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General Interest

Search the Thin-film Resource Database for more articles, news, and reports.

Thin films have an important place in the overall role of PV in meeting key issues like climate change, oil depletion, and energy diversity and security. In fact, many believe that thin films are the most crucial PV options for addressing these important societal goals.

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Journal Articles

Conference Papers

Post Date	05/30/2008
Title	THE ROLE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN-FILM PV TECHNOLOGIES IN COMPETITIVE PV MODULE MARKETS
Link	(PDF 351 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	B. Von Roedern, H. S. Ullal
Description	This paper discusses the developments in thin-film PV technologies. It provides an outlook on future commercial module efficiencies achievable based on today?s knowledge about champion cell performance. It also provides a relative cost comparison of thin-film and wafer/ribbon based Si PV modules. In 2007, about 65% of the modules produced in the US were thin-film modules when amorphous silicon modules are also considered.
Venue	Presented at the 33rd IEEE PVSC Conference, San Diego, CA 05/12-16/2008
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	05/2008

Post Date	09/28/2007
Title	THIN FILM CIGS AND CDTE PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES: COMMERCIALIZATION, CRITICAL ISSUES, AND APPLICATIONS
Link	(PDF 725 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	H. S. Ullal, B. Von Roedern
Description	We report here on the major commercialization aspects of thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technologies based on CIGS and CdTe (a-Si and thin-Si are also reported for completeness on the status of thin-film PV). Worldwide silicon (Si) based PV technologies continues to dominate at more than 94% of the market share, with the share of thin-film PV at less than 6%. However, the market share for thin-film PV in the United States continues to grow rapidly over the past several years and in CY 2006, they had a substantial contribution of about 44%, compared to less than 10% in CY 2003. In CY 2007, thin-film PV market share is expected to surpass that of Si technology in the United States. Worldwide estimated projections for CY 2010 are that thin-film PV production capacity will be more than 3700 MW. A 40-MW thin-film CdTe solar field is currently being installed in Saxony, Germany, and will be completed in early CY 2009. The total project cost is Euro 130 million, which equates to an installed PV system price of Euro 3.25/-watt averaged over the entire solar project. This is the lowest price for any installed PV system in the world today. Critical research, development, and technology issues for thin-film CIGS and CdTe are also elucidated in this paper.
Venue	22nd EC PVSEC, Milano, Italy Sep 3-7, 2007, paper presented
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	09/2007

Post Date	01/03/2008
Title	EFFECT OF SURFACE PASSIVATION ON SI HETEROJUNCTION AND INTERDIGITATED BACK CONTACT SOLAR CELLS
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Authors	U. Das, R. W. Birkmire
Description	Excellent surface passivation (?eff > 1 msec) and high VOC in SHJ cells are achieved by both RF and DC plasma process with hydrogen dilution. Any epitaxial / nanocrystalline growth of i-layer reduces ?eff and cell VOC. The structure of deposited thin Si:H layers strongly depend on the Si substrate orientation. The front emitter SHJ cell efficiency approaching 19% with VOC of 694 mV was achieved on textured Cz wafer using DC plasma deposited i-layer. The exploratory heterojunction cells in IBC structure reveals importance of surface passivation in the rear to achieve high VOC (683 mV) and JSC but demands further optimization of i-layer for improved carrier transport across it and cell FF.
Venue	Institute of Energy Conversion, U. Delaware. Presented at the 17th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells & Modules: Materials and Processes (Vail, Cascade Resort, Vail, CO, Aug. 5 ? 8, 2007).
Source	University of Delaware
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	08/05/2007

Post Date	10/26/2006
Title	BOS COST SAVINGS NEEDS AND POTENTIAL FOR LARGE SCALE GROUND BASED PV SYSTEMS UNTIL 2010
Link	(PDF 495 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	M. Bachler
Description	More and more large scale ground based systems were implemented with thin-film modules in the past years in Germany. Based on module pricing thin film modules appear to be very attractive for this type of application. However there are quite significant differences in balance-of-system (BOS) costs within different c-Si and thin film (TF) module types, which have a high impact on total system costs. The BOS cost portion is significantly higher for systems with TF modules compared to c-Si modules. Existing c-Si modules and BOS components were developed and optimized to achieve cost savings in the past decades already a lot. TF modules as well as the related BOS components are at the very beginning of this development so the cost saving potential ? especially for BOS costs is considered to be significantly higher for TF module based systems. Since a 6.5% degression in the feed-in tariff is required in the German EEG for ground based systems a high cost reduction pressure is imposed on total system costs. The results of BOS cost savings achieved already will be demonstrated for a sample thin-film module.
Venue	Dresden World Conference
Source	Phonix SonnenStrom AG
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	09/2006

Post Date	09/15/2006
Title	PAPERS WERE PRESENTED AT THE 21ST EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY CONFERENCE, DRESDEN, GERMANY, 4-8 SEPTEMBER 2006
Link	(MS Word 27 KB)
Authors	M. J. De Wild-Scholten, et al.
Description	ES&H papers available from http://www.ecn.nl/publicaties/default.aspx?au=44649
Venue	21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden, Germany, 4-8 September 2006
Source	Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Document Type	Conference Papers (Word document)
Resource Date	09/2006

Post Date	06/14/2006
Title	CDTE PHOTOVOLTAICS: LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE AND COMPARISONS
Link	(PDF 210 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	V. Fthenakis
Description	We discuss the emissions of cadmium throughout all the life stages of CdTe PV modules, from extracting, refining, and purifying the raw materials to producing, using, and disposing or recycling of the modules. Then, we compare these emissions with those in the life cycle of three different types of crystalline Si PV modules. The energy requirement and energy pay back times (EPBT) of CdTe PV modules is considerably shorter than that of crystalline Si modules, although the latter exhibit higher efficiencies. This difference is primarily due to the energy used to process silicon, a fraction of which is derived from fossil fuels, inevitably producing Cd and many other heavy-metal emissions.
Venue	Presented at the European Material Research Society Meeting
Source	N/A
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	06/2006

Post Date	06/02/2006
Title	ULTRA-LIGHT AMORPHOUS SILICON CELL FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS
Link	(PDF 140 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N. Wyrsch
Description	For space applications, solar cells should be optimized for highest power density rather than for highest efficiency. In this context, relatively low efficiency thin-film solar cell may well surpass multi-junction III-V based solar cells if they can be made thin enough. In thin-film solar cells the power density is mostly limited by the substrate. The introduction of ultra-thin polymeric substrates is the key for decreasing the cell mass. In this work, a very thin polyimide film LaRC?-CP1 was used as substrate or superstrate for amorphous silicon solar cell fabrication. CP1 films were either fixed on a glass carrier or spin coated onto a glass carrier coated with a release agent. By depositing amorphous silicon cells on 6 �m thick CP1 films, a power density of 2.9 W/g under AM1.5g and of 3.9 W/g (estimated) under AM0 illumination spectra was achieved, in substrate (n-i-p) configuration (for a cell area of ca. 0.25 cm2).
Venue	4th WCPEC May 2006
Source	University of Neuchatel
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	05/2006

Post Date	05/22/2006
Title	TECHNOLOGY CHOICE AND THE COST REDUCTION POTENTIAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS
Link	(PDF 116 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	J. E. Trancik, K. Zweibel
Description	We use a combination of system component analyses and individual experience curves for crystalline silicon (x-Si) modules, thin-film (TF) modules, and the balance of system (BOS) components, to compare future growth scenarios for photovoltaics (PV). The growth rates of TF and x-Si technologies are varied, while overall PV growth is held constant at 30%. For each of these scenarios, we estimate the total investment required for PV to reach a break-even point with fossil fuel based generation; and we investigate the intrinsic/lowest achievable costs from an analysis of potential materials, processing, and efficiency improvements. Our results show that a high growth rate (50 to 70% per year) of new technologies with low intrinsic costs could decrease the total investment required to reach break-even by up to 70 billion USD, as compared to a scenario where x-Si continues to dominate the market. Furthermore, the system component analysis indicates that existing TF modules can reach the low cost levels assumed in the experience curve model. These results suggest that the future growth of photovoltaics (PV) is dependent on which PV technologies grow most rapidly. New, low intrinsic cost technologies that are successfully able to enter the market could dramatically increase the potential for PV to become a globally significant energy conversion technology within the next two decades.
Venue	Trancik and Zweibel, WCPEC-4 2006
Sources	National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Santa Fe Institute
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	05/2006

Post Date	05/18/2006
Title	HIGH-EFFICIENCY CDTE AND CIGS THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS: HIGHLIGHTS AND CHALLENGES
Link	(MS Word 602 KB)
Authors	R. Noufi, K. Zweibel
Description	Thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules of CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) have the potential to reach cost-effective PV-generated electricity. These technologies have transitioned from the laboratory to the market place. Pilot production and first-time manufacturing are ramping up to higher capacity and enjoying a flood of venture-capital funding. CIGS solar cells and modules have achieved 19.5% and 13% efficiencies, respectively. Likewise, CdTe cells and modules have reached 16.5% and 10.2% efficiencies, respectively. Even higher efficiencies from the laboratory and from the manufacturing line are only a matter of time. Manufacturing-line yield continues to improve and is surpassing 85%. Long-term stability has been demonstrated for both technologies; however, some failures in the field have also been observed, emphasizing the critical need for understanding degradation mechanisms and packaging options. These two thin-film technologies have a common device/module structure: substrate, base electrode, absorber, junction layer, top electrode, patterning steps for monolithic integration, and encapsulation. The monolithic integration of thin-film solar cells can lead to significant manufacturing cost reduction compared to crystalline Si technology. The CdTe and CIGS modules share common structural elements. In principle, this commonality should lead to similar manufacturing cost per unit area, and thus, the module efficiency becomes the discriminating factor that determines the cost per watt. The long-term potential of the two technologies require R&D emphasis on science and engineering-based challenges to find solutions to achieve targeted cost-effective module performance, and in-field durability. Some of the challenges are common to both, e.g., in-situ process control and diagnostics, thinner absorber, understanding degradation mechanisms, protection from water vapor, and innovation in high-speed processing and module design. Other topics are specific to the technology, such as lower-cost and fast-deposition processes for CIGS, and improved back contact and voltage for CdTe devices.
Venue	WPEC4, Hawaii
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Word document)
Resource Date	05/2006

Post Date	08/25/2006
Title	POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS: FROM THE LABORATORY TO SOLAR FIELDS
Link	(PDF 682 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	B. Von Roedern, H. S. Ullal, K. Zweibel
Description	We review the status of commercial polycrystalline thin-film solar cells and photovoltaic (PV) modules, including current and projected commercialization activities. Major technical progress has occurred in the area of thin-film PV technologies, particularly those based on cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium diselenide (CuInGaSe2)
Venue	Presented at the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC-4) Waikoloa, Hawaii May 7?12, 2006 Conference Paper NREL/CP-520-39838 May 2006
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	05/2006

Post Date	05/26/2006
Title	A ROAD MAP TO THE DECARBONIZATION OF THE U.S. ENERGY MIX. THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
Link	(MS Word 181 KB)
Authors	R. Shinnar, F. Citro
Description	In this paper we present a plan for the gradual replacement of 98% of our total fossil fuel needs with available and affordable technology (which would also reduce 97% of present total CO2 emissions). We show that the direct use of electricity produced from alternative sources can replace 72% of the fossil fuel we consume. Another 26% can be replaced by hydrocarbons produced from syngas, a mixture of carbon oxides produced by gasifying biomass and hydrogen generated by electrolysis powered by alternative energy sources. 50% of this goal could be achieved over thirty years, and 80-90% over about 50 years. We have limited the scope of this paper to a discussion of our technological options. A comprehensive plan would also focus on other critical problems such as priorities and costs, political and economic constraints, regulatory issues and government-mandated incentives without which the free market is not likely to reduce CO2 emissions or prepare for a distant, uncertain future. However, for society the penalty of strongly reduced oil and gas supplies would be catastrophic, unless we prepare in advance, as the timescale for achieving a substantial reduction is very large. Such a plan must be based on existing technologies, or at least on technologies that are available in a form which can be scaled up and implemented at a cost that can be estimated reliably. While research could and should lead to better technologies, and should be continued, we can never be sure which research will lead to useful results. In the 1970s, a worldwide research effort to produce H2 from nuclear reactors by thermochemical cycles was terminated with no results after approximately 40 billion (2005 dollars) dollars were spent (2). Further constraint on any such a plan is that the new technology should allow gradual phase in and preferably should use available distribution systems, which suggests wide use of electricity from alternative sources.
Venue	Presented at the AAAS Symposium on the Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy Mix, St. Louis, February 2006
Source	AAAS
Document Type	Conference Papers (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	12/08/2005
Title	ENERGY USE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF THIN FILM CDTE PHOTOVOLTAICS
Link	(PDF 291 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	V. Fthenakis
Description	With a growing public interest in renewable energy sources, significant attention is paid to the life cycle analysis (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) devices. Thin film cadmium telluride (CdTe) modules are one of the most promising new, thin-film PV technologies. In its early stage of commercialization, the life cycle environmental performance of a CdTe solar cell is relatively unknown, as the life cycle energy use and emission data on the production stage of cell materials as Cd and Te are scarce and new, advanced vapor deposition processes have prevailed [1]. Early studies indicate that manufacturing of CdTe modules would require 3-4 times less primary energy per m2
Venue	Proceedings of Symposium G-Life Cycle Analysis, MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MS, Nov. 29-Dec 2. 2005
Source	Brookhaven National Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	11/2005

Post Date	12/08/2005
Title	PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM G-LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, MRS FALL MEETING, BOSTON, MS, NOV. 29-DEC 2. 2005, IN PRESS
Link	(PDF 250 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	R. Dones
Description	European PV systems Swiss LCA
Venue	December MRS
Source	Paul Scherer Institute
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	11/2005

Post Date	10/20/2005
Title	LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
Link	(PDF 144 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	V. Fthenakis
Description	Life Cycle Analyses (LCA) at BNL show that: i) The BOS of an optimized installation has an energy payback time (EPBT) of only 0.4 years for average US insolation, which is 70% lower than previously reported estimates. ii) The EPBT of CdTe modules produced and used in the U.S. is 0.85 years. iii) The life-cycle CO2 emissions of the nuclear fuel cycle in the U.S. are about the same as those in the PV cycle; this contrasts European studies showing CO2 emissions from nuclear to be 10 lower than those from PV.
Venue	Solar Program Review Meeting 2005
Source	Brookhaven National Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	10/2005

Post Date	10/20/2005
Title	A REVIEW OF RISKS IN THE SOLAR ELECTRIC LIFE-CYCLE
Link	(PDF 642 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	V. Fthenakis, H. C. Kim
Description	Early studies of risks in the life cycle of solar electric technologies do not represent their current stage of development. Our study updates the data used in previous studies and also accounts for the full life-cycle of photovoltaics. We show that the non-radiological risks of the solar electric- and nuclear-life cycles are approximately equal. This contradicts the conclusions of some earlier studies according to which the former presented much greater occupational and public non-radiological risks than the latter.
Venue	Brussels 2005
Source	Brookhaven National Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	10/2005

Post Date	06/13/2005
Title	THE REAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRYSTALLINE SILICON PV MODULES: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON UP-TO-DATE MANUFACTURERS DATA
Link	(PDF 85 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	E. A. Alsema, M. J. De Wild-Scholten
Description	Together with a number of PV companies an extensive effort has been made to collect Life Cycle Inventory data that represents the current status of production technology for crystalline silicon modules. The new data covers all processes from silicon feedstock production to cell and module manufacturing. All commercial wafer technologies are covered, that is multi- and monocrystalline wafers as well as ribbon technology. The presented data should be representative for the technology status in 2004, although for monocrystalline Si crystallisation further improvement of the data quality is recommended. On the basis of the new data it is shown that PV systems on the basis of c-Si technology are in a good positionto compete with other energy technologies. Energy Pay-Back Times of 1.5-2.5 yr are found for South-European locations, while life-cycle CO2 emission is in the 25-40 g/kWh range. Clear perspectives exist for further improvements with roughly 25%.
Venue	20th European PVSC
Sources	Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands; Utrecht University
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	06/2005

Post Date	06/13/2005
Title	IMPLICATIONS OF EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
Link	(PDF 434 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	M. J. De Wild-Scholten, K. Wambach, E. A. Alsema, A. Jager-Waldau
Description	An overview is given of European environmental legislation which is effective now or proposed and which may have implications for the photovoltaic industry. The focus will be on legislation, which has been implemented already in national law, like the WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment)- and ROHS Reach (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals), F-gases (regulation on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases) and EuP (eco-design requirements for energy-using products). A change of the module design, with the research, development, implementation and certification necessary to be able to produce photovoltaic systems that comply with such legislation, may be very time-consuming and expensive. Therefore a pro-active approach by the PV community is desirable. Environmental life cycle thinking and eco-design is becoming increasingly important as part of the European product and waste policy and will have its impact on the PV industry as well. Design-for-recycling must be encouraged to allow for an easy, cost-effective disassembly, with a high retrieval of for instance the precious crystalline silicon solar cells. A closed production cycle, i.e. guaranteed take back system, would probably prevent the commission as well as member states to impose legislative measures.
Venue	20th European PVSC Barcelona
Sources	Deutsche Solar; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	06/2005

Post Date	06/29/2005
Title	NREL PAPERS FOR THE PVSC IN ORLANDO, 2005
Link	(MS Word 41 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Links to about 20 papers in CIS, CdTe, a-Si, thin Si and reliability.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Word document)
Resource Date	06/2005

