A r c h i v e d I n f o r m a t i o n

Educational and Labor Market Performance of GED Recipients - February 1998

Appendix B: Table B-4

Author	College/program Students/year	Population or sample	Number	GPA	See ftns.	Ratio GED/ HSG
Table B-4.-Grade point averages of GED recipients and high school graduates

POSTSECONDARY VOCATIONAL PROGRAMS

*Enrollees*
Wilson, Davis, and Davis 1981	Lake City Community College, Florida. Enrollees in 5 vocational programs 1976-77	Sample of voc. enrollees	27 GED 77 HSG Age adjusted: GED HSG	2.80 2.56 2.67 2.60	^* ns	1.09
Shepherd 1992	12 of 58 NC Community Colleges. Vocational-tech entrants, Fall 1987. At least 12 credit hours 4 years later	All students 3,429 Vocational 798 Technical 2,631	260 GEDs 3,169 HSGs 71 GEDs 727 HSGs 189 GEDs 2,442 HSGs	2.59 2.85 2.37 2.91 2.81 2.79	rn	0.91
Parrish 1994	2-yr colls, AL 4 randomly selected LPN programs out of 10	All full-time fall enrollees 88-90 in the 4 programs	114 GEDs 414 HSGs	2.51 2.32	rn	1.08
Mean GPA GED Mean GPA HSG Mean Ratio GED/HSG Number of Colleges				2.58 2.71 0.95 17
*Graduates*
Welch 1980	U. Tenn.-Nashville 1972 entrants in 2-yr AS Nursing programs Graduated by Spring 1978	492 graduates	42 GEDs 211 HSGs 244 Transfers	2.73 2.77 2.79	rn	0.99
Swift 1989	12 of 28 postsecondary vocational schools, GA Enrollees in 1 year Nursing program, 1983-86	All 1,254 nursing graduates	282 GEDs 972 HSGs	3.19 3.09	ns	1.03
Ziegler 1992	3 Ohio tech. colls. 5 Tech major areas Grades in (required) social science and communications courses	All AS grads 1978-85	111 GEDs 357 HSGs	3.02 3.08	rn	0.98
Parrish 1994	2-yr colls, AL 4 randomly selected LPN programs out of 10	All full-time fall enrollees 88-90 in the 4 programs	114 GEDs 414 HSGs	2.94 2.98	rn	0.99
Mean GPA GED Mean GPA HSG Ratio: Mean GED/HSG Number of Colleges				3.09 3.05 1.01 20
*Other (ftn)*
Kothenbeutel 1993	Kirkwood Community College, Iowa 5 technical programs. Enrolled Fall 1985. Data as of Spring 1990	410 remedial test takers. Limited population	56 GEDs 354 HSGs	1.94 2.59	rc	0.75
Ratio: GED/HSG				0.75
ftn. Study focused on restricted population. ^*= HSG significantly greater than GED p < .05 ^{^}GED significant difference ns = No significant difference rn = Real numbers (not estimates) rc = Our recalculation

Author	College/program Students/year	Population or sample	Number	GPA	See ftns.	Ratio GED/ HSG
Table B-4.-Grade point averages of GED recipients and high school graduates (continued)

