Publications
Information Sheets
Photo Gallery
Technology Development
GLERL Library
Vessels
Water Levels
Web Cams
Meteorological Data
|
|
GLERL Publications Abstracts: FY 1992
Publications List Key |
Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. |
* = Not available from GLERL. |
** = Available in GLERL Library only. |
ASSEL, R.A. A computer tutorial for Great Lakes ice cover climatology.
Proceedings, 48th Annual Eastern Snow Conference, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,
June 5-7, 1991. 267-272 (1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920016.pdf
An interactive menu-driven computer tutorial was developed to provide
an overview of the annual Great Lakes ice cycle. The tutorial includes
an animation to aid in visualizing the normal seasonal progression and
the spatial patterns of ice cover for the base period 1960-1979 (Assel
and Ratkos 1991). The computer algorithm was developed from data contained
in the NOAA Great Lakes Ice Atlas (Assel et al. 1983). Computer diskettes
needed to load and run the tutorial are being made available (Assel
and Ratkos - in press) to the public at large. This paper abstracts
information from that forthcoming publication.
ASSEL, R.A. Great Lakes winter weather 700-hPa PNA teleconnections. Monthly
Weather Review 120(9):2156-2163 (1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920001.pdf
A positive 700-hPa Pacific-North America (PNA) circulation index in
December 1989 was replaced by a negative PNA index in January and February
1990. This circulation pattern reversal was associated with an anomaly
reversal in air temperatures over the eastern half of the United States
and anomaly reversals in the air temperature, snowfall, and ice cover
of the Great Lakes. Evidence of PNA teleconnections with these Great
Lakes climatic variables for a 20-winter base period is presented through
correlations of anomalies in the monthly 700-hPa PNA index and PNA coordinates
with anomalies in Great Lakes average monthly air temperature, snowfall,
and ice cover.
ASSEL, R.A., and J.M. RATKOS. A computer tutorial and animation of the
normal ice cycle of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America for 1960-1979.
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-76, Great Lakes Environmental Research
Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB92-129949/XAB) 31 pp. (1991). ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/assel/animation
An interactive, menu-driven computer tutorial was developed to provide
an overview of the annual Great Lakes ice cycle. The tutorial includes
an animation to aid in visualizing the seasonal progression and the
spatial patterns of ice cover for the base period 1960-1979. The computer
algorithm was developed from data contained in the NOAA Great Lakes
Ice Atlas. This material is presented as a government technical memorandum
to make the tutorial available to the public at large for educational
purposes. A computer diskette needed to load and run the tutorial (on
a Macintosh Plus with at least 2 megabytes of memory) is included as
an appendix. Background information on the ice cover data and methods
used to create the tutorial is followed by a description of the spatial
and seasonal ice cover distribution patterns as related to lake bathymetry.
ASSEL, R.A., and D.M. Robertson. Climatic changes near the Great Lakes
inferred from 141 year ice records. Proceedings, 5th International Meeting
on Statistical Climatology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 22-26, 1992.
Environment Canada, Toronto, 81-85 (1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920017.pdf
Freeze-up and break-up dates and duration of ice cover for lakes and
rivers represent an integration of weather conditions prior to the specified
event(s). Changes in mean ice conditions may be used as quantitative
indicators of climatic changes if long homogenous ice records are accompanied
by sufficiently homogenous air temperature records to calibrate the
changes in mean ice cover in terms of climatic variables. Historical
ice records dating back to 1855 are available for Lake Mendota, WI (located
on the southwestern side of Lake Michigan) and back to 1851 for Grand
Traverse Bay, MI (located on the northeastern side of Lake Michigan).
Changes in the mean ice cover of these two systems were used to describe
changes in fall, winter, and spring air temperatures in the area near
the Great Lakes during the past 141 years.
Benner, R., G. Chin-Leo, W.S. GARDNER, B.J. EADIE, and J.B. COTNER. The
fates and effects of riverine and shelf-derived DOM on Mississippi River
plume/Gulf shelf processes. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean
Productivity Workshop, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, New Orleans,
LA, October 1-4, 1991. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Office, TAMU-SG-92-109,
84-94 (1992).
A variety of chemical and biological measurements provided complementary
information on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during
summer and winter cruises in the Mississippi River Plume/Gulf Shelf
region. Non-conservative mixing of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) between
the River and open Gulf was observed during the summer cruise, indicating
a substantial input of DOC at intermediate salinities (15-30%). Stable
nitrogen isotope compositions of DOM isolated by ultrafiltration also
indicated a source of freshly produced DOM at intermediate salinities
during the summer, suggesting that phytoplankton were an important source
of DOM in the plume. DOC mixing appeared to be fairly conservative during
the winter cruise.