Post Date	06/14/2005
Title	ENERGY AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF THIN FILM CDTE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
Link	(PDF 360 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	M. Raugei
Description	topic of this paper is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of modern CdTe PV modules. The analysis was performed within the framework of the European research project PVACCEPT, and is based on actual production data provided by the former project partner ANTEC Solar GmbH. This latter point makes the present LCA especially worthy of attention as a preliminary indication of the future environmental impact that the upscaling of CdTe module production may entail. The analysis is performed according to the recommendations of ISO norms 14040 and updates, and makes use of an original multi-criteria approach named SUMMA. The performance of the analysed CdTe system is also compared to other examples of advanced PV systems based on different technologies (CIS and mc-Si), which were also part of the PVACCEPT project. Results clearly show an overall very promising picture for CdTe technology, which is found to be characterised by favourable environmental impact indicators (e.g. 60g(abiotic matter)/kWh, 32 g(CO2-eq)/kWh and energy payback of 0.9 yrs.
Venue	20th EU PVSC Barcelona
Source	University of Siena
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	06/2005

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAICS: PERCEPTIONS, NEEDS, AND CHALLENGES
Link	(PDF 222 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	E. A. Alsema, M. J. De Wild-Scholten, V. Fthenakis
Description	High impact publications recently depicted PV technologies as having higher external environmental costs than those of nuclear energy and natural-gas-fueled power plants. These assessments are based on old data and unbalanced assumptions, and they illustrate the need for LCA data describing the continuously improving photovoltaic systems and the inclusion of social benefits in this comparison.
Venue	IEEE Photovoltaic Specialistis Conference, Jan. 3-7, 2005, Orlando, FL
Sources	Brookhaven National Laboratory; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands; Utrecht University
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	01/2005

Post Date	02/15/2005
Title	ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF OUTPUT RESTRICTION DUE TO THE VOLTAGE INCREASING OF POWER DISTRIBUTION LINE IN GRID-CONNECTED CLUSTERED PV SYSTEMS
Link	(PDF 2.4 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	Y. Ueda, et al.
Description	Output restriction to prevent over voltage of power distribution line is one of the concerns for grid-connected clustered PV systems. To investigate the behavior of clustered PV systems, "Demonstrative research on clustered PV systems" has being conducted from December, 2002 in Gunma, Japan. More than 200 residential PV systems are already installed in demonstrative research area. Operation point of array output is estimated using minutely averages of collected data. The method to quantify loss due to output restriction is developed in this study.
Venue	IEEE PVSC
Source	Tokyo University
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	01/2005

Post Date	02/15/2005
Title	EARLY PERFORMANCE FOR THE ROOF-MOUNTED, 20-KW THIN FILM CDTE PV-ARRAY AT JASPER RIDGE
Link	(PDF 364 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	J. H. Scofield, et al.
Description	Here we report early performance for the grid-connected, 20-kW CdTe PV array installed on the roof of the Leslie Shao-ming Sun Field Station at the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve. The array was installed in May 2002. Data are reported for 20-mos beginning April 2003. The array originally consisted of 275, BP Solar 80W thin-film CdTe modules arranged in 11-module strings. The monitoring system logged data from 9 sensors on 1-min intervals. Monitoring showed problems with maximum power tracking associated with module degradation, ele-vated module temperatures, and the finite voltage window of the 208VAC-3p inverter. The problems were addressed in May 2004 by re-wiring the array and reprogramming the inverter, resulting in a 20% increase in energy production.
Venue	IEEE PVSC
Source	Oberlin College
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	01/2005

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	THE ROLE OF POLYCRYSTALLIN THIN-FILM PV TECHNOLOGIES FOR ACHIEVING MID-TERM MARKET-COMPETITIVE PV MODULES
Link	(MS Word 123 KB)
Authors	B. Von Roedern, K. Zweibel
Description	Using efficiency as the main parameter, projecting the cost competitiveness of thin films and x-Si. Current commercial status of CuInSe₂ alloys (collectively, CIS) and CdTe-based photovoltaic (PV) modules, comparing the performance of commercial products with the results achieved for solar cell and prototype module champions. We provide an update for these PV cell and module technologies, and also compare CIS and CdTe performance levels to the results achieved by the crystalline Si PV industry. This comparison shows that CIS and CdTe module technology presently offers the best (and perhaps only) approach for significantly exceeding the cost/performance levels established by crystalline Si PV technologies. A semi-empirical methodology is used for comparing "champion" solar cell and prototype module data with performance achieved on manufacturing lines. Using a conservative assumption that thin-film technologies will eliminate the 40% of PV module costs arising from the Si wafer or ribbon, we estimate the future performance of all established PV module candidates, and conclude that, based on 2004 knowledge about each PV technology, CIS and CdTe should provide cost-competitive advantages over crystalline Si.
Venue	IEEE PV Specialists Conference, 2004
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Word document)
Resource Date	01/2005

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	STUDY OF POTENTIAL COST REDUCTIONS RESULTING FROM SUPER-LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING OF PV MODULES
Link	(MS Word 112 KB)
Authors	R. Arya, M. Keshner
Description	Short version of multi-GW production report
Venue	NREL Solar Review
Source	Hewlett Packard
Document Type	Conference Papers (Word document)
Resource Date	10/2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES: PROGRESS AND TECHNICAL ISSUES
Link	(MS Word 1.5 MB)
Author	H. S. Ullal
Description	Polycrystalline thin-film materials based on copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2, CIS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) are promising thin-film solar cells for various power and specialty applications. Impressive results have been obtained in the past few years for both thin-film copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cells and thin-film CdTe solar cells. NCPV/NREL scientists have achieved world-record, total-area efficiencies of 19.3% for a thin-film CIGS solar cell and 16.5% for thin-film CdTe solar cell. A number of technical R&D issues related to CIS and CdTe have been identified. Thin-film power module efficiencies up to 13.4% has been achieved thus far. Tremendous progress has been made in the technology development for module fabrication, and multi-megawatt manufacturing facilities are coming on line with expansion plans in the next few years. Several 40-480 kW polycrystalline thin-film, grid-connected PV arrays have been deployed worldwide. Hot and humid testing is also under way to validate the long-term reliability of these emerging thin-film power products. The U.S. thin-film production (amorphous silicon [a-Si], CIS, CdTe) is expected to exceed 50 MW by the end of 2005.
Venue	PVSEC
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Word document)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET CHALLENGES TO MAINSTREAM THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AND APPLICATIONS
Link	(PDF 276 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	R. Arya
Description	Technology and manufacturing advances over the past 25 years has led to widespread commercial use of thin film modules in many consumer applications. The three leading thin film solar module technologies are - amorphous silicon alloys (a-Si), copper indium diselenide alloys (CIGS), and cadmium telluride CdTe). These three technologies have demonstrated solar cells with efficiencies ~13% (a-Si), ~19% (CIGS), and ~16.5% (CdTe) respectively. Large area power modules are in various stages of initial production with these technologies and the module performance is in the 6%-11% range. Several manufacturing plants are in operation with plant capacities ranging from 3 MW to 30 MW. These plants are continuously increasing production with the present annual production of 1 MW to 5 MW. Technical challenges lie ahead in improving the module performance by reducing the gap between R&D cells and manufactured products so that they can successfully compete with crystalline silicon modules. Reliability of thin film modules in systems has been demonstrated with all three technologies with a fair degree of success. Several 1-480 kW grid-connected thin film module arrays are in deployment worldwide. Thin film modules are finding increasing acceptance for BIPV applications like roofs, facades, awnings etc. used in residential and commercial buildings. The cost of modules and market acceptance with new technologies still remains a major challenge to successful penetration of mainstream photovoltaic markets.
Venue
Source	N/A
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES: PROGRESS AND TECHNICAL ISSUES
Link	(PDF 370 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	H. S. Ullal
Description	Polycrystalline thin-film materials based on copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2, CIS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) are promising thin-film solar cells for various power and specialty applications. Impressive results have been obtained in the past few years for both thin-film copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cells and thin-film CdTe solar cells. NCPV/NREL scientists have achieved world-record, total-area efficiencies of 19.3% for a thin-film CIGS solar cell and 16.5% for thin-film CdTe solar cell. A number of technical R&D issues related to CIS and CdTe have been identified. Thin-film power module efficiencies up to 13.4% has been achieved thus far. Tremendous progress has been made in the technology development for module fabrication, and multi-megawatt manufacturing facilities are coming on line with expansion plans in the next few years. Several 40-480 kW polycrystalline thin-film, grid-connected PV arrays have been deployed worldwide. Hot and humid testing is also under way to validate the long-term reliability of these emerging thin-film power products. The U.S. thin-film production (amorphous silicon [a-Si], CIS, CdTe) is expected to exceed 50 MW by the end of 2005.
Venue	PVSEC 19
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	COMPARISON OF ENERGY PRODUCTION AND PERFORMANCE FROM FLAT-PLATE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE TECHNOLOGIES DEPLOYED AT FIXED TILT
Link	(PDF 206 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	J. A. del Cueto
Description	energy rating by technology
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PROGRESS IN U.S. PHOTOVOLTAICS: LOOKING BACK 30 YEARS AND LOOKING AHEAD 20
Link	(PDF 310 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	T. Surek
Description	Technology and learning curve analysis of R&D.
Venue	Osaka IEEE
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PRACTICAL DOPING PRINCIPLES
Link	(PDF 270 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	A. Zunger
Description	Doping compound semiconductors.
Venue	NREL DOE Solar Program Review Meeting 2003
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PV SOLAR ELECTRICITY: ONE AMONG THE NEW MILLENNIUM INDUSTRIES
Link	(PDF 6.0 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	W. Hoffmann
Description	ABSTRACT: During recent years, solar electricity generation based on photovoltaics has developed into an industry at annual growth rates above 20%. Major market segments served by this industry comprise consumer applications, remote industrial systems, developing countries, and grid-connected systems. The potential in these markets supports sustained future growth, particularly for applications in developing countries and gridconnected systems in the industrial countries, where PV-generated electricity eventually will start to compete with peak grid power. Backed by price experience curves and a laboratory proven technology road map, a module turnover representing 100 billion worlwide can be extrapolated. A sustainable energy contribution to the worldwide energy mix in subsequent decades is foreseen as a result of competitive PV solar electricity applications. Keywords: PV Market Growth ? 1: Strategy ? 2: Cost Reduction ? 3
Venue	17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, 22-26 October 2001
Source	RWE Schott
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	10/2001

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THIN FILM MANUFACTURING
Link	(PDF 50 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	E. A. Alsema, et al.
Description	An investigation is made of Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) aspects for the manufacturing, use and decommissioning of CdTe, CIS and a-Si modules. Issues regarding energy requirements, resource availability, emissions of toxic materials, occupational health and safety and module waste treatment are reviewed. Waste streams in thin film module manufacturing are analyzed in detail and treatment methods are discussed. Finally the technological options for thin film module recycling are investigated. It is concluded that there are no serious HSE bottlenecks for upscaling to production levels of 500 MWp/yr and that adequate methods are available for treatment of the manufacturing wastes. However, on the longer term issues regarding CdTe and CIS module waste treatment, In and Te resource availibility and module recycling need to adressed. Appropriate recycling methods for CdTe and CIS modules do not exist at present but the problem is being adressed by the PV industry.
Venue
Source	Utrecht University
Document Type	Conference Papers (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2000

Presentations

Post Date	04/30/2007
Title	SI THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS PROGRAM IN THE U.S.
Link	(PDF 1.5 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Presentation Outline: (1) History of U.S. a-Si (film-Si) program (2) Results of activities (3) Competing PV Technologies (4) Outlook
Venue	presented at International Workshop upon Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells, Nara, Japan, 2/28 - 3/2/2007
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	02/2007

Post Date	02/24/2006
Title	THIN FILMS AS OF 2/2006
Link	(PowerPoint 204 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Sales, costs, predictions, comaprative efficiency and cost curves
Venue	Powerpoint presentation
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	11/11/2005
Title	THIN FILM PV PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM 2005
Link	(PowerPoint 10.8 MB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Overview of the purpose, strategies, and goals of the Thin Film Partnership Program, including updated module, BOS, and system cost projections for 2005 and 2020.
Venue	2005 DOE Solar Review
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	11/10/2005

Post Date	09/30/2005
Title	VEHICLE TO GRID POWER
Link	(PowerPoint 3.0 MB)
Author	W. Kempton
Description	Using electric and hybrid electric vehicles to store and regulate grid electricity can solve two key problems at once: finding non CO2 transportation fuels (renewables and clean coal from the electric grid) and handling the natural fluctuations of renewable sources like PV and wind.
Venue	Analysis Seminar NREL Washington DC, 9/28/2005
Source	University of Delaware
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	09/28/2005

Post Date	09/02/2005
Title	PV PAST THE TIPPING POINT
Link	(PowerPoint 31.8 MB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Photovoltaics is growing rapidly, coming down in cost, and technical progress is substantial. We can be assured that PV costs will come down enough to provide electricity at an energy signifiant level.
Venue	Presntation at NREL to Norwegian StudyTour sponsored by CSM August 31, 2005
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	08/31/2005

Post Date	07/28/2005
Title	2002 TO 2005 THIN FILM PARTNERSHIP BUDGET TRENDS
Link	(PowerPoint 38 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Budget in thin films for subcontracts is down 36% since 2002.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	07/2005

Post Date	07/20/2005
Title	HOLE DRIFT & MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS
Link	(PDF 348 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	T. Dylla, F. Finger, E. A. Schiff
Description	The physics of hole drift in solar-grade nc-Si:H is consistent with valence bandtail trapping. ?Band mobility about the same as a-Si:H ?Bandtail width somewhat narrower (30 meV vs. 40 meV) ?Attempt frequency much lower (10^9 s-1) Amorphous silicon solar cells are low-mobility type (slow carrier mu<< 1 cm2/Vs). Microcrystalline silicon solar cells are near the crossover between low & high mobility types (slow carrier mu about 1 cm2/Vs)
Venue	19th a-Si national team meeting, NREL, 5/19+20/2005
Sources	Forschungszentrum Juelich; Syracuse University
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	05/20/2005

Post Date	06/01/2005
Title	PV STRATEGY PRESENTATION
Link	(PowerPoint 21.6 MB)
Author	S. Guha
Description	amorphous silicon, triple junctions, UniSolar, roofing material, peel-and-stick
Venue	Thin Film Partnership a-Si National R&D Team meeting
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	05/2005

Post Date	03/18/2005
Title	ENERGY DEPENDENCE AND CO2
Link	(PowerPoint 2.3 MB)
Authors	J. A. Momoh, P. W. Werbos
Description	alternative energy strategies and issues for climate change
Venue	Congressional presentation
Source	NSF
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	03/2005

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	THE FY 2006 EERE BUDGET REQUEST
Link	(PDF 546 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	D. Garman
Description	Garman presentation of budget request highlights.
Venue
Source	US DOE
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	02/2005

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	CRUDE OIL, CLIMATE CHANGE, COAL, CANE AND CARS
Link	(PDF 778 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	R. Williams
Description	Using biomass to offset coal burning by gaining a negative carbon advantage through sequestration
Venue	Colorado School of Mines
Source	Princeton
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	11/15/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	THIN FILMS AND THE SYSTEM DRIVEN APPROACH
Link	(PowerPoint 1.0 MB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Cost analysis of thin films for semiconductor, encapusulation, layer thickness, and efficiency.
Venue	DOE and NREL Solar Review Meeting 2004
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	10/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	2ND GENERATION THIN FILMS
Link	(PowerPoint 8.9 MB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Potential of CIS, CdTe, and a-Si thin films.
Venue	Rice University Solar Energy Workshop
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	09/2004

Post Date	05/24/2005
Title	PV GRID CONNECTED MARKET POTENTIAL UNDER A COST BREAKTHROUGH SCENARIO
Link	navigantLinkmarketstudy2004
Authors	M. Chaudhari, et al.
Description	1 � Introduction 2 � Executive Summary 3 � Market Potential for Grid Connected PV 4 � Market Barriers 5 � Attractive States for PV 6 � Appendix Table of Contents
Venue	EF-Final-Sept 2004-117373
Source	Navigant Consulting
Document Type	Presentation (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	09/2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	CAN RENEWABLE ENERGY SLOW GLOBAL WARMING?
Link	(PDF 3.4 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	M. Hoffert
Description	Climate change issues and energy choices.
Venue	World Renewable Energy Congress VIII and Expo
Source	New York University
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	08/31/2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: CAN WE GET THERE?
Link	(PowerPoint 2.0 MB)
Author	M. Hoffert
Description	Climate change options
Venue	Rocky mountain natural gas strategy conference, Denver
Source	New York University
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	08/09/2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	COAL AND RENEWABLES IN AN EXTERNALITY-CONSTRAINED ENERGY ECONOMY: COMPETITIVE AND COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES
Link	(PDF 596 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	R. Williams
Description	Climate change options
Venue	Viewgraphs for Presentation NREL 20 July 2004
Source	Princeton
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	07/20/2004

Post Date	04/22/2005
Title	UNISOLAR MODULES
Link	(PDF 2.4 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	D. E. Parker
Description	Flexible a-Si modules used for various applications
Venue	Thin Film Module Reliability National Team meeting
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	06/23/2004

Post Date	04/22/2005
Title	PAST AND PREDICTED THIN FILM MODULE PRODUCTION IN THE US BY TECHNOLOGY
Link	(PowerPoint 45 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Annual MWp/yr 2000-2011 by technology
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	04/22/2004

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	PV MODULE RECYCLING IN THE US
Link	(PowerPoint 3.8 MB)
Authors	V. Fthenakis, K. Zweibel
Description	Recycling today and tomorrow.
Venue	EU Workshop "Waste Challenge"
Sources	Brookhaven National Laboratory; National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	03/2004

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	PV MODULE RECYCLING IN THE US
Link	(PDF 600 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	V. Fthenakis, K. Zweibel
Description	Recycling today and tomorrow
Venue	EIA Workshop
Source	N/A
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	03/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PV AS A MAJOR SOURCE OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITY
Link	(PowerPoint 13.2 MB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Projected improvements needs to make PV a major source of electricity.
Venue	University of Toledo
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	02/24/2004

