, B.J. Koster, and S.A. Wise (1995). Trace element concentrations in cetacean liver tissues archived in the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank. Science of the Total Environment 175(1): 25-41. ISSN: 0048-9697.
NAL Call Number: RA565.S365
Abstract: The National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB), a collaborative project of several U.S. government agencies, includes marine mammal tissues collected for the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) and the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (NMMTB). Tissues were collected from 139 animals representing 13 species of marine mammals from around the U.S. Recently, concentrations for up to 30 elements in liver tissues of nine long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), six harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and four white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from the NMMTB were measured using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Results from analyses of these tissues are presented, compared with results for liver tissues from other marine mammals from the AMMTAP, and compared with published values.
Descriptors: dolphins, liver chemistry, trace elements analysis, whales, electrolytes analysis, neutron activation analysis, statistics, tissue banks.
Mackey, M., R. MacNaughton, D. Osbourne, and C. Harrington (2002). Northern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster). Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(4): 166. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Hyperoodon ampullatus, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Cork, Bere Island, stranding records.
Mackey, M., E. Viney, and M. Viney (2002). Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps (De Blainville). Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(4): 164-165. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Kogia breviceps, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Mayo, Bertragh Beach, stranding record.
Malakoff, D. (2004). Marine science. New tools reveal treasures at ocean hot spots. Science 304(5674): 1104-5. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: ecosystem, fishes, marine biology, seawater, whales, conservation of natural resources, environment, oceanography, oceans and seas.
Marine Mammal Fund (1988). The magnificent whales. Smithsonian Books: New York. 1 videocassette: sd., col. 1 booklet + 1 poster. 60 min.
NAL Call Number: Videocassette no. 2472
Abstract: Smithsonian Institution and Marine Mammal Fund present the whales and dolphins of North American waters, together with some of their marine mammal relatives.
Descriptors: Cetacea, whales, dolphins, marine mammals.
Marino, L. (2004). Dolphin cognition. Current Biology 14(21): R910-1. ISSN: 0960-9822.
Descriptors: behavior, animal physiology, brain anatomy and histology, cognition, dolphins psychology, perception physiology, language.
Marino, L., D.W. McShea, and M.D. Uhen (2004). Origin and evolution of large brains in toothed whales. Anatomical Record 281(2): 1247-55. ISSN: 1552-4884.
Descriptors: brain anatomy and histology, Cetacea anatomy and histology, evolution, molecular, tomography, spiral computed, body size physiology, Cetacea physiology, fossils, tooth.
Marino, L. (2002). Convergence of complex cognitive abilities in cetaceans and primates. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 59(1-2): 21-32. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Descriptors: Cetacea, primates, evolution, intelligence, convergent intelligence, evidence.
Markowitz, T.M., A.D. Harlin, and B. Wuersig (2003). Digital photography improves efficiency of individual dolphin identification. Marine Mammal Science 19(1): 217-223. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Lagenorhynchus obscurus, identification techniques, digital and film images comparison, photographic techniques, photoidentification.
Martin, A.R. (1990). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Whales and Dolphins: Whales and Dolphins, Portland House, Distributed by Crown Publishers: New York, 192 p. ISBN: 0517025647.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4M47 1990
Descriptors: whales identification, dolphins identification, porpoises identification.
Martinez, I. and A.K. Danielsdottir (2000). Identification of marine mammal species in food products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 80(4): 527-533. ISSN: 0022-5142.
NAL Call Number: 382 So12
Descriptors: seals, phoca, seal meat, balaenopteridae, whales, whale meat, identification, random amplified polymorphic dna, genetic markers, body fat, meat products, harp seals, minke whales, sei whales, fin whales, single stand conformational polymorphism, Phoca groenlandica, Balaenoptera borealis, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Balaenoptera physalus.
Mate, B.R. (1989). Gray whales--Eschrichtius robustus. Sea Grant (Corvallis, Oregon) 52 rev.: 2.
NAL Call Number: SH222.A1O7
Descriptors: Cetacea, seasonal migration, descriptions, feeding habits, mating, calving, legislation, wildlife conservation.
Mate, B.R. (1995). Gray Whales, Rev. edition, Sea Grant, Oregon State University Extension Service: Corvallis, Or., 1 folded sheet, [8] p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C425M37 1995
Descriptors: gray whale.
Matsuo, S. (2001). Old anatomical figures of humans, horses and whales in Japan. Japanese Journal of Veterinary History (38): 3-9. ISSN: 0385-5813.
Descriptors: anatomy, horses, man, whales.
Matthews, A. (1978). Air transportation by helicopter of juvenile Orcinus orca. Aquatic Mammals 6(3): 97-98. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, transportation of live animals, short distance transportation by helicopter.
Matthews, L.H. (1978). The Natural History of the Whale, World Naturalist, Weidenfeld and Nicolson: London, 219 p. ISBN: 0297774433.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4M315
Descriptors: Cetacea, natural history, whale.
Matthews, L.H., E. Cagner and Tre Tryckare (1968). The Whale, Crescent Books: New York, 287 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4M32
Descriptors: whales, whaling.
May, J. (1990). The Greenpeace Book of Dolphins, Sterling Pub. Co.: New York, 159 p. ISBN: 0806974842.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432G74 1990
Descriptors: dolphins, man influence on nature, wildlife conservation.
Mayer, S. (1998). A Review of the Scientific Justifications for Maintaining Cetaceans in Captivity, Whale & Dolphin Conservation Society: Bath, 44 p.
Descriptors: Cetacea, animals and man, scientific justifications, review, literature review, care in captivity, maintenance in captivity.
Mazzoil, M., S.D. McCulloch, R.H. Defran, and M.E. Murdoch (2004). Use of digital photography and analysis of dorsal fins for photo-identification of bottlenose dolphins. Aquatic Mammals 30(2): 209-219. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: The essential elements of a digital-based dorsal fin photo-identification program for dolphins are described and compared to more conventional film-based systems. The account begins with a description of digital-specific camera features, controls, and options, including sensor type, as well as image acquisition, resolution, compression, and storage. Detailed descriptions are given of how these digital-specific features are integrated with nondigital-specific features, such as autofocusing, shooting mode, metering, and telephoto lens specifications. The most compelling features of a digital-based system, especially when compared to film-based systems, are realized during the laboratory analysis of digital images (i.e., the processes of sorting, matching, and cataloging). During these laboratory phases of analysis, the most important system elements are the broad and powerful range of photographic image analysis, manipulation, and file management tools available in Adobe Photoshop Version 7.0 and the methods developed to integrate these tools into a system of dorsal fin analysis. This account concludes with a review of what the authors like most about the system and why, the process of transitioning from a film- to a digital-based system, and an analysis of the operational and acquisition costs of this digital dorsal fin photo-identification system.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, field identification, photographic techniques, fins, dorsal fin, north Atlantic, USA, Florida, Indian River Lagoon, dorsal fin photoidentification, use of digital photography.
McBain, J.F. (1999). Cetaceans in captivity: a discussion of welfare. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214(8): 1170-1174. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: Cetacea, animal welfare, zoo animals, captivity.
Notes: Meeting Informatoin: Paper presented at the 1998 American Veterinary Medical Association Animal Welfare Forum: Marine Mammals, Chicago, Illinois, Nov. 6, 1998.
McIntyre, J. (1974). Mind in the Waters a Book to Celebrate the Consciousness of Whales and Dolphins, Scribner: New York, 240 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4M24 1974
Descriptors: whales, dolphins, animal intelligence.
McLachlan, H. (1995). The use of electricity to kill minke whales: humane considerations. Animal Welfare 4(2): 125-129.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, slaughtering, wild animals, animal welfare, animals, Cetacea, mammals, wildlife.
McNulty, F. (1974). The Great Whales, 1st edition, Doubleday: Garden City, N.Y., 100 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4M28
Descriptors: whales.
Notes: "The contents of this book originally appeared in the New Yorker.. in slightly different form." Illus. by Richard Cuffari.
McVay, S. (1974). La ballena artica. [The Arctic whale [Balaena mysticetus]]. Mar Y Pesca (104): 31-37. ISSN: 0025-2735.
Descriptors: Artic whale, Balaena mysticetus.
Mead, A. and M. Buck (1995). Aerial/aquatic accommodation in whales (cetaceans). Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 36(4): S761. ISSN: 0146-0404.
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, estuarine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, sense organs, sensory reception, anterior posterior lens movement, meeting abstract, meeting poster.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA, 1995.
Mead, J.G. and J.P. Gold (2002). Whales and Dolphins in Question: the Smithsonian Answer Book, Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, [DC], 200 p. ISBN: 1560989556 (cloth); 1560989807 (paper).
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4 M42 2002
Descriptors: Cetacea, Miscellanea, whales, dolphins.
Meeker, J.W. (1981). Dolphins do; dugongs don't [fishery management]. In: J. Gordon-Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome (Italy), p. 3-6. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QK713.2.F66
Descriptors: dugong dugon, dolphins, FAO, Advisory Committee, marine resources, working party.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Meith, N. (1984). Saving the small cetaceans [Whale conservation]. Ambio 13(1): 2-13. ISSN: 0044-7447.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A52
Descriptors: small cetaceans, saving, whale, conservation.
Merne, O.J. and P. Smiddy (1994). Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus (Cuvier). Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 510. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, systematics and taxonomy, behavior, morphology, note.
Mesnick, S.L., K. Evans, B.L. Taylor, J. Hyde, S. Escorza Trevino and A.E. Dizon (2003). Sperm whale social structure: why it takes a village to raise a child. In: F.B.M. de Waal and P.L. Tyack (Editors), Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies, Harvard University Press: Cambridge & London, p. 170-174. ISBN: 0674009290.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, social organization, overview.
Milinkovitch, M.C. and I. Cassens (2001). Deciphering river dolphin evolution. Science 294(5543): 787. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: dolphins classification, dolphins genetics, evolution, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, phylogeny, sequence analysis.
Notes: Comment On: Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2531-2.
Milinkovitch, M.C., A. Meyer, and J.R. Powell (1994). Phylogeny of all major groups of cetaceans based on DNA sequences from three mitochondrial genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11(6): 939-48. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL Call Number: QH506.M642
Abstract: Traditionally, living cetaceans (order Cetacea) are classified into two highly distinct suborders: the echolocating toothed whales, Odontoceti, and the filter-feeding baleen whales, Mysticeti. A molecular phylogeny based on 1,352 base pairs of two mitochondrial ribosomal gene segments and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for all major groups of cetaceans contradicts this long-accepted taxonomic subdivision. One group of toothed whales, the sperm whales, is more closely related to the morphologically highly divergent baleen whales than to other odontocetes. This finding suggests that the suborder Odontoceti constitutes an unnatural grouping and challenges the conventional scenario of a long, independent evolutionary history of odontocetes and mysticetes. The superfamily Delphinoidea (dolphins, porpoises, and white whales) appears to be monophyletic; the Amazon River dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, is its sister species. This river dolphin is genetically more divergent from the morphologically similar marine dolphins than the sperm whales are from the morphologically dissimilar baleen whales. The phylogenetic relationships among the three families of Delphinoidea remain uncertain, and we suggest that the two cladogenetic events that generated these three clades occurred within a very short period of time. Among the baleen whales, the bowhead is basal, and the gray whale is the sister species to the rorquals (family Balaenopteridae). The phylogenetic position of beaked whales (Ziphioidea) remains weakly supported by molecular data. Based on molecular clock assumptions, the mitochondrial-DNA data suggest a more recent origin of baleen whales (approximately 25 mya) than has been previously assumed (> 40 mya). This revised phylogeny has important implications for the rate and mode of evolution of morphological and physiological innovations in cetaceans.
Descriptors: Cetacea genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, phylogeny, base sequence, Cetacea classification, DNA primers, evolution, mitochondria metabolism, mitochondria, liver metabolism, molecular sequence data, polymerase chain reaction, skin metabolism, spleen metabolism.
Notes: Erratum In: Molecular Biology and Evolution 1995 May;12(3):525.
