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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. INTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE WITH PERSONS AND PROPERTY ? 1.01 INTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 [A] Overview and Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 [B] Intent as ?Desire? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 [C] Intent as ?Substantial Certainty? . . . . . . . . . . 3 [D] Transferred Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 [E] The Mistake Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 [F] Insanity and Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ? 1.02 BATTERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 [A] Overview and Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 [B] Intent Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 [C] Harmful or Offensive Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 [D] Causation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 [E] Policy Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ? 1.03 ASSAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 [B] Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 [1] Intent Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 [2] Apprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 [3] Imminent Harmful or Offensive Contact . . . . 11 [4] Reasonable Apprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 [5] Fear versus Apprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 [6] Conditional Assault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 [7] Source of the Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 [C] Justifications for the Tort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 [1] Moral Justifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 [2] Compensation Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 [3] Deterrence Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ? 1.04 FALSE IMPRISONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ix 0009 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 57 Page [A] Overview and Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 [B] Bounded Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 [C] Means of Confinement or Restraint . . . . . . . . . 15 [1] Physical Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 [2] Force or Threat of Immediate Force . . . . . . 15 [3] Omissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 [4] Improper Assertion of Legal Authority (False Arrest) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 [D] Contrast With Malicious Prosecution and Abuse of Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 [E] Consciousness of Confinement . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 [F] No Minimum Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 [G] Transferred Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 [H] Policy Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ? 1.05 TRESPASS TO CHATTEL AND CONVERSION . . . 18 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 [B] Definition of Trespass to Chattel . . . . . . . . . . 19 [1] Bad Faith Not Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 [2] Actual Damage, Substantial Deprivation, or Dispossession Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 [3] Transferred Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 [C] Definition of Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ? 1.06 INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF MENTAL DISTRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 [B] History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 [C] Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 [1] Extreme and Outrageous Conduct . . . . . . . 23 [a] Sexual Harassment and Racial Epithets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 [b] Constitutional Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 [2] Intent or Recklessness to Cause Severe Mental Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 [3] Severe Mental Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 [D] Third-Party Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 [E] Exception for Innkeepers, Common Carriers, and Other Public Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 x TABLE OF CONTENTS 0010 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 87 Page [F] Policy Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chapter 2. DEFENSES TO INTENTIONAL TORTS ? 2.01 CONSENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 [B] Express and Implied Manifestations of Consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 [C] Consent by Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 [D] Invalidating Manifestations of Consent . . . . . . . 31 [1] Incapacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 [2] Action Beyond Scope of Consent . . . . . . . . 31 [3] Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 [4] Duress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 [5] Illegality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ? 2.02 SELF-DEFENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 [A] Overview and Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 [B] The Threat Must Be Immediate . . . . . . . . . . . 33 [C] The Victim?s Response Must Be Reasonable . . . . 34 [D] The Obligation to Retreat From Deadly Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ? 2.03 DEFENSE OF OTHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 [B] Limited Privilege Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 [C] Restatement Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 [D] Competing Policy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 36 ? 2.04 DEFENSE AND RECOVERY OF PROPERTY . . . . . 36 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 [B] Reasonable Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 [C] Force Against a Privileged Party . . . . . . . . . . 37 [D] Defense of Habitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 [E] Mechanical Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 [F] Recovery of Personal Property . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ? 2.05 NECESSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 [A] Overview and Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 [B] Private Necessity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 TABLE OF CONTENTS xi 0011 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 117 Page [C] Public Necessity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 [D] Intentional Injury and Killing . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Chapter 3. THE NEGLIGENCE CONCEPT AND THE REASONABLE PERSON STANDARD OF CARE ? 3.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ? 3.02 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 ? 3.03 THE STANDARD OF CARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 ? 3.04 THE REASONABLE PERSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 [A] The Characteristics of the Reasonable Person . . . 