Post Date	02/17/2005
Title	A COMPARISON OF THIN FILMS AND X-SI IN THE US MARKET, HISTORICAL AND PROJECTED
Link	(MS Word 31 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Thin films are gaining ground on x-Si and are projected to overtake it in the US about 2010-2011.
Venue	Thin Film Partnership and Paul Maycock's PV News February 2005
Source	PV News
Document Type	Presentation (Word document)
Resource Date	02/17/2004

Post Date	02/01/2005
Title	EXPERIENCE CURVES AS POLICY TOOL: THE CASE OF PV
Link	(PDF 219 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	G. J. Schaeffer
Description	European study using a learning curve method for modules and BOS components, projecting policy priorities to achieve low cost in a more timely manner.
Venue	ECN Policy Studies, EU-Photex project Contributions by Project Partners: GENEC (F), FhG-ISE (D), ISET (D), UU-STS (NL), CESI (I), ECN Solar Energy (NL) EXCETP-EXTOOL workshop "Experience Curves: A Tool for Energy Policy Analysis and Design" Paris, 23 January 2003
Source	EU-Photex project
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	01/23/2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	THE ROLE OF PV IN OUR ENERGY FUTURE
Link	(PowerPoint 2.5 MB)
Author	T. Berniard
Description
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PV MARKETS 2003
Link	(PowerPoint 909 KB)
Author	P. Maycock
Description	Sales and cumulatice production through 2003
Venue
Source	PV News
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	09/2003

Post Date	01/21/2005
Title	IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE ON-LINE CLOSED-LOOP DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FOR ROLL-TO-ROLL AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL PRODUCTION
Link	(PDF 6.1 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	T. Ellison
Description	Development and implementation of in situ monitoring on in-line stainless steel a-Si processing line
Venue	ECD and United Solar PV Manufacturing R&D Program Annual Review 2003
Source	Energy Conversion Devices
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	08/28/2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	PV TECHNOLOGY EXPERIENCE CURVES AND MARKETS
Link	(PowerPoint 190 KB)
Author	R. M. Margolis
Description
Venue	NCPV and Solar Review Meeting
Source	Carnegie Mellon University
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	03/24/2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	POWERLIGHT
Link	(PDF 1.8 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	Powerlight PV and company.
Venue
Source	Powerlight
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PROGRESS IN US PV
Link	(PowerPoint 1.5 MB)
Author	T. Surek
Description	50 years of progress in PV.
Venue	Osaka IEEE conference
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PV - THE VALUE CONNECTION
Link	(PowerPoint 5.7 MB)
Author	C. Herig
Description	The positive value of using PV instead of other sources of energy.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Presentation (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	05/10/2001

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	NUCLEAR AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SUPPLY OPTIONS FOR AN ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSTRAINED WORLD
Link	(PDF 212 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	R. Williams
Description
Venue	Nuclear Control Institute's 20th Anniversary Conference
Source	Princeton
Document Type	Presentation (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	04/09/2001

Annual/Final Reports

Post Date	06/02/2006
Title	DOE SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM FY2005 ANNUAL REPORT
Link	(PDF 5.2 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	The majority of the Program?s budget is allocated to PV research and development (R&D). All PV devices convert sunlight directly into electricity. However, there is a variety of materials and processes for creating PV devices, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. The major trade-off is between cost and sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency?higher efficiency typically translates into higher cost. Program participants consistently achieve world-record efficiencies for different types of PV, but each effort has the same ultimate goal: optimizing cost and efficiency to produce the least expensive end-use electricity.
Venue	DOE/GO-102006-2314May 2006
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Annual Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	05/2006

Post Date	04/10/2006
Title	FULFILLING THE PROMISE OF THIN FILM PV
Link	(PDF 5.5 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	The Thin Film PV Partnership spearheads R&D on emerging thin film PV technologies. Led by the National Center for Photovoltaics and NREL, the Partnership leverages the combined efforts of the thin film PV industry, universities, and government research institutes.
Venue	Brochure excerpt
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Annual Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	04/2006

Post Date	02/01/2006
Title	THIN FILM PV PARTNERSHIP
Link	(MS Word 393 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Objectives Support the near-term transition to first-time manufacturing and commercial introduction of reliable thin-film a-Si, CIS, CdTe, and film silicon modules. Build a technology base upon which these advanced PV technologies can successfully improve manufacturing and continue to progress in terms of performance, reliability, and reduced cost for products meant to compete in the PV marketplace. Sustain innovation to support progress toward ambitious long-term PV cost and performance goals (e.g., 15% modules at under $50/m2 and capable of lasting 30 years) appropriate for cost-competitive PV electricity. Accomplishments Four JOULE milestones were met. Two Technology Partners broke ground on major manufacturing expansions (First Solar 50 MWp, and Uni-Solar 25 MWp). Production of thin films in the United States grew from 12 MWp in 2003 to an estimated >40 MWp in 2005. Future Directions � Continue to address key issues supporting the transition to successful first-time manufacturing or major production expansion in each thin film. � Significantly reduce CIS and CdTe layer thicknesses in cells and support transfer of this to manufacturing. � Direct CdTe research toward higher voltage. � Investigate nano-crystalline bottom cells for thin-film silicon multijunctions.___________________________________________
Venue	DOE NREL Annual Report
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Annual Report (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	02/07/2006
Title	DOE FY2007 CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET REQUEST FOR ENERGY SUPPLY AND CONSERVATION
Link	(PDF 3.4 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	Appropriation Account Summary..........................................................................................................3 Appropriation Language ........................................................................................................................7 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy ..........................................................................................11 Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability .........................................................................................511 Nuclear Energy .................................................................................................................................571 Environment, Safety and Health ........................................................................................................705 Legacy Management.........................................................................................................................733
Venue	The Department of Energy?s FY 2007 Congressional Budget justification is available on the Office of Chief Financial Officer/CFO homepage at http://www.mbe.doe.gov/budget
Source	Department of Energy
Document Type	Annual Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	01/25/2006
Title	PROCESSING MATERIALS, DEVICES AND DIAGNOSTICS FOR THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS: FUNDAMENTAL AND MANUFACTURABILITY ISSUES
Link	(MS Word 16.5 MB)
Author	R. W. Birkmire
Description	CdTe, CIS, CIGS, a-Si, thin Si
Venue	Annual Report to National Renewable Energy Laboratory under Subcontract No. ADJ-1-30630-129/05/04 to 9/04/05
Source	University of Delaware
Document Type	Annual Report (Word document)
Resource Date	01/2006

Post Date	11/11/2005
Title	INTEGRATING DEPOSITION, PROCESSING, AND CHARACTERIZATION EQUIPMENT WITHIN THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS
Link	(MS Word 866 KB)
Author	B. Nelson
Description	The purpose of the process integration project of the National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV) is to develop an infrastructure that will allow researchers to gain new knowledge that is difficult?if not impossible?to obtain with existing equipment. This difficulty is due, in part, to the state of our existing tool set, which lacks sufficient in-situ or real-time measurement capabilities, or lacks access to analytical tools where the sample remains in a controlled environment between deposition and processing or measurement. This new infrastructure will provide flexible and robust integration of deposition, processing (etching, annealing, etc.), and characterization tools via a standardized transfer interface such that samples move between tools in a controlled ambient. Ultimately, this synergistic effort between NREL staff, universities, and the photovoltaic (PV) industry?around an integrated tool base?will add to the PV knowledge base and help move many PV technologies forward.
Venue	2005 DOE Solar Review
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Annual Report (Word document)
Resource Date	11/2005

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	2003 DOE PV PEER REVIEW
Link	(PDF 716 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	Review of DOE PV activities in 2003
Venue	US DOE EERE
Source	US DOE
Document Type	Annual Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	09/30/2003

Post Date	07/31/2006
Title	THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM CIS MODULE PROCESS R&D
Link	(MS Word 13.4 MB)
Authors	D. E. Tarrant, R. Gay
Description	Shell Solar Industries (SSI), formerly Siemens Solar Industries, has pursued the research and development of CuInSe2-based thin film PV technology since 1980. At the start of subcontract activities with NREL, SSI had demonstrated a 14.1% efficient 3.4 cm2 active-area cell, unencapsulated integrated modules with aperture efficiencies of 11.2% on 940 cm2 and 9.1% on 3900 cm2, and an encapsulated module with 8.7% efficiency on 3883 cm2. In-depth analysis of stability and outdoor reliability is also reported.
Venue	NREL Subcontract #ZXL-5-44205-04
Source	Shell Solar Industries
Document Type	Final Report (Word document)
Resource Date	06/2006

Post Date	01/20/2006
Title	LETTING THE SUN SHINE ON SOLAR COSTS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC COST TRENDS IN CALIFORNIA
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	R. Wiser
Description	Markets for customer-sited photovoltaic (PV) systems are expanding rapidly, albeit from a small base. Government incentives aimed at encouraging reductions in the cost of PV over time are the principal drivers for the recent worldwide growth in grid-connected PV capacity. This report provides an in-depth statistical analysis of PV system costs in California. Through mid-November 2005, a total of 130 MWAC of grid-connected solar capacity was installed throughout California,i making that state the dominant market for PV in the United States, though it still stands a distant third on a worldwide basis behind Germany and Japan. The results presented here are based on an analysis of 18,942 grid-connected PV systems totaling 254 MWAC,ii
Venue	LBNL-59282 NREL/TP-620-39300
Sources	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Final Report (Word document)
Resource Date	01/2006

Post Date	10/05/2005
Title	US CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM: VISION AND FRAMEWORK
Link	(PDF 3.4 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	Vision and Mission Planning Context ..................................................................................................................................9 The Role of Technology .....................................................................................................................9 Strategic Goals ....................................................................................................................................10 Core Approaches................................................................................................................................22 Prioritization.........................................................................................................................................26 Strategic Plan................................................................................................................26 Portfolio Planning Principles ...................................................................................26 Portfolio Planning and Investment Criteria........................................................27 Application of Criteria ................................................................................................29 Key Initiatives ......................................................................................................................................30 Management.........................................................................................................................................32 Executive Direction.....................................................................................................32 Interagency Planning and Integration..................................................................32 Agency Implementation ...........................................................................................33 External Interactions...................................................................................................33 Program Support.........................................................................................................34 Next Steps..............................................................................................................................................34 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................37 Appendix A ? Summary of Scenarios Analyses and Preliminary Insights.......38 Appendix B ? CCTP Participating Agency FY 2004 to FY 2006 Budgets and Requests .......................................................................42 VISION AND FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGY AND PLANNING
Venue	DOE/PI-0003 U. S C L I M AT E C H A N G E TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM U.S. Department of Energy (Lead-Agency) U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of Commerce, including National Institute of Standards and Technology U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, including National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Interior U.S. Department of State, including U.S. Agency for International Development U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation Other Participating Research and Development Agencies ________________________ Executive Office of the President, including Council on Environmental Quality Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Management and Budget
Source	Department of Energy
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	09/2005

Post Date	05/24/2005
Title	DOES THE WORLD HAVE ENOUGH MATERIALS FOR PV TO HELP ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE?
Link	(PDF 1.3 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Analysis of needs to stabilize carbon dioxide by mid-21st century using PV to supply 10-15 TW of new energy by 2065. Both commodity materials (glass, metal, concrete) and specialty materials (semiconductors and contact metals) are studied and found to be within acceptable limits for providing multi-TW of new energy.
Venue	NREL FAQ
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	05/2005

Post Date	01/10/2006
Title	NEW YORK STATE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT FUEL CELL VEHICLES
Link	(MS Word 173 KB)
Author	J. Mason
Description	A hydrogen gas (H2) production and distribution system is needed in New York State to support the mass marketing of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) post-2010. The imperative for a H2 system is embedded in three energy problems: 1) an emerging global oil supply/demand imbalance; 2) harmful health effects vehicle tailpipe air pollution emissions; and 3) greenhouse gas emissions, which cause global warming. The goal is for a New York H2 system with a gasoline equivalent H2 pump price of less than $2.00 per gallon gasoline, which includes fuel use taxes. Another goal is to insure that all H2 production plants include pollution capture and storage systems to insure a minimum of air pollution emissions.
Venue	James Mason, Director, Solar Energy Campaign, 52 Columbia Street, Farmingdale, NY 11735 Phone: (516) 694-0759, E-mail: cjjmason5@earthlink.net.
Source	Solar Energy Campaign
Document Type	Final Report (Word document)
Resource Date	2005

Post Date	01/03/2006
Title	ENERGY PAY-BACK AND LIFE CYCLE CO2 EMISSIONS OF THE BOS IN AN OPTIMIZED 3.5 MW PV INSTALLATION
Link	tepbos2005
Author	J. Mason
Description	This study is a life-cycle analysis of the balance of system (BOS) components of the 3.5 MWp multi-crystalline PV installation at Tucson Electric Power's (TEP) Springerville, AZ field PV plant. TEP instituted an innovative PV installation program guided by design optimization and cost minimization. The advanced design of the PV structure incorporated the weight of the PV modules as support, thereby eliminating the need for concrete foundations. The estimate of the life-cycle energy requirements embodied in the BOS is 543 MJ/m2, a 71% reduction from those of an older central plant; the corresponding life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions are 29 kg CO2-eq. /m2. From field measurements, the energy payback time (EPT) of the BOS is 0.21 years for the actual location of this plant, and 0.37 years for average US insolation/temperature conditions. This is a great improvement from the EPT of 2 years estimated for an older central plant. The total cost of the balance of system components was $940 US per kWp of installed PV, another milestone in improvement. These results were verified with data from different databases and further tested with sensitivity- and data-uncertainty analyses. Key Words: PV plant; balance of system; life cycle assessment, energy payback, GHG emissions
Venue	website
Source	Tucson Electric
Document Type	Final Report (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	2005

Post Date	04/21/2005
Title	PVACCEPT
Link	PVACCEPT
Author	N/A
Description	PVACCEPT is a German-Italian research project, which was funded by the European Commission within the programme "Innovation and Small and Medium Sized Enterprises". The project aimed at designing and developing marketable solar modules for electricity generation, which are designed in a way to enable their sensitive and inconspicuous integration into old buildings, historical sites, and protected landscapes. The project has officially started on 1st July 2001, and is concluded since 31st December 2004.
Venue
Sources	University of Arts, Berlin; University of Siena
Document Type	Final Report (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	12/2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	ENDING THE ENERGY STALEMATE: A BIPARTISAN STRATEGY TO MEET AMERICA'S ENERGY CHALLENGES
Link	(PDF 2.5 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	This report recommends a revenue-neutral package of measures designed to ensure affordable and reliable supplies of energy for the twenty-first century while responding to growing concern about energy security and the risks of global climate change driven by energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Through these recommendations and associated analysis, the Commission seeks to establish a constructive center in the often polarized debate over national energy policy.
Venue	www.energycommission.org
Source	National Commission on Energy Policy
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	12/2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF A FIELD, GRID-CONNECTED, MULTI-CRYSTALLINE PV PLANT: A CASE STUDY OF TUCSON ELECTRIC POWER'S SPRINGERVILLE PV PLANT
Link	(MS Word 53 KB)
Author	J. Mason
Description	This report investigates the energy and greenhouse gas emissions embodied in the life cycle of Tucson Electric Power's Springerville multi-crystalline photovoltaic (pv) plant. The Springerville pv plant located in eastern Arizona is one of the world's largest pv plants. The electricity produced by the pv plant powers the water pumps at the Springerville coal-fired, electricity generating plant. When the water pumps are not operational, the pv electricity is distributed over the electricity transmission grid for general consumption. While pv produces energy-free and non-polluting electricity directly from sunlight, the manufacture, transport and disposal of pv modules and balance of system components consume fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases (GHG). With the mounting need for fossil fuel conservation and GHG mitigation, it is important to assess the energy savings and GHG mitigation potential of field pv plants. This is important because field pv plants can be used for distributed electricity generation for large commercial and industrial electricity consumers and for the production of hydrogen gas by electrolysis of water for the emerging fuel cell vehicle market.
Venue	Final Report Prepared for Tom Hansen, Tucson Electric Power
Source	N/A
Document Type	Final Report (Word document)
Resource Date	11/05/2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	STUDY OF POTENTIAL COST REDUCTIONS RESULTING FROM SUPER-LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING OF PV MODULES
Link	(PDF 768 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	R. Arya, M. Keshner, K. Zweibel
Description	Technology investments by the U.S. government Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) and others over the past 30 years have positioned the Solar Energy industry to undergo an inflection. The technology is now very close to good enough. The key issue is cost.
Venue	NREL final report NREL/SR-520-36846 Subcontract No. ADJ-3-33631-01
Sources	Hewlett Packard; National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	10/2004

Post Date	03/11/2005
Title	LEARNING FROM THE SUN
Link	(PDF 3.3 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	E. A. Alsema, G. J. Schaeffer, et al.
Description	Analysis of the use of experience curves for energy policy purposes: The case of photovoltaic power. Final report of the Photex project
Venue	ECN-C--04-035
Source	Photex
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	08/2004