Milinkovitch, M.C., G. Orti, and A. Meyer (1993). Revised phylogeny of whales suggested by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Nature (London) 361(6410): 346-8. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: Living cetaceans are subdivided into two highly distinct suborders, Odontoceti (the echolocating toothed whales) and Mysticeti (the filter-feeding baleen whales), which are believed to have had a long independent history. Here we report the determination of DNA sequences from two mitochondrial ribosomal gene segments (930 base pairs per species) for 16 species of cetaceans, a perissodactyl and a sloth, and construct the first phylogeny for whales and dolphins based on explicit cladistic methods. Our data (and earlier published myoglobin sequences) confirmed that cetaceans are closely related to artiodactyls and that all families and superfamilies of cetaceans are monophyletic. A surprising finding was that one group of toothed whales, the sperm whales, is more closely related to the baleen whales than to other odontocetes. The common ancestor of baleen whales and sperm whales might have lived only 10-15 million years ago. The suggested paraphyly of toothed whales has many implications for classification, phylogeny and our understanding of the evolutionary history of cetaceans.
Descriptors: dna, mitochondrial genetics, DNA, ribosomal genetics, phylogeny, whales genetics, base sequence, polymerase chain reaction methods, probability.
Notes: Comment In: Nature. 1993 Jan 28;361(6410):298-9.
Milinkovitch, M.C. (1995). Molecular phylogeny of cetaceans prompts revision of morphological transformations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10(8): 328-334. ISSN: 0169-5347.
NAL Call Number: QH540.T742
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, evolution and adaptation, mathematical biology, computational biology, systematics and taxonomy, baleen whale, cladistic analysis, morphology, phylogeny, toothed whale.
Millinkovitch, M.C. and J.G. Thewissen (1997). Evolutionary biology. Even-toed fingerprints on whale ancestry. Nature (London) 388(6643): 622-4. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: Artiodactyla classification, Cetacea classification, evolution, Artiodactyla anatomy and histology, Artiodactyla genetics, Cetacea anatomy and histology, Cetacea genetics, evolution, molecular, phylogeny, whales classification.
Notes: Comment On: Nature. 1997 Aug 14;388(6643):666-70.
Mitchell, E.D. and R.R. Reeves (1982). Factors affecting abundance of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus in the eastern Arctic of North America, 1915-1980. Biological Conservation 22(1): 59-78. ISSN: 0006-3207.
NAL Call Number: S900.B5
Descriptors: Arctic Ocean, marine areas, bowhead whales, abundance, factors.
Mitchell, R.W. (1995). Evidence of dolphin self-recognition and the difficulties of interpretation. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 229-34. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, arousal, body image, discrimination learning, social behavior.
Miyazaki, N. and W.F. Perrin (1994). Rough-toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis (Lesson, 1828). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins., Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 1-21. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, evolution and adaptation, morphology, parasitology, pathology, physiology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, abundance, behavior, disease, distribution, evolution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, parasitology, physiology, taxonomy.
Mohammad Ali, S. (1992). The Gangetic dolphin. Tigerpaper 19(4): 12-15. ISSN: 1014-2789.
NAL Call Number: QL84.5.A1T53
Descriptors: dolphins, protected species, animal population, India, Ganges River, surveys, Asia, Asian inland waters, Cetacea, international inland waters, mammals, nature conservation, resource conservation, resource management, South Asia.
Notes: FAO Accession No: XF94:335251. Available on microfiche.
Mohan, R.S.L. (1983). Humpback dolphin Sousa chinensis in captivity. Indian Journal of Fisheries 30(1): 160-161. ISSN: 0537-2003.
NAL Call Number: SH299.I5
Descriptors: humpback dolphin, captivity, Sousa chinensis, India.
Montgelard, C., F.M. Catzeflis, and E. Douzery (1997). Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S rRNA mitochondrial sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14(5): 550-9. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL Call Number: QH506.M642
Abstract: A data set of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rDNA sequences is presented here for 17 representatives of Artiodactyla and Cetacea, together with potential outgroups (two Perissodactyla, two Carnivora, two Tethytheria, four Rodentia, and two Marsupialia). We include seven sequences not previously published from Hippopotamidae (Ancodonta) and Camelidae (Tylopoda), yielding a total of nearly 2.1 kb for both genes combined. Distance and parsimony analyses of each gene indicate that 11 clades are well supported, including the artiodactyl taxa Pecora, Ruminantia (with low 12S rRNA support), Tylopoda, Suina, and Ancodonta, as well as Cetacea, Perissodactyla, Carnivora, Tethytheria, Muridae, and Caviomorpha. Neither the cytochrome b nor the 12S rDNA genes resolve the relationships between these major clades. The combined analysis of the two genes suggests a monophyletic Cetacea +Artiodactyla clade (defined as "Cetartiodactyla"), whereas Perissodactyla, Carnivora, and Tethytheria fall outside this clade. Perissodactyla could represent the sister taxon of Cetartiodactyla, as deduced from resampling studies among outgroup lineages. Cetartiodactyla includes five major lineages: Ruminantia, Tylopoda, Suina, Ancodonta, and Cetacea, among which the phylogenetic relationships are not resolved. Thus, Suiformes do not appear to be monophyletic, justifying their split into the Suina and Ancodonta infraorders. An association between Cetacea and Hippopotamidae is supported by the cytochrome b gene but not by the 12S rRNA gene. Calculation of divergence dates suggests that the Cetartiodactyla could have diverged from other Ferungulata about 60 MYA.
Descriptors: artiodactyla classification, artiodactyla genetics, Cetacea classification, Cetacea genetics, cytochrome b group genetics, phylogeny, rna, ribosomal genetics, base sequence, DNA primers genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, DNA, ribosomal genetics, evolution, molecular, molecular sequence data, species specificity.
Mortenson, J. (1987). Whale Songs and Wasp Maps: the Mystery of Animal Thinking, 1st edition, Dutton: New York, 178 p.
NAL Call Number: QL785.M67 1987
Descriptors: animal intelligence, animal welfare, whale, songs.
Mulvaney, K. and B. McKay (2003). Small cetaceans: status, threats and management. In: W.C.G. Burns and A. Gillespie (Editors), The Future of Cetaceans in a Changing World, Transnational Publishers, Inc.: Ardsley, p. 189-216. ISBN: 1571052623.
Descriptors: Cetacea, fishing and fisheries, fishery conflicts, whaling, conservation measures, small species, status, threats and management, review, endangered status, pollution.
Mulvaney, K. and B. McKay (2000). Small cetaceans: small whales, dolphins and porpoises. In: C.R.C. Sheppard (Editor), Seas at the Millennium: an Environmental Evaluation. Volume 3. Global Issues and Processes, Pergamon: Oxford, p. 89-103.
Descriptors: Cetacea, disturbance by man, conservation, small taxa, overview.
Murray, T. (2003). Longfin pilot whale Globicephala meleana (Traill). Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(6): 239. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Globicephala meleana, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Mayo, the mullet, skeleton record.
Mustoe, S. (2001). Identification of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) and sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) - a review of current knowledge. ORCA ISSN: 1477-1217.
Abstract: We are at the beginning of a process of learning how to identify baleen whales at sea. The two species considered to be the most similar baleen whales commonly occurring in European waters are fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). This paper presents a guide to these species and it reviews a considerable amount of published information on identification. It also illustrates how much there is still to be learnt. Key identification characteristics of the two species, including surfacing sequence, dorsal fin shape, blow height and diving behaviour, which need to be combined in order to gain a measure of confidence with identification, are discussed.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera borealis, Balaenoptera physalus, field identification, review of current knowledge, size, general morphology, color, feeding behavior, nasal passages, blow height, aquatic diving, behavior.
Nakajima, M., J. Hanajima, and J. Yamada (1979). Small cetaceans kept at Mito Aquarium [Japan] for fifty years since 1930. Journal of Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums 20(4): 93-97.
Descriptors: small cetaceans, captivity, kept, aquarium, Japan, 1930.
Language of Text: English summary.
Nakamura, A., M. Soma, and M. Tsutusmi (1985). A satellite-linked transmitter to study migration of dolphin and its application. Journal of the Faculty of Marine Science and Technology Tokai University (21): 65-77. ISSN: 0375-3271.
Descriptors: dolphins, migration, monitoring, electrical installations, remote sensing, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, behavior, Cetacea, electrification, equipment, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, methods, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
National Aquarium in Baltimore (1994). Saving Inky. National Aquarium in Baltimore: Baltimore, Md. 1 videocassette, sd., col. 15 min., 50 sec.
NAL Call Number: Videocassette no. 2096
Abstract: Describes how the staff of the National Aquarium in Baltimore saved a stranded pygmy sperm whale they named "Inky." They discovered the reason Inky had become stranded was that she had eaten plastic. They removed it and eventually released her back into the ocean.
Descriptors: pygmy sperm whale, aquatic animals, effect of water pollution on, animal welfare, marine pollution, environmental aspects.
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Reducing Porpoise Mortality from Tuna Fishing. (1992). Dolphins and the Tuna Industry, National Academy Press: Washington, D.C., 176 p. ISBN: 0309047358.
NAL Call Number: SH351.T8N37 1992
Descriptors: tuna fisheries environmental aspects, dolphins mortality, tuna industry environmental aspects.
Nerini, M.K. and J.S. Oliver (1983). Gray whales and the structure of the Bering Sea benthos [Eschrichtius robustus]. Oecologia 59(2-3): 224-225. ISSN: 0029-8549.
NAL Call Number: QL750.O3
Descriptors: Marine Areas, grey whales, Bering Sea.
Neumann, D.R., K. Russell, M.B. Orams, C.S. Baker, and P. Duignan (2002). Identifying sexually mature, male short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) at sea, based on the presence of a postnatal hump. Aquatic Mammals 28(2): 181-187. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, sexing techniques, sexually mature males identification, presence of postanal hump use, general morphology, postanal hump, morphological sex differences, south Pacific, New Zealand, North Island, Coromandel Peninsula, sexually mature males identification using presence of postanal hump.
Nollman, J. (1987). To judge the pain of whales. Between the Species Journal of Ethics 3(3): 133-137.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.B4
Descriptors: whales, pain, protection, animal welfare.
Norman, S.A., R.C. Hobbs, J. Foster, J.P. Schroeder, and F.I. Townsend (2004). A review of animal and human health concerns during capture-release, handling and tagging of odontocetes. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(1): 53-62. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Abstract: The capture-release of odontocetes allows for tag deployment which provides an opportunity to study behaviour and habitat use by free-ranging animals, as well as clinical assessment of the animal and tissue collection. This review recognises those elements that are common to most capture and tagging projects, identifies collective knowledge of animal and human health concerns during handling of odontocetes and provides guidelines for safer handling techniques. Handling during tagging projects can involve chase, capture, restraint, manipulation, tag application, often removal from the water and release at the capture site. The risk of injury during capture will be reduced by using experienced personnel, adequate technical support and proper equipment. For the duration of the handling process, the animal's stimulus response should be monitored as well as its cardiovascular and respiratory function. Stress response of the odontocete is monitored by behavioural assessments, physiological monitoring and/or blood sampling. Possible complications from tag placement may include infection at the implant site leading to tag failure, behavioural alterations in response to tag placement and tag rejection. During handling of an odontocete, there is the potential for disease transmission between humans and the animal. Exposure to diseases is minimised by wearing protective clothing and gear and exercising caution when working around the animal's blowhole.
Descriptors: odontoceti, behavioral techniques, handling techniques, capture and tagging projects, animal and human health concerns, review, tagging, physiological condition, parasites diseases and disorders.
Normile, D. (2001). Marine mammalogy. River dolphins add branches to family tree. Science 291(5513): 2531-2. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: dolphins classification, dolphins genetics, phylogeny, dolphins anatomy and histology, porpoises anatomy and histology, porpoises classification, porpoises genetics, short interspersed nucleotide elements, whales anatomy and histology, whales classification, whales genetics.
