TTT
Taft, William H.
1912a Executive Order dated June 17, 1909, altering the boundaries of the Gila Bend reservation. In Executive Orders relating to Indian reservations from May 14, 1855 to July 1, 1912, p. 14. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [The Gila Bend Reservation was established for Papago Indians in 1882. This Executive Order restored 19 sections of Gila Bend Reservation land to the public domain.]
1912b Executive Order dated June 16, 1911, setting aside 160 acres for use by Papago Indians. In Executive Orders relating to Indian reservations from May 14, 1855 to July 1, 1912, p. 23. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [This Executive Order set aside three small tracts of land for Papago Indians, two near Indian Oasis (Sells) and one near San Miguel just north of the Sonoran border. The lands were to be used for an agency or for schools.]
1912c Executive Order dated May 28, 1912, setting aside the Maricopa, Chur-chaw, Cocklebur, and Tat-murl-ma-kot reservations for Papago Indians. In Executive Orders relating to Indian reservations from May 14, 1855 to July 1, 1912, p. 24. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [The Maricopa reservation became the Ak-Chin Reservation, and the latter three reservations became incorporated within the boundaries of the 1916 Papago reservation.]
Tagg, Lawrence V.
1986 Harold Bell Wright: storyteller to America. Tucson, Westernlore Press. Illus., index. 197 pp. [It is told here how Wright came to write Tales Long Ago Told (1929), folk stories of the Papago Indians. Many of the stories were first collected by Katharine Kitt, a University of Arizona art teacher who worked among the Papagos for many years, with the help of Papago translator Hugh Norris.]
Tahar, Juliette G.
1990 Ak-Chin community development. Federal Archeology Report, Vol. 3, no. 3 (September), pp. 6-7. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Archeological Assistance Division. [About a museum being constructed on the Papago/Pima Ak-Chin Indian Reservation in southern Arizona. The preceding page of this newsletter also reports that the Ak-Chin EcoMuseum/Archive received a grant from the federal Historic Preservation Fund Grants program to carry out an oral history program.]
Taillón-Whitman, Sigrid
1986 Sunnyside Unified School District No. 12 1986-87 calendar of events. Education: the success experience. Tucson, Sunnyside Unified School District No. 12. [This calendar of events from August, 1986 through June, 1987 includes a note accompanying the December, 1986 calendar that, APart of the school district is located on the San Xavier Indian Reservation, and students from the reservation attend Sunnyside schools. ... The thrust of the Indian Education Program is toward intensive tutoring and counseling services for students, with emphasis on academic success and improved school attendance.@]
Tainter, N.S.
1965 Engineering methods at the Mission Mine. Mining and Engineering, Vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 89-92. New York, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. [Mission Mine is on the San Xavier Reservation.]
Talamantez, Inés M.
1982 Dance and ritual in the study of American religious traditions. American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 6, nos. 3-4 (Fall/Winter), pp. 338-357. Berkeley, Native American Studies, University of California. [Regardless of the discrepancy in publication dates, this is a reprint of Talamantez (1983).]
1983 Dance and ritual in the study of American religious traditions. New Scholar, Vol. 8, nos. 1-2, pp. 535-549. Santa Barbara, University of California at Santa Barbara. [A review essay of two books, one of which is the Charlotte J. Frisbie-edited Southwestern Indian ritual drama (1980) which contains Richard Haefer=s AO=odham Celkona@ article on Papago dance.]
Tallon, James
1968 Saguaro. King cactus of the desert. National Wildlife, Vol. 6, no. 1 (December/January), pp. 24-27. Washington, D.C., National Wildlife Federation, Inc. [Includes passing mention of the importance of saguaro fruit to Papago and Pima Indians.]
1978 Casa Grande whoops it up. Arizona Highways, Vol. 54, no. 2 (February), pp. 2-9. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This article about the annual O=odham Tash celebration held in Casa Grande, Arizona, mentions Papago involvement. Papagos are seen in at least one of the accompanying photographic illustrations.]
1994 The coyote game. In Seasons of the coyote: the legend and lore of an American icon, edited by Philip L. Harrison, pp. 79-82. New York, Tehabi Books, Inc. [Tallon writes of stalking coyotes to photograph them Anext door onto what is now called the O=odham Tash (sic) Indian Reservation.@ He presumably is referring to the Tohono O=odham Nation.]
Tallon, Jim. See Tallon, James
Tang, Emery
1989 [Untitled.] Westfriars, Vol. 21, no. 6 (October), pp. 4-5. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [This is a loving remembrance by a fellow Franciscan of the recently-deceased Celestine Chin (also Chinn), O.F.M., onetime superior of Mission San Xavier del Bac. A photo of Celestine is included.]
Tanner, Clara Lee
n.d. Ray Manley=s Indian lands. Tucson, Ray Manley Photography, Inc. 72 pp. [This is a compilation of 64 full-page color photos by Manley taken in the Indian country of Arizona and New Mexico. Tanner provides an eight-page narrative, one in which she briefly mentions Papagos.]
1936 Blackstone ruin. Kiva, Vol. 2, no. 3 (December), pp. 9-12. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Ths is a report on an archaeological site, the Blackstone Ruin, located some 27 miles west of Tucson, Arizona. Writes Tanner, AThere is nothing to prove its age definitely as either prehistoric or Papago.@]
1942 Papago children=s shrine near Santa Rosa. Kiva, Vol. 8, no. 1 (November), p. 1. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A one-paragraph description of this Papago shrine accompanies a black-and-white photo of it.]
1948 Sandpaintings of the Indians of the Southwest. Kiva, Vol. 13, nos. 3-4 (March / May), pp. 25-36. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [ASeveral observers,@ writes Tanner, Ahave noted sandpaintings used in connection with curing among the Papago. These rites, accompanied by the sand pictures, are said to be an old form among the Papago. They are performed in great secrecy away from the village in a wash on the desert. Singers and patient only are present. Not even relatives are allowed to witness the ritual ... . In general, colored sands are used. Simple circular pictures of numerous animal forms are made, and the painting is surrounded by prayer sticks@ (p. 32).]
1949-50 Arizona Indians. Kiva, Vol. 15, nos. 1-4, pp. 1-16. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Papago Indians are discussed on ages 13-14.]
1950 Ventana Cave textiles. In The stratigraphy and archaeology of Ventana Cave, by Emil W. Haury and others, pp. 443-459. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press and Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press. [Ventana Cave is an archaeological site on the Papago Indian Reservation. Although most of the textiles were recovered from prehistoric contexts within the cave, a few are attributable to Papagos= use of the place. These are discussed by Tanner in a section titled, AHistoric Textiles.@ She observes that on Athe prints, both hand and machine sewing are to be noted, certainly the work of Papago Indians as there are no records that the cave was ever used by anyone else. The numerous snippings suggest that sewing was done in the cave, doubtless during cactus fruit gathering expeditions.@]
1958 Indians of Arizona. Arizona Highways, Vol. 34, no. 8 (August), pp. 4-32. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [There is a discussion of Papagos on pages 26-29. Among the article=s many color photo illustrations are three that show a Papago basket maker (inside front cover), Papago saguaro harvest (p. 18), and a Papago pottery maker (p. 22).]
1960 The influence of the white man on Southwest Indian art. Ethnohistory, Vol. 7, no. 2 (Spring), pp. 137-150. Bloomington, Indiana, American Indian Ethnohistoric Conference. [References to Papago yucca basketry are on pages 141 and 142. Tanner also writes, AThe Christianized Papago have a devil in one of their myths@ (p. 146).]
1965 Papago burden baskets in the Arizona State Museum. Kiva, Vol. 30, no. 3 (February), pp. 57-76. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A discussion of keehos (kihos, etc. etc.), or burden baskets formerly made and used by Papago and Pima Indians. An analysis of fourteen burden baskets in the Arizona State Museum is presented. Illustrated.]
1968 Southwest Indian craft arts. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. 206 pp. [There are discussions here of Papago plaited basketry (pp. 11-12); coiled basketry (pp. 30-36); textiles (pp. 58-59); pottery (pp. 112-114); figurine carvings (pp. 169-171); and the Papago basket drum (p. 175). There are also brief references to Papagos on pages 1 and 3.]