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	WORKSHOP ON LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND RECYCLING OF SOLAR MODULES - THE "WASTE" CHALLENGE
Link	(PDF 12.5 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	A. Jager-Waldau
Description	First, to rise the awareness of the Photovoltaic Community about the European Directives 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (ROHS), which have to be implemented by the Member States in 2004. These directives will have a significant impact on the PV industry, not only because the future waste classification of PV modules is an important issue, but also the sustainability and the green image of the PV industry as a whole has to be considered. The second focus was on Life Cycle Assessment the correct evaluation of External Costs and the Recycling of Solar Modules, which will help to avoid these problems. The workshop gave an overview about the current scientific and political discussion, identified problems and showed the way for possible solutions.
Venue	European Commission EUR 21101 EN
Source	European Commission Joint Research Centre
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	03/19/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PV STATUS REPORT 2003
Link	(PDF 671 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	A. Jager-Waldau
Description	Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation in Japan, USA and the European Union.
Venue	European Commission JRC EUR 20850EN
Source	Institute for Environment and Sustainability
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	09/2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	NUMERICAL MODELING AS A TOOL FOR ANALYZING THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS AND INTERPRETING DEVICE AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION MEASUREMENTS
Link	(PDF 116 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	J. L. Gray
Description	Detailed numerical modeling has proved to be a useful tool in developing many of the current PV technologies such as single crystal Si, GaAs, ? -Si, CdTe, and CIS, to name a few. The purpose of this work is to continue development of ADEPT (A Device Emulation Program and Tool) ? primarily to integrate it with MatLab™.
Venue	NREL Report, contract XAK-8-17619-36
Source	Purdue
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES APPENDIX 1 TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERIZATIONS
Link	(MS Word 1.4 MB)
Author	N/A
Description	Short descriptions of renewable options.
Venue	DOE Report
Source	US DOE
Document Type	Final Report (Word document)
Resource Date	2000

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PV POWER SYSTEMS
Link	(PDF 278 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	E. A. Alsema, E. Nieuwlaar
Description	An expert workshop was held as part of the International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Implementing Agreement Programme, to address these environmental aspects of PV power systems. The objectives of the workshop were: Review/overview of issues and approaches regarding environmental aspects of PV power systems; Enhanced clarity and consensus regarding well-known aspects like Energy Pay-Back Time; Identification of issues of environmental importance regarding PV power systems ('hot spots'); Identification of issues requiring further attention ('white spots');
Venue	IEA PVPS Task 1 Workshop 25-27 June 1997 Utrecht, The Netherlands Report no. 97072
Source	Utrecht University
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	12/1997

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF SOLAR CELL MODULES
Link	(PDF 466 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	E. A. Alsema
Description	multicrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride and copper indium selenide are reviewed with special attention to future expected technology developments. For each module type an assessment is made of the potential environmental impacts in case of large scale implementation of the technology. In principle the entire module life cycle is taken into consideration: from resource mining, via module production and module utilization until module decommissioning and waste handling. In the report for each module type the following aspects are discussed: energy requirements and energy pay-back time, material requirements and resource depletion, environmental emissions, waste handling, possibilities for recycling of modules, occupational health and safety and external safety.
Venue	Report nr. 96074 ISBN 90-73958-17-2 Netherlands Agency for Energy and the Environment (NOVEM)
Source	Utrecht University
Document Type	Final Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	08/1996

Quarterly Reports

Post Date	12/13/2007
Title	BARRIER COATINGS AND STABILITY OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS
Link	(PDF 51 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	L. Olsen
Description	Data were acquired for SSI mini-modules that were coated with PNNL barrier coatings based on the new polymer blend. Results were obtained for coated modules subjected to 85�C and dry conditions, and modules with barrier coatings of thicknesses ranging from 3 microns to 10 microns. The 85�C/Dry testing was done to determine if the coatings react in a negative way with the devices. We found that all coated modules were stable in the 85�C/Dry conditions. Figure 3 gives results for a module with a coating 10 microns thick. Basically, the module is stable. Thus, it is very clear that the SSI mini-module can tolerate 85�C and dry conditions, but not a stress of 86�C/85%RH. Figure 4 gives results for coated mini-modules with the results for a bare module shown for contrast. Although the PNNL barrier coatings have made a tremendous difference, degradation still occurs. The fact that all modules degrade at the same rate, regardless of coating thickness, provides an important clue as to the cause of the degradation. Based on our overall experience, the effectiveness of the barrier coatings should improve with thickness. In general, we find that there are three cell features that can lead to defects in the multi-layer coatings which in turn provide a path for water diffusion: (i) Surface roughness; (ii ) Inadequate edge seal; (iii) Cuts separating individual cells. Since the rate of degradation of efficiency is independent of the coating thickness, we suspect that features (ii) and (iii) are most likely responsible for causing pathways of moisture diffusion. Further studies are required before this problem(s) can be clearly identified. However, the results achieved with the new polymer blends in an 85/85 environment are very encouraging.
Venue	Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, subcontract DAX-4-44239-01, quarterly report
Source	Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL)
Document Type	Quarterly Report (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	12/01/2007

Press Releases, Articles, Pictures/Tables/Figures, Other Items

Post Date	09/07/2006
Title	A ROAD MAP TO U.S. DECARBONIZATION
Link	shinnarco2
Authors	R. Shinnar, F. Citro
Description	Today, 85% of the United States' energy mix comes from carbon-rich fossil fuels: oil, natural gas, and coal (1). With demand increasing worldwide, existing oil reserves could peak within 20 years (2), followed by natural gas and coal. Growing fuel use is increasing CO2 and CH4 emissions and the risk of global warming. The United States has responded by sponsoring research into alternative energy (3). However, because research success is not predictable, an effective plan must be based on proven technologies. We propose to switch our economy slowly (over 30 to 50 or more years) to nonfossil energy sources by using proven technologies and available, expandable distribution systems.
Venue	Science 1 September 2006:Vol. 313. no. 5791, pp. 1243 - 1244DOI: 10.1126/science.1130338
Source	Science
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	09/01/2006

Post Date	08/25/2006
Title	FIRST SOLAR CDTE 100 MW GERMAN MANUFACTURING
Link	(MS Word 30 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	First Solar, a Phoenix, Ariz.-based company, has said it will invest nearly $150 million in a new solar module manufacturing plant in eastern Germany, a region that desperately needs the 400 jobs it is expected will be created.First Solar will build the plant in Frankfurt/Oder, a city of roughly 65,000 in Brandenburg, the eastern German state surrounding Berlin. The company aims to produce state-of-the-art thin film solar cells, which are substantially lighter than normal solar cells but produce the same or higher electrical currents.Upon completion, the plant will generate some 100 megawatts, the company said.The importance of the project for the city, and for the entire state, became clear at the contract`s official signing ceremony: Present were not only state Economy Minister Ulrich Junghans, of Chancellor Angela Merkel`s Christian Democratic Union, but also Wolfgang Tiefensee, the federal minister responsible for the reconstruction of eastern Germany.
Venue	UPI story
Source	UPI
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	08/24/2006

Post Date	07/07/2006
Title	UNITED SOLAR AGREEMENTS
Link	(MS Word 26 KB)
Author	S. Guha
Description	United Solar Ovonic announced that it has signed multi-year cooperative agreements with Spazio Energia and Sunerg Solar of Italy to supply a total of 46 MW of PV laminates. Spazio Energia will use UNI-SOLAR� laminates in Italy to build large-scale PV Solar Parks in the first phase of Italy?s ?Gigawatt Scale? PV Solar Park Initiative. Sunerg Solar will use the laminates to satisfy needs of its customers and distribution channels in the Italian market.
Venue	Press at: http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid=%7BEAD6D99E%2DAD36%2D4AE0%2D9875%2DA4F6EBC3698F%7D&siteid=mktw&dist=nbk&symb=> or http://tinyurl.com/j4wyh> Uni-Solar: http://www.uni-solar.com/> Uni-Solar Press: http://www.uni-solar.com/interior.asp?id=62> Spazio Energia Rinnovabile: http://www.spacenergy.it/> Sunerg Solar Energy: http://www.sunergsolar.com/>
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	07/07/2006

Post Date	05/30/2006
Title	PHONIX SONNENSTROM MODULE SUPPLY
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Phonix SonnenStrom AG has concluded a framework agreement with one of its existing suppliers for the long-term supply of solar modules. The purpose of the agreement is to supply thin film modules over the period from 2006 to 2011 with a guaranteed peak power of at least 158 MW. Stories at Solarbuzz: http://www.solarbuzz.com/news/NewsEUCO275.htm> and enf.cn: http://www.enf.cn/news/060530/1816.html> Phonix SonnenStrom: http://www.sonnenstromag.de/>
Venue	NCPV Hotline
Source	Phonix SonnenStrom AG
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	05/30/2006

Post Date	05/26/2006
Title	DAYSTAR FINANCING
Link	(MS Word 24 KB)
Author	J. Tuttle
Description	DayStar Technologies, Inc. announced completion of a $15,000,000 institutional private placement. Press at: http://tinyurl.com/j8f39> DayStar: http://www.daystartech.com/>
Venue	Daystar website
Source	DayStar Technologies
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	05/26/2006

Post Date	05/02/2006
Title	DIMBACH, GERMANY: BECK ENERGY STARTS CONSTRUCTION OF WORLD'S LARGEST THIN FILM PROJECT
Link	fs_beck
Author	N/A
Description	German PV system integrator, Beck Energy has started construction of the world's largest solar power system utilizing thin-film technology. Dimbach based, Beck Energy GmbH, a company that specializes in the development and construction of large-scale solar power plants has begun construction of the solar park "Markt Bibart I" in Markt Bibart (in the Neustadt Aisch administrative district) in co-operation with Bos.ten AG from Regensburg. When completed, the final output capacity will be 3.16 Megawatts, which is enough electricity to power about 1000 private homes. Bernhard Beck, CEO of Beck Energy and Michael Drysch, CEO of Bos.ten both took part in the ground-breaking ceremony for what will be the world's largest solar power plant utilizing crystalline thin-film technology. The electricity from the facility will be fed into the power grid of utility provider N-Ergie AG. The whole solar power plant will be fitted with Blitzstrom CTS modules manufactured by First Solar, their most significant features being high efficiency, cost effectiveness and a comprehensive end-of-life recycling management. Since June 2005, First Solar is offering to take back modules after their service life for recycling. They will then be reprocessed and the materials re-introduced into the production cycle. Beck Energy says that this life cycle management demonstrates the leading role of First Solar in the PV industry when it comes to maximizing the environmental benefits of solar technology. Beck Energy explains that it works in close co-operation with First Solar and favors CTS technology for large-scale solar power plants.
Venue	Solarbuzz
Source	Solarbuzz
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	05/02/2006

Post Date	04/27/2006
Title	EU COMMISSION ENDORSES ?45 MILLION AID TO FIRST SOLAR FOR SOLAR MODULES PLANT IN GERMANY
Link	fs_europe_100mw
Author	N/A
Description	Brussels, 27th April 2006 State aid:The European Commission has authorised, under EC Treaty state aid rules, a ?45.5 million aid which the German Government plans to provide to FIRST SOLAR Manufacturing GmbH (FSM) for the creation of a plant for the manufacture of solar modules in Frankfurt (Oder), region of Brandenburg. The total cost of the investment will amount to some ?115 million. The Commission concluded that the aid was in line with the rules on regional investment aid and aid to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Competition Commissioner Neelie Kroes commented: ?I am pleased to endorse the aid for this investment project after an investigation lasting only four months, thanks to the quality of the notification and excellent cooperation from the German authorities?. FSM was founded in 2005 and is owned by First Solar Holdings LLC, a predominantly US group of companies. FSM will install a solar module manufacturing plant with a nominal capacity of 100 MWp in Frankfurt (Oder). The company?s objective is to transfer and adapt its know-how and production techniques to the plant in order to begin producing solar modules in Europe?s fast growing market. FSM will use an alternative process to manufacture its solar modules - thin film photovoltaic technology - which requires only small amounts of raw materials and consumes little energy. The investment will contribute to the development of the region of Brandenburg, in particular through the creation of a significant number of new jobs, thereby helping to alleviate the serious problem of unemployment in the region. On the basis of Article 87(3) of the EC Treaty, state aid granted to promote the economic development of certain disadvantaged areas within the European Union may be considered compatible with the Single Market. Moreover, the beneficiary is a medium-sized enterprise under the EC definition of SMEs and is entitled to receive higher amounts of aid than large firms. The Commission considered the aid to be compatible with the rules on regional aid to large investment projects and with the rules on aid to SMEs.
Venue	website
Source	European Commission
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	04/27/2006

Post Date	04/19/2006
Title	FUTURE LOOKS SUNNY AS PLANT ADDS CAPACITY FOR SOLAR PANELS
Link	toledoblade_fs
Author	G. Pakulski
Description	Employment has doubled to 500 since Jan. 1 at a high-tech plant in Perrysburg Township that is nearing completion of a $74 million expansion. First Solar LLC, of Phoenix, is completing a second factory and two more production lines at its solar panel operation in the Cedar Business Park. "We hope to get commercial product off of them in the coming months," spokesman Paula Vaughnn said yesterday. The factory's second and third production lines are expected to be fully operational by the end of the year, she added. When the project is finished, output of solar panels - most bound for Germany and other European nations - will more than triple from the prior 330,000 a year. By 2007, the factory will be capable of annually producing enough panels to generate a combined 75 million watts of electricity. That is enough to meet the demands of 45,000 homes every year.
Venue	Toledo Blade
Source	Toledo Blade
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	04/11/2006

Post Date	04/10/2006
Title	HAMBURG, GERMANY: REINECKE + POHL SUN ENERGY AG FINALIZES MODULE SUPPLY CONTRACT WITH FIRST SOLAR
Link	reineckeandpohl_fs_contract
Author	N/A
Description	German system integrator, Reinecke + Pohl Sun Energy AG has finalized a comprehensive contract to succeed the original agreement with First Solar, a United States solar module producer, with regard to long-term deliveries of thin-film modules. Based on the existing contracts, the allocation of major module components has been agreed upon until the year 2011. Already in the past year, the two companies signed a contract for a total of 20.2 MW modules, covering the period of 2005 to 2007. With this new important master agreement, Reinecke + Pohl Sun Energy AG is one of the leading purchasers of First Solar solar modules in Europe. The contract allows Reinecke + Pohl Sun Energy AG to increase its leading position as a system integrator in the thin-film technology field.
Venue	Solarbuzz
Source	Solarbuzz
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	04/10/2006

Post Date	04/28/2006
Title	PHONIX SONNENSTROM RESULTS
Link	(MS Word 24 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Phonix SonnenStrom AG has released its consolidated key data for first quarter 2006. Information at Solarbuzz: http://www.solarbuzz.com/News/NewsEUCO261.htm> Phonix SonnenStrom: http://www.sonnenstromag.de/>
Venue
Source	Phonix SonnenStrom AG
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	04/2006

Post Date	04/04/2006
Title	HONDA MOTOR ENTERS SOLAR CELL MARKET
Link	honda2006
Author	M. Kawai
Description	We are serious about solar cells, and in the future will be making hydrogen with them," said Takeo Fukui, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Honda Motor Co Ltd of Japan in his regular year-end press conference in December 2005. Instead of the Si solar cells in common use today, the firm has chosen solar cells using Cu-In-Ga-Se (CIGS) compound thinfilms. A new plant with an annual production capacity of 27.5MW will be constructed at the company's Kumamoto Plant, beginning production in 2007 (see Fig).
Venue	Nikkei Electronics Asia NE Asia APR 2006 Issue
Source	Nikkei Electronics Asia
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	04/2006

Post Date	04/19/2006
Title	CITY WARMS TO UNITED SOLAR
Link	unisolar06
Author	S. Faire
Description	GREENVILLE -- Officials are anxious to bring new jobs to Greenville, even if that means digging deep into city coffers. Last month, the city was awarded a $5 million Community Development Block Grant by the Michigan Economic Development Corp. to fund infrastructure improvements to support a new plant for United Solar Ovonic. "Now that the dust has settled on whether we could land United Solar Ovonic, we must work toward getting the company's construction under way," City Manager George Bosanic said. "It's no secret that the state of Michigan did much of the heavy lifting. However, the city is on the hook for a major financial commitment,"
Venue	The Grand Rapids Press
Source	Grand Rapids Press
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	04/2006

Post Date	03/27/2006
Title	BERLIN, GERMANY: SOLON TAKES A STAKE IN GLOBAL SOLAR ENERGY
Link	gse_solon
Author	N/A
Description	German module manufacturer SOLON AG is to acquire a 19% stake in the US company Global Solar Energy Inc. Global Solar Energy, based in Tucson, Arizona, manufactures thin-film Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CIGS) solar cells and supplies integrated solar power systems. The price for this share in the company is around US$ 3 million. Global Solar is being sold by a subsidiary of UniSource Energy Corporation, Phoenix, Arizona. The remaining 81% has been acquired by a European venture capital investor. SOLON will use Global Solar"s existing sales network for the distribution of standard modules and SOLON Movers in the south-west of the USA. As a strategic partner, SOLON will also offer its technological expertise in the development of thin-film solar module production. With the aid of its new investors, Global Solar intends to raise its production capacity for thin-film solar cells from its present level of 2 Megawatt to at least 40 Megawatt by the beginning of 2008.
Venue	Solarbuzz
Source	Solarbuzz
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	03/27/2006

Post Date	03/20/2006
Title	SPEECH BY OSTP DIRECTOR JOHN MARBURGER TO THE 44TH ROBERT H. GODDARD MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM
Link	nasa_moon_pv
Author	J. Marburger
Description	Space PV on the Moon as a stepingstone for NASA.
Venue	SpaceRef.com
Source	OSTP
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	03/20/2006