Notes: Comment In: Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):787.
Norris, K.S. (1994). The Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin, University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, 408 p. ISBN: 0520082087.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432H39 1994
Descriptors: Stenella longirostris, Hawaii, Stenella longirostris behavior, Stenella longirostris research, spinner dolphin.
Norris, K.S. (1991). Dolphin Days: My Life and Times With the Spinners, Norton: New York, 335 p. ISBN: 039302945X.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432N67 1991
Descriptors: Stenella longirostris, Hawaii,wildlife conservation.
Nummela, S., J.G. Thewissen, S. Bajpai, S.T. Hussain, and K. Kumar (2004). Eocene evolution of whale hearing. Nature (London) 430(7001): 776-8. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: The origin of whales (order Cetacea) is one of the best-documented examples of macroevolutionary change in vertebrates. As the earliest whales became obligately marine, all of their organ systems adapted to the new environment. The fossil record indicates that this evolutionary transition took less than 15 million years, and that different organ systems followed different evolutionary trajectories. Here we document the evolutionary changes that took place in the sound transmission mechanism of the outer and middle ear in early whales. Sound transmission mechanisms change early on in whale evolution and pass through a stage (in pakicetids) in which hearing in both air and water is unsophisticated. This intermediate stage is soon abandoned and is replaced (in remingtonocetids and protocetids) by a sound transmission mechanism similar to that in modern toothed whales. The mechanism of these fossil whales lacks sophistication, and still retains some of the key elements that land mammals use to hear airborne sound.
Descriptors: ear anatomy and histology, ear physiology, evolution, fossils, hearing physiology, whales anatomy and histology, whales physiology, air, mammals anatomy and histology, mammals physiology, phylogeny, water.
Nummela, S., J.G.M. Thewissen, and S. Bajpai (2004). Evolution of underwater hearing in whales. Journal of Morphology 260(3): 317. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, sense organs, sensory reception, echolocation, underwater hearing.
Notes: Meeting Information: Seventh International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2004.
O'Connor, M.L. and J.S. Fairley (1994). Bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus (montagu). Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 510. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, morphology, systematics and taxonomy, coloration, morphology, note.
O'Hara, T.M., T.F. Albert, E.O. Oen, L.M. Philo, J.C. George, and A.L. Ingling (1999). The role of eskimo hunters, veterinarians, and other biologists in improving the humane aspects of the subsistence harvest of bowhead whales. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214(8): 1193-1198. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: whales, Balaena mysticetus, hunting, animal welfare, subsistence.
Notes: Meeting Information: Paper presented at the 1998 American Veterinary Medical Association Animal Welfare Forum: Marine Mammals, Chicago, Illinois, Nov. 6, 1998.
O'Shea, J., S. Berrow, M. Holmes, M. O'Connell, and J.S. Fairley (1994). Pilot whale Globiocephala melaena (traill). Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 509. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: morphology, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, toxicology, jawbone, juvenile, morphology, note, skull.
Oeen, E.O. (1983). Electrical whaling: a review [electrocution, whale killing equipment]. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 35(7): 319-323. ISSN: 0029-1579.
Descriptors: whales, whaling, killing, electrocution, equipment, review.
Language of Text: English and Norwegian summaries.
Oen, E.O. (1995). High velocity projectiles for killing whales. Hunting trials using 20 mm high velocity projectiles for minke whales in 1982. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 36(1): 153-6. ISSN: 0044-605X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AC87
Descriptors: whales injuries, Norway, survival analysis, time factors, wounds, penetrating.
Oestrin, P. (1993). Hvaler og delfiner i Nordsoeen og Skagerrak. [Whales and dolphins in the North Sea and Skagerrak]. Fisk Og Hav. Skrifter Fra Danmarks Fiskeri Og Havundersoegelser (44): 23-32. ISSN: 0105-9211.
Descriptors: whales, dolphins, natural distribution, registration, North Sea, Skagerrak, Atlantic Ocean, biogeography, Cetacea, eastern Atlantic, mammals, marine areas, north Atlantic, North Sea, northeast Atlantic.
Okamura, H. (2003). Mathematical methods in cetacean population assessment and management IWC. Aquabiology (Tokyo) 25(2): 123-129; 145. ISSN: 0285-4376.
NAL Call Number: QH90.A1K35
Descriptors: Cetacea, conservation measures, ecological techniques, mathematical techniques, population assessment and management, mathematical models, population dynamics.
Olsen, E. and J. Sunde (2002). Age determination of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) using the aspartic acid racemization technique. Sarsia 87(1): 1-8. ISSN: 0036-4827.
NAL Call Number: QH91.A1S3
Descriptors: Balaenoptera acutorostrata, age determination, aspartic acid racemization technique, age, sexual and physical maturity, Arctic Ocean, north east Atlantic, proteins, aspartic acid, sexual maturation, young development, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, north east Atlantic, North Sea, age determination technique, age at sexual and physical maturity.
Orams, M. (2003). Wild dolphins, people, and food. In: T. Frohoff and B. Peterson (Editors), Between Species: Celebrating the Dolphin-Human Bond, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, p. 341-344. ISBN: 1578050707.
Descriptors: Delphinidae, animals and man, feeding interactions, overview, nutrition, feeding interactions with man.
Orr, J.R., R. Joe, and D. Evic (2001). Capturing and handling of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the Canadian Arctic for instrumentation and release. Arctic 54(3): 299-304. ISSN: 0004-0843.
Abstract: For many decades, humans have captured white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) for food, research, and public display, using a variety of techniques. The recent use of satellite-linked telemetry and pectoral flipper band tags to determine the movements and diving behaviour of these animals has required the live capture of a considerable number of belugas. Three principal techniques have been developed; their use depends on the clarity and depth of the water, tidal action, and bottom topography in the capture area. When the water is clear enough so that the whales can be seen swimming under the water and herded into shallow sandy areas, a hoop net is placed over the whale's head from an inflatable boat. When the water is murky and the belugas cannot easily be seen under the water, but can be herded into relatively shallow sandy areas, a seine net is deployed from a fast-moving boat to encircle them. If the whales are in deep water and cannot be herded into shallow water, a stationary net is set from shore to entangle them. Once captured, the whales have to be restrained in a way that allows them to breathe easily, have the tags attached, and be released as quickly as possible. The methods have proved to be safe, judging from the whales' rapid return to apparently normal behavioural patterns.
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, handling techniques, netting, techniques, physical restraining techniques, Arctic Ocean, Canada, capture and handling techniques.
Osbourne, D. and S. Berrow (1994). Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus (l.). Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 508. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: morphology, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, length, lumbar vertebrae, note.
Overland, M. (1981). Cetacean behaviour, learning and communication. In: J. Gordon-Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome (Italy), p. 123-129. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: Cetacea, behavior, learning, communication, FAO, United Nations, working party, marine resources research.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Paine, S. (1997). The World of the Arctic Whales: Belugas, Bowheads, and Narwhals, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, CA, 116 p. ISBN: 0871569574.
Descriptors: White whale, Bowhead whale, Narwhal, Beluga, Arctic.
Palacios, D.M., P. Rodriguez, B. Brennan, and K. Marshall (1994). Notes on the cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), with observations of a dead specimen. Noticias De Galapagos (54): 29-31.
NAL Call Number: S964.G15N6
Descriptors: development, ecology, environmental sciences, integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, morphology, systematics and taxonomy, coloration, description, Galapagos Islands, growth, life history.
Parra, G.J., P.J. Corkeron, and H. Marsh (2004). The indo-pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765), in Australian waters: a summary of current knowledge. Aquatic Mammals 30(1): 197-206. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) occur in the coastal northern waters of Australia from approximately the Queensland New South Wales border (31degree27'S, 152degree55'E) to Ningaloo Reef (22degree17'S, 113degree48'E) in Western Australia. Due to their coastal, estuarine distribution, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins are particularly vulnerable to several human activities in and adjacent to coastal areas. At present, it is not possible to assess the population status of humpback dolphins in Australian waters because information on their biology and ecology is limited. The sparse data available for selected areas indicate that humpback dolphins occur in discrete, geographically localized populations and are susceptible to anthropogenic threats (e.g., incidental captures in gill nets). The conservation of humpback dolphins in Australia's northern coastline will depend on the maintenance of high-quality habitat in areas that are already under some protection, the identification of critical habitats, the inclusion of these habitats in the rezoning initiatives of protected areas, and the reduction of conservation threats. Precautionary measures should be adopted while further work on abundance estimates, population structure, and levels of human-caused mortality are carried out on a wider scale in Australian waters.
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, estuarine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, wildlife management, conservation, anthropogenic threats, gill nets, overfishing, coastal estuarine habitat, degradation, management, conservation, protected areas, human caused mortality, population status, abundance estimates, population structure, species distribution.
Parsons, E.C.M., N.A. Rose and M.P. Simmonds (2004). Whales - individuals, societies and cultures. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: a Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 15-29. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: Cetacea, biological notes, overview of biology.
Payne, R. (1994). Among whales. Natural History 103(1): 40-47. ISSN: 0028-0712.
NAL Call Number: 500 N483J
Descriptors: whales, reproductive behavior, wildlife conservation, biology, Argentina.
Perrin, W.F. and R.L. Brownell Jr. (2001). Update of the list of recognised species of cetaceans. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 3(Suppl.): 364-365. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Descriptors: Cetacea, checklists, recognized species, updating alternatives and recommendations.
Perrin, W.F., D.K. Caldwell and M.C. Caldwell (1994). Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis (G. Cuvier, 1829). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 173-190. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences,, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Perrin, W.F. and J.W. Gilpatrick Jr. (1994). Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 99-128. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences,, disease, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Perrin, W.F. and A.A. Hohn (1994). Pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata. In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 71-98. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Perrin, W.F., S. Leatherwood and A. Collet (1994). Fraser's dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956. In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 225-240. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Perrin, W.F. and J.G. Mead (1994). Clymene dolphin, Stenella clymene (Gray, 1846). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 161-171. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Perrin, W.F., C.E. Wilson and F.I. Archer II (1994). Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 129-159. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Perryman, W.L., D.W.K. Au, S. Leatherwood and T.A. Jefferson (1994). Melon-headed whale Peponocephala electra Gray, 1846. In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 363-386. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, physiology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, physiology, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Pertoldi, C., M. Podesta, V. Loeschcke, S. Schandorff, L. Marsili, C. Mancusi, P. Nicolosi, and E. Randi (2000). Effect of the 1990 die-off in the northern Italian seas on the developmental stability of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71(1): 61-70. ISSN: 0024-4066.
NAL Call Number: QH301.B56
Descriptors: mortality, marine mammals, Stenella coeruleoalba.
Pettis, H.M., R.M. Rolland, P.K. Hamilton, S. Brault, A.R. Knowlton, and S.D. Kraus (2004). Visual health assessment of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) using photographs. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82(1): 8-19. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Abstract: Although trends in reproduction, mortality, and entanglement events have been analyzed for the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) population, no method has been available to assess individual right whale health. Here, we describe a technique for assessing health based on evaluation of selected physical parameters from archived photographs of right whales. A scoring system was developed to assess body and skin condition, blowhole cyamids, and rake marks in over 200 000 photographs. Comparison of body condition scores of females during calving and noncalving years found that females were significantly thinner in calving years and in the year after calving compared with the year before calving, showing that changes in body condition known to occur during the reproductive cycle can be successfully evaluated from photographs. Comparison of scores for all parameters between living whales and whales with more than a 5-year gap in sighting history ("presumed dead") found that presumed dead whales received health assessment scores indicating compromised health with body condition emerging as a key visual indicator. This health assessment method provides a new tool to monitor health trends in right whales at individual and population levels and may provide a model for assessments of other welI-photographed cetaceans.
Descriptors: Eubalaena glacialis, physiological techniques, physiological condition, north Atlantic, visual health assessment using photographs.