Calculation of areal bacterial demand for carbon indicated that bacteria
consumed a substantial portion of the total carbon fixed by primary
production in this region. The oxygen demand from growth of bacterioplankton
in subsurface waters was sufficient to explain the occurrence of hypoxic
conditions during the summer at stations where low oxygen levels were
observed in bottom waters. Although more temporal data are needed to
define seasonal trends accurately, bacterial activity, community respiration
and nutrient regeneration rates were higher during the summer cruise
than during the winter cruise. Rates of bacterial production, nitrogen
regeneration and community respiration were highest at intermediate
salinities in the plume, particularly during the summer. During both
cruises, the proportion of total respiration and nutrient regeneration
that were not accounted for by bacteria were consistently higher in
the plume regions, where zooplankton grazing of particles may be relatively
more important for nutrient regeneration than in regions where primary
production was low.
BOLSENGA, S.J. Report. A review of Great Lakes ice research. Journal
of Great Lakes Research 18(1):169-189 (1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920003.pdf
A review of over 250 scientific and engineering articles on ice research
in the Great Lakes covering the period 1906-91, with emphasis on the
period 1960-91, shows a wide diversity of subject material. Studies
on ice extent are the most prevalent. The engineering aspects of ice,
primarily ice control structures, and ice forecasting have also received
significant attention. Brief summaries of the articles are provided.
The intention of this review is to provide an overview and a reference
source of research conducted on Great Lakes ice.
BOLSENGA, S.J., C.E. Herdendorf, and D.C. NORTON. Spectral transmittance
of lake ice from 400-850 nm. Hydrobiologia 218:15-25 (1991).
Spectral transmittance signatures for a variety of freshwater ice types
were collected in the 400-850 nm range. Clear ice showed the highest
transmittances, snow-covered ice the lowest and other ice types intermediate
transmittances. All of the ice spectral transmittance curves showed
the same general shape with no mutually-exclusive characteristics exhibited
by any ice type. The magnitude of the transmittance values was the primary
distinguishing factor. The range of transmittance values directly under
the ice was remarkably narrow (excluding snow-covered ice) and markedly
different from values lower in the water column.
BOLSENGA, S.J., and D.C. NORTON. Maximum snowfall at long-term stations
in U.S./Canadian Great Lakes. Natural Hazards 5:221-232 (1992).
Heavy snowfalls can pose natural hazards in the North American Great
Lakes region. Maximum annual snowfalls are presented from an extensive
data base at 82 long-period-of-record stations. In the absence of site-specific
information, these data should be useful to designers, planners, and
resource managers in the region. A relationship exists between maximum
snowfalls and latitude because the northern Great Lakes climate is cooler
and drier than the climate of the southern Great Lakes. A relationship
between longitude and maximum snowfalls appears to be based on the longitudinal
variation of precipitable water vapor aloft. No apparent relationship
exists between maximum snowfall and elevation when station data are
analyzed without regard to data from lake-effect zones. However, when
one lake-effect region was analyzed in detail, an orographic effect
was clearly evident in both maximum and average annual snowfalls.
BRATKOVICH, A.W., and S.P. Dinnel. Lower Mississippi River historical
nitrate flux and Mississippi River outflow buoyancy flux. Proceedings,
Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana Universities
Marine Consortium, TAMU-SG-92-109, New Orleans, LA, October 1-4, 1991.
NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Office, 37-42 (1992).
Results from an analysis of 35-year time sequences of Lower Mississippi
River water discharge, nitrate concentration and nitrate flux are discussed.
The potential predictability of these quantities is evaluated. Results
indicate a large amplitude, very-low-frequency cycle in the nitrate
concentration that is not observed in the water discharge. A decrease
in average nitrate concentration from a peak in 1983 to the present
confirms that this variability is more cyclic than trend-like. River-water
discharge variation is greatest in association with the annual cycle.
The annual water discharge and nitrate concentration cycles are similar,
high nitrate concentrations usually occur near the spring fresher and
low concentrations usually occur along with autumn low flow conditions.
Nitrate flux variations exhibit a low amplitude, very-low-frequency
modultation of a dominant, annual cycle. A predictor-hindcastor analysis
indicates that truly skilled forecasts of all three fields are feasible.