Post Date	02/24/2006
Title	INTERVIEW WITH RON KENEDI, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE SOLAR ENERGY GROUP AT SHARP ELECTRONICS
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	"In the last 20 years, thin-film has been the hope. We think it is getting closer and closer, and we think in two to three years it will become mainstream." "We?re getting more silicon than anyone else in the world, but we really could double sales if we had [more of] the silicon."
Venue	http://www.redherring.com/Article.aspx?a=15601&hed=www.dailytech.com
Source	Red Herring
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	02/24/2006
Title	UNISOLAR 300 MWP AND PRESIDENT BUSH VISIT FEBRUARY 2006
Link	(MS Word 27 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	UniSolar announces major expansion and President George Bush visited their manufacturing site in MI
Venue	articles and press releases
Sources	US DOE; Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	02/01/2006
Title	SOLAR ENERGY MANUFACTURING COMPANY FORMED IN HOUSTON, TEXAS
Link	epv_apv
Author	W. LeBlanc
Description	American Photovoltaics, LP is a solar energy company that will manufacture and market thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules for the growing international PV marketplace. The company was formed December, 2005 in Houston, Texas.
Venue	APV MANAGEMENT LLC Wayne Leblanc 713-253-1162
Source	Energy Photovoltaics
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	01/29/2006

Post Date	02/01/2006
Title	SHARP TEAMS UP WITH SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORY
Link	sharp_snl
Author	J. Broehl
Description	Last November, we reported on an agreement being signed between one of the U.S. Government's top energy laboratories Sandia National Laboratory and the Sharp Corporation, based in Japan. Sandia this week made a public announcement of the agreement and provided a few more details about the thrust of the partnership.
Venue	Renewable Energy Access
Source	RenewableEnergyAccess
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	01/27/2006

Post Date	01/16/2006
Title	INTERVIEW WITH PH�NIX SONNENSTROM AG CEO, DR. ANDREAS H�NEL
Link	(MS Word 32 KB)
Author	P. Mints
Description	In 2003, Ph�nix SonnenStrom made the controversial decision to commit to thin films for a percentage of its future installations. With silicon's share of total shipments at approximately 95%, and with total thin film capacity at 78.9-MWp (8% of all available run-rate capacity), at the time it was a bold move. Times change, and the company's decision to include a higher percentage of thin films in its product mix now seems prescient. Silicon feedstock is now in short supply and will remain so for the near (or long) term, while on the spot market prices per kilogram are nearing $100.00. The raw material shortage is slowing overall industry growth, along with stalling growth for individual manufacturers and their customers, (system integrators, module assemblers, installers, etc.). Dr. Andreas H�nel, CEO of Ph�nix, agreed to talk to Solar Outlook about the company's commitment to thin films.
Venue	Solar Outlook Issue 2006-2
Source	Solar Outlook
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	01/2006

Post Date	12/21/2005
Title	CONGRESS MAY YANK WIND FROM ENERGY LAB'S SAILS
Link	nrel_budget_cuts_earmarks2006
Author	K. Human
Description	Scientists at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden created breakthroughs that led to solar panels so thin and flexible they can be rolled onto rooftops. Monday, Dan Arvizu, NREL's director, told his staff that the 28-year-old institute may face layoffs in January because Congress has "earmarked" a shift in energy-research funds.
Venue	Denverpost.com Wednesday, December 21, 2005 Denver, CO
Source	Denver Post
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	12/21/2005

Post Date	12/19/2005
Title	HONDA ANNOUNCES 27.5 MWP CIGS MANUFACTURING IN 2007
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	TOKYO - Describing itself as ?the first automaker to enter into solar cell business,? Honda Motor Co. said on Monday it plans to start mass-producing solar cells in 2007, eyeing growing demand for environmentally friendly energy sources.
Venue	Solarbuzz and MSNBC; http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10530747 ; http://www.solarbuzz.com/News/NewsASMA59.htm
Sources	MSNBC; Solarbuzz
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	12/19/2005

Post Date	12/13/2005
Title	SINO-US SOLAR ENERGY PROJECT TO BE BUILT IN CHONGQING
Link	ecdchina
Author	N/A
Description	CHONGQING, Dec 13 Asia Pulse - The Chongqing Municipal Construction Investment Company, the Chongqing Public Communication Group Company and the Chongqing Duanshi Group Company have recently signed an agreement with ECD Company of the United State on starting a solar energy project. The project will be built in Chongqing's New and Hi-tech Zone. Covering an area of 20,000 square meters and is expected to cost US$100 million. The American firm will provide world class technology. The project will export 90 per cent of its products.
Venue	URL news
Source	Energy Conversion Devices
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	12/13/2005

Post Date	12/05/2005
Title	UT PROFESSOR FINDS HIS PLACE IN THE SUNHOME'S DESIGN EARNS ENERGY-EFFICIENT AWARD
Link	compaan
Author	T. Henry
Description	Professor Compaan's ability to build an energy-efficient house was buoyed by the fact he's one of Ohio's top solar power researchers. His principal research focus, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory, is on advancing the development of thin films for solar cells. Those panels are the kind made and sold worldwide by First Solar LLC, a solar panel manufacturer in Arizona with a satellite plant in Perrysburg Township.
Venue	Toledo Blade
Source	University of Toledo
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	12/05/2005

Post Date	12/05/2005
Title	UNITED SOLAR OVONIC AGREEMENT WITH ACTUS LEND LEASE TO SUPPLY 7 MW OF PV PRODUCTS
Link	(MS Word 409 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	United Solar Ovonic Agreement. United Solar Ovonic LLC announced that it has signed an agreement with Actus Lend Lease to supply 7 MW of PV products. The agreement will supply solar panels to power new Army homes on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Story at Solarbuzz: Uni-Solar: Actus Lend Lease:
Venue	Solarbuzz http://www.solarbuzz.com/News/NewsNAPR586.htm Actus Lend Lease: http://www.actuslendlease.com/
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	12/05/2005

Post Date	11/17/2005
Title	HOW THE PV INDUSTRY IS TO MINIMIZING THE HAZARDS OF SOLAR CELL MANUFACTURE
Link	fthenakisarticle2005november
Author	A. Cameron
Description	As PV manufacturing looks to make the step up from megawatt to gigawatt production, environmental issues arising from the manufacture and construction of solar cells need to be tackled head on in order to ensure that photovoltaic power can continue to represent itself as a green technology. Alasdair Cameron examines some of the issues.
Venue	Renewable Energy World
Source	Renewable Energy World
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	11/17/2005

Post Date	11/04/2005
Title	SULZEMOOS, GERMANY: PH�NIX SONNENSTROM AG SECURES ONE MEGAWATT CONTRACT
Link	firstsolar2005array
Author	N/A
Description	Having already closed a contract in mid-October for the construction of a green field photovoltaic plant using US based, First Solar's thin film modules, Ph�nix SonnenStrom AG received another order last week from mfs mainfrankenSolar 4 GmbH & Co. KG, a company based in Veitshoechheim, Germany, for a major plant with this module type.
Venue	Solar Buzz
Sources	First Solar, Toledo, OH; Phonix SonnenStrom AG; Solarbuzz
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	11/03/2005

Post Date	11/23/2005
Title	WORLD TECHNOLOGY ENERGY AWARD 2005: SUBHENDU GUHA
Link	(MS Word 468 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	United Solar Ovonic LLC announced that Subhendu Guha, president of United Solar Ovonic, has won this year's World Technology Award in Energy for his innovative work on the science and technology of thin-film amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon materials and solar cells. Story at RenewableEnergyAccess: United Solar Ovonic:
Venue	Renewable Energy Access
Source	RenewableEnergyAccess
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	11/2005

Post Date	10/05/2005
Title	25 MW THIN FILM MANUFACTURING PLANT MOU WITH CHINA
Link	(MS Word 21 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. announced that United Solar Ovonic has entered into an MOU with Tianjin Jinneng Investment Company to form a joint venture to establish a 25-MW thin-film triple-junction amorphous silicon PV module manufacturing operation in Tianjin, the People's Republic of China. Press at: Uni-Solar: <http://www.marketwatch.com/tools/quotes/newsarticle.asp?dist=nbk&param=archive&siteid=mktw&guid=%7B0CFABADA%2DA0F9%2D4A17%2DBBD8%2D9CD654F978C9%7D Uni-Solar: <http://www.uni-solar.com/>
Venue	http://www.uni-solar.com/
Sources	Energy Conversion Devices; Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	10/05/2005

Post Date	08/25/2005
Title	CSU RESEARCH TEAM FLIPS SWITCH ON BRIGHT IDEA
Link	(MS Word 42 KB)
Author	T. Hacker
Description	Now on the verge of a high-volume, low-cost production program, AVA Technologies LLC - the CdTe company formed by Sampath and research associates Kurt Barth and Al Enzenroth - is getting lots of attention.
Venue	Northern Colorado Business Report
Sources	AVA Technologies; Colorado State University
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	08/19/2005

Post Date	07/15/2005
Title	DEMAND PUSHES SOLAR PANEL FIRM TO BUILD NEW PLANT
Link	UniSolarBodmanJuly2005
Author	N/A
Description	United Solar Ovonic is doubling its production capacity to keep up with demand for its lightweight, flexible solar panels. To ease a six-month backlog on orders, Uni-Solar broke ground Thursday on an $80 million plant that will essentially be a clone of its existing facility in Auburn Hills and within sight of it. The project, aided by state and local tax incentives, will create 200 jobs when finished next May. The expansion will raise capacity to 50
Venue	Newspaper website
Source	Detroit News
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	07/15/2005

Post Date	05/16/2005
Title	SOLAR ENERGY PAYBACK WILL BE ONE YEAR WITHIN A DECADE, SAYS NREL
Link	paybackarticle
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Solar PV systems can repay their energy investment in two years, according to the U.S. government.
Venue	Refocus
Source	Elsevier, Ltd
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	05/11/2005

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PV INDUSTRY WANTS EXEMPTION FROM NEW REGULATIONS ON WASTE
Link	(MS Word 32 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	The solar PV industry in Europe wants to be excluded from new regulations concerning hazardous substances. New restrictions on waste and the use of hazardous substances in electrical equipment will be implemented by member states of the European Union this year, and will restrict the use of lead and cadmium. The metals may be present in small amounts in PV modules.
Venue	Refocus Weekly
Source	N/A
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	07/28/2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	NYC, 8 STATES SUE TO CURB CARBON DIOXIDE
Link	(MS Word 22 KB)
Author	M. Johnson
Description
Venue	Attorneys general from eight states and New York City are stepping into the debate over global climate change, vowing to force the nation's largest power companies to cut their carbon dioxide emissions.
Source	Associated Press
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	07/21/2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	SINCGARS SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER
Link	(MS Word 20 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Global Solar Energy of Tucson, Arizona has developed an easy-to- use, lightweight, rucksack-portable solar array that, when used in conjunction with a custom charge controller, will rejuvenate, by sunlight. The BB390 and BB2590 rechargeable batteries used primarily in the Sincgars radio.
Venue	Armada International AG Apr/May 2004
Source	Global Solar
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	05/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	OPTIC CENTREST ASAPH, NORTH WALES, UK
Link	(MS Word 124 KB)
Author	B. Cross
Description	Shell CIS BIPV Wales.
Venue	Renewable Energy World
Source	Shell Solar Industries
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	04/2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	CLIMATE COLLAPSE: THE PENTAGON'S WEATHER NIGHTMARE
Link	(MS Word 36 KB)
Author	D. Stipp
Description	The climate could change radically, and fast. That would be the mother of all national security issues
Venue	Fortune
Source	N/A
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	02/09/2004

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY ISSUES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES: A SUMMARY (DRAFT)
Link	(MS Word 40 KB)
Author	V. Fthenakis
Description	As with any energy source or product, there are environmental, health and safety (EHS) hazards associated with the manufacture, use, and disposal of solar cells. Although the PV industry uses far smaller amounts of toxic- and flammable-substances than many other industries, its use of hazardous chemicals can entail occupational and environmental hazards. Addressing EHS concerns is the focus of numerous studies at Brookhaven National Laboratory, under the auspices of the US Department of Energy's National Photovoltaic Program. More than 150 articles highlighting these studies are posted in our bibliography. Below is a summary of EHS issues pertaining to the manufacture of crystalline-Si, amorphous silicon, CuInSe2 and CdTe solar cells. We will promptly send the full articles to the reader who wants more details.
Venue	draft
Source	Brookhaven National Laboratory
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	OVERVIEW OF POTENTIAL PV HAZARDS
Link	(PDF 136 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	V. Fthenakis
Description	The PV industry uses toxic and flammable substances, although in smaller amounts than many other industries, and use of hazardous chemicals can involve occupational and environmental hazards. Addressing EHS concerns is the focus of numerous studies of the National Photovoltaic EHS Assistance Center at Brookhaven National Laboratory, which operates under the auspices of the US Department of Energy (DOE). More than 150 articles highlighting these studies are posted in the Center's website (http:// www.pv.bnl.gov). This work has been done in cooperation with the US DOE PV Program and the US PV industry, which takes EHS issues very seriously and reacts proactively to concerns. Below is a summary of EHS issues pertaining to the manufacture of crystalline silicon (x-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), copper indium diselenide (CIS), copper indium gallium diselenide (CGS), gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium telluride (CdTe), which are currently commercially available.
Venue	Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications
Source	Brookhaven National Laboratory
Document Type	Article (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	ANTEC SOLAR RESTARTS CDTE MODULE PRODUCTION
Link	Antec Solar restarts CdTe module production
Author	J. Siemer
Description	Production at Antec Solar's factory in Arnstadt, Germany was relaunched in mid-May, following Frankfurt-based Ökologik Ecovest AG's acquisition of the rest of the insolvent module manufacturer. Ecovest itself is one of the biggest buyers of the factory's CdTe product.
Venue	Photon International
Source	Antec Solar
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	07/2003

Post Date	02/16/2005
Title	THE INDIUM MARKET AND COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS
Link	(MS Word 35 KB)
Author	T. Jansseune
Description	The recent drop in demand for InP-based devices means that less indium is being consumed by the semiconductor industry, yet indium prices have risen sharply. Thomas Jansseune explains why...
Venue
Source	Umicore
Document Type	Article (Word document)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	11/01/2005
Title	PV PAYBACK
Link	knapp_shell_cis_energy_payback
Authors	K. E. Knapp, T. Jester
Description	Our study examined energy costs for two types of Siemens PV modules?single-crystalline silicon (SC-Si) and thin film copper indium diselenide (CIS). Crystalline silicon modules achieve an energy break-even in a little over three years. The energy payback time for thin film copper indium diselenide modules in full production is just under two years. Over their lifetime, these solar panels generate nine to seventeen times the energy required to produce them.
Venue	Home Power #80 ? December 2000 / January 2001
Source	Shell Solar Industries
Document Type	Article (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	12/2000

Post Date	10/29/2008
Title	&NBSP; BEST PRODUCTION-LINE PV MODULE EFFICIENCY VALUES
Link	(MS Word 55 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	From Manufacturers? Websites, Compiled by Bolko von Roedern, September 2008
Venue	periodic update of this table by the author
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Other Items (Word document)
Resource Date	09/2008

Post Date	10/26/2006
Title	FIRST SOLAR S-1 IPO REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Link	firstsolar_ipo_profitable_quarter
Author	N/A
Description	History, status, and future of First Solar, including profitable Sept 06 Q
Venue	SEC
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Other Items (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	10/26/2006

Post Date	09/12/2006
Title	THIN FILM PV MODULE REVIEW
Link	(PDF 272 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	It is projected that world PV markets, assuming a "business as usual scenario'" will reach 12 to 25 GWp by 2015. Of this, it can be anticipated that Thin Film technologies will contribute 3.5 to 6 GWp. Based on experience with current technologies, it is argued that new technolgies cannot contribute to the commercial 2015 numbers, because only technologies that have already reached a pilot production stage and been tested as module prototypes are far enough along in development to allow high-volume commercialization in a relative short 9-year period. A simple methodology is suggested for comparing cost/performance characteristics of different PV module technologies. The Thin Film Partnership would like to thank the editor of reFOCUS magazine to grant permission for posting this article on the partnership's website. The link for the reFOCUS magazine website is http://www.re-focus.net/
Venue	reFOCUS Magazine (Elsevier), July/August 2006, p.34
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Other Items (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	08/01/2006

Post Date	07/03/2006
Title	FIRST SOLAR IPO REGISTRATION
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	First Solar Inc. filed to raise up to $250 million in its initial public offering. Press at: http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid=%7BD0413290%2D2944%2D407E%2D9DE7%2D60A64B9914F7%7D&siteid=mktw&dist=nbk> or http://tinyurl.com/hgctv> Additional Press: http://www.reed-electronics.com/electronicnews/article/CA6349250.html> or http://tinyurl.com/lfqml> http://www.eetimes.com/news/semi/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=190100018> or http://tinyurl.com/rbxx3> First Solar: http://www.firstsolar.com/>
Venue
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Other Items (Word document)
Resource Date	06/03/2006

Post Date	03/02/2006
Title	DOE SOLAR AMERCIA INITIATIVE WEBSITE
Link	sai_doe
Author	N/A
Description	Presidential initiative in PV
Venue	DOE website
Source	Department of Energy
Document Type	Other Items (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	03/2006

Post Date	01/10/2006
Title	CREATE A CLEAN AND STABLE ENERGY FUTURE WITH SOLAR ELECTRICITY AND HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLES
Link	(MS Word 1.1 MB)
Author	J. Mason
Description	The Solar Energy Campaign is a nonprofit organization building public support for non-polluting, renewable energy programs. The Solar Energy Campaign is working for two objectives: 1) to get New York State to adopt a comprehensive hydrogen gas distribution and fuel cell vehicle program; and 2) to get LIPA to implement a solar electricity program designed to reduce LIPA?s total electricity generating capacity from fossil fuels by 10%. With these energy technologies we can end our dependence on foreign oil and clean the air we breathe.
Venue	Solar Energy Campaign ? (516) 694-0759 52 Columbia Street, Farmingdale, NY 11735
Source	Solar Energy Campaign
Document Type	Other Items (Word document)
Resource Date	12/2005