Pichler, F.B., D. Robineau, R.N. Goodall, M.A. Meyer, C. Olivarria, and C.S. Baker (2001). Origin and radiation of Southern Hemisphere coastal dolphins (genus Cephalorhynchus). Molecular Ecology 10(9): 2215-23. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Abstract: The genus Cephalorhynchus (Gray 1846) consists of four species of small coastal dolphins distributed in cool temperate waters around the Southern Hemisphere. Each species is sympatric with other members of the subfamily Lissodelphininae but widely separated from other congeners. To describe the origin and radiation of these species, we examined 442 bp of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences of 307 individuals from the genus Cephalorhynchus and compared these to sequences from other members of the subfamily Lissodelphininae. We investigate the hypotheses that Cephalorhynchus is a monophyletic genus or, alternatively, that the four species have arisen separately from pelagic Lissodelphine species and have converged morphologically. Our results support the monophyly of Cephalorhynchus within the Lissodelphininae and a pattern of radiation by colonization. We confirm a pattern of shallow but diagnosable species clades with Heaviside's dolphin as the basal branch. We further examine the monophyly of maternal haplotypes represented by our large population sample for each species. Based on this phylogeographic pattern, we propose that Cephalorhynchus originated in the waters of South Africa and, following the West Wind Drift, colonized New Zealand and then South America. The Chilean and Commerson's dolphins then speciated along the two coasts of South America, during the glaciation of Tierra del Fuego. Secondary radiations resulted in genetically isolated populations for both the Kerguelen Island Commerson's dolphin and the North Island Hector's dolphin. Our results suggest that coastal, depth-limited odontocetes are prone to population fragmentation, isolation and occasionally long-distance movements, perhaps following periods of climatic change.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, phylogeny, base sequence, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, dolphins classification, molecular sequence data, sequence alignment, variation genetics genetics.
Pimentel, T.L. and A. Andriolo (2001). Orders Cetacea and Pinnipedia (whales, dolphins, seals, fur seals, sea lions). Medicine. In: M.E. Fowler and Z.S. Cubas (Editors), Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, Iowa State University Press: Ames, p. 341-351. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL Call Number: SF996.4.B56 2001
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea, care in captivity, pathological techniques, physical restraining techniques, sedation, anesthesia, parasites diseases and disorders, diseases and management.
Purvis, A., C.D.L. Orme, and K. Dolphin. (2003). Why are most species small-bodied? A phylogenetic view. In: Macroecology: Concepts and Consequences. The 43rd Annual Symposium of the British Ecological Society held at the University of Birmingham 17-19 April 2002, Blackwell Publishing: Malden, Oxford & Carlton, p. 155-173. 442 p. ISBN: 1405106425.
Descriptors: comprehensive zoology, size, small body size, reasons for occurrence in most species, phylogenetic and non phylogenetic explanations, extinction, extinction rate, phylogeny, significance of small body size, models, speciation, speciation rate, body size relationship, occurrence of small body size in most species significance.
Ramirez A, P. (1990). Distribucion de los cetaceos mayores despues del fenomeno El Nino 1982-1983. [Distribution of the greater whales after of the phenomenon El Nino 1982 - 1983]. Boletin De Lima (70): 85-90.
Descriptors: Cetacea, natural distribution, coasts, biogeography, mammals, physiographic features, El Nino.
Language of Text: German, English and Spanish summaries.
Ree, V. (1994). Field identification of white-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris and atlantic white-sided dolphin L. Acutus. Fauna (Oslo) 47(2): 132-165. ISSN: 0014-8881.
NAL Call Number: QL289.F3
Abstract: A recapitulation of the species appearance in older and contemporary literature and a presentation of material from Norwegian waters during later years.
Descriptors: ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, systematics and taxonomy, comparative morphology, description.
Reeves, R.R. and D.J. St. Aubin (2001). Belugas and narwhals: application of new technology to whale science in the Arctic. Arctic 54(3): 207-331. ISSN: 0004-0843.
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, Monodon monoceros, Arctic Ocean, biology, new technology applications in analysis, collected papers.
Reeves, R.R. and S. Leatherwood (1994). Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales: 1994-1998 Action Plan for the Conservation of Cetaceans, IUCN: Gland, Switzerland, 91 p. ISBN: 2831701899.
Abstract: Many of the approximately 80 species in the order Cetacea are threatened or endangered, often because of historical or current harvesting by man, which may be either deliberate or accidental. This text reviews the various human caused impacts on cetaceans and also presents possible solutions. Much of the text is taken from population status reports of individual species (many of which are not covered by international protection treaties) and from concise versions of specific conservation action plans. The text, which is illustrated and heavily referenced, was prepared and sponsored by the Cetacean Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and is widely supported by numerous conservation organizations.
Descriptors: conservation, ecology, environmental sciences, estuarine ecology, freshwater ecology, marine ecology, systematics and taxonomy, Cetacean action plan, Cetacean specialist group, conservation.
Reeves, R.R., B.D. Smith, E.A. Crespo and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara (Editors) (2003). Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans, 139 p. ISBN: 2831706564.
Abstract: This Action Plan represents a consensus of the IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group concerning the status of the world's 86 currently recognized species of cetaceans (porpoises, dolphins, and whales), threats to their survival, and measures needed to better understand and address those threats. Two species of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) and the vaquita (Phocoena sinus) and several geographical populations of whales and dolphins are classified in the Red List as Critically Endangered (Table 1). Other species, notably the Northern Hemisphere right whales (Eubalaena glacialis and E. japonica), blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori), and Ganges/Indus river dolphins (Platanista gangetica), are classified as Endangered. Numerous additional populations are known to be in serious danger of extirpation but have yet to be formally assessed for the Red List. Known or suspected threats include: continued deliberate killing of some species for food and predator control; incidental killing as a result of entanglement in fishing gear, collisions with powered vessels, and entrapment in water-regulation devices; removal of live animals from small coastal populations to supply oceanaria and research/rescue/captive breeding facilities; and the disruption of foodwebs and depletion of prey resources as a result of industrial or intensive artisanal fishing. Cetaceans, especially freshwater and coastal species, are suffering from degradation of their habitat caused by dam construction, removal of water for irrigation, land reclamation, and appropriation of bays for aquaculture operations. Longstanding concerns about the disturbance caused by ship noise, seismic operations, drilling, and other acoustic inputs to the marine environment have expanded to encompass the likelihood that new types of military sonar can cause lethal trauma to deep-diving cetaceans. Exceptionally high levels of chemical contaminants in the tissues of cetaceans may be affecting the animals' immune and reproductive systems. Any removals from wild populations, whether by hunting, bycatch, or live-capture, need to be within sustainable limits, which means that sufficient data must be available and a regime for enforcement and monitoring in place. Because fishery bycatch is such a serious and widespread threat to cetacean populations, there is an urgent need to develop alternative fishing gear and practices, and at the same time to implement immediate mitigation measures, ranging from fishery closures to the mandatory use of acoustic deterrents to keep animals away from nets. While research is underway to better define the threats of chemical and noise pollution, acoustic trauma, and climate change, precautionary measures should be taken to moderate (and preferably eliminate) the relevant anthropogenic input factors. Fifty-seven specific initiatives are identified and described for conservation-related research and education: 21 in Asia, 18 in Latin America, six in Africa, seven in Europe, two in North America, and three that are non-regional. The Cetacean Specialist Group has traditionally focused on problems in developing countries, presuming that the needs for support and expertise are greater there than in Europe, North America, and Oceania. Also, most of the group's attention has been devoted to the small and medium-sized cetaceans, as they are not officially recognized as falling within the aegis of the International Whaling Commission. For the first time, this Action Plan identifies specific management actions needed to prevent the extinction of several of the most seriously threatened species and populations. The baiji and vaquita can be saved only by immediate efforts to drastically reduce fishery bycatch. Tighter fishery management is also needed urgently for at least some populations of franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei), Hector's dolphins, Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris), and short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis). It is important to emphasize that these recommended actions are a mere beginning. To achieve our goal of conserving the planet's diverse and abundant cetacean fauna will require not only rapid progress on the work laid out in this Action Plan, but also a much wider and deeper vision of what needs doing, and the will to pursue that vision without delay.
Descriptors: Cetacea, disturbance by man, conservation threats review, conservation measures, conservation action plan for world species, endangered status, conservation status, world species and selected populations, report.
Notes: IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group, Gland.
Reeves, R.R., T.D. Smith, E.A. Josephson, P.J. Clapham, and G. Woolmer (2004). Historical observations of humpback and blue whales in the North Atlantic Ocean: clues to migratory routes and possibly additional feeding grounds. Marine Mammal Science 20(4): 774-786. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: The seasonal distributions of humpback and blue whales (Megaptera novaeangliae and Balaenoptera musculus, respectively) in the North Atlantic Ocean are not fully understood. Although humpbacks have been studied intensively in nearshore or coastal feeding and breeding areas, their migratory movements between these areas have been largely inferred. Blue whales have only been studied intensively along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and their seasonal occurrence and movements elsewhere in the North Atlantic are poorly known. We investigated the historical seasonal distributions of these two species using sighting and catch data extracted from American 18th and 19th century whaling logbooks. These data suggest that humpback whales migrated seasonally from low-latitude calving/ breeding grounds over a protracted period, and that some of them traveled far offshore rather than following coastal routes. Also, at least some humpbacks apparently fed early in the summer west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, well south of their known present-day feeding grounds. In assessing the present status of the North Atlantic humpback population, it will be important to determine whether such offshore feeding does in fact occur. Blue whales were present across the southern half of the North Atlantic during the autumn and winter months, and farther north in spring and summer, but we had too few data points to support inferences about these whales' migratory timing and routes.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera musculus, Megaptera novaeangliae, migration, north atlantic, historical seasonal distribution, migration and feeding grounds.
Reidarson, T.H., J.F. Mcbain, and P.K. Yochem (2001). Medical and nutritional aspects of a rehabilitating california gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 215-221. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: animal care, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, hypoglycemia, metabolic disease, stomach tube, surgical instrument, caloric intake, diet composition, emergency therapy, milk formula, nutrition, parasitism, weight gain, wildlife medicine, wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld.
Reiss, D. and L. Marino (2001). Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98(10): 5937-42. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror is an exceedingly rare capacity in the animal kingdom. To date, only humans and great apes have shown convincing evidence of mirror self-recognition. Two dolphins were exposed to reflective surfaces, and both demonstrated responses consistent with the use of the mirror to investigate marked parts of the body. This ability to use a mirror to inspect parts of the body is a striking example of evolutionary convergence with great apes and humans.
Descriptors: cognition, dolphins physiology, visual perception.
Reiss, D. and B. McCowan (1993). Spontaneous vocal mimicry and production by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): evidence for vocal learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology 107(3): 301-12. ISSN: 0735-7036.
Abstract: Two female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and their 2 male offspring were presented with an underwater keyboard to observe how the dolphins would use such a system to obtain specific objects and activities. When a dolphin pressed visual forms on the keyboard, whistles were generated underwater, and the dolphin was given a specific object or activity. Both vocal and nonvocal behaviors were recorded. Only the males used the keyboard. In the 1st year spontaneous vocal mimicry and productive use of facsimiles of the computer-generated whistles were recorded. In the 2nd year productive use increased significantly over mimicry, and apparent combinations of discreet whistle facsimiles in behaviorally appropriate contexts were observed. The patterns of vocal mimicry and production suggest a new model for analyzing dolphin vocalizations and vocal development with respect to signal structure and organization.
Descriptors: dolphins psychology, imitative behavior, mental recall, vocalization, animal, association learning, auditory perception, memory, short term, pattern recognition, visual, retention psychology, sound spectrography.
Rendell, L. and H. Whitehead (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24(2): 309-24; Discussion 324-82. ISSN: 0140-525X.