2-YEAR COLLEGES

*First Year*
Hannah 1972	3 Junior Colleges, Alabama All enrollees 1965-71 (1st year GPAs)	All GEDs Random HSGs	300 GEDs 300 HSGs	1.87 2.07	ns	0.90
Moore 1973	5 community/junior colleges in Texas. Full-time Entrants, Fall 1971	All GEDs Random HSGs	220 GEDs 220 HSGs	1.61 2.31	^*	0.90
Ayers 1978	Surry Community College, NC Enrollees 1977-78. After 1 year	All GEDs Random HSGs	37 GEDs 37 HSGs	2.75 2.93	ns	0.94
Wilson 1977	Tulsa Junior College Oklahoma. Entrants, 1st semester 1981	All GEDs All HSGs	187 GEDs 2322 HSGs	1.92 2.16	rn	0.89
Scales 1990	3 Alabama 2-year colleges. Entrants Fall 1987. Full time, 1st quarter only	All GEDs Random HSGs	47 GEDs 45 HSGs	1.88 2.02	ns	0.93
Schillo 1990	Lorain Co. Community College, Ohio Entrants, Fall 1988-89 Data for school year	All GEDs Random HSGs	40 GEDs 40 HSGs	1.95 2.66	^*	0.73
Mean GPA GED Mean GPA HSG Ratio: Mean GED/HSG Number of Colleges				2.52 2.57 0.98 19
*All Years*
Hartung 1948	U. of Tennessee Junior College	All GEDs ? others	53 GEDs Other vets Non-vets Women Non-GED Av.	1.37 2.13 2.01 2.29 2.14		0.64
Hannah 1972 (2nd yr. GPAs)	3 Jr. Colleges, Alabama Enrollees 1965-71	All GEDs Random HSGs	120 GEDs 158 HSGs	2.66 2.11	^	1.26
Wolf 1980	South Plains College, Texas. Enrollees Fall 1970-Fall 1973	"Representative sample"	100 GED 100 HSG 100 non-HSG	2.61 2.64 2.60	ns	0.99
Spillar 1982	(Community) College of the Mainland, Texas Entrants Fall 1978 3 years later	All GEDs Random HSGs	105 GED 105 HSG	2.71 2.50	ns	1.08
Willet 1982	Elgin Community Coll., Illinois. Entrants 1976 5 years later	Random GEDs Random HSGs	68 GEDs 68 HSGs	2.33 2.44	ns	0.95
Grady 1983	Broward Community College, FL. Entrants Fall 80. >1 course 3 years later	All GEDs Random HSGs Match age, sex, race	458 GEDs 458 HSGs	2.46 2.58	ns	0.95
Klein and Grise 1987	Survey of registrars at 10 of 28 Florida community colleges		GEDs HSGs	2.54 2.75	*	0.92
McElroy 1990	Kankakee Community College, Illinois Enrollees in FY 1990	Random GEDs Random HSGs	50 GEDs 50 HSGs	2.93 2.76	^	1.06
Mean GPA GED Mean GPA HSG Ratio: MeanGED/HSG Number of Colleges				2.52 2.57 0.98 19
*Graduates*
Clark 1987	Community College of Allegheny Co., PA Graduates 1/1985-8/1986	All GEDs Random HSGs	56 GEDs 56 HSGs	3.21 3.03	ns
Ratio GED/HSG Number of Colleges				1.06 1
Other (ftn.)
Tiner 1995	Ark. St. U.-Beebe (2-yr.) "Volunteers" with at least 12 hrs About 1994	Sample of 276 students. Self-selecting sample.	54 GEDs 222 HSGs	3.28 2.72	^{^}	1.21
Ratio GED/HSG				1.21
ftn. Study has methodological problems that raise questions about the reliability/validity for the findings. ^*= HSG significantly greater than GED p < .05 ^{^}GED significantly greater than HSG p < .05 ns = No significant difference rn = Real numbers (not estimates) rc = Our recalculation

Author	College/program Students/year	Population or sample	Number	GPA	See ftns.	Ratio GED/ HSG
Table B-4.-Grade point averages of GED recipients and high school graduates (continued)