47 [B] Flexibility in the Reasonable Person Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 [1] Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 [2] Physical Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 [3] Mental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 [4] The Effect of Superior Abilities, Skill, or Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 [C] Gender Bias in the Reasonable Person Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 ? 3.05 THE CHILD STANDARD OF CARE . . . . . . . . . . 56 ? 3.06 DEGREES OF NEGLIGENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Chapter 4. THE DETERMINATION OF UNREASONABLENESS: BREACH OF DUTY, CUSTOM, AND THE ROLE OF THE JURY ? 4.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 ? 4.02 THE RISK CALCULUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 [A] Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 [B] Magnitude of the Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 [C] Burden of Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 [D] Value of the Hand Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 ? 4.03 THE ROLE OF CUSTOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 [A] Deviation from Custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 [B] Compliance with Custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS 0012 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 149 Page ? 4.04 THE ROLE OF THE JURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Chapter 5. PROOF OF BREACH ? 5.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 ? 5.02 KINDS OF EVIDENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 ? 5.03 SLIP AND FALL CASES AND THE ROLE OF CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 ? 5.04 RES IPSA LOQUITUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 [A] Byrne v. Boadle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 [B] Probably Negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 [C] Probably the Defendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 [D] The Outer Reaches of Res Ipsa Loquitur ? Ybarra v. Spangard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 [E] The Effect and Value of Res Ipsa Loquitur . . . . 79 [F] The Role of the Defendant?s Superior Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Chapter 6. STATUTORY STANDARDS OF CARE? ?NEGLIGENCE PER SE? ? 6.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 ? 6.02 FACTORS USED FOR DETERMINING THE PROPRIETY OF ADOPTING A STATUTE AS THE STANDARD OF CARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 [A] Type of Harm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 [B] Plaintiff in Protected Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 [C] Licensing Statutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 ? 6.03 EFFECTS OF NON-ADOPTION AND OF ADOPTION OF STATUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 [A] Effects of Non-Adoption of a Statute . . . . . . . . 87 [B] Effects of Adoption of the Statute and Statutory Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 ? 6.04 THE ROLE OF EXCUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 ? 6.05 NEGLIGENCE PER SE AND CHILDREN . . . . . . . 88 ? 6.06 COMPLIANCE WITH STATUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 ? 6.07 CRITICISMS OF THE NEGLIGENCE PER SE DOCTRINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii 0013 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 175 Page Chapter 7. PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE ? 7.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 ? 7.02 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 [A] Alternative Approaches to the Practice of Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 [B] Proof Issues in Medical Malpractice . . . . . . . . . 94 [1] Expert Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 [2] The Common Knowledge Exception and Res Ipsa Loquitur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 ? 7.03 INFORMED CONSENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 [A] Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 [B] Negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 [1] The Physician Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 [2] The Patient Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 [C] Extensions of the Informed Consent Doctrine . . . 101 ? 7.04 ATTORNEY MALPRACTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Chapter 8. DUTY IN NEGLIGENCE CASES ? 8.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ? 8.02 NONFEASANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 [A] Duty to Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 [1] Creating the Peril . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 [2] Special Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 [3] Undertaking to Act and Reliance . . . . . . . . . 112 [4] Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 [5] Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 [B] Duty to Control and to Protect . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 [1] Duty to Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 [A] Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 [b] Suppliers of Liquor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 [c] Negligent Entrustment . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 [2] Duty to Protect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS 0014 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 200 Page [a] Landlord Duty to Protect . . . . . . . . . . 120 [b] Business Duty to Protect . . . . . . . . . . . 121 [c] Police Duty to Protect and the Public Duty Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 [i] Police Duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 [ii] The Public Duty Doctrine in Other Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 ? 8.03 THE LIMITS OF THE MISFEASANCE/ NONFEASANCE DISTINCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 ? 8.04 THE FORESEEABLE PLAINTIFF REQUIREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 ? 8.05 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Chapter 9. LAND OCCUPIER DUTY ? 9.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 ? 9.02 THE COMMON LAW STATUS APPROACH . . . . . . 132 [A] Trespassers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 [1] Frequent or Known Trespassers . . . . . . . . . 133 [2] Child Trespassers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 [B] Licensees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 [C] Invitees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 [D] Determining Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 ? 9.03 THE UNITARY STANDARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 ? 9.04 LAND POSSESSOR DUTY TO THOSE OUTSIDE THE LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 ? 9.05 LANDLORD-TENANT RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Chapter 10. DUTY LIMITED BY KIND OF HARM ? 10.01 NEGLIGENT INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 [B] Direct Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 [1] The Impact Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 [2] Risk of Impact Rule?The Zone of Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 TABLE OF CONTENTS xv 0015 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 229 Page [3] Special Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 [4] Broadest Direct Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 [5] Recovery for Fear of Future Physical Harm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 [6] Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 [C] Bystander Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 [1] Zone of Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 [2] Dillon v. Legg: Minority Rule . . . . . . . . . . 