Abstract: Studies of animal culture have not normally included a consideration of cetaceans. However, with several long-term field studies now maturing, this situation should change. Animal culture is generally studied by either investigating transmission mechanisms experimentally, or observing patterns of behavioural variation in wild populations that cannot be explained by either genetic or environmental factors. Taking this second, ethnographic, approach, there is good evidence for cultural transmission in several cetacean species. However, only the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops) has been shown experimentally to possess sophisticated social learning abilities, including vocal and motor imitation; other species have not been studied. There is observational evidence for imitation and teaching in killer whales. For cetaceans and other large, wide-ranging animals, excessive reliance on experimental data for evidence of culture is not productive; we favour the ethnographic approach. The complex and stable vocal and behavioural cultures of sympatric groups of killer whales (Orcinus orca) appear to have no parallel outside humans, and represent an independent evolution of cultural faculties. The wide movements of cetaceans, the greater variability of the marine environment over large temporal scales relative to that on land, and the stable matrilineal social groups of some species are potentially important factors in the evolution of cetacean culture. There have been suggestions of gene-culture coevolution in cetaceans, and culture may be implicated in some unusual behavioural and life-history traits of whales and dolphins. We hope to stimulate discussion and research on culture in these animals.
Descriptors: behavior, animal physiology, culture, dolphins physiology, cognition physiology, evolution, imitative behavior physiology, teaching.
Rendell, L.E. and H. Whitehead (2003). Vocal clans in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 270(1512): 225-31. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: Cultural transmission may be a significant source of variation in the behaviour of whales and dolphins, especially as regards their vocal signals. We studied variation in the vocal output of 'codas' by sperm whale social groups. Codas are patterns of clicks used by female sperm whales in social circumstances. The coda repertoires of all known social units (n = 18, each consisting of about 11 females and immatures with long-term relationships) and 61 out of 64 groups (about two social units moving together for periods of days) that were recorded in the South Pacific and Caribbean between 1985 and 2000 can be reliably allocated into six acoustic 'clans', five in the Pacific and one in the Caribbean. Clans have ranges that span thousands of kilometres, are sympatric, contain many thousands of whales and most probably result from cultural transmission of vocal patterns. Units seem to form groups preferentially with other units of their own clan. We suggest that this is a rare example of sympatric cultural variation on an oceanic scale. Culture may thus be a more important determinant of sperm whale population structure than genes or geography, a finding that has major implications for our understanding of the species' behavioural and population biology.
Descriptors: animal communication, vocalization, animal classification, whales psychology, Caribbean region, cluster analysis, cultural evolution, multivariate analysis, Pacific Ocean, population dynamics.
Reynolds, J.E. and R.S. Wells (2003). Dolphins, Whales, and Manatees of Florida: a Guide to Sharing Their World, University Press of Florida: Gainesville, FL, 148 p. ISBN: 0813026873.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432 R495 2003
Descriptors: dolphins, Florida, whales, manatees.
Rice, D.W. (2001). A family tree for heavyweights. Science 294(5546): 1459. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: artiodactyla classification, mammals classification, phylogeny, whales classification, Cetacea classification, history, 19th century.
Notes: Comment On: Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2216-7.
Ridgway, S.H. and R. Harrison (Editor) (1994). Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, 416 p. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Abstract: This text is a guide to the biology and life history of the dolphin family, Delphinidae. Created for field use as an aid to identification and basic information, it is of value to research workers, academics, and students of marine mammalogy. The text contains seventeen individually authored chapters written by international experts on each mammal. Some of the species highlighted include: the rough-toothed dolphin, the spinner dolphin, Fraser's dolphin, the Chilean dolphin, the melon-headed whale, and the pygmy killer whale. In addition to describing identifying characteristics, distribution, similarities, and differences, some commercial and economical aspects are mentioned. Supplementing the text are distribution maps, black-and-white photographs, drawings, and other illustrations. Each chapter is well referenced.
Descriptors: ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, Chilean dolphin, distribution, morphology.
Ridgway, S.H. and R.J. Harrison (1981). Handbook of Marine Mammals. The Walrus, Sea Lions, Fur Seals, and Sea Otter, Vol. 1, Academic Press: London; New York, ISBN: 0125885016.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: marine mammals collected works, handbook.
Robineau, D. and J.M. Rose (1984). Les Cetaces de Djibouti. Bilan des connaissances actuelles sur la faune cetologique de la mer Rouge et du golfe d' Aden. [The Cetaceans of Djibouti. Review of the existing knowledge on the Cetaceans of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden]. Bulletin Du Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle Section a Zoologie Biologie Et Ecologie Animales 6(1): 219-249. ISSN: 0181-0626.
NAL Call Number: QL1.M83
Descriptors: Cetacea, natural distribution, taxonomy, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, biogeography, geography, Indian Ocean, mammals, marine areas, vertebrates, western Indian Ocean.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Roervik, C.J. and A.A. Jonsgaard (1981). Review of balaenopterids in the North Atlantic Ocean. In: J. Gordon-Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals., FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome (Italy), p. 269-286. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: whales, north Atlantic Ocean, review, balaenopterids.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Roitblat, H.L. (2002). The cognitive dolphin. In: M. Bekoff, C. Allen and G.M. Burghardt (Editors), The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, UK., p. 183-187. ISBN: 0262523221.
NAL Call Number: QL785.C485 2002
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, echolocation, objects recognition function, cognitive process.
Rosas, F.C.W., A. Andriolo and T.L. Pimentel (2001). Orders Cetacea and Pinnipedia (whales, dolphins, seals, fur seals, sea lions). In: M.E. Fowler and Z.S. Cubas (Editors), Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, p. 332-351.
NAL Call Number: SF996.4.B56 2001
Descriptors: adaptation, anesthesia, animal anatomy, animal behavior, animal nutrition, aquatic environment, destruction of animals, diagnosis, diseases, dosage, habitats, marine mammals, marking, medical treatment, monitoring, normal values, osmoregulation, population density, rehabilitation, restraint of animals, sampling, taxonomy, technology, telemetry, thermoregulation, transport of animals, wild animals, wildlife conservation, wildlife management, zoogeography, Cetacea, dolphins, Pinnipedia, sealions, seals, whales.
Rose, K.D. (2001). Evolution. The ancestry of whales. Science 293(5538): 2216-7. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: evolution, fossils, whales anatomy and histology, whales classification, artiodactyla anatomy and histology, artiodactyla classification, clavicle anatomy and histology, femur anatomy and histology, foot bones anatomy and histology, forelimb anatomy and histology, Pakistan, tarsal bones anatomy and histology, tarsus, animal anatomy and histology.
Notes: Comment On: Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2239-42.
Rosenbaum, H.C., M.T. Weinrich, S.A. Stoleson, J.P. Gibbs, C.S. Baker, and R. DeSalle (2002). The effect of differential reproductive success on population genetic structure: correlations of life history with matrilines in humpback whales of the gulf of Maine. Journal of Heredity 93(6): 389-99. ISSN: 0022-1503.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 AM3
Abstract: To examine whether demographic and life-history traits are correlated with genetic structure, we contrasted mtDNA lineages of individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) with sighting and reproductive histories of female humpback whales between 1979 and 1995. Maternal lineage haplotypes were obtained for 323 whales, either from direct sequencing of the mtDNA control region (n = 159) or inferred from known relationships along matrilines from the sequenced sample of individuals (n = 164). Sequence variation in the 550 bp of the control region defined a total of 19 maternal lineage haplotypes that formed two main clades. Fecundity increased significantly over the study period among females of several lineages among the two clades. Individual maternal lineages and other clades were characterized by significant variation in fecundity. The detected heterogeneity of reproductive success has the potential to substantially affect the frequency and distribution of maternal lineages found in this population over time. There were significant yearly effects on adult resighting rates and calf survivorship based on examination of sighting histories with varying capture-recapture probability models. These results indicate that population structure can be influenced by interactions or associations between reproductive success, genetic structure, and environmental factors in a natural population of long-lived mammals.
Descriptors: DNA, mitochondrial genetics, whales genetics, whales physiology, base sequence, fertility, genetics, population, haplotypes, Maine, population density, reproduction, seawater, variation genetics, whales growth and development.
Ross, G.J.B. (1984). The smaller cetaceans of the south east coast of southern Africa. In: Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Vol. 15, Pt. 2, Cape Provincial Museums: Albany Museum: Grahamstown, South Africa, p. 173-410.
NAL Call Number: 515 AL1A
Descriptors: smaller cetaceans, southern Africa.
Ross, G.J.B., G.E. Heinsohn and V.G. Cockcroft (1994). Humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765), Sousa plumbea (G. Cuvier, 1829) and Sousa teuszii (Kukenthal, 1892). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 23-42. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Ross, G.J.B. and S. Leatherwood (1994). Pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata Gray, 1874. In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 387-404. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, physiology, taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, maintenance, parasitology, population dynamics.
Ross, H.A., G.M. Lento, M.L. Dalebout, M. Goode, G. Ewing, P. McLaren, A.G. Rodrigo, S. Lavery, and C.S. Baker (2003). DNA surveillance: web-based molecular identification of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Journal of Heredity 94(2): 111-4. ISSN: 0022-1503.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 AM3
Abstract: DNA Surveillance is a Web-based application that assists in the identification of the species and population of unknown specimens by aligning user-submitted DNA sequences with a validated and curated data set of reference sequences. Phylogenetic analyses are performed and results are returned in tree and table format summarizing the evolutionary distances between the query and reference sequences. DNA Surveillance is implemented with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences representing the majority of recognized cetacean species. Extensions of the system to include other gene loci and taxa are planned. The service, including instructions and sample data, is available at http://www.dna-surveillance.auckland.ac.nz.
Descriptors: dna, dolphins genetics, porpoises genetics, whales genetics, databases, genetic, dolphins classification, porpoises classification, software, whales classification.
Roth, G. and U. Dicke (2005). Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9(5): 250-257. ISSN: 1364-6613.
Abstract: Intelligence has evolved many times independently among vertebrates. Primates, elephants and cetaceans are assumed to be more intelligent than 'lower' mammals, the great apes and humans more than monkeys, and humans more than the great apes. Brain properties assumed to be relevant for intelligence are the (absolute or relative) size of the brain, cortex, prefrontal cortex and degree of encephalization. However, factors that correlate better with intelligence are the number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity, as the basis for information-processing capacity. Humans have more cortical neurons than other mammals, although only marginally more than whales and elephants. The outstanding intelligence of humans appears to result from a combination and enhancement of properties found in non-human primates, such as theory of mind, imitation and language, rather than from 'unique' properties.
Descriptors: intelligence, brain, evolution, vertebrates, primates, elephants, cetaceans, human, mammals, cortical neurons, whales.
Ruggieri, G.D. (1975). Aquatic animals in biomedical research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 245: 39-56. ISSN: 0077-8923.
NAL Call Number: 500 N484
Descriptors: animals, laboratory, marine biology, Annelida, Arachnida, blood coagulation, diving, Echinodermata, eels physiology, electric organ physiology, fishes immunology, fishes physiology, marine toxins, Mollusca, Pinnipedia blood, Pinnipedia physiology, Porifera, research, seals, earless physiology, shock physiopathology, Urochordata, whales physiology.
Rychel, A.L., T.W. Reeder, and A. Berta (2004). Phylogeny of mysticete whales based on mitochondrial and nuclear data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32(3): 892-901. ISSN: 1055-7903.
NAL Call Number: QH367.5.M56
Abstract: Mysticetes or baleen whales are comprised of four groups: Eschrichtiidae, Neobalaenidae, Balaenidae, and Balaenopteridae. Various phylogenetic hypotheses among these four groups have been proposed. Previous studies have not satisfactorily determined relationships among the four groups with a high degree of confidence. The objective of this study is to determine the relationships among the mysticete whales. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Most species relationships determined using these data were well resolved and congruent. Balaenidae is the most basal group and Neobalaenidae is the second most basal and sister group to the balaenopterid-eschrichtiid clade. In this phylogenetic study, the resolution of Eschrichtiidae with two main lineages of Balaenopteridae was problematic. Some data partitions placed this group within the balaenopterids, and other partitions placed it as a sister taxon to the balaenopterids. An additive likelihood approach was used to determine the most optimal trees. Although it was not found in the combined phylogenetic analyses, the "best" tree found under the additive likelihood approach was one with a monophyletic Balaenopteridae.