1973 Southwest Indian painting: a changing art. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. 477 pp. [Papago art is discussed on pages 426-429, with specific mention of Papago artists Louis Valdez, Domingo Franco, Muriel Segundo, and David Montana. A reproduction of a painting of Louis Valdez, APapago Harvest,@ is on page 428.]
1975 Ray Manley=s portraits & turquoise of Southwest Indians. Photographs by Naurice Koonce and Alan Manley, an essay by Joe Ben Wheat, and publisher=s comments by Ray Manley. Tucson, Ray Manley Photography, Inc. Illus. 96 pp. [Tanner remarks concerning Papagos in general (p. 7) and says Papagos are thought to be the descendants of the Hohokam (p. 6). Color photos of Rita Ann Ventura, Miss Papago of 1975, are on pages 20 and 21.]
1981 Christine Garcia. American Indian Student Newsletter, Vol. 6, no. 2 (November), pp. 2-3. Tucson, Office of the Dean of Students, The University of Arizona. [This is the text of the posthumous presentation of the first annual Tanner Alumni Award to Christine Garcia, Aa Papago, (who) was the first to graduate from the University of Arizona. ... She died at the age of 77. (In 1980).@ The award was presented to her niece, Dr. Alice Paul, while Christine Arkie, Christine Garcia=s grandniece, looked on.]
1982 Apache Indian baskets. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., bibl., index. xi + 204 pp. [Tanner observes that Papagos are the presumed survivors of the prehistoric Hohokam (p. 2); Papago make good baskets in spite of their being a sedentary people (p. 17); Papagos were making many baskets in the 1960s and >70s (p. 18); Papagos= making of commercial baskets in forms adopted for sale to non-Indians (p. 29); and non-native forms of baskets made by Papagos (p. 74).]
Tatom, William M., editor
1974 The Papago Indian Reservation and the Papago people. [Sells, Arizona], The Papago Tribe of Arizona, The Bureau of Indian Affairs Papago Agency, and the U.S. Public Health Service. Map, illus.. Suggested readings 55 pp. [Although called the A1975" edition (p. 52), this booklet was issued in time for the November, 1974 Papago Indian Tribal Fair and Rodeo. It contains information on the great seal of the Papago Tribe and on the Papago man-in-the-maze symbol; a data sheet and map of the reservation; geography and topography; history and culture; language; religion; villages and communities; Sells; tribal government; chronologies of tribal chairmen and Papago Agency Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) superintendents; BIA agency; economy and income; communication and transport; tourism and recreation; projects and programs; and calendar stick account. Profusely illustrated with black-and-white photos; color photos on covers.]
Taylor, Arnold, editor
1975 Indian health careers handbook and report on Ned Hatathli Seminar for Southern Arizona Indian students. Tucson, University of Arizona. [This is a report on the 5th seminar, one held at the University of Arizona February 6-7, 1975. Among the talks presented was one titled, APapago welcome,@ one with an emphasis on cultural responsiveness.]
Taylor, Benjamin J., and Dennis J. O=Connor
1969a Indian manpower resources in the Southwest: a pilot study. Tempe, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Arizona State University. xxvi + 374 pp. [Chapter six, AThe Papago Reservation@ (pp. 284-351), is a reprint of Taylor and O=Connor (1969b).]
1969b Papago Reservation manpower; Indian manpower resources in the Southwest, a pilot study. Occasional Papers of the Bureau of Business and Economic Research, no. 7. Tempe, College of Business Administration, Arizona State University. [This 1968 study of the Papago deals with on-reservation employment sources, current characteristics of manpower resources, employment and unemployment, occupation and industry characteristics, training and education, and income expenditure patterns.]
Taylor, Lawrence J., and Maeve Hickey
1997 The road to Mexico. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. xxi + 178 pp. [This book is about places between Tucson, Arizona and Santa Ana, Sonora B all in the former Pimería Alta. One chapter, AThe Edge of the Res@ (pages 49-55), is devoted to the San Xavier Reservation and a lengthy interview with Tohono O=odham Edward Encinas. Mission San Xavier is mentioned, and there is a brief account of a visit to the Tohono O=odham=s Desert Diamond Casino on the reservation.]
Taylor, Rosemary
1944 Ridin= the rainbow: father=s life in Tucson. New York and London, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. [On pages 38-40, the author writes of her father=s near involvement in what would have been a losing investment in the Quijotoa Mine in the Papago country (ca. 1886).]
Teague, George A.
1980 Reward Mine and associated sites. Historical archeology on the Papago Reservation. Publications in Anthropology, no. 11. Tucson, Western Archeological Center, National Park Service. Maps, illus., bibl. 183 pp. [An outstanding report on the history and archaeology of the historic period of the Vekol Mountains on the Papago Indian Reservation. The focus is on the Reward Mine and its various claims and on a Papago camp, all dating in the period 1880-1900.]
1992 Research orientation and data requirements. In San Miguel de Guevavi. The archeology of an eighteenth century Jesuit mission on the rim of Christendom [Publications in Anthropology, no. 57], by Jeffrey F. Burton, pp. 17-21. Tucson, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center. [Teague outlines the archaeological research orientation for Spanish and Spanish and Indian contact sites, citing examples from southern Arizona, including missions Guevavi and Tumacácori and the Spanish presidio of Tubac. He notes that at Guevavi archaeological investigations yielded some 6,000 artifacts, 95% of them, largely earthenware ceramic sherds, Piman in origin.]
Teague, Lynn S.
1989 The Post-Classic and the fate of the Hohokam. In "Synthesis and Conclusions," pp. 145-167, The 1982-1984 excavations at Las Colinas, by David Gregory and others, Vol. 10, Archaeological Series, no. 162. Tucson, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona. [This is a discussion of the matter of relationships between the prehistoric Hohokam and early historic Piman Indians of southern Arizona. Teague believes Piman-speakers were contemporaneous with Hohokam in southern Arizona, although not necessarily the direct lineal descendants of most Hohokam.]
1993 Prehistory and the traditions of the O'odham and Hopi. Kiva, Vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 435-454. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Archaeological data and Hopi and O'odham oral traditions are drawn upon in an effort to explain events in southern Arizona in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Many parallels are drawn between O'odham and Hopi traditions.]
Teague, Lynn S.; Joseph T. Joaquin, and Hartman H. Lomawaima
1997 A coming together: the Norton Allen Collection, the Tohono O=odham Nation, and the Arizona State Museum. In Borrowed power: essays on cultural appropriation, edited by Bruce Ziff and Pratima V. Rao. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press. [The Norton Allen Collection was a private collection of prehistoric Hohokam pottery gathered by him over a period of years along the middle and lower portions of the Gila River in southern Arizona. He was initially unwilling to turn his collection over to the Arizona State Museum out of concern it would be appropriated by the Tohono O=odham Nation and reburied. The authors explain how the situation was resolved.]
Teague, Lynn S.; John C. Ravesloot, Richard G. Vivian, Walter R. Mills, and Anita E. Antone
1987 Project history documentation. In The archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, southern Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 171], edited by John C. Ravesloot, Part 3, Appendix A, pp. 369-376. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. [Included here are a response by Teague and Ravesloot to concerns regarding the treatment of human remains excavated at this prehistoric site on the San Xavier Reservation; a letter from Arizona State Museum Acting Director Vivian to Arnold Smith, Chairman of the San Xavier District of the Papago Reservation; a letter from Acting Area Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Walter Mills to Vivian; and an agreement to archaeological investigations signed by Papago property owner Anita E. Antone, by principal investigator John Ravesloot, and witnessed by notary public Rosemary E. Hancock.]
Teale, Edwin W.
1965 Wandering through winter: a naturalist=s record of a 20,000-miles journey through the North American winter. New York, Dodd, Mead & Company. Map, illus., index. xx + 370 pp. [Mention is made of the use by Papago Indians of saguaro cactus fruit (p. 67) and of irrigation ditches dug by Papagos at Quitobaquito (p. 72).]
Tedlock, Dennis, and Barbara Tedlock, editors
1975 Teachings from the American earth. Indian religion and philosophy. New York, Livright; Toronto, George J. McLeod, Ltd. xxiv +280 pp. [Includes mention of the Papago vision quest and the location of the vision world at the periphery of the horizontal plane (p. xiv); Papagos on a vision quest fast, abstaining from both food and water (p. xv); a song from a returned Papago salt pilgrim (p. xvi); a Papago pilgrim who has visited the sea brings back a token of his visit such as a strand of seaweed, a shell, or pebble (p. xviii); and the Papago salt pilgrimage is described (pp. 42-74) as taken from the account by Ruth Underhill=s Papago Indian religion (1946).]
