Yienger, J. J., and H. Levy II, 1995: Empirical model of global soil-biogenic NO_x emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D6), 11,447-11,464.

Abstract: We construct a global, temperature and precipitation dependent, empirical model of soil biogenic NO_x emissions using 6-hour general circulation model forcing. New features of this source relative to the latest published ones by Dignon et al. [1992] and Muller [1992] include synoptic-scale modeling of "pulsing" (the emissions burst following the wetting of a dry soil), a biome dependent scheme to estimate canopy recapture of NO_x, and an explicit linear dependence of emission on N fertilizer rate for agricultural soils. Our best estimate for annual above-canopy emissions is 5.5 Tg N (NO_x) with a range of 3.3-7.7 Tg N. Globally, the strongest emitters are agriculture, grasslands, and tropical rain forests, accounting for 41%, 35%, and 16% of the annual budget, respectively. "Pulsing" contributes 1.3 Tg N annually. In temperate regions, agriculture dominates emission, and in tropical regions, grassland dominates. Canopy recapture is significant, consuming, on average, possibly 50% of soil emissions. In temperate regions, periodic temperature changes associated with synoptic-scale distu;rbances can cause emission fluctuations of up to 20 ng N m^-2 s^-1, indicating a close correlation between emission and warm weather events favorable to O₃/smog formation. By the year 2025, increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer may raise total annual emissions to 6.9 Tg N with agriculture accounting for more than 50% of the global source. Finally, biomass burning may add up to an additional 0.6 Tg N globally by stimulating emissions for a short period after the burn.