Descriptors: phylogeny, whales genetics, base sequence, bayes theorem, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, lactalbumin genetics, likelihood functions, models, genetic, molecular sequence data, sequence analysis.
Sasaki, T., M. Nikaido, H. Hamilton, M. Goto, H. Kato, N. Kanda, L. Pastene, Y. Cao, R. Fordyce, M. Hasegawa, and N. Okada (2005). Mitochondrial phylogenetics and evolution of mysticete whales. Systematic Biology 54(1): 77-90. ISSN: 1063-5157.
NAL Call Number: QH83.S9
Abstract: The phylogenetic relationships among baleen whales (Order: Cetacea) remain uncertain despite extensive research in cetacean molecular phylogenetics and a potential morphological sample size of over 2 million animals harvested. Questions remain regarding the number of species and the monophyly of genera, as well as higher order relationships. Here, we approach mysticete phylogeny with complete mitochondrial genome sequence analysis. We determined complete mtDNA sequences of 10 extant Mysticeti species, inferred their phylogenetic relationships, and estimated node divergence times. The mtDNA sequence analysis concurs with previous molecular studies in the ordering of the principal branches, with Balaenidae (right whales) as sister to all other mysticetes base, followed by Neobalaenidae (pygmy right whale), Eschrichtiidae (gray whale), and finally Balaenopteridae (rorquals + humpback whale). The mtDNA analysis further suggests that four lineages exist within the clade of Eschrichtiidae + Balaenopteridae, including a sister relationship between the humpback and fin whales, and a monophyletic group formed by the blue, sei, and Bryde's whales, each of which represents a newly recognized phylogenetic relationship in Mysticeti. We also estimated the divergence times of all extant mysticete species, accounting for evolutionary rate heterogeneity among lineages. When the mtDNA divergence estimates are compared with the mysticete fossil record, several lineages have molecular divergence estimates strikingly older than indicated by paleontological data. We suggest this discrepancy reflects both a large amount of ancestral polymorphism and long generation times of ancestral baleen whale populations.
Descriptors: dna, mitochondrial genetics, evolution, molecular, phylogeny, whales genetics, base sequence, DNA primers, likelihood functions, models, genetic, molecular sequence data, sequence analysis, DNA, species specificity, whales classification.
Scarff, J.E. (1980). Ethical issues in whale and small cetacean management. Environmental Ethics 2(3): 241-279. ISSN: 0163-4275.
NAL Call Number: GF80.E5
Descriptors: whales, porpoises, dolphins, endangered species, ethics, risks, moral values, fishery management, resource conservation, hunting, destruction of animals, management, USA.
Schaeff, C.M. (2002). Right whale, Eubalaena, molecular ecology. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 65-83. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Eubalaena, conservation, molecular genetics, population genetics, molecular genetic analyses review, conservation implications.
Schmidt, D. (1998). Naar hvaler doer. [When whales die]. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 81(10): 384-387. ISSN: 0106-6854.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 D23
Descriptors: physeter, animal welfare, ethics, destruction of animals, Denmark, Cetacea, Europe, mammals, Scandinavia, western Europe, whales.
Language of Text: Danish.
Schulze, G. (1987). Die Schweinswale: Familie Phocoenidae. [Porpoises], 1 edition, Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, Wittenberg Lutherstadt: Ziemsen, 167 p. ISBN: 3740300485.
NAL Call Number: 409 N392 no. 583 1987
Descriptors: porpoises, Phocoenidea.
Sebenius, J.K. (1981). Marine resource management under uncertainty: the case of eastern spinner dolphin depletion Stenella longirostris. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fisheries Review 43(10): 1-4. ISSN: 0090-1830.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 F532
Descriptors: spinner dolphin, resource, management, marine, Stenella longirostris.
Shedlock, A.M., M.C. Milinkovitch, and N. Okada (2000). SINE evolution, missing data, and the origin of whales. Systematic Biology 49(4): 808-17. ISSN: 1063-5157.
NAL Call Number: QH83.S9
Descriptors: evolution, whales classification, whales genetics, biogenesis, models, genetic, reproducibility of results.
Shi, Y. and S. Yokoyama (2003). Molecular analysis of the evolutionary significance of ultraviolet vision in vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(14): 8308-13. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: Many fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and some mammals use UV vision for such basic activities as foraging, mate selection, and communication. UV vision is mediated by UV pigments in the short wavelength-sensitive type 1 (SWS1) group that absorb light maximally (lambda max) at approximately 360 nm. Reconstructed SWS1 pigments of most vertebrate ancestors have lambda max values of approximately 360 nm, whereas the ancestral avian pigment has a lambda max value of 393 nm. In the nonavian lineage, UV vision in many modern species is inherited directly from the vertebrate ancestor, whereas violet vision in others has evolved by different amino acid replacements at approximately 10 specific sites. In the avian lineage, the origin of the violet pigment and the subsequent restoration of UV pigments in some species are caused by amino acid replacements F49V/F86S/L116V/S118A and S90C, respectively. The use of UV vision is associated strongly with UV-dependent behaviors of organisms. When UV light is not available or is unimportant to organisms, the SWS1 gene can become nonfunctional, as exemplified by coelacanth and dolphin.
Descriptors: color perception genetics, evolution, molecular, opsin genetics, phylogeny, ultraviolet rays, vertebrates physiology, amino acid sequence, amino acid substitution, behavior, animal, color perception physiology, DNA, recombinant genetics, environment, gene deletion, gene duplication, light, molecular sequence data, multigene family, mutagenesis, site directed, opsin chemistry, opsin classification, pseudogenes, sequence alignment, sequence homology, amino acid, species specificity, vertebrates genetics.
Notes: Comment In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 Jul 8;100(14):8045-7.
Shimada, A. (2000). Pathology of sea mammals: information on the global environment available from stranded cetaceans. Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5(1): 37-43. ISSN: 1342-6133.
Descriptors: animal pathology, animal tissues, bacterial pneumonia, coastal areas, environmental assessment, lungs, lymph nodes, marine mammals, parasitoses, Cetacea.
Shrestha, T.K. (1995). The Ganges River Dolphin: a Study of the Wilderness and Biodiversity in the Himalayan Waters of Nepal, Bimala Shrestha: Kathmandu, 242 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C436S47 1995
Descriptors: river dolphins, Nepal, wildlife conservation, Nepal, Ganges.
Sinha, R.K. (2004). The irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris of Chilika Lagoon, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 101(2): 244-251. ISSN: 0006-6982.
NAL Call Number: 513 B63
Abstract: The status of the Irrawaddy Dolphin in its entire distribution range is not well known; however, the population is expected to be less than a thousand. Its population in Chilika is not more than 50. A maximum number of 3 1 dolphins were sighted during three surveys conducted in July, September and December, 2000. Except in the northern zone, which receives a heavy load of sediments through several tributaries of the River Mahanadi, these dolphins are found throughout Chilika lake. Deliberate killings of dolphins in Chilika have not been reported, but the species is under threat from intensive and extensive fishing, unorganised tourism using mechanised boats, and habitat degradation. At least 15 dolphins were found dead in the lagoon during 1999 and 2001. Immediate attention is required to protect the dolphins from being hit by mechanised boats and from drowning in fishing nets. Besides the habitat improvement programme being undertaken by the Chilika Development Authority, which will help in conserving the Chilika lagoon in general and the dolphins in particular, education and awareness among the masses and tourists is warranted. However, a Dolphin Conservation Programme would focus on the specific requirements and help in conserving the rare Irrawaddy Dolphins of Chilika.
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, human ecology, anthropology, wildlife management, conservation, estuarine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, population dynamics, conservation status, geographical distribution, fishing industry.
Skare, M. (1994). Whaling: a sustainable use of natural resources or a violation of animal rights? Environment 36(7): 12-20, 30-31. ISSN: 0013-9157.
NAL Call Number: HM208.E5
Descriptors: Norway, whales, meat, animal welfare, sustainability, policies, animal products, Cetacea, Europe, mammals, Scandinavia, Western Europe, moral values.
Slifka, K., S. Crissey, S. Kahn, A. Moser, T.C. Chen, J. Mathieu, and M.F. Holick. (2001). Nutritional status in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). In: Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, National Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians Joint Conference, September 18, 2001-September 23, 2001, Orlando, Florida, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: p. 287-291. 411 p.
NAL Call Number: SF605.A4
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, diet in captivity, biochemistry, diet, blood, chemical composition, diet in captivity formulation relations.
Slooten, E. and S.M. Dawson (1994). Hector's dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori (Van Beneden, 1881). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 311-333. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Small, R.J. (1995). Acclimation to captivity: a quantitative estimate based on survival of bottlenose dolphins and california sea lions. Marine Mammal Science 11(4): 510-519. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: An estimate of how long marine mammals need to acclimate to captivity would permit more precise comparisons of husbandry practices, yet no quantitative analysis of acclimation has been performed. Therefore, we estimated the duration of acclimation to captivity for bottlenose dolphins (BD) and California sea lions (CSL) by comparing 5-d survival rates during the first 90 d of captivity with a survival rate based on days 91-365 in captivity. Wild-born BD (n = 1,270) and CSL (n = 1,650) acclimate to captivity in approximately 35 and 40 d, respectively, whereas captive born BD (n = 332) and CSL (n = 992) acclimate in approximately 50 and 40 d, respectively. When transferred between two institutions, BD (n = 911) acclimated in the same amount of time (45 d) as when first transferred from the wild, whereas transferred CSL (n = 336) acclimated more rapidly (15 vs. 40 d) than when first transferred from the wild. Based on results from these two species, a 60-d acclimation period is recognized as a distinct interval of relatively high mortality that should be treated separately from long-term survival estimates when evaluating husbandry practices of oceanaria and zoos.
Descriptors: marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, wildlife management, conservation, husbandry.
Smith, B.D., A.K.M. Haque, M.S. Hossain, and A. Khan (1998). River dolphins in Bangladesh: conservation and the effects of water development. Environmental Management 22(3): 323-335. ISSN: 0364-152X.
NAL Call Number: HC79.E5E5
Descriptors: rivers, water management, water conservation, fisheries, Bangladesh, Ganges river.
Smith, J.D., W.E. Shields, and D.A. Washburn (2003). The comparative psychology of uncertainty monitoring and metacognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26(3): 317-39; Discussion 340-73. ISSN: 0140-525X.
Abstract: Researchers have begun to explore animals' capacities for uncertainty monitoring and metacognition. This exploration could extend the study of animal self-awareness and establish the relationship of self-awareness to other-awareness. It could sharpen descriptions of metacognition in the human literature and suggest the earliest roots of metacognition in human development. We summarize research on uncertainty monitoring by humans, monkeys, and a dolphin within perceptual and metamemory tasks. We extend phylogenetically the search for metacognitive capacities by considering studies that have tested less cognitively sophisticated species. By using the same uncertainty-monitoring paradigms across species, it should be possible to map the phylogenetic distribution of metacognition and illuminate the emergence of mind. We provide a unifying formal description of animals performances and examine the optimality of their decisional strategies. Finally, we interpret animals' and humans' nearly identical performances psychologically. Low-level, stimulus-based accounts cannot explain the phenomena. The results suggest granting animals a higher-level decision-making process that involves criterion setting using controlled cognitive processes. This conclusion raises the difficult question of animal consciousness. The results show that animals have functional features of or parallels to human conscious cognition. Remaining questions are whether animals also have the phenomenal features that are the feeling/knowing states of human conscious cognition, and whether the present paradigms can be extended to demonstrate that they do. Thus, the comparative study of metacognition potentially grounds the systematic study of animal consciousness.
Descriptors: attention, awareness, cognition, decision making, problem solving, uncertainty, appetitive behavior, consciousness, discrimination learning, dolphins, Macaca mulatta, mental recall, pattern recognition, visual, personal construct theory, phylogeny, pitch discrimination, psychology, comparative, psychomotor performance, psychophysics, rats, retention psychology, sensory thresholds, species specificity.