Post Date	09/30/2005
Title	IPCC SPECIAL REPORT ON CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS AS APPROVED BY THE 8TH
Link	(PDF 543 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	What is CO2 capture and storage and how could it contribute to mitigating climate change? ..................................................................................................................... 2 What are the characteristics of CCS? ......................................................................... 3 What is the current status of CCS technology?........................................................... 6 What is the geographical relationship between the sources and storage opportunities for CO2? .................................................................................................................. 12 What are the costs for CCS and what is the technical and economic potential?......... 14 What are the local health, safety and environment risks of CCS? ............................. 21 Will physical leakage of stored CO2 compromise CCS as a climate change mitigation option? .................................................................................................................... 23 What are the legal and regulatory issues for implementing CO2
Venue	September 25th, 2005, Montreal, Canada
Source	IPCC
Document Type	Other Items (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	09/25/2005

Post Date	04/22/2005
Title	RETSCREEN INTERNATIONAL
Link	retscreen_pv_system_model2004
Author	N/A
Description	PV system energy, cost, GHG, and financial payback model using detailed site-specific solar data
Venue	Website download of excel software
Sources	CANMET Energy Technology; Clean Energy Decision Centre; Natural Resources Canada
Document Type	Other Items (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	04/18/2005

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	FY 2006 EERE BUDGET-IN-BRIEF
Link	(PDF 552 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	EERE budget summarized
Venue	DOE report
Source	US DOE
Document Type	Other Items (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	02/2005

Post Date	01/03/2006
Title	GREENWATTS
Link	tepwebpages
Author	T. Hansen
Description	Tucson Electric Power Springerville Website; US largest thin film arrays
Venue	website
Source	Tucson Electric
Document Type	Other Items (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	2005

Post Date	02/01/2005
Title	WILL WE HAVE ENOUGH MATERIALS FOR ENERGY SIGNIFICANT PV?
Link	(PDF 133 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Calculations showing the need for commodity and specialty materials (semiconductors) for 20-100 GWp PV production per year.
Venue	NREL FAQ DOE/GO-102003-1834
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Other Items (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	12/2003

Post Date	02/01/2005
Title	HOW MUCH LAND WOULD PV NEED TO SUPPLY ALL OF OUR ELECTRICITY?
Link	(PDF 197 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Calculations showing the amiunt of land needed to supply every kWh of our nation's electricity, showing the unique advantage solar energy has in terms of resource availability (about 10000 times our annual global demand).
Venue	NREL FAQ
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Other Items (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	12/2003

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	ATTENDEE LIST NCPV AND SOLAR PROGRAM REVIEW MEETING MARCH 24?26, 2003
Link	(PDF 790 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	Addresses, phone numbers, e-mails
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Other Items (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	04/2003

Post Date	01/10/2006
Title	HYDRO ELECTROLYZERS
Link	(PDF 486 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	Through 75 years of continuous development, our electrolysers today have a simple and proven design, ensuring safe and reliable operation with a minimum of maintenance. Internal gas and lye flow ducts prevent hazardous spillage and leakage. Due to our unique catalytic cell coating, energy consumption is significantly lower than that of other commercially available electrolysers.
Venue	Norsk Hydro brochure Norsk Hydro Electrolysers AS n N�ringspark P.O. Box 44, N-3671 Notodden Heddalsveien 11, N-3674 Notodden Phone: +47 35 09 39 99 Fax: +47 35 01 44 04 electrolysers@ele.hydro.com www.electrolysers.com
Source	Norsk Hydro
Document Type	Other Items (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	10/2002

Post Date	10/29/2008
Title	BEST AVERAGE COMMERCIAL MODULE EFFICIENCY BY TECHNOLOGY
Link	(Excel 28 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Historic development of commercial PV module efficiency, for modules contained in the NREL-published specsheet table
Venue	periodic updates prepared by the author
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Excel spreadsheet)
Resource Date	09/2008

Post Date	04/11/2008
Title	04/2008 UPDATE OF COMMERCIAL MODULE EFFICIENCY TABLE
Link	(MS Word 48 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Commercial module efficiency per web-site survey
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	04/2008

Post Date	04/11/2008
Title	BEST COMMERCIAL MODULE EFFICIENCIES FROM SURVEY TABLE AVAGED BY TECHNOLOGY
Link	(Excel 21 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Figure illucidates cefficiency progress of commercial modules by technology
Venue
Source	N/A
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Excel spreadsheet)
Resource Date	04/2008

Post Date	09/26/2007
Title	AVERGAE BEST COMMERCIAL MODULE EFFICIENCIES BY PV TECHNOLOG (SINCE APRIL, 2004)
Link	(Excel 21 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Spreadsheet shows best average commercial module efficiencies (04/2004 to 09/2007)
Venue	NREL/NCPV
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Excel spreadsheet)
Resource Date	09/2007

Post Date	09/26/2007
Title	BEST COMMERCIAL MODULE EFFICIENCIES (09/2007)
Link	(MS Word 34 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Table lists a selection of commercially available best module efficiencies (also contains data for temperature coefficients, same modules with lower power rating, open-circuit voltage per cell (for Si modules) and some warranty information).
Venue	NREL/NCPV
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	09/2007

Post Date	06/13/2007
Title	COMMERCIAL MODULE SPEC SHEET TABLE (06/2007)
Link	(MS Word 35 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Table summarises efficiencies of commercial modules
Venue	Sopecial Table updated
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	06/2007

Post Date	06/13/2007
Title	PV SHIPMENTS THRU 2006, PER PVNEWS, BROKEN DOWN BY TECHNOLOGY
Link	(Excel 16 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	PVNews (04/2007) shipment numbers are broken down by technology and manufacturing location
Venue	Special Excel table
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Excel spreadsheet)
Resource Date	06/2007

Post Date	03/09/2007
Title	COMMERCIAL MODULE SPECSHEET RATINGS
Link	(MS Word 34 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	The rating table was updated 02/2007. Schott Solar has been eliminated, because it is not clear whether the highest-efficiency modules are made from EFG or mc-Si (cast-ingot) cells.
Venue	NREL
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2007

Post Date	09/07/2006
Title	COMMERCIAL MODULE TABLE (SURVEY OF MANUFACTURER'S WEBSITES), UPDATE 09/2006
Link	(MS Word 30 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Table lists a selection of commercial modules, ranked by total-area efficiency, for a variety of module types from selected PV module manufacturers.
Venue	NREL miscellaneous study
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	09/06/2006

Post Date	07/25/2006
Title	CONTACT INFORMATION FOR US THIN FILM COMPANIES
Link	(MS Word 37 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Names, materials, phone numbers, emails
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	07/25/2006

Post Date	06/22/2006
Title	SPEC-SHEET RATINGS FROM MANUFACTURERS? WEBSITES COMPILED BY BOLKO VON ROEDERN JUNE 2006
Link	(MS Word 27 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	module efficiencies, power, temperarure coefficients from websites
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	06/2006

Post Date	05/22/2006
Title	CONTACT INFORMATION FOR US THIN FILM PV COMPANIES
Link	(MS Word 36 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	names, phones, e-mails, technologies
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	05/2006

Post Date	04/19/2006
Title	ATTENDEES AT 2006 CIS TEAM MEETING
Link	(MS Word 729 KB)
Author	H. S. Ullal
Description	names, e-mails, phone numbers, organizations
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	04/2006

Post Date	03/09/2006
Title	FIRST SOLAR MAJOR CDTE PROJECTS 2005
Link	(PowerPoint 1.7 MB)
Author	P. Vaughnn
Description	Pictures, locations, short descriptions of 10 MWp of projects, mostly in Germany
Venue	Photos and text, with permission
Source	N/A
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	03/2006

Post Date	03/20/2006
Title	MODULE PERFORMANCE TAKEN FROM COMPANY WEBSITES
Link	(MS Word 28 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Efficiency, power, temperature coefficients of PV modules
Venue	website data
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	03/2006

Post Date	03/20/2006
Title	DOE PV BUDGET HISTORY
Link	(JPG 411 KB)
Author	H. S. Ullal
Description	Annual Federal expenditures on PV 1975-2007
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (JPG image)
Resource Date	03/2006

Post Date	02/24/2006
Title	PHOTO SURVEY OF THE INSTALLATION OF UNISOLAR A-SI LAMINATED MODULES ON THE BEIJING MUSEUM
Link	(MS Word 6.5 MB)
Author	A. Chang
Description	300 kWp a-Si array
Venue	Photos, with UniSolar permission
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	02/24/2006
Title	MODULE RATINGS FROM WEBSITES
Link	(MS Word 44 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Total area efficiencies of available modules
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	02/07/2006
Title	UNISOLAR A-SI INSTALLATION ON COCA COLA BOTTLING PLANT IN LA 350 KWAC
Link	(PDF 760 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	Pictures of laminated modules
Venue	Solar Integrated Technologies
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2006

Post Date	01/05/2006
Title	SPEC-SHEET RATINGS FROM MANUFACTURERS WEBSITES
Link	(MS Word 43 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Total Area module efficiencies, Companies, Names, descriptions, temperature coefficients
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	01/2006

Post Date	12/12/2005
Title	PV ENERGY PAYBACK AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS: 2004 STATUS
Link	(PDF 204 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Authors	E. A. Alsema, V. Fthenakis
Description	2004 status of energy payback and CO2 and other GHG emissions for PV modules and systems
Venue	FAQ sheet
Sources	Brookhaven National Laboratory; Utrecht University
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	12/05/2005

Post Date	11/29/2005
Title	US THIN FILM COMPANY CONTACTS
Link	(MS Word 39 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Companies, names, phone numbers, e-mails, websites, technology
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	11/2005

Post Date	11/04/2005
Title	THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY
Link	(PDF 2.2 MB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Display developed to show thin film activities to NREL visitors
Venue	Display
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	11/2005

Post Date	11/11/2005
Title	INTEGRATING DEPOSITION, PROCESSING, CHARACTERIZATION AT NREL
Link	(PowerPoint 2.7 MB)
Author	B. Nelson
Description	Machines designed to perform multiple tasks
Venue	DOE Solar Review 2005
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	11/2005

Post Date	11/01/2005
Title	BEST LARGE AREA THIN FILM MODULE PROTOTYPES OCTOBER 2005
Link	(MS Word 43 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Ranked by power, all thin film technologies, up to date efficiencies, sizes, output.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	10/2005

Post Date	08/15/2005
Title	COMMERCIAL THIN FILM MODULES, DATA TAKEN FROM WEBSITES (TOTAL AREA EFFICIENCIES)
Link	(MS Word 34 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Efficiency, power, temperature coefficients, approximate price
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	08/2005

Post Date	08/02/2005
Title	DOE PV BUDGET 1975-2005
Link	(PowerPoint 1.2 MB)
Author	H. S. Ullal
Description	Federal budget trends and recent earmarks
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	08/2005

Post Date	07/28/2005
Title	THE RAPID GROWTH OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN GERMANY TO 2004
Link	(Excel 29 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	shows how wind, PV, and others are starting to become key components of Germany's energy mix, suggesting that the future of renewables is a lot bigger than many people are currently aware of.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Excel spreadsheet)
Resource Date	07/2005

Post Date	07/01/2005
Title	BEST RESEARCH CELL EFFICIENCIES
Link	(PowerPoint 1.2 MB)
Authors	L. Kazmerski, K. Zweibel
Description	Chronology of world record lab cell efficiencies, all technologies
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	06/2005

Post Date	05/12/2005
Title	SIMPLE DIAGRAMS OF THE DEVICE STRUCTURES OF CIS, A-SI, AND CDTE CELLS
Link	(PowerPoint 2.1 MB)
Author	D. Gwinner
Description
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	05/2005

Post Date	03/25/2005
Title	UNISOLAR 300 KWP ARRAY ON BEIJING CAPITAL MUSEUM
Link	(PowerPoint 7.0 MB)
Author	S. Guha
Description	View of roof and city
Venue
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	03/2005

Post Date	03/10/2005
Title	US PV MODULE SHIPMENTS BY TECHNOLOGY 1997-2004
Link	(Excel 20 KB)
Author	P. Mintz
Description
Venue	Solar Flare
Source	Strategies Unlimited
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Excel spreadsheet)
Resource Date	03/2005

Post Date	03/22/2005
Title	GLOBAL SOLAR FLEXIBLE CIGS PRODUCTS FOR THE MILITARY
Link	(PowerPoint 6.2 MB)
Author	N/A
Description
Venue
Source	Global Solar
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	03/2005

Post Date	03/22/2005
Title	SHELL SOLAR CIGS ARRAYS
Link	(PowerPoint 3.6 MB)
Author	N/A
Description
Venue
Source	Shell Solar Industries
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	03/2005

Post Date	03/04/2005
Title	WORLD PV CELL/MODULE PRODUCTION 1988-2004
Link	(PowerPoint 164 KB)
Authors	P. Maycock, H. S. Ullal
Description	By region
Venue	PV News, February 2005
Source	PV News
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	02/2005

Post Date	02/08/2005
Title	WORLD THIN FILM MODULE PRODUCTION ALMOST DOUBLED IN 2004
Link	(Excel 28 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	World thin film module sales from Strategies Unlimited for 1981 to 2004.
Venue	Strategies Unlimited
Source	Strategies Unlimited
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Excel spreadsheet)
Resource Date	01/2005

Post Date	04/05/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR 1.3 MWP PV ARRAY IN GERMANY
Link	(MS Word 74.4 MB)
Author	N/A
Description	photos
Venue
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	2005

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	BEST ONE OF A KIND THIN FILM PV LABORATORY CELLS (TO 2004)
Link	(JPG 60 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	chronology of cell efficiency improvements
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (JPG image)
Resource Date	12/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PER CAPITA CARBON EMISSIONS VS GDP
Link	(PowerPoint 97 KB)
Author	M. Hoffert
Description	Graph of carbon emissions by country versus GDP.
Venue
Source	Princeton
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	10/31/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	THIN FILM LEARNING CURVE (ESTIMATED)
Link	(PowerPoint 130 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	Staring a new learning curve for thin films.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	10/2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	SPEC-SHEET RATINGS (FROM MANUFACTURER?S WEBSITES)
Link	(MS Word 23 KB)
Author	B. Von Roedern
Description	Commercial module ratings 2004
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	08/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PROJECTED US THIN FILM GROWTH BY TECHNOLOGY 2002-2005
Link	(PowerPoint 737 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	MWp of sales 2002-2005.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	07/2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	CHRONOLOGY OF BEST LARGE AREA THIN FILM MODULES
Link	(GIF 1.9 MB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (GIF image)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	THE ISSUE: LAND AREA
Link	(PowerPoint 31 KB)
Author	K. Zweibel
Description	PV is the best way to use a renewable resource in terms of minimizing land area concerns and impacts.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PV VERSUS BIOMASS US LAND USE
Link	(PowerPoint 213 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Biomass would take much more land than PV.
Venue
Source	N/A
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	US DOE PV BUDGET HISTORY 1975-2004
Link	(PowerPoint 43 KB)
Author	N/A
Description
Venue
Sources	National Renewable Energy Laboratory; US DOE
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	US LAND AREA AND PV
Link	(PowerPoint 412 KB)
Author	R. Hulstrom
Description	Large or distributed systems and land.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE
Link	(PowerPoint 83 KB)
Author	M. Hoffert
Description	Sources and Sinks
Venue
Source	US DOE
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	IS THERE ENOUGH SUNSHINE TO ENERGIZE AMERICA?
Link	(PowerPoint 46 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Small square in Nevada could give all our electricity - shown on a US map.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	UNITED SOLAR LARGE (ALMOST 300 KW) SYSTEM IN LUXEMBOURG
Link	(MS Word 24 KB)
Author	N/A
Description
Venue
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	10/28/2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	WORLD MODULE SHIPMENTS BY COUNTRY THROUGH 2002
Link	(PowerPoint 50 KB)
Author	P. Maycock
Description
Venue
Source	PV News
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	01/2003

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	HISTORY OF FEDERAL R&D 1955-2003
Link	(PowerPoint 140 KB)
Author	M. Hoffert
Description	Defense, space, science, energy, health
Venue
Source	National Science Foundation
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	HONDA PV ELECTROLYZER FILLING STATION
Link	(MS Word 172 KB)
Author	N/A
Description
Venue
Source	Honda
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Word document)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	COMPARISON OF ANNUAL ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCED FOR PV COLLECTOR OPTIONS
Link	(Excel 21 KB)
Author	R. Hulstrom
Description	Compares flat plate nontracking, single-axis; and dual axis concentrator outputs at different locations.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Excel spreadsheet)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	BEST RESEARCH CELL EFFICIENCIES
Link	(PowerPoint 586 KB)
Author	L. Kazmerski
Description	All technologies through 2003
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE WORLD TOTAL VS U.S. MODULE SHIPMENTS MARCH 2002
Link	(Excel 33 KB)
Author	P. Maycock
Description	1980-2001 data.
Venue	PV Energy Systems
Source	N/A
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Excel spreadsheet)
Resource Date	2002

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	CALIFORNIA'S ENERGY MARKET
Link	(PDF 495 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	Locations and sizes of all capacity in CA
Venue
Source	California Energy Commission
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	04/2001

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	PV INDUSTRY: EXPONENTIAL GROWTH 1980-2000
Link	(PowerPoint 107 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	On and off-grid installations.
Venue	Strategies Unlimited
Source	N/A
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2001

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	PRICE HISTORY AND FORECAST FOR PV MODULES 1975-2010
Link	(PowerPoint 82 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Actual and projected prices.
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Picture/Table/Figure (Powerpoint presentation)
Resource Date	2001

Post Date	06/22/2006
Title	ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAICS CONTRACT
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Energy Photovoltaics, Inc. has signed a $5 million contract with Solar Liberty Energy Systems of New York State for the delivery of EPV amorphous silicon PV modules. Story at RenewableEnergyAccess: http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/market/business/viewstory;jsessionid=4BD98EE64DC149163C930FDF9C3D1B64?id=45220> or http://tinyurl.com/k3cfv> EPV: http://www.epv.net/>
Venue	http://www.epv.net/
Source	Energy Photovoltaics
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	06/2006