Shelf stratification and nutrient field conditions respond to forcing
by riverine source functions. Hydrographic data in the Mississippi River
outflow region from two NECOP cruises are presented. Spatial distributions
of Cruise 1 (summer 1990) and Cruise 2 (winter 1991) hydrographic data
are compared seasonally and with historical data. Shelf stratification
conditions are examined based on NECOP cruise data, and these conditions
are discussed in the context of riverine and other forcing functions.
Burrows, W.R., and R.A. ASSEL. Use of CART for diagnostic and prediction
problems in the atmospheric sciences. Proceedings, 12th Conference on
Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada, June 22-26, 1992. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA,
161-166 (1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920018.pdf
No abstract.
CLITES, A.H., T.D. FONTAINE, and J.R. WELLS. Distributed costs of environmental
contamination. Journal of Ecological Economics 3:215-229 (1991).
Improper disposal of toxic contaminants costs society far more than
just cleanup costs. Agency expenses, costs of research and litigation,
and resource damages represent additional costs of pollution. These
costs are generally borne by the public rather than by the polluter,
and are therefore termed 'distributed'. Two cases of PCB contamination
in aquatic systems were analyzed from a distributed-costs perspective:
New Bedford Harbor, MA, and the Hudson River, NY. For the cases analyzed,
the major distributed cost was the loss of past and future fishery revenues.
For the cases analyzed, distributed costs made up from about 40% to
99% of total costs.
COTNER, J.B., Jr., and R.G. Wetzel. Uptake of dissolved inorganic and
organic phosphorus compounds by phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. Limnology
and Oceanography 37(2):232-243 (1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920015.pdf
Potential sources of dissolved P to phytoplankton and bacterioplankton
were examined in a small meso-eutrophic lake. Kinetic analyses of whole
lake water on three dates demonstrated that the maximal rate (Vmax)
for phosphate uptake was highest (5.2 nM min-1) in spring. On all dates,
size fractionation of plankton and kinetic analyses of uptake indicated
that most (>50%) uptake of phosphate was by phytoplankton at Vmax
and by bacteria at ambient concentrations. Isotope dilution assays,
with either unlabeled phosphate or various dissolved organic P (DOP)
compounds, demonstrated that phosphate was the preferred substrate for
uptake into both algae and bacteria. Phytoplankton had greater capacity
for uptake of P from both phosphate and DOP than bacterioplankton. We
concluded that phytoplankton use both phosphate and DOP, particularly
at high substrate concentrations, and that bacterial utilization of
P may be limited by the availability of organic C or other nutrients.
CROLEY, T.E.II. Long-term heat storage in the Great Lakes. Water Resources
Research 28(1):69-81 (1992).
Practical estimation of long-term daily Great Lakes evaporation requires
one-dimensional (depth) models of heat storage and mixing. Conceptual
models are preferable to physical models for small-computer simulations
that are multiple, continuous, and long. This paper describes a new
conceptual superposition model of heat storage to extend an existing
evaporation model along the lake depth. The resulting daily model is
recalibrated to remotely sensed surface water temperatures and is used
to illustrate anew seasonal heating and cooling cycles, heat-temperature
hysteresis, water column turnovers, and mixed-layer developments. It
is used as well to compare the vertical distribution of temperatures
with independent bathythermograph data. The time occurrence structure
of evaporation on the Great Lakes is investigated, and the effects of
summertime initial conditions on subsequent wintertime behavior of evaporation
are simulated. Impacts of perceived large-lake thermodynamic behavior
are analyzed, and suggestions are made for further research.
Dickey, T., J. Marra, T. Granata, C. Langdon, M. Hamilton, J. Wiggert,
D. Siegel, and A.W. BRATKOVICH. Concurrent high resolution bio-optical
and physical time series observations in the Sargasso Sea during the Spring
of 1987. Journal of Geophysical Research 96(C5):8643-8663 (1991).
The evolution of bio-optical and physical properties of the upper layer
of the open ocean has been examined at time scales from a few minutes
to several months using recently developed multi-variable moored systems
(MVMS). Concurrent, collocated time series measurements of horizontal
currents, temperature, photosynthetically available radiation, transmission
of a beam of collimated light (660 nm), stimulated chlorophyll fluorescence,
and dissolved oxygen concentration were made. The systems were located
at eight depths in the upper 160 m of the Sargasso Sea (34oN,
70oW) and were deployed three times for a total of 9 months
in 1987. The first deployment data presented here show considerably
more variability than those of the latter two deployments because of
the dynamic springtime shoaling of the mixed layer and the accompanying
phytoplankton bloom and more mesoscale variability associated with cold
core rings and warm outbreak waters associated with the Gulf Stream.