152 [3] The Second Restatement Position . . . . . . . . 154 [4] Policy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 ? 10.02 WRONGFUL CONCEPTION, WRONGFUL BIRTH, AND WRONGFUL LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 [B] Wrongful Conception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 [C] Wrongful Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 [D] Wrongful Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 [E] Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 ? 10.03 LOSS OF CONSORTIUM, WRONGFUL DEATH, AND SURVIVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 [B] Loss of Consortium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 [C] Wrongful Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 [1] Who May Recover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 [2] Recoverable Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 [3] Proof Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 [4] Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 [D] Survival Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 ? 10.04 NEGLIGENTLY INFLICTED ECONOMIC LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 [B] Pure Economic Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 [C] Liability for Negligent Information Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 [1] Quasi-Privity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 [2] Restatement Section 552 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 [3] Foreseeability Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS 0016 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 255 Page [4] Debating Which Approach Is Best . . . . . . . 176 [D] Attorney Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Chapter 11. CAUSE-IN-FACT ? 11.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 ? 11.02 ?BUT FOR? ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 ? 11.03 SUBSTANTIAL FACTOR TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 ? 11.04 PROOF PROBLEMS IN CAUSE-IN-FACT . . . . . . . 184 [A] Shifting the Burden of Proving Causation . . . . . 184 [B] Market Share Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 [C] Medical Uncertainty Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 [D] Statistical Evidence of Causation . . . . . . . . . . 189 [E] Future Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Chapter 12. PROXIMATE OR LEGAL CAUSE ? 12.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 ? 12.02 THE PROBLEM PROXIMATE CAUSE ADDRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 ? 12.03 PROXIMATE CAUSE TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 [A] Foreseeability Test?Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 [1] The Wagon Mound Cases and the Requirement of Reasonably Foreseeable Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 [2] Type of Harm Versus Manner and Extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 [3] Superseding Intervening Forces . . . . . . . . . 196 [B] ?Egg-shell? Plaintiff Personal Injury Rule . . . . . 198 [C] Direct Causation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 [D] ?Practical Politics? and ?Rough Sense of Justice? Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 [E] Restatement Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 ? 12.04 POLICY OBJECTIVES ADDRESSED BY PROXIMATE CAUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii 0017 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 286 Page Chapter 13. JOINT & SEVERAL LIABILITY ? 13.01 OVERVIEW AND DEFINITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 ? 13.02 JOINT TORTFEASORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 [A] Acting in Concert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 [B] Independent Acts Causing a Single Indivisible Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 [C] Vicarious Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 [D] ?Joint and Several Liability? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 ? 13.03 SPECIAL PROBLEMS AFTER COMPARATIVE FAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 [A] Allocations of Liability Among Joint Tortfeasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 [B] Impact of Settlement on Percentage Shares . . . . 209 [C] Contribution and Indemnification . . . . . . . . . . 211 [D] Policy Debate and Reform Statutes . . . . . . . . . 213 Chapter 14. DAMAGES ? 14.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 ? 14.02 PROPERTY DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 ? 14.03 PERSONAL INJURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 [A] Medical Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 [B] Lost Wages or Diminished Earning Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 [C] Incidental Economic Consequences . . . . . . . . . 219 [D] Reduction to ?Present Value? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 [E] Pain and Suffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 ? 14.04 MITIGATION OR DOCTRINE OF AVOIDABLE CONSEQUENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 ? 14.05 PUNITIVE DAMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 [A] Overview and Constitutionality . . . . . . . . . . . 22 [B] Policy Arguments For and Against Punitive Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 [C] Insurance Liability for Punitive Damages . . . . . 225 [D] Respondeat Superior and Punitive Damages . . . . 225 xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS 0018 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 311 Page ? 14.06 COLLATERAL SOURCE RULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Chapter 15. DEFENSES ? 15.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 ? 15.02 CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 [A] Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 [B] Last Clear Chance Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 [C] Plaintiffs Unable to Exercise Self-Protection . . . . 234 ? 15.03 COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 [A] Pure Comparative Negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 [B] Modified Comparative Negligence . . . . . . . . . . 235 [1] Greater than 50 Percent Approach . . . . . . . 235 [2] 50 Percent or Greater Approach . . . . . . . . . 235 [3] ?Slight? Comparative Negligence . . . . . . . . 235 [C] Determining the Percentage of Fault Attributable to the Plaintiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 [D] Comparison Between Different Systems . . . . . . 236 [1] Contributory Negligence versus Comparative Negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 [2] Comparison Between Pure and Modified Systems of Comparative Fault . . . . . . . . . . 237 ? 15.04 ASSUMPTION OF RISK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 [A] Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 [1] Knowledge of a Particular Risk . . . . . . . . . 