Teiwes, Helga
1972 Arizonans at school, work, or play, are a mixture of races and cultures that is typically American. In Arizona, its people and resources, revised 2nd edition by members of the faculty of the University of Arizona, p. 70. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is a black-and-white photograph of Papago children and at least one Anglo child diving for candy from a piñata that has just been broken within view of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac, the southwest elevation of which can be seen in the background.]
1983 St. Joseph; La Immaculata Concepción; St. Francis. In Images of Arizona. 1984 calendar, the best of Arizona art, selected by Bruce Babbitt, December. s.l., Hospice of the Valley. [These are three color photos of statues representing these saints that are inside the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
1988 The art of Rupert Angea, contemporary Papago potter. Masterkey, Vol. 62, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 3-11. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [A well-illustrated, step-by-step account of the technique used by this male Papago potter of Hickiwan on the Papago Indian Reservation in making his polychrome and black-on-white pottery.]
1993 Mission San Xavier del Bac. Unidentified artists, 1790s (detail). In Murals. Guide to murals in Tucson, compiled by Merry Austin, Jan Crebbs, Jane Hallett, Laurel Netting, Sandy Smith, and Chris Tanz, p. 1. Tucson, Tucson/Pima Arts Council. [This is a photograph printed in black-and-white of the painting of the Virgin Mary and Christ Child on the upper register of the south wall of the west transept of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one showing the painting after it had been cleaned in 1993.]
1994 Juanita Ahil: a portrait. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 36, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 287-309. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [A three-paragraph text accompanies a fine portfolio of twenty-two black-and-white photos of Tohono O'odham basketmaker, saguaro fruit-harvester, gatherer of traditional foods, and teacher of cultural ways, Juanita Ahil. Mrs. Ahil died January 23, 1994.]
1995a Helga Teiwes. Eine Düsseldorfer Photographin in Arizona. Lichbilderische Arbeiten über die Apachen und die O'odham. Text by Werner Alberg. Düsseldorf, Stadtmuseum Düsseldorf. [This is a catalogue in black-and-white of photographs of Tohono O'odham and Apache Indians taken by photographer Teiwes and which were displayed in Düsseldorf in March and April, 1995.]
[1995]b The 1995 phase of conservation. Patronato Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1 [unnumbered] page. Tucson, Patronato San Xavier. [There are eight black-and-white photos here by photographer Teiwes showing before and after pictures of statues and paintings worked on by conservators on the retablo mayor and on the drum of the crossing of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
Teiwes, Helga, and Gary Nabhan
1983 Tepary beans, O'odham farmers, and desert fields. Desert Plants, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 15-37. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Arboretum. [A fine photo essay with Teiwes pictures and Nabhan text concerning the Tohono O'odham's cultivation and use of the native tepary bean. The article takes its reader from field preparation to bean consumption.]
Teiwes, Helga, and Paul Schwartzbaum
1995 Restoration of San Xavier del Bac. SMRC-Newsletter, Vol. 29, no. 104, pp. 1, 5-9. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center. [Reproduced here in black-and-white are a dozen Abefore@ and Aafter@photographs by Teiwes and Schwartzbaum of paintings and sculptures inside the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac. They represent conservation efforts that took place in the church in 1993-1995.]
Teiwes-French, Helga, and Bernard L. Fontana
1973 Mission San Xavier del Bac. A photographic essay on the Desert People and their church. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus. 28 pp. [With color and black-and-white photographs by Teiwes-French and text by Fontana, this booklet is about the history and contemporary status of Mission San Xavier del Bac and about the Papago people whose church it is.]
[Temple, David]
1960 Father Burkard Kuksht, O.F.M., R.I.P. Provincial Annals, Vol. 22, no. 3 (January), pp. 190-192. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A sermon delivered by the Father Provincial, David Temple, on October 14, 1959, on the occasion of the funeral of Father Burkard, a missionary who spent much of his priestly career from 1936 until his death working among Papago and Pima Indians, a people whose language he came to understand and speak. Also see Anonymous (1960b).]
Tennelly, J.B.
1954 The Indian missions, 1954. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 34, no. 2 (February), pp. 19-21, 30. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [New mission centers are being built each year on the Papago Reservation (p. 20). A photograph of a friar and five Papagos standing by a mud-covered adobe chapel is titled, AAn infant Papago mission@ (p. 30).]
Tenney, James B.
1934 Economic, geological reconnaissance of Casa Grande Minding District, Pinal County, Arizona. Casa Grande, Arizona, Casa Grande Chamber of Commerce. 24 pp. [Includes some information relating to mining camps in the northern part of the Papago Indian Reservation.]
TerraMar International Services, Inc.
1983 Proposed cultural resource survey of specified lands within the San Xavier Indian Reservation, Tucson, Arizona. Technical Proposal. San Diego, TerraMar International Services, Inc. (TMI). Map, bibl. ii + 83 pp. [This is a detailed proposal for an archaeological survey of acreage within the boundaries of the San Xavier Reservation for which a major real estate development had been proposed.]
Terrell, John U.
1971 American Indian almanac. New York and Cleveland, The World Publishing Co. Maps, bibl., index. 494 pp. [Papagos are said to be the descendants of the Hohokam; Papago population in 1680 is estimated at 6,000; a brief overview of Papago history and traditional culture (pp. 32-33); Papago listed among Uto-Aztecan language speakers (p. 36); Papago women captured by Apaches were taken as wives (p. 48); and Melchior Díaz passed through Papago country in 1540 (p. 60).]
Tettemer, John M., and Associates
1985 Hydrology and flood control report for the San Xavier/Tucson planned community. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XIX. Los Angeles, John M. Tettemer & Associates, Ltd. [The projected community, one never built, covered much of the southeastern portion of the San Xavier Reservation.]
Tettemer, John M., and Harold A. Vance
1986 First phase development for the San Xavier/Tucson planned community. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XXIX. Los Angeles, John M. Tettemer & Associates, Ltd. Maps, illus. ii + 16 pp. [Laid out largely as a series of maps and drawings with explanations, information is provided here concerning the site, planning considerations, land use, phasing, urban design, visual style, community facilities and utilities, community services, schools, health services, and employment.]
Tettemer, John M.; Harold A. Vance, and Joe Aja
1985 Water supply report for the San Xavier/Tucson planned community. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XXI. Los Angeles, John M. Tettemer & Associates, Ltd. Maps, refs. iv + 53 pp. [Chapter headings are Introduction; Water Requirements; Potable Water Sources; Reclaimed Water; Recommended Water Supply Strategy; Water System Master Plan; Costs; Phasing; Environmental Impact; Aquifer Test and Water Quality Monitoring Program; and Groundwater Basin Recharge.]
Tettemer, John M.; Harold A. Vance, and B.C. Escobar
1985 Solid waste management report for the San Xavier/Tucson planned community. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XX. Los Angeles, John M. Tettemer & Associates, Ltd. Map, illus., refs. iv + 44 pp. [Chapter headings are Introduction; Waste Generation in the San Xavier/Tucson Planned Community; Waste Management Facilities and Services in the Tucson Region; Alternatives Available to the San Xavier/Tucson Planned Community; and Environmental Impacts.]
Tettemer, John M., and Harold A. Vance with Timothy Wilkes A.I.A. Architects and Planners
1985 Urban design report for the San Xavier/Tucson planned community. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XXIII. Los Angeles, John M. Tettemer & Associates, Ltd. Illus. iii + 28 pp. [Chapter headings are Introduction; Urban Design Structure; The Conservation and Open Space Network; The Village Structure; The Circulation System; and Activity Centers. The planned community, which would have covered the southeastern portion of the San Xavier Reservation, was never constructed.]
Tevis, James H.