Smith, T.D. (1983). Changes in size of three dolphin (Stenella spp.) populations in the eastern tropical Pacific. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fishery Bulletin 81(1): 1-13.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 B87
Descriptors: Oceans, eastern tropical Pacific, dolphins. changes in size, Stenella spp.
Solntseva, G.N. (2000). Development of the vestibular apparatus in mammals with different ecological characteristics. Doklady Biological Sciences Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 371: 192-6. ISSN: 0012-4966.
NAL Call Number: 511 P444AEB
Descriptors: mammals growth and development, vestibule growth and development, Chiroptera growth and development, ecosystem, evolution, mammals classification, marine biology, Pinnipedia growth and development, rats, species specificity, whales growth and development.
Speakman, J.R. (2005). Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan. Journal of Experimental Biology 208(9): 1717-30. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Bigger animals live longer. The scaling exponent for the relationship between lifespan and body mass is between 0.15 and 0.3. Bigger animals also expend more energy, and the scaling exponent for the relationship of resting metabolic rate (RMR) to body mass lies somewhere between 0.66 and 0.8. Mass-specific RMR therefore scales with a corresponding exponent between -0.2 and -0.33. Because the exponents for mass-specific RMR are close to the exponents for lifespan, but have opposite signs, their product (the mass-specific expenditure of energy per lifespan) is independent of body mass (exponent between -0.08 and 0.08). This means that across species a gram of tissue on average expends about the same amount of energy before it dies regardless of whether that tissue is located in a shrew, a cow, an elephant or a whale. This fact led to the notion that ageing and lifespan are processes regulated by energy metabolism rates and that elevating metabolism will be associated with premature mortality--the rate of living theory. The free-radical theory of ageing provides a potential mechanism that links metabolism to ageing phenomena, since oxygen free radicals are formed as a by-product of oxidative phosphorylation. Despite this potential synergy in these theoretical approaches, the free-radical theory has grown in stature while the rate of living theory has fallen into disrepute. This is primarily because comparisons made across classes (for example, between birds and mammals) do not conform to the expectations, and even within classes there is substantial interspecific variability in the mass-specific expenditure of energy per lifespan. Using interspecific data to test the rate of living hypothesis is, however, confused by several major problems. For example, appeals that the resultant lifetime expenditure of energy per gram of tissue is 'too variable' depend on the biological significance rather than the statistical significance of the variation observed. Moreover, maximum lifespan is not a good marker of ageing and RMR is not a good measure of total energy metabolism. Analysis of residual lifespan against residual RMR reveals no significant relationship. However, this is still based on RMR. A novel comparison using daily energy expenditure (DEE), rather than BMR, suggests that lifetime expenditure of energy per gram of tissue is NOT independent of body mass, and that tissue in smaller animals expends more energy before expiring than tissue in larger animals. Some of the residual variation in this relationship in mammals is explained by ambient temperature. In addition there is a significant negative relationship between residual lifespan and residual daily energy expenditure in mammals. A potentially much better model to explore the links of body size, metabolism and ageing is to examine the intraspecific links. These studies have generated some data that support the original rate of living theory and other data that conflict. In particular several studies have shown that manipulating animals to expend more or less energy generate the expected effects on lifespan (particularly when the subjects are ectotherms). However, smaller individuals with higher rates of metabolism live longer than their slower, larger conspecifics. An addition to these confused observations has been the recent suggestion that under some circumstances we might expect mitochondria to produce fewer free radicals when metabolism is higher--particularly when they are uncoupled. These new ideas concerning the manner in which mitochondria generate free radicals as a function of metabolism shed some light on the complexity of observations linking body size, metabolism and lifespan.
Descriptors: basal metabolism physiology, body size, energy metabolism physiology, longevity, models, biological, free radicals metabolism, mitochondria metabolism, species specificity, temperature.
Stewart, B.S. (2001). Introduction and background to the collected papers on the rescue, rehabilitation, and scientific studies of JJ, an orphaned California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 203-208. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: animal care, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, wildlife management, conservation, scientific studies, whale rescues, wildlife rehabilitation, gray whales, collected papers.
Stolen, M.K. and J. Barlow (2003). A model life table for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida, U.S.A. Marine Mammal Science 19(4): 630-649. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, life tables, north Atlantic, USA, Florida, Indian River Lagoon, life table.
Swarbrick, O. (2001). Whaling and welfare. Veterinary Record 148(11): 351. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: animal welfare, stress, whales physiology, stress etiology, whales growth and development, whales psychology.
Notes: Comment On: Veterinary Record 2001 Mar 10;148(10):304-7.
Sweeney, J.C. and M.L. Reddy (2001). Cetacean cytology. In: L.A. Dierauf and F. Gulland (Editors), CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition, CRC Press: Boca Raton, London, p. 437-448. ISBN: 0849308399.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.M35C73 2001
Descriptors: Cetacea, cytological techniques, diagnostic techniques, cytology.
Symoens, J.J. (1992). Whales: biology, threats, conservation: symposium. June 5, 1991-June 7, 1991, Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences: Brussels, 260 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4W43 1992
Descriptors: cetaceans congresses, whales congresses, porpoises congresses, dolphins congresses.
Language of Text: English and French.
Tanaka, S. (1987). Satellite radio tracking of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 53(8): 1327-1338. ISSN: 0021-5392.
Descriptors: Tursiops, movement, remote sensing, radio, identification, audiovisual aids, Cetacea, documentation, information flow, information science, mammals, mass media, methods, physiological functions, public relations, teaching, teaching materials, telecommunications, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English and Japanese summaries.
Tanaka, S., K. Takao, and N. Kato (1987). Tagging techniques for bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 53(8): 1317-1325. ISSN: 0021-5392.
Descriptors: Tursiops, identification, labelling, freezing, visibility, radio, remote sensing, lesions, audiovisual aids, Cetacea, documentation, ergonomic factors, information flow, information science, injurious factors, mammals, mass media, methods, processing, public relations, teaching, teaching materials, telecommunications, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English and Japanese summaries.
Telfer, N., L.H. Cornell, and J.H. Prescott (1970). Do dolphins drink water? Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157(5): 555-558.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: dolphins, drink water.
Thewissen, J.G. and S.I. Madar (1999). Ankle morphology of the earliest Cetaceans and its implications for the phylogenetic relations among ungulates. Systematic Biology 48(1): 21-30. ISSN: 1063-5157.
NAL Call Number: QH83.S9
Abstract: Recent molecular studies are inconsistent with ungulate phylogenetic trees that are based on morphological traits. These inconsistencies especially relate to the position of cetaceans and perissodactyls. Evaluation of the close phylogenetic ties between artiodactyls and cetaceans has been hampered by the absence of tarsal bones of primitive cetaceans, as artiodactyls are often diagnosed on the basis of their tarsus. We here describe newly discovered tarsal bones that are the oldest cetacean tarsals known. We present a character analysis for primitive ungulate tarsals and evaluate their impact on the ungulate phylogenetic tree. Tarsal data are consistent with some molecular studies in suggesting that the extant sister group of Cetacea is Artiodactyla or that Cetacea should be included within the latter order. Tarsal data do not support Cete (Mesonychia plus Cetacea) and are consistent with the exclusion of perissodactyls from paenungulates as suggested by some molecular studies.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, joints anatomy and histology, phylogeny, ruminants anatomy and histology, Cetacea classification, hindlimb anatomy and histology, ruminants classification.
Thewissen, J.G., E.M. Williams, L.J. Roe, and S.T. Hussain (2001). Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. Nature (London) 413(6853): 277-81. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: Modern members of the mammalian order Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are obligate aquatic swimmers that are highly distinctive in morphology, lacking hair and hind limbs, and having flippers, flukes, and a streamlined body. Eocene fossils document much of cetaceans' land-to-water transition, but, until now, the most primitive representative for which a skeleton was known was clearly amphibious and lived in coastal environments. Here we report on the skeletons of two early Eocene pakicetid cetaceans, the fox-sized Ichthyolestes pinfoldi, and the wolf-sized Pakicetus attocki. Their skeletons also elucidate the relationships of cetaceans to other mammals. Morphological cladistic analyses have shown cetaceans to be most closely related to one or more mesonychians, a group of extinct, archaic ungulates, but molecular analyses have indicated that they are the sister group to hippopotamids. Our cladistic analysis indicates that cetaceans are more closely related to artiodactyls than to any mesonychian. Cetaceans are not the sister group to (any) mesonychians, nor to hippopotamids. Our analysis stops short of identifying any particular artiodactyl family as the cetacean sister group and supports monophyly of artiodactyls.
Descriptors: bone and bones anatomy and histology, Cetacea classification, evolution, fossils, whales classification, Cetacea anatomy and histology, phylogeny, skeleton, whales anatomy and histology.
Notes: Comment In: Nature. 2001 Sep 20;413(6853):259-60.
Thewissen, J.G.M. (1994). Phylogenetic aspects of cetacean origins: a morphological perspective. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2(3): 157-184. ISSN: 1064-7554.
Abstract: The evolutionary steps leading up to the origin of cetaceans involved pervasive changes in the masticatory apparatus, the ear, and limb morphology. These changes bear heavily on the phylogenetic relationships of Cetacea, and are investigated here on the basis of two of its earliest members: Pakicetus and Ambulocetus. A phylogenetic analysis of cetaceans, five groups of mesonychians, and five other groups of ungulates indicates that Pakicetus is the sister group to all other cetaceans, and that Cete (mesonychians and Cetacea) is a monophyletic group.
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, evolution and adaptation, morphology, paleobiology, sense organs, sensory reception, systematics and taxonomy, ear, jaw, limb.
Tomo, A.P. (1974). Las ballenas. [The whales]. Antartida (Argentina) (4): 32-38.
Descriptors: whales, Las Ballenas.
Townsend, F.I. (1999). Hand-rearing techniques for neonate cetaceans. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th edition, p. 493-497.
NAL Call Number: SF996.Z66 1999
Descriptors: marine mammals, wild animals, newborn animals, feeding, weaning, nutrient requirements, milk substitutes, Cetacea, dolphins.
Truitt, D. (1974). Dolphins and Porpoises a Comprehensive, Annotated Bibliography of the Smaller Cetacea, Gale Research Co: Detroit, 582 p.
NAL Call Number: Z7996.C4T75
Descriptors: dolphins, bibliography, porpoises.
Tschudin, A.J.P.C. (2001). 'Mindreading' mammals? Attribution of belief tasks with dolphins. Animal Welfare 10(Suppl.): S119-S127. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: species differences, brain, consciousness, animal welfare.
Notes: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the UFAW Symposium on Consciousness, Cognition and Animal Welfare, London, May 11-12, 2000.
Twiss, J.R., R.R. Reeves and S. Montgomery (1999). Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals, Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, 471 p. ISBN: 1560987782.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.C65 1999
Descriptors: marine mammals, endangered species, wildlife conservation.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. (1989). Mass Mortality of Bottlenose Dolphins in 1987-88: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session on the Conclusions of the Clinical Investigation of the 1987-88 Mass Mortality of the Bottle-Nose Dolphins Along the United States Central and South Atlantic Coasts, May 9-10, 1989, Vol. Serial no. 101-20, U.S. G.P.O. Washington [D.C. (USA)]. 302 p.
NAL Call Number: KF27.M474 1989c
Descriptors: dolphins, mortality, water pollution, Cetacea, mammals, pollution.
Notes: Printed for the use of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. (1992). International Dolphin Conservation Act of 1992: Report Together With Dissenting Views (to Accompany H.R. 5419) (Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). United States. Congress. House. Report; 102-746. Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O.,
NAL Call Number: KF32.M43 1992
Descriptors: dolphins law and legislation United States, marine mammals law and legislation United States, tuna fisheries law and legislation Pacific Ocean, purse seining Government policy United States.