238 [2] Voluntariness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 [3] Assuming the Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 [B] Classifications of Assumption of Risk . . . . . . . . 239 [1] Express versus Implied Assumption of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 [2] Express Assumption of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . 239 [3] Implied Assumption of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . 240 [a] Approach One: Assumption of Risk Remains a Complete Defense . . . . . . . . 240 [b] Approach Two: Questioning the Reasonableness of the Assumed Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 TABLE OF CONTENTS xix 0019 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 338 Page [c] Approach Three: Absorption of Assumption of Risk into Comparative Negligence . . . . . . . . . . . 242 [C] The ?Firefighter?s Rule? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 ? 15.05 IMMUNITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 [B] Charitable Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 [C] Spousal Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 [D] Parent-Child Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 [E] Governmental Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Chapter 16. STRICT LIABILITY ? 16.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 ? 16.02 STRICT LIABILITY FOR INJURIES CAUSED BY ANIMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 [A] Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 [B] Domestic Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 [C] Wild Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 [D] Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 ? 16.03 STRICT LIABILITY FOR ABNORMALLY DANGEROUS ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 [A] Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 [B] Restatement (Second) ?? 519?520 . . . . . . . . . . 259 [1] Danger Unavoidable Even With the Exercise of Due Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 [2] Requirement of an Activity Under Defendant?s Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 [3] Type of Hazard Contemplated . . . . . . . . . . 263 [C] Application of the Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 [D] Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 265 CHAPTER 17. PRODUCTS LIABILITY ? 17.01 PRODUCTS LIABILITY: GENERALLY . . . . . . . . . 268 xx TABLE OF CONTENTS 0020 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 366 Page ? 17.02 PRODUCTS LIABILITY IN TORT . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 [A] Negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 [B] Strict Tort Product Liability: Restatement (Second) of Torts ? 402A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 [1] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 [2] Necessity of Showing a Defect . . . . . . . . . . 273 [a] The Consumer Expectations Test . . . . . . 274 [b] The Risk/Utility Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 [c] The Hybrid Barker v. Lull Engineering Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 [3] Necessity of Showing Unreasonable Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 [4] Effect of Changes After Leaving Control of Defendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 [C] Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 [1] Contributory Negligence and Assumption of the Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 [2] Comparative Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 ? 17.03 PRODUCTS LIABILITY RESTATEMENT: THE FUNCTIONAL APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 [A] MAnufacturing Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 [B] Design Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 [C] Inadequate Warnings or Instructions . . . . . . . 281 [1] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 [2] The Effect of Obviousness of Danger . . . . . . 284 [3] The Effect of Unintended or Unforeseeable Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 [4] Causation and Disregard of Warnings . . . . . 287 [5] The Duty of the Non-Manufacturing Seller . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 [6] Persons to Be Warned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 [a] The Allergic or Idiosyncratic User . . . . . . 292 [b] The Professional User . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 [7] The Adequacy of a Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 [8] The Continuing Duty to Warn . . . . . . . . . . 298 [9] Recall or Retrofit Obligations . . . . . . . . . . . 299 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxi 0021 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 391 Page ? 17.04 PRODUCTS LIABILITY IN TORT: ISSUES IN APPLICABILITY AND PROOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 [A] Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 [1] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 [2] Non-Manufacturing Sellers . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 [3] Sellers of Used Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 [B] Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 [1] The Accident Itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 [2] Other Accidents or Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 [3] Subsequent Product Changes . . . . . . . . . . . 302 [4] Violation of or Compliance with a Statute, Ordinance, or Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 [5] Res Ipsa Loquitur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 [6] Statutes of Repose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 ? 17.05 PRODUCTS LIABILITY IN TORT: APPLICABILITY TO CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 [A] Prescription Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 [1] The Unavoidably Unsafe Product . . . . . . . . 304 [2] Blood and Biological Products . . . . . . . . . . 305 [B] Persons and Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 [1] Non-Manufacturing Sellers . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 [2] Sellers of Used Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 [3] Lessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 [4] Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 [5] Sellers of Real Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 ? 17.06 STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY FOR MISREPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 [A] Restatement (Second) ? 402B . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 [B] Statements Used in Advertising and Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 ? 17.07 PRODUCTS LIABILITY IN WARRANTY . . . . . . . . 316 [A] Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 [B] Express Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 [1] Representation of Fact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 [2] Basis of the Bargain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 [C] Implied Warranty of Merchantability . . . . . . . . 318 xxii TABLE OF CONTENTS 0022 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 419 Page [D] Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 [E] Warranty Disclaimers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 [1] Conspicuousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 [2] ?As Is? Disclaimers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 [F] Warranty Limitations of Remedy . . . . . . . . . . 