1954 Arizona in the >50's. Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press. Illus. xvi + 237 pp. [Tevis writes about his experiences in Arizona in the 1850s. He recalls having visited Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1858 and having paid an Indian a dollar to go inside. Using his imagination, he writes that the top walls of the mortuary chapel (Adead house,@ as he calls it) was Amade out of skulls.@ In addition to carving his name on one of the bell towers, he says church ornaments included Aa crown of thorns made out of silver, a silver image of Jesus, Noah=s Ark made of gold, and some fine silver bowls and urns inlaid with gold,@ none of which is likely to be true. He says the Papagos were swindled out of these things by a French priest. He is also said in a footnote (page 50) to have talked about an underground passageway beneath the church that led to the Santa Cruz River -- a virtual impossibility given that the church is built on bedrock that is at most three feet beneath the floor.]
1968 Arizona in the >50's. True West, Vol. 15, no. 5 (May/June), pp. 6-13, 28-30, 34-36, 40-41, 48-54. Austin, Western Publications, Inc. [This is a reprint of nearly all of Tevis (1954), including those portions relating to Mission San Xavier del Bac. There is a pre-1887 photo of the south elevation of the church on page 30.]
Thackery, Frank A., and M. French Gilman
1931 A rare parasitic plant food of the Southwest. In Annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1930, pp. 409-416. Washington, Government Printing Office. [A botanical report on Ammobroma sonorae, ASand food.@ Includes a discussion of Papago use of the plant. Also see Thackery, Franklin A. (1953).]
Thackery, Frank A., and A.R. Leding
1929 The giant cactus of Arizona; the use of its fruit and other cactus fruit by the Indians. Journal of Heredity, Vol. 20, no. 9 (September), pp. 400-414. Baltimore, The American Genetic Association. [This is a seminal article on the ethnobotany of the saguaro and organ pipe cactus, chiefly as these plants relate to Papagos. Eleven good photographs accompany the text, one of which (p. 408) shows a Papago saguaro harvest camp with earthenware jars in use. The authors remark that Papagos still use saguaro fruit in spite of the ready availability of packaged foods (p. 403); Apitahaya@ is a term used by Spaniards to label all columnar cacti and their fruits, but the likelihood is that Juan de Oñate chroniclers referred to the saguaro when they used the term in the early seventeenth century (p. 404); the ANavaita@ (Navitcu), saguaro wine festival, among the Papago is discussed (pp. 405-407); and there is a discussion of the Papagos= gathering, preparation, and use of saguaro fruit (pp. 409-413). Also see Thackery (1953).]
Thackery, Franklin A.
1953 Sand food for the Papagos. Desert Magazine, Vol. 16, no. 4 (April), pp. 22-24. Palm Desert, Desert Press, Inc. [Five black-and-white photographs accompany this discussion of a parasitic plant, Ammobroma sonorae, which grows in the sand dunes of California and Arizona and of Sonora, Mexico. The plant was harvested in large quantities by the San Papago. Also see Thackery and Gilman (1931) and Thackery and Leding (1929).]
Thayer, John
1959 Desert padre. Eusebio Francisco Kino. Milwaukee, The Bruce Publishing Company. Map, illus. 153 pp. [Written for young readers, this is a biography of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, pioneer European and missionary among the Northern Piman Indians. It includes fictionalized dialogue.]
Theobald, John, and Lillian Theobald
1961 Arizona Territory post offices & postmasters. Phoenix, Arizona Historical Foundation. Illus., index. xiii + 178 pp. [Included here (page 122) is a listing for Quijotoa, a mining boom town in the heart of what later became the Sells portion of the Papago Indian Reservation. The first postmaster was assigned here December 121, 1883, and the last on January 4, 1897. It was a boom town from about 1882 to 1885.]
Thiel, J. Homer
1998 Uncovering the story of Tucson's Chinese gardeners. Archaeology in Tucson, Vol. 12, no. 2 (Spring), pp. 1-5. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [In writing about excavations in an area in Tucson once occupied and gardened by Chinese, Thiel summarizes Tucson's history, noting, AIt was the Piman village of San Cosme when Father Kino visited in the 1690s, the site of the Mission San Agustín in the 1790s, ... ."]
2001 Tucson's birthplace. Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 15, no. 2 (Spring), p. 4. [This article about archaeological excavations at the site of the Spanish visita of San Agustín del Tucson notes that the visita's granary was roofed in a manner similar to that of the church built by Father Alonso Espinosa at Mission San Xavier del Bac in the 1750s -- a rectangular structure with a row of center posts running longitudinally down the center to support a flat roof.]
2003 Profile from Tucson=s first presidio families. SMRC-Revista, Vol. 37, no. 137 (Fall), pp. 7-8. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center. [Profiled here is José María Martínez and his descendants. Martínez, who was born in Arizona between 1806 and 1811. He was living in Tubac in 1851 when Apaches forced him to flee to San Xavier where the Papagos granted him a parcel of land. When the Mexican military left Arizona in 1856, Martínez was given the keys to missions Tumacácori and San Xavier del Bac. He died at San Xavier September 28, 1868 from the effects of wounds he suffered at the hands of Apaches in a fight at the foot of Black Mountain that took place in 1863.]
Thiel, J. Homer, and William Neil Smith
1995 A bird effigy vessel from Sabino Canyon Ruin. Archaeology in Tucson, Vol. 9, no. 1 (January), pp. 6-7. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [Smith suggests that the large prehistoric ceramic bird effigy vessel described in this article may once have been intended to hold liquid such as might have been the case in a ceremony such as the historically known Tohono O'odham saguaro cactus fruit wine festival.]
Thiel, J. Homer, and James M. Vint
2003 The life and times of Santa Cruz de Terrenate. Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 17, no. 3 (Summer), pp. 15-16. Tucson, Center for Desert Archaeology. [This article about the short-lived eighteenth-century Spanish presidio of Santa Cruz de Terrenate on the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona is accompanied by an excellent map showing the locations of many missions, visitas, and rancherias among the O=odham along the San Pedro and Santa Cruz rivers.]
Thomas, Alfred B., translator and editor
1932 Forgotten frontiers. A study of the Spanish Indian policy of Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of New Mexico, 1777-1787. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. xvii + 420 pp. [Reprinted in 1959, this book includes on pages 366-68 a petition by Juan Bautista de Anza to the King of Spain, one written in Santa Fe and dated November 18, 1786, in which Anza asserts "that he pacified in Sonora the Papaga nation of more than three thousand rebels, causing the death of their general."]
1941 Teodoro de Croix and the northern frontier of New Spain, 1776-1783. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Map, illus., bibl., index. xiii + 273 pp. [When he wrote this lengthy report, Croix was commandant general of the Interior Provinces of New Spain. It is concerned principally with the military defense of the frontier and includes information on the region of the Pimería Alta. Consult the index under ABac, San Xavier del,@ AIndian Policy, in Sonora,@ APima,@ ASobaipuri,@ and ATupson (Tucson).@]
Thomas, Bob
1967 Apostle to the Papago buried. Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), p. 7. Santa Barbara, California, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Reprinted from the March 2, 1967 Arizona Republic newspaper, this is an account of the March 1, 967 burial of Father Bonaventure Oblasser, a Franciscan missionary, in the cemetery at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]
1997 Prehistoric fortress in the desert. Arizona Highways, Vol. 73, no. 11 (November), pp. 4-9. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is a color-illustrated article about the prehistoric Fortaleza ruin on the Gila Bend Reservation, the San Lucy District of the Tohono O'odham Nation.]
2004 The Tohono O=odham well of sacrifice: a sad legend of four children given to save a village. Arizona Highways, Vol. 80, no. 3 (March), pp. 30-33. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Thomas recounts a version of the story of the Children=s Shrine near Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation as told to him in1963 by Jose Poncho of Covered Wells village whom he visited in the company of then tribal chairman Enos Francisco, Sr.. The essay, a version of which was first published July 7, 1963 in the Arizona Daily Star newspaper in Tucson (sec. C, pp. 10-11), includes a detailed description of the shrine=s architecture and plan.]
Thomas, June
1982 How to make pottery. Papago: The Desert People, Vol. 1, no. 1 (January), p. 7. Topawa, Arizona, Topawa Middle School. [Writes nine-year-old Papago student Thomas: "You go out to the desert and look for the clay. When you find the clay you make it and you put water in it. It will get smooth and put it in the sun and it will get hard. When it is ready, you paint it and it comes out pretty."]
Thomas, Robert K.