Post Date	06/22/2006
Title	NANOSOLAR SECURES $100,000,000 IN FUNDING; NANOSOLAR TO BUILD 430MW SOLAR CELL FACTORY WORLD'S LARGEST SOLAR-CELL FACTORY; BUILDING A BILLION-DOLLAR FAB FOR LESS; VOLUME PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT ORDERED; DECISION IMMINENT ON BAY AREA FACILITY
Link	nano_2006_06
Author	M. Roscheisen
Description	Substantial Cleantech Equity Financing for Breakthrough Solar Cell Technology; Cementing Leadership Position Towards Delivering Grid-Parity Peak Power PALO ALTO, California - June 21, 2006 - Nanosolar Inc., a global leader in solar power innovation, today announced that it now has $100 million in funding to take its breakthrough photovoltaic (PV) solar electricity technology into volume production. PALO ALTO, California - June 21, 2006 - Nanosolar Inc., a global leader in solar power innovation, today announced that it has started executing on its plan to build a volume cell production factory with a total annual cell output of 430MW once fully built out, or approximately 200 million cells per year, and an advanced panel assembly factory designed to produce more than one million solar panels per year.
Venue	http://www.nanosolar.com/pr5-6.htm
Source	Nanosolar
Document Type	Press Release (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	06/2006

Post Date	04/28/2006
Title	FIRST SOLAR WELCOMES EU ENDORSEMENT OF ?45 MILLION AID FOR NEW SOLAR MODULE PLANT IN GERMANY
Link	(PDF 32 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	P. Vaughnn
Description	Phoenix, Arizona, 27 April 2006?First Solar today welcomes the European Commission?s authorization of ?45.5 million in financial incentives which the German Government plans to provide to First Solar Manufacturing GmbH for the creation of a solar module manufacturing plant in Frankfurt (Oder), region of Brandenburg. The financial incentives are now subject to approval by the German Federal government. First Solar?s final decision to proceed with the project remains subject to approval by these authorities. First Solar has started preliminary work on the project in anticipation of this approval Upon completion, this facility will have a nominal capacity of 100MW and employ over 400 people. The total project cost is estimated at ?115M, and production is planned to begin in mid-2007.
Venue	4050 E. Cotton Center #6-68, Phoenix, AZ 85040 ? t: 602-414-9300 ? e: info@firstsolar.com ?
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Press Release (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	04/27/2006

Post Date	03/28/2006
Title	SCHOTT SOLAR TO EXPAND A-SI PRODUCTION
Link	(MS Word 26 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Schott plans a major, rapid expansion of amorphous silicon manufacturing in Germany
Venue
Source	Schott
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	04/2006

Post Date	03/28/2006
Title	DAYSTAR CORPORATE UPDATE
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	J. Tuttle
Description	Daystar CIGS on flexible products update
Venue
Source	DayStar Technologies
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	04/2006

Post Date	03/27/2006
Title	SCHOTT TO BUILD NEW THIN FILM SOLAR MODULE PRODUCTION FACILITY 72 MILLION DOLLAR INVESTMENT AND 160 JOBS CREATED
Link	schott_capacity
Author	N/A
Description	SCHOTT, the international technology group, will be investing 60 million Euros (approximately 72 million dollars) to enable its subsidiary, SCHOTT Solar, Inc. to build a manufacturing facility for thin-film solar electricity modules in Jena, Germany. The facility?s manufacturing capacity will exceed 30 megawatts (MW) per year. The facility is scheduled to open in the fall of 2007.
Venue	http://www.us.schott.com/english/news/press.html?NID=152
Source	Schott
Document Type	Press Release (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	03/27/2006

Post Date	03/22/2006
Title	ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAICS, INC. BOLSTERS SOLAR ENERGY IN PORTUGAL
Link	(MS Word 55 KB)
Author	A. E. Delahoy
Description	Multi-Million Dollar Contract Signed with Solar Plus, S.A. to Supply Solar Module Manufacturing Facility and Technology in Portugal
Venue	Press release
Source	Energy Photovoltaics
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	03/17/2006

Post Date	03/22/2006
Title	NEW A-SI MANUFACTURING PLANT AND SOLAR AIRPLANE
Link	(MS Word 27 KB)
Author	S. Guha
Description	Announcement of jobs in MI and new solar powered airplane by ECD Unisolar
Venue	http://www.mlive.com/news/muchronicle/index.ssf?/base/news-5/114304417383000.xml&coll=8 http://www.dailycomet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060322/APN/603220753 http://www.thedailynews.cc/articles/2006/03/22/news/news01.txt http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060322/NEWS11/603220474 http://www.crainsdetroit.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?newsId=8218
Source	Energy Conversion Devices
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	03/2006

Post Date	02/10/2006
Title	ASCENT SOLAR PLANS $16.5 MILLION IPO
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Ascent Solar Technologies, formed last year by Littleton- based ITN Energy Systems Inc., plans to raise $16.5 million through an initial stock sale. Ascent intends to commercialize technology used on space satellites that converts sunlight into electricity. It plans to offer 3 million units priced between $5 and $6 apiece. The company has applied to be listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and Pacific Exchange.
Venue	http://www.denverpost.com/search/ci_3431111
Source	ITN Energy Systems
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	02/10/2006
Title	SELL SELLS X-SI, JV'S CIS
Link	(MS Word 24 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	http://www.solarworld.de/sw-eng/presse-adhoc/index.php http://www.marketwatch.com/tools/quotes/newsarticle.asp?guid=%7b4F0C7692-0F5D-4DE4-AB69-B5B1C46B3A78%7d&siteid=mktw&dist=nbk&symb= Shell announces business changes in silicon and CIS PV.
Venue
Source	Shell Solar Industries
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	02/10/2006
Title	JAPANESE AMORPHOUS SILICON MANUFACTURING INCREASES PLANNED
Link	(MS Word 26 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Mitsubishi's New Solar Cell Factory, Kaneka Plans
Venue	PV Hotline
Source	N/A
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	02/2006

Post Date	12/16/2005
Title	OVSHINSKY WINS ECONOMIST AWARD 2005 FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Link	(MS Word 1.5 MB)
Author	N/A
Description	Honors work in NiMH battery
Venue	press release
Source	Energy Conversion Devices
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	11/15/2005

Post Date	11/11/2005
Title	SHELL SOLAR TOPS EFFICIENCY RECORD FOR THIN FILM PV MODULES
Link	shell2005recordcis
Author	N/A
Description	Shell Solar recently achieved a record 13.5% light to electricity conversion efficiency for it's leading thin film CIS (Copper-Indium-Diselenide) photovoltaic technology. This proves that the performance of thin film technology can be at least as good as that demonstrated by many traditional crystalline silicon products available in the market place today. The result was achieved at Shell Solar�s CIS pilot line in Munich, Germany and independently verified by the TUV Rhineland Group in Cologne, Germany based on a 30 x 30cm sized module. The result also underscores Shell's commitment to maintaining leadership in the development and commercialisation of thin film PV technology - considered the most promising technology for long-term cost reduction in solar electricity.
Venue	Website
Source	Shell Solar GMBh
Document Type	Press Release (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	10/2005

Post Date	11/11/2005
Title	14% EFFICIENCY THIN FILM FOIL CIS CELLS DEVELOPED
Link	tiwari14percent2005
Author	K. Temple
Description	A new efficiency record for thin film foil cells (CIGS) was made by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ). Their technology has been certified with an efficiency level of 14.1%. The institute has also published research showing that their cell efficiency could reach 15% with anti-reflective coating, although they are not pushing research into this area, and are instead focusing their energies on the commercialisation of the technology
Venue	ENF.com
Source	Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Document Type	Press Release (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	10/2005

Post Date	08/11/2005
Title	UNITED SOLAR OVONIC RECEIVES CONTRACT FROM THE AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY TO CONTINUE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNI-SOLAR(R) CELLS AND MODULES FOR AIRSHIP AND SPACE APPLICATIONS
Link	blimpsandspaceener
Author	S. Guha
Description	United Solar OvonicCorp., a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (ECDOvonics) (Nasdaq: ENER), announced today that the Air Force ResearchLaboratory (AFRL) in Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, has awarded United Solar Ovonica $6.7 million, 18-month contract to continue the development of its ultra-lightweight, high-efficiency solar cell technology for use in space andairship vehicles addressing defense and homeland security applications.
Venue	PR Newswire Association URL
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Press Release (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	08/11/2005

Post Date	06/29/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR ANNOUNCES A MULTI-YEAR FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT WITH GEHRLICHER GMBH
Link	(PDF 33 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	P. Vaughnn
Description	?First Solar and Gehrlicher Umweltschonende Energiesysteme GmbH announce that the companies have reached a framework agreement for the supply of First Solar thin-film modules for 2005 and 2006. The modules are intended for use within the activities of the Gehrlicher Group?s Fund "We are delighted to be able to continue our successful co-operation with Gehrlicher Umweltschonende Energiesysteme GmbH in the rapidly expanding project development area," says Stephan Hansen, Managing Director of First Solar GmbH. "Gehrlicher has many years of experience in the application of thin-film modules and our continued co-operation is proof that both
Venue	4050 E. Cotton Center #6-68, Phoenix, AZ 85040 ? t: 602-414-9300 ? e: info@firstsolar.com ?
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Press Release (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	06/27/2005

Post Date	06/16/2005
Title	UNITED SOLAR OVONIC SITE FOR SOLAR PANEL MANUFACTURING
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	S. Guha
Description	United Solar Ovonic LLC announced it has selected the site for its next thin-film solar panel manufacturing facility. Under a 10-year lease agreement, United Solar Ovonic will construct a manufacturing facility at the Auburn Hills Commerce Park in Auburn Hills, Michigan. When fully operational, the facility is expected to double United Solar Ovonic?s manufacturing capacity and to employ approximately 200 additional people.
Venue
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	06/15/2005

Post Date	06/20/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR AGREEMENT WITH BLITZSTROM
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	P. Vaughnn
Description	First Solar and Blitzstrom Ltd announced that the companies have entered into a framework agreement for the purchase and sale of 9 MW of First Solar thin film solar modules in 2006. First Solar began a supply relationship in 2003 with Blitzstrom and its affiliated company Beck Energy GmbH, and by the end of 2005, the companies will have cooperated to supply and install more than 14 MW of First Solar thin film modules in Germany. Story at Solarbuzz: http://www.solarbuzz.com/News/NewsNACO333.htm> and RenewableEnergyAccess: http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/market/business/viewstory?id=33463> Press at First Solar: http://www.firstsolar.com/pdf/MD-5-707%20EN%20First%20Solar%20Supply%20Agreement%20with%20Blitzstrom.pdf> Blitzstrom: http://www.blitzstrom.de/>
Venue
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	06/2005

Post Date	06/29/2005
Title	KANEKA CORPORATION PRODUCTION
Link	(MS Word 24 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Kaneka Corporation will increase its production capacity of amorphous silicon PV modules to 30 MW/year. This and much more news in PV Activities in Japan, by subscription, RTS Corporation, Tokyo, email: ikki@rts-pv.com Kaneka: http://www.pv.kaneka.co.jp/>
Venue
Source	Kaneka Corporation
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	06/2005

Post Date	06/20/2005
Title	HELIOVOLT THIN-FILM VENTURE FUNDING
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	B. J. Stanbery
Description	HelioVolt Corporation announced it has closed $8 million in Series A venture funding from New Enterprise Associates of Menlo Park, California. Said Billy J. Stanbery, founder and CEO of HelioVolt, "We are introducing a dramatically more efficient way to manufacture and install CIS, the proven highest-performing solar technology". Story at: http://www.centreforenergy.com/displayNewsArticle.asp?From=Sector&template=2,2&NewsID=6360315&ResultCategoryType=2,7&NewsPageID=3>HelioVolt: http://www.centreforenergy.com/outsideNav.asp?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eheliovolt%2Ecom&template=2,2
Venue	PV Hotline
Source	HelioVolt Corporation
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	06/2005

Post Date	06/10/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR ANNOUNCES MULTI-YEAR SUPPLY AGREEMENT WITH PH�NIX SONNENSTROM AG
Link	FSSonnJune2005
Author	P. Vaughnn
Description	Advanced thin film modules to be used in 7MW of solar projects developed by Ph�nix SonnenStrom AG Mainz, Germany, June 1, 2005. - First Solar and Ph�nix SonnenStrom AG announce that the companies have entered into a framework agreement for the purchase and sale of 7MW of First Solar thin film solar modules during 2005 and 2006. Ph�nix SonnenStrom AG will install the First Solar modules in a number of large solar projects.
Venue	4050 E. Cotton Center #6-68, Phoenix, AZ 85040 ? t: 602-414-9300 ? e: info@firstsolar.com ?
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Press Release (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	06/01/2005

Post Date	06/10/2005
Title	VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS IN SOLAR
Link	(MS Word 25 KB)
Author	C. Riordan
Description	Venture Capital Investments in Solar Per this article, Nanosolar of Palo Alto has raised $20 million from a group of investors led by the Menlo Park firm Mohr, Davidow Ventures. And, Miasol� of San Jose has raised $16 million in a round led by Menlo Park's Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Story at: <http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/sv/20050610/tc_siliconvalley/_www11863583_1> Nanosolar: <http://www.nanosolar.com/index.html> Miasol�: <http://miasole.com/
Venue
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	06/2005

Post Date	06/01/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR ANNOUNCES INSURANCE POLICY TO FUND SOLAR MODULE RECLAMATION AND RECYCLING EXPENSES AT END OF PRODUCT LIFE
Link	firstSolarAnnuityMay2005
Author	P. Vaughnn
Description	European and U.S. Renewable Energy Leaders Endorse Innovative Insurance Program, CdTe Technology Phoenix, Arizona, May 25, 2005 ? First Solar, LLC announced today that is has completed a long term agreement with a major international insurance company to fund the estimated future costs of reclaiming and recycling First Solar modules at the end of their use. The agreement, referred to as a Reclamation and Recycling Reimbursement Policy, assures owners of First Solar modules that, at the end of solar module use, funds will be available to pay the estimated costs of transporting First Solar modules to a recycling center and recycling them into new products.
Venue	4050 E. Cotton Center #6-68, Phoenix, AZ 85040 ? t: 602-414-9300 ? e: info@firstsolar.com ?
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Press Release (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	05/25/2005

Post Date	05/17/2005
Title	TWO ALTERNATIVE ENERGY COMPANIES TO EXPAND IN MICHIGAN, CREATE 900 NEW JOBS COMPACT POWER AND UNITED SOLAR TO INVEST NEARLY $100 MILLION
Link	(MS Word 5 KB)
Author	S. Guha
Description	Governor Jennifer M. Granholm today announced the expansion of two alternative energy companies in southeast Michigan. Together, they are expected to create a total of 923 new jobs, including 398 high-tech jobs directly by the companies. Incentives offered by the Michigan Economic Development Corporation helped convince the companies to expand in Michigan over competing sites in other states.
Venue
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	05/17/2005

Post Date	05/12/2005
Title	DAYSTAR TECHNOLOGIES UNVEILS TERRAFOIL(TM) SOLAR CELLS FOR TERRESTRIAL MODULE AND NEW CONSUMER PRODUCT APPLICATIONS
Link	(MS Word 32 KB)
Author	J. Tuttle
Description	Latest Addition to Company's Expanding Photovoltaic Foil(TM) Product Strategy Designed to Mitigate the Growing Silicon Cell Supply Shortage
Venue	press release
Source	DayStar Technologies
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	05/12/2005

Post Date	05/13/2005
Title	ECD 3Q 2005 QUARTERLY FINANCIAL REPORT
Link	ECD_Q3_2005
Author	S. Guha
Description	"Our product sales increased 57 percent in the quarter versus a year ago and we achieved monthly production records in our United Solar Ovonic subsidiary in March and April," said Robert C. Stempel, Chairman and CEO. "We have been implementing planned improvements to our manufacturing processes and procedures at United Solar Ovonic and expect further increases in production volume. We will also continue our company-wide effort to restructure costs and grow revenues so that we can meet our commitment of sustained profitability by July 2006." ECD Ovonics recently raised $109 million from a sale of its common stock and the exercise of outstanding warrants by certain warrantholders. The Company is using a substantial portion of the net proceeds of these transactions to double the manufacturing capacity of United Solar Ovonic's triple-junction, thin-film, amorphous silicon photovoltaic products and to exercise its option to purchase 4.4 million shares of ECD Ovonics common stock at $4.55 per share held by a subsidiary of ChevronTexaco Corporation. "With the acceptance of our United Solar Ovonic products as the ideal solution for solar applications around the world, it is critical to increase our production capacity," said Stanford R. Ovshinsky, President and CTO of ECD Ovonics and Chairman and CEO of United Solar Ovonic. "The funding has enabled us to begin construction of a second photovoltaic manufacturing line to double United Solar Ovonic's manufacturing capacity from the current 25/30 MW to 50/60 MW to address the growing customer demand for United Solar Ovonic products."For the quarter, United Solar Ovonic product sales increased 79 percent to $12,495,000 compared to a year ago and its backlog grew to $34.7 million.
Venue	Press Release link to company site
Sources	Energy Conversion Devices; Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Press Release (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	05/12/2005

Post Date	06/01/2005
Title	W�RTH SOLAR INVESTS 55 MILLION EURO IN A FACTORY FOR CIS PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
Link	WurthMay2005
Author	R. Wurth
Description	During the Annual Results Press Conference, the chairman of the W�rth Group Advisory Board, Prof. Dr. h.c. Reinhold W�rth announced the construction of a new production facility for CIS photovoltaic modules with an investment volume of around 55 million Euro. The final site location decision has yet to be made, however Schw�bisch Hall, neighbouring the company head office, is a clear frontrunner. Building work is expected to start as early as this year.
Venue	W�rth Solar GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
Source	Wurth Solar
Document Type	Press Release (Hypertext link)
Resource Date	05/2005