321 [G] To Whom Warranties Run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Chapter 18. NUISANCE AND TRESPASS ? 18.01 NUISANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 [B] Nuisance and Trespass Distinguished . . . . . . . . 326 [C] Private Nuisance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 [1] Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 [a] Unreasonable Interference . . . . . . . . . . 328 [b] Current Possessory Interest . . . . . . . . . 329 [c] Intentional or Unintentional Conduct . . . 329 [2] Nature of the Interest Interfered With . . . . . 330 [3] Corrective Justice and Utilitarianism . . . . . 332 [D] Public Nuisance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 [1] Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 [2] Proper Complainants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 [3] Special Injury Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 [4] Environmental Harm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 [5] Economic Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 [6] Prospective Nuisance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 ? 18.02 TRESPASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 [B] The Requirement of Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 [C] The Requisite Physical Invasion and Harm . . . . 343 [D] Statutes of Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 [1] Permanent Trespass; Continuing Trespass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 [2] ?Discovery? Statutes of Limitation . . . . . . . . 345 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxiii 0023 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 450 Page Chapter 19. ECONOMIC TORTS ? 19.01 FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . 347 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 [B] Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 [1] Material Misrepresentation by Defendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 [2] Scienter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 [3] Intent to Induce Reliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 [4] Causation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 [5] Justifiable Reliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 [6] Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 ? 19.02 INTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE WITH CONTRACT AND INTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE WITH PROSPECTIVE ECONOMIC RELATIONS . . . . . . . 354 [A] Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 [B] Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 [1] Valid Contract or Economic Expectancy . . . . 356 [2] Knowledge of Valid Contract or an Economic Expectancy by the Defendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 [3] Intent by the Defendant to Interfere With the Contract or Economic Expectancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 [4] Interference Caused by the Defendant . . . . . 357 [5] Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 [C] Justifications for Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 ? 19.03 TORTIOUS BREACH OF THE COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING . . . . . . . . . . 359 Chapter 20. MISUSE OF LEGAL PROCESSES ? 20.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 ? 20.02 MALICIOUS PROSECUTION AND MALICIOUS INSTITUTION OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS: DEFINITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 xxiv TABLE OF CONTENTS 0024 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 481 Page [A] Institution or Continuation of Criminal or Civil Proceedings Against the Plaintiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 [B] Termination of the Proceeding in Favor of the Plaintiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 [C] Absence of Probable Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 [D] Improper Purpose or Malice of the Accuser . . . . 366 [E] Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 ? 20.03 IMMUNITY OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS . . . . . . . . . . 367 ? 20.04 INTERACTION BETWEEN FALSE IMPRISONMENT AND MALICIOUS PROSECUTION AND MALICIOUS INSTITUTION OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS . . . . . . . 368 ? 20.05 ABUSE OF PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Chapter 21. DEFAMATION ? 21.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 ? 21.02 COMMON LAW DEFAMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 [A] Defamatory Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 [1] Defamatory to Whom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 [2] Statements Not Facially Defamatory: Inducement and Innuendo . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 [B] Of and Concerning the Plaintiff . . . . . . . . . . . 375 [1] Group Defamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 [2] Corporate Plaintiffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 [C] Publication and Republication . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 [D] Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 [1] The Libel/Slander Distinction . . . . . . . . . . 377 [2] Slander and Slander Per Se . . . . . . . . . . . 378 [3] Libel and Libel Per Quod . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 [E] Common Law Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 [1] Substantial Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 [2] Absolute Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 [3] Qualified Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 ? 21.03 CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS . . . . . . . . . . 381 [A] Public Officials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 [B] Public Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxv 0025 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 504 Page [C] Private Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 [1] Public Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 [2] Private Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 [D] Actual Malice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 [E] Falsity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 [F] Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Chapter 22. INVASION OF PRIVACY ? 22.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 ? 22.02 INTRUSION UPON SECLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 ? 22.03 APPROPRIATION OF NAME OR PICTURE AND THE RIGHT OF PUBLICITY . . . . . . . . . . . 391 ? 22.04 FALSE LIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 ? 22.05 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF PRIVATE FACTS . . . . . 394 Table of Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TC-1 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1 xxvi TABLE OF CONTENTS 0026 VERSACOMP (4.2 ) ? COMPOSE2 (4.43) 02/12/07 (16:02) Perfect-Bound Front Matter SAMPLE for PERFECTBOUND Pubs J:\VRS\DAT\00582\FRONTMAT.GML --- PUB#_FM.STY --- POST 533
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Torts -- United States.