1991 Papago land use west of the Papago Indian Reservation south of the Gila River and the problem of Sand Papago identity. In Ethnology of Northwest Mexico: a sourcebook [Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks, edited by David H. Thomas, Vol. 6], edited and with an introduction by Randall H. McGuire, pp. 357-404. New York and London, Garland Publishing Company. [Facsimile reproduction, prepared in Ithaca, New York in 1963 of Thomas=s field notes of interviews carried out by him in 1953 with a dozen ASand Papagos.@ On the basis of his interviews, Thomas surmises that there were two bands of O=odham in the area west of the reservation who spoke closely-related dialects. One group lived at Aliwaipa (Quitobaquito) and the other lived along the Gulf of California. He suggests they may have merged in the 1850s.]
Thompson, Jerry D.
1992 Desert tiger: Captain Paddy Graydon and the Civil War in the Far Southwest. El Paso, Texas Western Press, The University of Texas at El Paso. Maps. 86 pp. [Included in this biographical account of an Irish-born U.S. soldier and frontier entrepreneur is the story of Papagos' alleged stealing of cattle from Calabasas in early 1859 and their use of Santa Cruz, Sonora, as a place of escape and refuge. Three accused Papagos were taken captive and imprisoned at Fort Buchanan on the U.S. side of the border (p. 17). There is also brief mention of U.S. Dragoons' camping at Mission San Xavier del Bac on November 14, 1856 (p. 11).]
Thompson, Joseph
1961 Golden sacredotal jubilee of Fr. Gerard Brennecke, O.F.M. Provincial Annals, Vol. 23, no. 4 (July), pp. 255-257. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This sermon, preached July 16, 1961 in St. Joseph=s church in Los Angeles, California, outlines the career of a Franciscan missionary who worked among the Papago Indians for many years.]
Thompson, Laura
1948 Attitudes and acculturation. American Anthropologist, Vol. 50, no. 2 (April/June), pp. 200-215. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [A discussion of Papagos (pp. 206-208) includes consideration of Papagos= attitudes toward the supernatural world; acquisition of power; attitudes toward sickness and its causes; and the results gleaned through psychological testing that Papagos have two types of reality from which to choose and that they fluctuate back and forth between them.]
1950a Action research among American Indians. Scientific Monthly, Vol. 70, no. 1 (January), pp. 33-40. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, American Association for the Advancement of Science. [Details are offered concerning research involving five Indian tribes, of whom Papago was one, sponsored by the University of Chicago and the Bureau of Indian Affairs= Indian Education Research Project.]
1950b Personality and government. América Indígena, Vol. 10, no. 1 (January), pp. 7-44. México, D.F., Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. [In writing about the University of Chicago and Bureau of Indian Affairs= Indian Education Research Project, Thompson notes that Papagos from the Topawa and Hickiwan and Gu Vo areas were among those chosen for the project from among the six tribes studies (p. 28); initially there was a three-month pilot field study conducted on the reservation at Sells, Santa Rosa, and Vamori (p. 30); and results of the Papago portion of the study can be found in Joseph, Spicer, and Chesky (1949).]
1950c Personality and government. América Indígena, Vol. 10, no. 4 (October), pp. 335-363. México, D.F., Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. [A continuation of Thompson (1951b), these are many of the results of the Indian Education Research Project among Papagos.]
1951a Personality and government. América Indígena, Vol. 11, no. 1 (January), pp. 69-84. México, D.F., Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. [Solely concerning Papagos, this is the conclusion of Thompson (1950b,c).]
1951b Personality and government: findings and recommendations of the Indian Administration Research. México, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. Bibl. xviii +229 pp. [This is the single-volume, book form of L. Thompson (1950b,c and 1951a).]
1969 The secret of culture; nine community studies. New York, Random House. Index, bibl. xiv + 394 pp. [Chapter 13 (pp. 238-250) is titled APapago of Arizona.@ Discussed are microrace; language and song; geography; archaeology and culture history; economy and nutrition; social structure and kinship in the Papago village; child development; traditional ceremonies and world image; perception pattern; and affects of acculturation. The report is based principally on firsthand observations made on the Papago Reservation in 1942 and 1946 and on findings resulting from the University of Chicago and Bureau of Indian Affairs= Indian Education Research Project.]
1970 Exploring American Indian communities in depth. In Women in the field, edited by Peggy Golde, pp. 47-64. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company. [Recollections by Thompson of her work as coordinator of the University of Chicago and Bureau of Indian Affairs= Indian Education Research Project. It includes a discussion of her work with Papago Indians (pp. 52-57).]
Thompson, Mary H.; Margaret Archie, and John Rood
n.d. Papavi-Ootam. Tempe, Arizona State University, College of Education, Indian Education Center. Unpaged.
Thompson, Raymond H.
1990 Desert archaeology: a neglected interpretive resource. CRM Bulletin, Vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 8-11. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources. [It is briefly mentioned that the people of the San Lucy District of the Tohono O=odham Nation are considering a tourist development in connection with a Alarge, well-preserved fortified hill site ... located on a promontory in the valley of the Gila River near Gila Bend.@]
1998 Julian Dodge Hayden, 1911-1998. Kiva, Vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 289-293. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Mentioned here is Hayden's supervision of a Tohono O'odham crew of excavators in the excavation of Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation in 1942.]
Thompson, Steffney
1985 The Arizona economy: a history to 1900. Arizona Review, Vol. 33, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 26-34. Tucson, College of Business & Public Administration, The University of Arizona. [Passing mention is made of Spanish activities in the Pimería Alta, including mining ventures and missionary endeavors. Papagos are mentioned in a listing of Arizona tribes.]
Thornton, Francis B.
1954 Catholic shrines in the United States and Canada. New York, Wilfred Funk, Inc. Maps, illus, index. xii + 340. [Two of the many shrines catalogued and described here are those of San José de Tumacácori and Mission San Xavier del Bac, both founded in the late seventeenth century in the Pimería Alta (pp. 146-150). There are black-and-white photos of the diorama in the Tumacácari National Monument museum of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino on horseback, of the southeast elevation of the ruins of the church at Tumacácori, and the south-southwest elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
Thornton, Russell
1987 American Indian holocaust: a population history since 1492. Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press. Maps, illus., refs., index. xx + 292 pp. [A small pox epidemic among the Papagos is mentioned on p. 100.]
Thrapp, Dan L.
1967 The conquest of Apachería. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. xvi + 405 pp. [Included is a brief discussion of the role played by Papagos in the 1871 Camp Grant Massacre of Apache Indians and a longer account of the role played by Dr. R.A. Wilbur who, at the time (1871-1874), was the Papagos= Indian agent. AWilbur was,@ writes Thrapp, Ato put it generously, a crook.@]
Throssell, Stan
1977 [Untitled photograph.] Sun Tracks, Vol. 3, no. 2 (Spring), p. 26. Tucson, American Indian Student Club and the Department of English, University of Arizona. [This is a photo of a little Papago girl who appears to be taking part in a Christmas play. Throssell was a photographer and editor of the Papago Runner newspaper published in Sells, Arizona.]
Thybony, Scott
1989 Under the bells. The Spanish missions of Father Kino. National Geographic Traveler, Vol. 6, no. 1 (January/February), pp. 52-62. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society. [Illustrated with color photographs by Jack Dykinga, including one of Mission San Xavier del Bac and another of the mortuary chapel at Tumacácori, this is an article about the present-day situation in southern Arizona and northern Sonora communities where Father Eusebio Francisco Kino established missions among the Northern Piman Indians in the late 17th and early 286th centuries. Much of the text is devoted to Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
Tinker, Ben
1978 Mexican wilderness and wildlife. Austin and London, University of Texas Press. Foreword by A. Starker Leopold. Maps, illus. xii + 131 pp. [The narrative contains scattered references to Papago hunting guides and Papago hunting practices. Tinker also refers to the fruit of saguaro cactus=s being harvested by Papagos and Pimas, after which they Apacked the contents in ollas, sealing them with deerskin for future use. Today (1920s), the few Papago Indians who live in isolated regions of the Sonora desert still harvest this fruit@ (p. 26).]
Tinker, Frank A.
1955 Ban-i-quash builds a house of grass. Desert Magazine, Vol. 18, no. 8 (August), pp. 24-26. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [This is an illustrated account of the construction of the shaish-ki, or Papago grass-adobe round house, at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum near Tucson. It was built by Ban-i-quash (Frank Lopez) of Sil Nakya village on the Papago Reservation. It includes a good discussion by Lopez of the changing ways of life involved in the change from the ki to permanent adobe houses. Photos include various stages of the house=s construction.]