4-YEAR COLLEGES

*First Year*
Putnam 1947	Vanport Extension Center, Oregon State System. Enrollees, Winter quarter 1947	All GEDs All HSGs	71 GEDs 1129 HSGs	2.42 2.39	rn	1.01
Stinson 1947 in Whitley 1958	Colorado A&M		30 GEDs - HSGs	1.94 2.36		.082
Dixon 1948	University of Missouri Enrolled 1st semester 1947. Took ACE psych. examination	All GEDs Sample HSGs Match vet sex age marital college term aptitude entrance	257 GEDs 257 HSGs	1.93 2.10		0.92
Roeber 1950	Kansas State Teachers' College Completed at least 1 semester. 1st semester GPAs	All GEDs All ? HSGs	71 GEDs 397 HSGs	2.00 2.33		0.92
Adams 1950 in Whitley 1958	Southwest Texas State Teachers College	GED vets HSGs	GEDs HSGs	1.79 2.42		0.74
Milligan, Lins & Little 1948	U. of Wisconsin Entrants in first year	All GEDs (1 female) All male students	72 GEDs All males	1.60 2.13	rn rc	0.75
Colert 1983	Brandon University Canada. Entrants 1982-83. 1st year GPAs	All GEDs Systematic Sample HSGs	26 GEDs 27 HSGs	1.68 1.98	ns	0.85
Means 1987 in Johnson 1992	Casper College WY Entrants Fall 1986	All GEDs All Freshmen	GEDs Freshmen	2.31 2.34	rn	0.99
Rogers 1987	U. of Arkansas Fayetville, Enrollees Fall 1982-Spring 1986 First yr. GPA	All GEDs Random HSGs	178 GEDs 207 HSGs	1.82 2.34	rc	0.78
Van de Ven 1985 in Quinn 1986	University of Wisconsin- Green Bay. Entrants Fall 1981. 1st sem. GPA.	All GEDs All HSGs	28 GEDs 211 HSGs	1.88 2.21	rn rc	0.85
Quinn 1986	U. Wisconsin- Madison. Enrolled Fall 1979-80 through Fall 1984-85. 1st sem. GPA	All GED All HSG	51 GEDs 22655 HSGs	2.35 2.76	rn	0.85
Mean GPA GED Mean GPA HSG Ratio: Mean GED/HSG Number of Colleges				1.97 2.31 0.86 11
*All Years*
Dixon 1948 (After 1st term)	Univ. of Missouri Entered 1st sem. 1947 Took ACE psych exam. over 7 semesters	All GEDs Sample HSGs Match vet sex age marital college term aptitude entrance	257 GEDs 257 HSGs	2.02 2.15		0.94
Andrew 1951	University of Utah. Male entrants Fall 1945-Summer 1950. Probably as of late 1950- early 1951. Completed at least one quarter.	All matchable GEDs. Sample HSGs. Matched on sex, age, college, quarter admitted, ability. Selection methods unclear.	209 GEDs 209 HSGs	0.56 0.89	^*	0.63
D'Amico 1957	Indiana University Males admitted 1946-50.	All GED All HSG	51 GEDs 22655 HSGs	2.35 2.76	rn	0.85
Roon 1972	Indiana University Males admitted 1946-50.	Random GEDs. Random HSGs, stratified by HS rank. 30/30/40	237 GEDs 660 HSGs	1.84 2.28	rc ^*	0.81
Quinn 1986	U. Wisconsin- Milwaukee. Enrolled Fall 1979-80 through Fall 1984-85.	All GEDs. All HSGs, After 4 semesters	538 GEDs 12146 HSGs	1.98 2.56	rn rc	0.77
Rogers 1987	U. of Arkansas, Fayetteville Enrollees Fall 1982- Spring 1986.	All GEDs Random HSGs	442 GEDs 375 HSGs	2.12 2.36		0.90
Mean GPA GED Mean GPA HSG Ratio: MeanGED/HSG Number of Colleges				1.90 2.23 0.85 6
Graduates
Whitley 1958	Florida State U. Entrants 1948-49 thru 1952-53. Graduates	All GEDs 15% systematic HSGs	31 GEDs 59 HSGs	2.37 2.48		0.96
Sultan 1989	Miss St. U & U of Southern Miss 1982-87. Graduates	All GEDs Sample HSG Match sex, majors, yr grd	37 GEDs 37 HSGs	3.13 3.04	ns	1.03
Mean GPA GED Mean GPA HSG Ratio: MeanGED/HSG Number of Colleges				1.90 2.75 2.76 1.00
Other
Keller 1958	East Tennessee State College. Graduates. Average of grades in History, Literature, Composition and Rhetoric, and Math	Random GEDs HSGs	150 GEDs 150 HSGs	2.53 2.49
^*= HSG significantly greater than GED p < .05 ^{^}GED significantly greater than HSG p < .05 ns = No significant difference rn = Real numbers (not estimates) rc = Our recalculation

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[Appendix B: Tables B-1, B-2, and B-3 ]

[Appendix B: Table B-5]