United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. (1991). Endangered Whales: Status Update. Silver Spring, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service., 52 p.
Descriptors: whales, endangered species, update.
Urban, R.J., V.F. de Sahagon, M.L. Jones, S.L. Swartz, B. Mate, A. Gomez Gallardo, and M. Guerrero Ruiz (2004). Gray whales with loss of flukes adapt and survive. Marine Mammal Science 20(2): 335-338. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Eschrichtius robustus tail, injuries, north Pacific, North America, fluke loss, observations.
Urban, R.J., L. Rojas Bracho, H. Perez Cortes, A. Gomez Gallardo, S.L. Swartz, S. Ludwig, and R.L. Brownell Jr. (2003). A review of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) on their wintering grounds in Mexican waters. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 5(3): 281-295. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Abstract: The Eastern North Pacific gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is one population of large cetacean that has recovered from depletion resulting from commercial harvest in the mid- to late-1800s. It is believed that this population may be approaching, or possibly exceeding its carrying capacity as suggested by recent increases in mortality of all age and sex classes. Research on the breeding biology and phenology of gray whales that spend the winter in the coastal waters and lagoons of Baja California, Mexico has been conducted for many years. These studies contribute valuable information on the reproductive biology of this species, and the importance of their coastal lagoon habitats to their reproductive success. This paper reviews and summarises historical exploitation, conservation measures, the findings of research conducted on gray whales in their winter breeding range, potential natural and anthropogenic threats to this population, and makes recommendations for future research and monitoring. This review concentrates on the findings of research conducted since the mid-1970s.
Descriptors: Eschrichtius robustus whaling, conservation measures, reproductive productivity, population dynamics, distribution within habitat, north Pacific, Mexico, historical exploitation, conservation, ecology and threats, winter breeding range, review.
Van Bonn, W.G. (1995). Captive cetaceans. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 206(2): 155-6. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: animal welfare, Cetacea, veterinary service, military, United States.
van der Toorn, J.D. (1987). A biological approach to dolphinarium water purification. 1. Theoretical aspects. Aquatic Mammals 13(3): 83-92. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: delphinidae, aquarium techniques, water purification, water, dolphinarium water purification, theoretical aspects.
Viney, M. (1994). True's beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus True. Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 508-509. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, morphology, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, coloration, description, morphology, note, teeth.
Visser, I.N., D. Fertl, and L.T. Pusser (2004). Melanistic southern right-whale dolphins (Lissodelphis peronii) off Kaikoura, New Zealand, with records of other anomalously all-black cetaceans. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38(5): 833-836. ISSN: 0028-8330.
NAL Call Number: QH91.57.A1N4
Abstract: Reports of anomalously pigmented cetaceans, including melanistic (all-black) individuals are infrequent. We observed four melanistic southern right-whale dolphins (Lissodelphis peronii) including a calf, off Kaikoura (42[degree]34[minute]S, 173[degree]50[minute]E), New Zealand. We also compiled records of melanistic individuals from five other species of cetaceans. The ecological context of melanistic pigmentation of cetaceans is not well understood; however, it may increase heat absorption, affect ability to capture prey, impair visual/social communication, and/or increase conspicuousness to predators.
Descriptors: Cetacea, melanism, review of records.
Vogel, G. (1998). DNA suggests cultural traits affect whales' evolution. Science 282(5394): 1616. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: behavior, animal, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, evolution, variation genetics, vocalization, animal, whales genetics, computer simulation, dolphins genetics, dolphins physiology, models, biological, reproduction, whales physiology.
Notes: Comment On: Science. 1998 Nov 27;282(5394):1708-11.
Wada, S., M. Oishi, and T.K. Yamada (2003). A newly discovered species of living baleen whale. Nature (London) 426(6964): 278-281. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: In the late 1970s eight Balaenoptera specimens of unknown identity were caught in the lower latitudinal Indo-Pacific waters by Japanese research whaling vessels. The combination of the allozyme patterns and physical maturity of the eight specimens separated them from all acknowledged Balaenoptera species. In September 1998 we collected a medium-sized baleen whale carcass on a coastal island in the Sea of Japan. This specimen and the previously collected eight specimens resembled Balaenoptera physalus (fin whale) in external appearance but were much smaller. Comparison of external morphology, osteology and mitochondrial DNA data grouped the nine specimens as a single species but separated them from all known baleen whale species. Therefore, here we describe a new species of Balaenoptera, which is characterized by its unique cranial morphology, its small number of baleen plates, and by its distant molecular relationships with all of its congeners. Our analyses also separated Balaenoptera brydei (Bryde's whale) and Balaenoptera edeni (Eden's whale) into two distinct species, raising the number of known living Balaenoptera species to eight.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera omurai, south Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, north Pacific, Japan, south Pacific, new species.
Waddell, V.G., M.C. Milinkovitch, M. Berube, and M.J. Stanhope (2000). Molecular phylogenetic examination of the delphinoidea trichotomy: congruent evidence from three nuclear loci indicates that porpoises (Phocoenidae) share a more recent common ancestry with white whales (Monodontidae) than they do with true dolphins (Delphinidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15(2): 314-8. ISSN: 1055-7903.
NAL Call Number: QH367.5.M56
Descriptors: dolphins classification, phylogeny, porpoises classification, whales classification, dolphins genetics, porpoises genetics, whales genetics.
Wallace, D.R. (2004). Beasts of Eden: Walking Whales, Dawn Horses, and Other Enigmas of Mammal Evolution, University of California Press: Berkeley, California, 340 p. ISBN: 0520237315.
Online: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/ucal042/2003022857.html
NAL Call Number: QL708.5.W25 2004
Descriptors: mammals, evolution, fossil, whales, horses.
Wallis, O.C., Z. Maniou, and M. Wallis (2005). Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding growth hormone in finback whale (Balaenoptera physalus). General and Comparative Endocrinology 143(1): 92-97. ISSN: 0016-6480.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 G28
Abstract: In mammals growth hormone (GH) is generally a strongly conserved protein, reflecting a slow rate of molecular evolution. However, during primate and artiodactyl evolution episodes of rapid change occurred, so that the GHs of higher primates and ruminants differ markedly from those of other mammals. To extend knowledge of GH evolution in Cetartiodactyla (Artiodactyla plus Cetacea) we have previously characterized GH genes from several members of this group, including the common dolphin. Surprisingly the sequence deduced for dolphin GH differed at several residues from that described previously for another cetacean, finback whale. To investigate this anomaly we have now cloned and characterized the GH gene from finback whale. The overall organization of this gene is similar to that of dolphin, and the deduced amino acid sequence of finback whale GH differs from that of dolphin GH at only residue 47, and from that of pig GH at only residue 149. Phylogenetic analysis of the data provides further support for inclusion of Cetacea within the order Cetartiodactyla, as sister group of Hippopotamidae. The results support the idea that in Cetartiodactyla a burst of rapid evolution of GH occurred after the separation of the line leading to ruminants from other cetartiodactyls. Overall, the GH gene in cetaceans appears to be evolving more slowly than in most other cetartiodactyls.
Descriptors: gene encoding, cloning, finback whale, mammals, primate, growth hormone, GH, ruminants, dolphin.
Walsh, M.T. (1995). Ethics of maintaining cetaceans in captivity. Wildlife Mammals as Research Models in the Laboratory and Field. Proceedings of a seminar sponsored by the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare held in San Francisco, California at the American Veterinary Medical Association meeting, July 12, 1994, San Francisco, California, Scientists Center for Animal Welfare: Greenbelt, MD, p. 49-52.
NAL Call Number: SF406.W55 1995
Descriptors: Cetacea, bioethics, zoo animals, aquaria, misinformation, animal welfare.
Wang, P. (1992). Taxonomy of finless porpoise in China. Fisheries Science (6): 10-13. ISSN: 1003-1111.
Descriptors: delphinus, taxa, body measurements, animal morphology, natural distribution, China, Asia, biogeography, Cetacea, dolphins, East Asia, mammals, taxonomy.
Language of Text: French summary.
Watson, L. (1981). Sea Guide to Whales of the World, Dutton: New York, 302 p. ISBN: 052593202X.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4W36 1981
Descriptors: Cetacea, whales, guide.
Weber Rosas, F.C. and A. Andriolo (2001). Orders Cetacea and Pinnipedia (whales, dolphins, seals, fur seals, sea lions). Biology. In: M.E. Fowler and Z.S. Cubas (Editors), Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, Iowa State University Press: Ames, p. 332-341. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL Call Number: SF996.4.B56 2001
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea, disturbance by man, food for man, conservation, north west Atlantic, south west Atlantic, east Pacific, South America, distribution, biology, exploitation and conservation.
Weimer, S. (1999). Dolphins and a path of healing. Pulse of the Montana State Nurses' Association 36(2): 20. ISSN: 0033-4189.
Descriptors: behavior, animal, bonding, human pet, dolphins psychology, holistic nursing, self concept.
Whitehead, H. (1998). Cultural selection and genetic diversity in matrilineal whales. Science 282(5394): 1708-11. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Abstract: Low diversities of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have recently been found in four species of matrilineal whale. No satisfactory explanation for this apparent anomaly has been previously suggested. Culture seems to be an important part of the lives of matrilineal whales. The selection of matrilineally transmitted cultural traits, upon which neutral mtDNA alleles "hitchhike," has the potential to strongly reduce genetic variation. Thus, in contrast to other nonhuman mammals, culture may be an important evolutionary force for the matrilineal whales.
Descriptors: behavior, animal, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, evolution, variation genetics, vocalization, animal, whales genetics, computer simulation, dolphins genetics, dolphins physiology, models, biological, selection genetics, whales physiology.
Notes: Comment In: Science. 1998 Nov 27;282(5394):1616.
Whitehead, H. (2004). The group strikes back: follow protocols for behavioral research on cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 20(3): 664-670. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: behavior, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, behavioral research, protocols.
Whitehead, H. (2003). Sperm Whales: Social Evolution in the Ocean, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 431 p. ISBN: 0226895173 (cloth); 0226895181 (pbk.).
NAL Call Number: QL737.C435 W465 2003
Descriptors: sperm whale, social evolution.
Williams, N. (2001). The riddle of the river dolphins. Current Biology 11(8): R289. ISSN: 0960-9822.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, evolution, molecular, dolphins classification, phylogeny.
Winn, H.E. and G.P. Scott (1981). The humpback whale [Megaptera novaeangliae]: present knowledge and future trends in research with special reference to the western North Atlantic. In: J. Gordon-Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome (Italy), p. 171-180. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: megaptera, north Atlantic Ocean, research, knowledge, future trends.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Wynne, K. and P. Folkens (1992). Guide to Marine Mammals of Alaska, Marine Advisory Bulletin, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant College Program: Fairbanks, Ak., 75 p.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.W96 1992
Descriptors: marine mammals Alaska handbooks, manuals, whales Alaska handbooks, manuals.
Xampeny Baro, J. and S. Filella Cornado (1976). Datos sobre tres cachalotes Physeter macrocephalus L. capturados frente a las costas atlanticas de Galicia, Espana (Cetacea, Physeteridae). [Data on three Sperm Whale Physeter macrocephalus L. captured in front of the Atlantic coast of Galicia, Spain (Cetacea, Physeteridae)]. Miscellania Zoologica (Barcelona) 3(5): 235-242.
Descriptors: sperm whale, data, Atlantic coast, Spain, captured.
Language of Text: English summary.
Young, S. (2003). Conservation issues facing small cetaceans. In: T. Frohoff and B. Peterson (Editors), Between Species: Celebrating the Dolphin-Human Bond, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, p. 345-348. ISBN: 1578050707.
Descriptors: Cetacea, disturbance by man, conservation issues facing small taxa, overview, conservation.
Yurk, H. (2003). Do killer whales have culture? In: F.B.M. de Waal and P.L. Tyack (Editors), Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies, Harvard University Press: Cambridge & London, p. 465-469. ISBN: 0674009290.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, social behavior, culture, existence, discussion.