1962 The Papagos become candy stripers. Today=s Health, Vol. 40, no. 10 (October), pp. 34-37, 75-76. Chicago, American Medical Association. [An illustrated article about Papago girls from Sells Consolidated School who become Candy Stripers, young hospital volunteers.]
Tinker Salas, Miguel
1997 In the shadow of the eagles. Sonora and the transformation of the border during Porfiriato. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, University of California Press. Maps, bibl., index. xi + 347 pp. [This history focuses on Sonora during the period from the 1870s to 1910. There is scattered, if brief, mention of the Tohono O=odham throughout (consult the index), including a note that in the 1870s and early 80s they Asold pitayas (saguaro fruit) by the basket and honey in the streets@ of Guaymas; in 1870, ACaborca featured >stunning races by the Papagos who raced among themselves and against mestizos=@; in the 1870s the Tohono O=odham became Athe main brake on Apache incursions@; and in 1901, Tohono O=odham living in the vicinity of El Tiro mine in the Altar district were blamed for the lack of economic development there because of the Indians= Abackward practices.@]
Tisdale, Mary; Richard Brook, and Carl Barna
1992 Science in progress: discovering the past at Santa Cruz. Science and Children, Vol. 29, no. 7 (April), pp. 25-32. Washington, D.C., National Science Teachers= Association. [This is a well-illustrated, in color, article about the archaeological site of Santa Cruz de Terrenate on the middle San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona. It is mentioned that archaeologist Charles C. Di Peso (1953a,b) had interpreted part of the site as having been home for Piman-speaking Sobaipuri Indians at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Other archaeologists believe it was solely a short-lived Spanish presidio. It is also asserted that by 1775 disease and slave raiding (?) had made Northern Pimans vulnerable to Apache attacks, an that by then Pimans had abandoned the San Pedro River and Arelocated westward to the Santa Cruz River valley.@]
Tisdale, Shelby J.
2001 Woven worlds: basketry from the Clark Field collection. American Indian Art Magazine, Vol. 26, no. 3 (Summer), pp. 54-63. Scottsdale, Arizona, American Indian Art, Inc. [Mention is made of Field's visit to the Papago Reservation in the 1930s to collect baskets, as well as his visit in 1940 when he "purchased a Tohono O'odham tiswin (sic) bowl made by Chalola at the Papago Arts and Crafts Board in Sells. He returned in 1942 and purchased two baskets from the agent there, one made by Mary Thomas and the other by Lena Thomas." Some of these baskets, at least, are in the Philbrook Museum of Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma.]
Todd, Cecil
1981 Metal mining and its associated industries in Tucson. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 22, no. 2 (Spring), pp. 99-128. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Data concerning the Picacho and Gunsight mines, both in Papago country, are on pages 112-113, the latter a photograph showing workers at the entrance to the Gunsight Mine.]
Todd, Virginia
1991 Tohono O=odham basket maker. In 1992. Indians of the Pimería Alta [calendar], pp. [27] - [28]. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [A drawing of a woman making baskets and Tohono O=odham baskets are featured in the December entry for the calendar. Captions are in O=odham, Spanish, and English.]
Toelken, Barre
1993 The 1992 O=odham waila festival. Journal of American Folk-lore, Vol. 106 (Fall), pp. 466-468. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin, and Co. for the American Folk-lore Society. [This is a review B an altogether positive one B of the fourth annual O=odham waila festival held at in Tucson March 28, 1992 at the Arizona Historical Society. He writes about the music, dancing, food, and crafts and the overwhelmingly O=odham attendance at the affair. He also writes about one of the groups, one from the village of Wa:k, performing the next day in the plaza in front of Mission San Xavier del Bac as part of a fundraiser to help with the conservation of the church of San Xavier del Bac.]
TOHD Well Letter, Sells, Arizona, Wellness Branch, Tohono O=odham Health Department. A bi-monthly newsletter. Volume 1, number 1 appeared in March-April, 1989.
Tohono O=odham Nation
1985 Constitution of the Tohono O=odham Nation. s.l., s.n. 18 pp. [This is a draft, with manual corrections and deletions, of the Constitution of the Tohono O=odham National that was formally adopted by enrolled members of the Papago Tribe of Arizona in 1986.]
1987 Criminal code of the Tohono O=odham Nation. Sells, Arizona, Tohono O=odham Nation. iv + 87 pp. [This is a revision of the Papago Tribe of Arizona=s criminal code Ain light of (1) the adoption of the new constitution and (2) the enactment by Congress of the Omnibus Drug Enforcement, Education and Control Act of 1986.@]
Tohono O=odham Nation and the Arizona State Gaming Agency
1993 Tohono O=odham Nation and State of Arizona gaming compact. Phoenix (?), Arizona State Gaming Agency (?). iv + 67 + 13 + 5 pp. [Signed June 24, 1993, this is the document that initially governed the relationship between the Tohono O=odham Nation and the State of Arizona with respect to gambling casinos and their revenues.]
2002 Tohono O=odham Nation and State of Arizona gaming compact, 2002. [Phoenix, Arizona Department of Gaming.] Various paging. [This is the agreement on gaming between the State of Arizona and the Tohono O=odham Nation signed December 4, 2002 by Governor Jane Dee Hull and Chairman Edward D. Manuel.]
Tooker, Elisabeth
1950 The pilgrims in church. Kiva, Vol. 16, nos. 1-2 (October/November), pp. 9-13. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Concerns the behavior of various pilgrims, including Papagos, in church at Magdalena, Sonora during the October fiesta honoring of San Francisco Xavier.]
1952 APapagos in Tucson: an introduction to their history, community life, and acculturation.@ Master=s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Maps, illus., bibl. x + 137 pp. [Major subject headings for this thesis about Papagos living in Tucson include historical background; definition of the community; the Southside Presbyterian Church; the Catholic Church and Catholicism; a summary comparison between Catholicism and Prebyterianism; and a summary concerning Papagos living in Tucson. Scattered references to San Xavier Papagos and Mission San Xavier occur throughout.]
Torres-Reyes, Ricardo
1968 Tumacacori B a story of human endeavor. Arizona Highways, Vol. 44, no. 2 (February), pp. 4-8. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A color photo of the church on the front cover and seven black-and-white photos of interior and exterior views of the church and museum accompany this article about Mission Tumacácori in southern Arizona, a mission founded in 1691 by Father Eusebio Francisco Kino for the Northern Piman Indians. The mission=s history is outlined and the ruins, as maintained by the National Park Service, are described.]
Toupal, Rebecca S.
2002 ALandscape perceptions and natural resource development: finding the >social= in the >sciences.=@ Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 296 pp. [A(T)his study examined the landscape perceptions of four groups concerned with management planning of the Baboquivari Wilderness Area in southern Arizona: the Bureau of Land Management, landowners of the Altar Valley, recreationists, and members of the Tohono O=odham Nation.@]
Toumey, James W.
1897 The giant cactus. Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 51, September, pp. 641-644. New York, D. Appleton Company. [The article includes scattered reference to the Papago Indian, Awho sees nothing peculiar in the many forms of life characteristic of the region where he makes his home@ (p. 641). He also briefly discusses the saguaro fruit harvest and the products made from the fruit, including a Arank, intoxicating drink.@]
Townsend, James G.
1938 Disease and the Indian. Scientific Monthly, Vol. ___, no. __ (December), pp. 479-493. Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science. [Included here (p. 486) is a discussion of tuberculosis among Papago Indians. There is also a photograph of the ASan Xavier Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Tucson, Arizona@ on page 486.]
Trailer, A.
1921 Along untrodden trails. Franciscan Herald, Vol. 9, no. 8 (June), pp. 241-244. Chicago, Friars Minor of the Sacred Heart Province. [This lengthy article concerns the status of the churches of the Pimería Alta missions in Sonora. Pima and Papago Indians are mentioned frequently. There are photos of Yaqui soldiers by the mission at Magdalena; of Mission San Ignacio; the October 4 Fiesta de San Francisco in Magdalena; Santa María Purísima de Caborca, with the sanctuary having fallen into the river; San Francisco de Atil; and the church at Altar. Mission San Xavier del Bac is mentioned as well. AA. Trailer@ is possibly a pen name for a Franciscan friar.]
Trennert, Robert A.