Post Date	03/24/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR ANNOUNCES TRIPLING OF PRODUCTION CAPACITY
Link	(PDF 77 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	P. Vaughnn
Description	Solar announces the tripling of its production capacity to approximately 75MW in Ohio, commencing in March 2005. The expansion project will enable First Solar to produce approximately 40MW in 2006 and the full 75MW in 2007. "The expansion is prompted by strong customer demand for the product and our ability to replicate the current process while continuing to rapidly increase conversion efficiencies" said Mike Ahearn, CEO of First Solar.
Venue
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Press Release (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	03/24/2005

Post Date	03/03/2005
Title	DAYSTAR TECHNOLOGIES UNVEILS LIGHTFOIL(TM) PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCT FOR MILITARY AND HOMELAND SECURITY APPLICATIONS
Link	(MS Word 36 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Specifically Designed for High Altitude Airships, Winged Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Orbital Applications for Next Generation Satellite Craft.
Venue
Source	DayStar Technologies
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	03/03/2005

Post Date	01/16/2006
Title	SHELL SOLAR LAUNCHES NEW SHELL POWERMAX� ECLIPSE PRODUCT IN EUROPE
Link	(MS Word 34 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Shell Solar announces an extension to the Shell PowerMax product line with the release of the new Eclipse product, based on our leading CIS thin film technology. The module is the largest and highest power CIS thin film product ever produced by Shell Solar, but more importantly, our Eclipse product is also the first commercially available CIS thin film module to achieve international certification for grid-connected applications. The new product provides additional performance benefits for systems installed where low light, cloud or shading may be prevalent while maintaining the class leading field performance and reliability that all Shell PowerMax products are known for. The new Shell PowerMax Eclipse 80-C product also features a highly professional and elegant appearance, particularly important for discerning customers who value aesthetics as much as performance. The product has received full IEC 61646 and T�V Safety Class 2 (1000V) certification and will be available from selected European Shell Solar partners from January 2006.
Venue	Press Release
Source	N/A
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	01/16/2005

Post Date	03/17/2005
Title	THIN-FILM SOLAR MODULE SPECIALIST CSG SOLAR AG RAISES ?24M FROM A CONSORTIUM LEAD BY APAX FUNDS AND GOOD ENERGIES
Link	(PDF 21 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	A consortium led by Apax Funds and Good Energies have invested ?24m in CSG Solar AG, a company that has developed one of the world?s most promising second-generation thin-film solar-module technologies. Existing investors in CSG, Q-Cells AG, Renewable Energy Corporation and IBG also participated in the financing round. The investment will finance the construction and ramp-up of CSG?s first production facility designed for an annual output of 25MW.
Venue
Source	CSG Solar
Document Type	Press Release (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	01/2005

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	BIG SOLAR-ENERGY RESEARCH PROJECT LAUNCHED
Link	(MS Word 32 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	The largest single research project into solar power ever funded by the UK's research councils could help make this energy source much more widely used.
Venue	website
Source	Creamer Media
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	07/23/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	U.S. AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY SELECTS UNI-SOLAR OVONIC TO SUPPLY SOLAR CELLS FOR SATELLITE
Link	(MS Word 27 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	United Solar Ovonic Corp. (Uni-Solar Ovonic) today announced that it has been selected by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, to provide 3 kW of UNI-SOLAR® lightweight solar cells deposited on thin stainless steel to supply power to an experimental satellite. Uni-Solar Ovonic also has an option to provide an additional 300 W of UNI-SOLAR® ultra-lightweight cells deposited on polymer.
Venue
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	05/05/2004

Post Date	02/09/2005
Title	WASTE DIRECTIVES AND THEIR IMPACT TO THE EU PV INDUSTRY
Link	(PDF 27 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	The European Directives 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous ubstances in electrical and electronic equipment (ROHS) have to be implemented by the member States in 2004 and will have a significant impact on the PV industry.
Venue	EPIA
Source	Deutsche Solar
Document Type	Press Release (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	03/20/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	WASTE DIRECTIVES AND THEIR IMPACT TO THE EU PV INDUSTRY
Link	(PDF 25 KB) Download Acrobat Reader.
Author	N/A
Description	The European Directives 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (ROHS) have to be implemented by the Member States in 2004 and will have a significant impact on the PV industry.
Venue
Source	European PV Industry Associations (EPIA)
Document Type	Press Release (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	03/20/2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR RECEIVES $5 MILLION FUNDING FOR PLANT EXPANSION FROM THE STATE OF OHIO
Link	(MS Word 267 KB)
Author	P. Vaughn
Description	First Solar, a leader in the development and manufacture of high-energy yield solar modules, has received $5 million of funding from the State of Ohio. Proceeds, in the form of a low interest loan, will be applied to the expansion project underway to increase manufacturing capacity fourfold—from 6 Megawatts (MW) in 2004 to 25MW in 2005. First Solar has earmarked the loan proceeds to purchase machinery and equipment that will help the company achieve high-volume, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and improve production processes. The plant expansion is scheduled for completion in late 2004.
Venue
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	03/09/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	UNI-SOLAR OVONIC RECEIVES ORDER FOR 1.25 MW OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS FROM SUNSET OF GERMANY
Link	(MS Word 23 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	United Solar Ovonic LLC (Uni-Solar Ovonic), the world leader in thin-film amorphous-silicon solar technology and a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (Nasdaq: ENER - News), today announced that it has received an order for 1.25 MW of photovoltaic (PV) panels from Sunset Energietechnik GmbH (Sunset) of Germany. Sunset has also signed a letter of intent to purchase 5 MW of UNI-SOLAR® products over the next 24 months. The products will be used by Sunset to address Germany's expanding grid-connected PV market.
Venue
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	03/08/2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	UNI-SOLAR OVONIC RECEIVES ORDER FOR 1 MW OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS FROM THYSSENKRUPP OF GERMANY
Link	(MS Word 27 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	United Solar Ovonic LLC (Uni-Solar Ovonic), the world leader in thin-film amorphous-silicon solar technology and a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (Nasdaq: ENER - News), today announced that it has received an order for 1 MW of photovoltaic (PV) panels from ThyssenKrupp Hoesch Bausysteme GmbH (Thyssen). The products will be used by Thyssen to address the expanding building- integrated PV market in Germany. 500 kW has already been shipped, and the balance will be shipped before April 2004.
Venue
Source	Uni-Solar Ovonic
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	02/18/2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	MORE ON SHELL SOLAR INSTALLATION IN CAMARILLO
Link	(MS Word 24 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	Shell Solar Industries LP dedicated the world's largest rooftop thin-film PV array on its manufacturing building in Camarillo, California. The 245-kW CIS thin-film array covers more than 31,000 square feet and has 13 rows containing 6,144 solar modules.
Venue
Sources	Shell Solar Industries; Solarbuzz
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	IOWA THIN FILM TECHNOLOGIES ANNOUNCES POWERFILM PHOTOVOLTAICS PRODUCTS FOR AIR AND SPACE VEHICLES
Link	(MS Word 31 KB)
Author	N/A
Description	PV powered blimps.
Venue
Source	Iowa Thin Films
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	11/11/2003

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR AND NREL RESEARCH TEAM WIN R&D 100 AWARDS
Link	(MS Word 27 KB)
Author	S. H. Barba
Description	High-Rate Vapor Transport Deposition (HRVTD) quickly and uniformly deposits semiconductor layers for PV module manufacturing and is the world's first such very high deposition-rate mass-production method for making thin-film solar electric modules.
Venue
Sources	First Solar, Toledo, OH; National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	09/11/2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR'S BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY WINS R&D 100 AWARD
Link	(MS Word 271 KB)
Author	P. Vaughn
Description	First Solar, a leader in the development and manufacture of high quality, high performance solar modules, in collaboration with the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory's National Center for Photovoltaics, has won a 2003 R&D 100 Award for the development of a high-rate vapor transport deposition (HRVTD) process. HRVTD is at the heart of First Solar's high volume manufacturing line which produces thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules. Sponsored by R&D Magazine, the 41-year old awards program recognizes the 100 most significant new technologies each year, including such breakthroughs as the automated teller machine (1973), the fax machine (1975), the liquid crystal display (1980), and HDTV (1998).
Venue
Sources	First Solar, Toledo, OH; National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	09/10/2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR SELECTED FOR TUCSON ELECTRIC POWER SOLAR PLANT EXPANSION
Link	(MS Word 268 KB)
Author	P. Vaughn
Description	First Solar, a leader in the development and manufacture of high quality, high performance solar modules, has supplied two new solar arrays totaling 240kW for Tucson Electric Power (TEP) at the company's Springerville Generating Station. Global Solar Energy, of Tucson, Arizona, provided project management, system design and oversaw the construction of the two 120kW fixed-tilt, ground mounted arrays. This new installation increases the capacity of First Solar arrays installed at the Springerville facility to 480kWp. The first two arrays of First Solar modules were installed at TEP's Springerville facility as a beta-site in late 2001 allowing First Solar to validate product performance prior to releasing the FS Series modules for full commercial production.
Venue
Sources	First Solar, Toledo, OH; Tucson Electric
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	08/27/2003

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	N.J. SOLAR MANUFACTURER RECEIVES $500,000 RESEARCH GRANT FROM STATE'S CLEAN ENERGY PROGRAM
Link	(MS Word 22 KB)
Author	D. Phillips
Description	Energy Photovoltaics, Inc. (EPV), New Jersey's only solar electric manufacturer and R&D firm, announced today that it received a $500,000 grant from the State of New Jersey's Clean Energy Program. The winners of the competitive grants were announced today by New Jersey's Board of Public Utilities (BPU) commissioners. The grants are a critical part of the NJ BPU's Clean Energy Program, whose goal is to position New Jersey as a world leader in renewable energy, particularly the R&D, manufacturing, and deployment of solar electricity, as recently declared publicly by NJBPU President Jeanne M. Fox.
Venue
Source	Energy Photovoltaics
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	08/06/2003

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	FIRST SOLAR ANNOUNCES MAJOR MANUFACTURING PLANT EXPANSION
Link	(MS Word 266 KB)
Author	P. Vaughn
Description	First Solar Breaks Ground on New Solar Module Plant Expansion - Increases Capacity to 25MW to Meet Growing Demand for Affordable Solar Modules
Venue
Source	First Solar, Toledo, OH
Document Type	Press Release (Word document)
Resource Date	06/03/2003

Journal Articles

Post Date	04/05/2005
Title	CRYSTAL GROWTH AND MATERIALS RESEARCH IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES
Link	Copyright protected
Author	T. Surek
Description	Photovoltaics (PV) is solar electric power?a semiconductor-based technology that converts sunlight to electricity.Three decades of research has led to the discovery of new materials and devices and new processing techniques for lowcostmanufacturing. This has resulted in improved sunlight-to-electricity conversion ef?ciencies, improved outdoorreliability, and lower module and system costs. The manufacture and sale of PVhas grown into a $5 billion industryworldwide, with more than 740 megawatts of PVmodules shipped in 2003. This paper reviews the signi?cant progressthat has occurred in PVmaterials and devices research over the past 30 years, focusing on the advances in crystalgrowth and materials research, and examines the challenges to reaching the ultimate potential of current-generation(crystalline silicon), next-generation (thin ?lms and concentrators), and future-generation PVtechnologies. The latterincludes innovative materials and device concepts that hold the promise of signi?cantly higher conversion ef?cienciesand/or much lower costs.
Venue	Journal of Crystal Growth
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	04/2005

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	LARGE-SCALE WARMING IS NOT URBAN
Link	Copyright protected
Author	D. E. Parker
Description	Heat island effects removed from climate data indicate warming is general, not driven by urban areas.
Venue	Nature
Source	Hadley Center
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	11/18/2004

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	ACCELERATING RESIDENTIAL PV EXPANSION: DEMAND ANALYSIS FOR COMPETITIVE ELECTRICITY MARKETS
Link	Copyright protected
Authors	R. Duke, A. Payne, R. Williams
Description	This article quantifies the potential market for grid-connected, residential photovoltaic (PV) electricity integrated into new homes built in the US. It complements an earlier supply-side analysis by the authors that demonstrates the potential to reduce PV module prices below $1.5/W by scaling up existing thin-film technology in 100MW/yr manufacturing facilities. The present article demonstrates that, at that price, PV modules may be cost effective in 125,000 new home installations per year (0.5GW)
Venue	Energy Policy
Source	Princeton
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/02/2005
Title	THE POTENTIAL OF SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER FOR MEETING FUTURE US ENERGY NEEDS: A COMPARISON OF PROJECTIONS OF SOLAR ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION AND ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE OIL PRODUCTION
Link	Copyright protected
Authors	A. Barbett, J. Byrne, L. Kurdgelashvili, D. Poponi
Description	This paper compares the potential contribution of solar electric power in the form of photovoltaics to meet future US energy demand with the projected volume of oil estimated to be available in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Such a comparison has practical value since it directly addresses a key policy choice under consideration in the new century, namely, that between one of the most promising untapped oil deposits in the world and one of the most rapidly growing renewable energy options.
Venue	Energy Policy
Source	University of Delaware
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2004

Post Date	02/07/2005
Title	PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION WITH NANOPARTICULATE, MESOPOROUS DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS
Link	Copyright protected
Authors	J. Bisquert, D. Cahen, et al.
Description	We review the status of the understanding of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), emphasizing clear physical models with predictive power, and discuss them in terms of the chemical and electrical potential distributions in the device. Before doing so, we place the DSSC in the overall picture of photovoltaic energy converters, reiterating the fundamental common basis of all photovoltaic systems as well as their most important differences.
Venue	American Chemical Society
Source	University Jaume
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	12/12/2003

Post Date	02/14/2005
Title	ACCELERATED TESTING AND FAILURE OF THIN-FILM PV MODULES
Link	Copyright protected
Author	T. J. McMahon
Description	Packaging-related PV module failure is distinguished from cell failure, and those failures specific to thin-film modules are reviewed. These are categorized according to the type of stress that produced them, e.g., temperature, voltage, moisture, current, and thermal cycling. An example is given that shows how to relate time under accelerated stress to time in use. Diagnostic tools for locating the affected area within a large-area module are pointed out along with the importance of interpretation of the visual appearance of the different damage mechanisms.
Venue	Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2004; 12:235?248
Source	National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	10/17/2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	ON PAST TEMPERATURES AND ANOMALOUS LATE-20TH CENTURY WARMTH
Link	Copyright protected
Author	M. Mann
Description	Examines temperature issues.
Venue	Eos
Source	University of VA, Charlottesville
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	07/08/2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	A REANALYSIS OF THE MSU CHANNEL 2 TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE RECORD
Link	Copyright protected
Authors	C. A. Mears, et al.
Description	Over the period from 1979 to 2001, tropospheric trends derived from a widely cited analysis of the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) temperature record show little or no warming, while surface temperature trends based on in situ observations show a pronounced warming of ~0.2 K decade^-1. This discrepancy between trends at the surface and in the upper atmosphere has been a source of significant debate. Model predictions of amplification of warming with height in the troposphere are clearly inconsistent with the available observations, leading some researchers to question the adequacy of their representation of the water vapor greenhouse feedback. A reanalysis of the MSU channel 2 dataset, with the objective of providing a second independent source of these data, is described in this paper. Results presented herein show a global trend of 0.097 ± ~0.020 K decade ^-1, generally agreeing with the work of Prabhakara et al. but in disagreement with the MSU analysis of Christy and Spencer, which shows significantly less (~0.90 K decade ^-1) warming.
Venue	Journal of Climate
Source	Remote Sensing Systems
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	05/23/2003

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PATHS TO GLOBAL CLIMATE STABILITY: ENERGY FOR A GREENHOUSE PLANET
Link	Copyright protected
Authors	M. Hoffert, et al.
Description	Energy paths to solving climate change
Venue	Science
Source	New York University
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	11/01/2002

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	ANTHROPOGENIC WARMING OF THE EARTH'S CLIMATE SYSTEM
Link	Copyright protected
Authors	S. Levitus, et al.
Description
Venue	Science
Source	N/A
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	04/13/2001

Post Date	02/11/2005
Title	PHOTOVOLTAICS: ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES
Link	Copyright protected
Authors	V. Fthenakis, P. D. Moskowitz
Description	The photovoltaic (PV) industry must continue its pro-active approach to prevent accidents and environmental damage, and to sustain PV's inherent environmental, health, and safety (EHS) advantages. This paper presents an overview of EHS issues related to current and emerging PV technologies and gives examples of this pro-active approach. We summarize the hazards related to potential accidental releases of toxic or flammable gases used in photovoltaic cell production, and strategies for reducing such risks (e.g., choosing material and process options which inherently have small risks, and preventing accident-initiating events). Other issues discussed herein include reducing the use of toxic or carcinogenic materials in powder form, managing liquid hazardous waste, and recycling solid waste and spent modules. As the PV industry approaches these issues and mitigation strategies in a vigilant, systematic way, the risk to the industry, the workers, and the public will become minimal. An example is also discussed of environmental benefits from a large scale PV implementation, that is the potential of PV in reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
Venue	Progress in Photovoltaics, Millenium Issue, 8, 27-38,2000
Source	Brookhaven National Laboratory
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	2000

Post Date	02/04/2005
Title	ENERGY IMPLICATIONS OF FUTURE STABILIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
Link	Copyright protected
Authors	M. Hoffert, et al.
Description	summary of key climate change energy issues
Venue	Nature
Source	New York University
Document Type	Journal Articles (Adobe Postscript file)
Resource Date	10/29/1998

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