1979 Peaceably if they will, forcibly if they must: the Phoenix Indian School, 1890-1901. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 20, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 297-322. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Papagos are mentioned as being among the first students to attend the federally-administered Phoenix Indian (boarding) School in Phoenix, Arizona.]
1986 John H. Stout and the Grant Peace Policy among the Pimas. Arizona and the West, Vol. 28, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 45-68. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Mention is made of Papagos being present at a meeting at Camp Grant with Apaches, a meeting convened and moderated by General O.O. Howard. Also mentioned is Howard=s taking Papagos with him to Washington, D.C., for a visit in 1872.]
1987 Fairs, expositions, and the changing image of Southwestern Indians, 1876-1904. New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 62, no. 2 (April), pp. 127-1560. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico. [The 1894 California Midwinter International Exposition held in San Francisco featured an AArizona Indian village@ which included a representation of Mission San Xavier del Bac and a native compound in which Aseveral adults and children (most likely Pimas and Papagos) reproduced >the home life of the natives of Arizona.=@ Native arts and crafts were heavily featured at the exposition.]
1988 The Phoenix Indian School: forced assimilation in Arizona, 1891-1935. Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press. Illus., notes, bibl., index. xv + 256 pp. [Consult the index for scattered references to Papagos, many of whom attended the Phoenix Indian school. Included is mention of the fact that some Papago students contracted tuberculosis while there.]
Treutlein, Theodore E.
1939 The economic regime of the Jesuit missions in eighteenth century Sonora. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 8, no. 3 (September), pp. 289-300. Berkeley, University of California Press. [Although this article generalizes for all of Sonora, Treutlein draws heavily on the Pimeria Alta experiences as set forth by Jesuit missionary Ignaz Pfefferkon (1949). He writes about Indians= clothing, farming practices, livestock raising, and trade. He also notes Diego Ortíz Parrilla=s observation that the 1751 Pima Revolt was provoked by the Jesuits having taken the best farm lands for themselves, leaving the Indians with fields lacking irrigation ditches.]
1957 Father Gottfried Bernhardt Middendorf, S.J. pioneer of Tucson. New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 32, no. 4 (October), pp. 310-318. Santa Fe, Historical Society of New Mexico; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico. [The German Jesuit missionary Father Middendorf was the only priest throughout the entire Spanish colonial period to have been assigned to Tucson. His tenure there among the Northern Pimans was a very short one, lasting only a few months in 1757 before the Indians forced his departure in May of that year.]
Treutlein, Theodore E., translator and editor
1945 See Segesser (1945)
1949 See Pfefferkorn (1949)
1965 See Och (1965)
1989 See Pfefferkorn (1989)
Trimble, Marshall
1983 The Gadsden Purchase survey B from Los Nogales, to Fort Yuma, along El Camino del Diablo. Arizona Highways, Vol. 59, no. 4 (April), pp. 8-15. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Trimble writes that Mission San Xavier del Bac, Aceded to the Papago Indians by the Mexicans,@ was seen by the U.S. boundary surveyors in 1855. Included here as well is a reproduction of the chromolithograph based on an Arthur Schott delineation of Papago women harvesting organ pipe cactus fruit with Baboquivari Peak in the background.]
1986 Roadside history of Arizona. Missoula, Montana, Mountain Press Publishing Company. Map, bibl., index. xiii + 480 pp. [There is scattered mention throughout of Papago Indians and of Spanish missions founded for Northern Pimans. See the index under ACalabazas,@ AGuévavi@ (sic), APapago (also Tono O=odham {sic}) Indians,@ APima Revolt,@ APimería Alta,@ ASan José de Tumacacori,@ ASan Xavier del Bac,@ and ATucson.@ Many details of the histories offered here are in error; the book needs to be used with care.]
Trimble, Stephen
1993 The people. Indians of the American Southwest. Santa Fe, School of American Research Press. Maps, illus., notes, index. xvi + 496. [The AO=odham Indians,@ formerly the Papago and including the Gila River Pima, are covered here principally on pages 353-384. Subjects related to Tohono O=odham include the Ak Chin Reservation, calendar sticks, education, games, Gila Bend Reservation, government, language, in Mexico, music, Pisinemo, religion, San Xavier, Sand Papago, and subsistence (consult the index). Trimble=s book also includes a discussion of the Papagos= nawait (saguaro fruit wine) ceremony (p. 363).]
Trimble, Stephen, editor
1986 Our voices, our land. Photos by Stephen Trimble and Lloyd Harvey. Flagstaff, Northland Press. Illus. ix + 165 pp. [Based on an audio-video program for the Heard Museum in Phoenix, included here are the quoted remarks of a Papago man or men concerning such matters as the enjoyment of walking in the desert (see pp. 19, 23, 35, 117, and 138). There are also photos of the cemetery on the San Xavier Reservation (p. 96), Papago rawhide masks (p. 117), a Papago woman holding a pot on her head (p. 119), Papago basket and basketry materials (p. 120), and of Mission San Xavier Bac (p. 156).]
Tristani, Nina
1995 White dove of the desert. The legends of Mission San Xavier del Bac. Persimmon Hill, Vol. 23, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 35-37. Oklahoma City, National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center. [A brief outline of the history of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one that mentions the village's "Sobaipuri" native inhabitants. There are innumerable errors in the story as told here.]
Trossel, Henry
1927a Cactus provides the Papago Indians with nourishing food and refreshing drink. The American Indian, Vol. 2, no. 1 (October), p. 15. Tulsa, The Society of Oklahoma Indians. [This is almost certainly Henry Throssel (see Hertzberg 1988). It includes a discussion by this Papago Indian of Papagos= use of the saguaro, barrel cactus, deerhorn cactus, and (teddy) bear cactus, as well as soapweed (yucca).]
1927b Use of the cactus plants among the Papago. Indian Leader, Vol. 50, no. 16 (January 7). Lawrence, Kansas, Haskell Institute. [Probably, although not certainly, identical to Trossel (1927a).]
1970 Cactus provides the Papago Indians with nourishing food and refreshing drink. In The American Indian, Vol. 2, no. 1 (October), p. 15. New York, Liveright Publishing Corporation. [Liveright reprinted The American Indian, reproducing all five volumes in a two-volume set with an introduction by John M. Carroll, edited by Lee F. Harkins, and with the addition of a cumulative index.]
Troy, Timothy
1998 Professor Bronislaw Malinowski's visit to Tucson. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 40, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 129-186. Tucson, The Southwest Center, University of Arizona. [There is a photo here (p. 149) of anthropologist Malinowski standing between Ruth and Alden Jones at the prehistoric Jackrabbit Ruin on the Papago Indian Reservation in 1939. There are also letters from Arnold Withers, who excavated at Valshni Village on the Papago Reservation, and from Fred Scantling, who excavated Jackrabbit Ruin. Scantling wrote of the Joneses, "Their house and hospitality provided a welcome home away from home for me while I was on the Papago Reservation. On the professional side, Alden surveyed the site, keyed in the mounds, and was always available when I needed engineering advice." Jones was an employee of the Bureau of Indian Affairs on the reservation.]
Trulsson, Nora B.
1996 Beyond former glory. Sunset, Vol. 197, no. 5 (November), pp. 90-92, 94. Menlo Park, California, Sunset Publishing Company. [Six color photos by Terrence Moore accompany this article about the conservation project at Mission San Xavier del Bac which began in 1989 and which continued underway in 1996. The involvement of the Tohono O'odham apprentice conservators is noted especially.]
2001 Cultural scholarship. Native Peoples, Vol. 14, no. 2(January-February), pp. 26-30. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [This article about educational programs operated by the Heard Museum in Phoenix includes color photos of Heard Museum student guides, including pictures that show Carla Johnson (Tohono O'odham), Vanessa Johnson Tohono O'odham), Angelo Johnson (Apache/Tohono O'odham), and Dedric Lupe (Apache/Tohono O'odham).]
Tschopik, Harry
1958 Indians of North America [Science Guide, no. 136]. 3rd edition. New York, American Museum of Natural History. Maps, illus., bibl. 64 pp. [A very brief summary of traditional Papago and Pima culture is found on pages 26-27.]
Tucson Birthday Committee
1977 Tucson, the Old Pueblo. A chronology. Revised and updated. Tucson, Tucson-Pima County Historical Commission. Illus. 21 pp. [This chronology was compiled originally in 1971 by a twenty-one member committee chaired by James E. Officer. It highlights major events in the city=s history beginning in the year A.D. 800 with a prehistoric settlement, continuing with 1694 when Father Eusebio Kino encountered a settlement of O=odham living there, and concluding with the burial of a time capsule on December 11, 1975. San Xavier Papagos and Mission San Xavier receive mention, and there is a photo of the southeast elevation of the church taken between 1887 and 1900 on page 1.]
Tucson Chamber of Commerce
n.d. Mission of San Xavier del Bac, founded 1692. Tucson, Tucson Chamber of Commerce. Illus. 7 pp. [A brief history and description of Mission San Xavier are presented. The booklet promotes the church as being, Amore beautiful and interesting than any other in the country.@ The booklet also says, AIt is claimed in Mexico that much of the fresco painting was done by a talented father from the Collegiate Convent of Santa Rosa de Viterbo at Queretaro, who was of the school of Francisco Eduardo de Tresfuerras, commonly called the Michael Angelo of Mexico.@]
Tucson Chamber of Commerce. Convention Bureau.
n.d. What to see and do in Tucson. Tucson, Tucson Chamber of Commerce Convention Bureau. Maps, illus. 16 pp. [This booklet features a color photo of Mission San Xavier del Bac on its cover. The captions notes, AThe congregation is composed mostly of Papago Indians.]
Tucson-Pima Arts Council
2002 Cultural corridors of Pima County. Tucson, The Council. Maps, illus., suggested readings. 114 pp. + 1 computer disc. [The accompanying CD contains music and personal narratives of members of various Pima County ethnic groups, Tohono O=odham included. This travel guide, with emphasis on regional ethnicity, includes information of the Tohono O=odham and San Xavier reservations, and on Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
Tucson Planning Department
1996 Celebrating Tucson's heritage. Tucson, The City of Tucson, Arizona. Maps, illus. 38 pp. [Included here are a watercolor sketch and pen-and-ink drawing of Mission San Xavier del Bac by Harry James Cuming and a one-page (28) description of the San Xavier Environs Historic District. The district was established by Pima County in 1972 to help protect the view of Mission San Xavier. A black-and-white photo of the southwest elevation of the mission, one taken ca. 1905, is on page 4.]
Tucson Sunshine Climate Club
[1939] Tucson. Tucson, Tucson Sunshine Climate Club. Illus. Unpaged. [A photo-filled, 48-page booklet promoting Tucson includes six black-and-white photos of Mission San Xavier del Bac and an unlabeled photo of a Papago rain house and ramada, possibly at Big Fields on the Papago Indian Reservation. A photo by Esther Henderson of the northeast elevation of the church of San Xavier, with Bishop Granjon=s arch in the foreground, is printed in reverse. One page (36 ) has a six-paragraph history of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]
Turnbaugh, Sarah P., and William A. Turnbaugh
1986 Indian baskets. West Chester, Pennsylvania, Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 264 pp. [Fairly contemporaneous Papago baskets are illustrated in color on pages 62-63. Papago baskets are discussed and shown in black-and-white photographs on pages 219-220, 238-239, and 240-242.]
1997 Indian baskets. West Chester, Pennsylvania, Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 264 + 12 pp. [A reprint of Turnbaugh and Turnbaugh (1986) with the addition of a 1997 value guide.]
Turner, Christie G., II
1993 Southwest Indian teeth. National Geographic Research and Exploration, Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 32-53. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society. [Turner includes in his discussion the problem of O'odham ("Pima") and Hohokam affinity, arguing that Pimans -- in terms of their dentition -- are more like Hopi Indians than like late classic period Hohokam.]
Turner, Dale S.
1986 Tucson=s Native Seeds Search: bringing back lost desert crops. Phoenix Home & Garden, Vol. 6, no. 12 (October), pp. 91-92, 95. Phoenix, Phoenix Home & Garden. [The non-profit Native Seeds Search organization was formed in 1982 Aas an outgrowth of work done on the Papago (now Tohono O=odham) Indian Reservation near Tucson,@ where ethnobotanist Gary Nabhan discovered the people wanted seeds of varieties of corn and beans their grandfathers grew.@]
Turner, James E.
1998 The Pima and Maricopa villages: oases at a cultural crossroads, 1846-1873. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 39, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 345-378. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [In writing about the history of the Pima and Maricopa villages between 1846 and 1873, Turner notes that the Tohono O'odham were sometimes allowed to participate in the Pimas' "name song" tradition (pp. 354-55), and Tohono O'odham helped the Pimas with large-scale harvesting of the latter's crops (p. 359).]
2000 Instinct for excellence. The informal biography of Jane Harrison Ivancovich. Tucson, Southwestern Foundation for Education and Historical Preservation. Illus. 40 pp. [This is a biography of a Tucson woman who was born in Ohio October 20, 1916. She died in Tucson in October, 1991. Outlined here is her long involvement as a patron of Mission San Xavier del Bac and her friendship with priests there, especially Fr. Celestine Chinn. Also mentioned is her gardener, Manuel (Enis), a Papago from San Xavier.]
Turner, Jesse P.
2000 AInventing a transactional classroom: an Upward Bound, Native American writing community.@ Ed.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 117 pp. [AThis teacher-researcher study examines the experiences of secondary students in a unique Upward Bound program exclusively for Native Americans. The study followed the reading and writing experiences of these students during a 2-year period. ... The study enlisted 20 Native American students who were already participating in the Upward Bound program. ... These students attended public high schools in Tucson, Arizona, or high schools on the Tohono O=odham reservation outside Tucson.@]
Turner, Teresa L.
1982 The people of Fort Lowell. [Tucson, Pima County Fort Lowell Historic District Board.] Maps, illus. 67 pp. [Included here is a brief description of Papago Indian Juan Xavier who moved to the Fort Lowell area of Tucson in 1956 and who built an adobe house there. AHe built several of the outdoor patios and adobe fireplaces in the neighborhood, told Papago myths to neighbors, guided Ted De Grazia on yearly treks to the Superstition Mountains in search of treasure, and finally died here in 1975.@ A drawing of him done in 1948 by artist Charles Goldman is on page 41.]
1987 La reunión de El Fuerte: Old Fort Lowell Neighborhood historic sites tour. Tucson, Old Fort Lowell Neighborhood Association. Map, illus. 19 pp. [This tour guide booklet to the Fort Lowell neighborhood in Tucson takes visitors past AJuan=s House,@ the house built by Tohono O=odham Juan Xavier in 1956. He is shown in a photo and briefly described in a single paragraph.]
Tuttle, Burl
1959 The last rebellion. True West, Vol. 7, no. 2 (November/December), p. 32. Austin, Western publications. [This is the story of Pia Machita, a Papago leader from Hickiwan village who in 1940 urged the young men in his region to avoid being inducted into U.S. military service.]
Two Two, Rayna
1999 The wind picks up. In When the rain sings. Poems by young Native Americans, edited by David Gale, p.55. Washington, D.C., National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; New York, Simon & Schuster. [Two Two, a 14-year-old Baboquivari High School Tohono O'odham student, writes a poem about a summer desert storm.]
Two Two, Yolanda; Beverly Valenzuela, and Jeanette Chico
n.d. Meet the Lopez family. [Sells, Arizona], Papago Bilingual Program, Indian Oasis School District #40. Illus. 8 pp. [A booklet in Papago and English designed for Papago school children in the early elementary grades, one illustrated with charming drawings. It was probably published in 1978 or 1979.]
Twyman, Mary E.
1980 Norm Moldenhauer, a collector=s collector. Desert Magazine, Vol. 43, no. 6 (July), pp. 46-48. Palm Desert, California, Cactus Paperworks, Inc. [A discussion of a collector and dealer in Indian arts and crafts makes passing mention of Papago coiled baskets.]
Tyroler, H.A., and Ralph Patrick
1972 Epidemiologic studies of Papago Indian mortality. Human Organization, Vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 163-170. Washington, D.C., The Society for Applied Anthropology. [Vital rates and causes of death were examined for the decade of 1950-59 using data from the Papago Population Register and death certificates from the Arizona Department of Health. Birth and death rates between Papagos and other Arizona and U.S. Indians were similar. Both birth and death rates were higher in modern than in traditional Papago villages.]