These data are used to demonstrate the utility of the MVMS and indicate
the importance of high-frequency, long-term sampling of bio-optical
and physical variables of the upper ocean for understanding and modeling
dynamical changes in bio-optical properties, primary production, and
carbon fluxes of the upper ocean on time scales ranging from minutes
to seasons to decades. Some phenomena observed with the systems include
(1) diurnal variations in bio-optical properties, (2) springtime stratification
and rapid (-2 days and less) episodic changes in the beam attenuation
coefficient and in situ chlorophyll fluorescence, and (3) advective
episodes associated with warm outbreaks of Gulf Stream waters and cold
core Gulf Stream rings in the vicinity of the mooring.
EADIE, B.J., G.L. BELL, and N. HAWLEY. Sediment trap study in the Green
Bay mass balance program: Mass and organic carbon fluxes, resuspension,
and particle settling velocities. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-75,
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI (PB92-125293/XAB)
29 pp. (1991).
This research is a part of a large, multidisciplinary program designed
to measure and model the mass balance of congener-specific polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB) and dieldrin in Green Bay, western Lake Michigan. In
this report, we document the results of our sediment trap study designed
to collect representative samples of settling particulate material from
five sites within the southern portion of the bay. Measuring the mass
collected allowed us to calculate the gross downward flux of particulate
matter and particle settling velocities. The mass balance models being
applied to Green Bay explicitly require these particle setting velocities
and vertical fluxes of mass and particulate organic carbon. Mass and
carbon fluxes from sediment traps located 2 m above bottom and distributed
throughout southern Green Bay showed that seasonal flux patterns were
generally high prior to stratification, declined to minimum values during
summer, and then generally reached much higher fluxes during fall overturn.
In the epilimnion, seasonal patterns are similar to the near bottom
samples although mass flux is approximately 10% of the near bottom flux,
and carbon flux is approximately 20%. Settling velocities for epilimnetic
samples are approximately 0.5 m/day, similar to open-lake values. Significantly
higher settling velocities (4-6 m/day) during the stratified period
were calculated for the 2 m above bottom region. These rates imply that
a large recharging of the particle pool by either horizontal transport
or local sediment resuspension occurs throughout the year. During the
unstratified period, settling velocities throughout the water column
are approximately 12-18 m/day, more than an order of magnitude higher
than during stratification. At this rate, the particle residence time
in the water column is only a few days, again implying frequent recharging.
Sediment resuspension estimated by a steady state model required to
support trap observations is about 10 g/m2/day with scale thicknesses
of 5-7 m, and there is little seasonal variation until late September.
EADIE, B.J., N.R. MOREHEAD, J. Val Klump, and P.F. LANDRUM. Distribution
of hydrophobic organic compounds between dissolved and particulate organic
matter in Green Bay waters. Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(1):91-97
(1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920008.pdf
Water samples freshly collected from southern Green Bay were inoculated
with radiolabelled hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) and, after equilibration,
separated into particle bound, dissolved organic matter (DOM) bound
and freely dissolved phases. Ambient suspended matter (2.7-28 ppm) and
dissolved organic carbon (5.2-11.5 ppm) were high in concentration relative
to the open Great Lakes, but HOC distribution coefficients were not
significantly different between Green Bay and previously measured open
Great Lakes values. HOC in the particle phase ranged from 3% for 4-MCB
to 53% for BaP and DDT. HOC associated with DOM was generally higher
than for open lake samples, and ranged from 2% for 2,2',5,5'--TCB to
26.5% for 4-MCB.
EADIE, B.J., J.A. ROBBINS, P. Blackwelder, S. Metz, J.H. Trefry, B. McKee,
and T.A. Nelson. A retrospective analysis of nutrient enhanced coastal
ocean productivity in sediments from the Louisiana continental shelf.
Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana
Universities Marine Consortium, New Orleans, LA, October 1-4, 1991. NOAA
Coastal Program Office, 7-14 (1992).
Sediments have been collected and analyzed to obtain evidence in support
of the argument that anthropogenic nutrient loading has led to changes
in coastal water quality and increased productivity. Cores representing
approximately 100 years of input show unmistakable signs of increased
accumulation of organic carbon beginning early in the 1900s. Organic
tracers show that virtually all of this increase appears to be of marine
origin. At two sites within the plume/hypoxia region, preliminary estimates
are that 50 to 70 percent more organic carbon is presently accumulating
than at the turn of the century. These preliminary interpretations provide
strong support for the central themes of the NECOP program. Analysis
and interpretation of further supporting information is continuing.
FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., and H.J. CARRICK. Phototrophic picoplankton in Lakes
Huron and Michigan: abundance, distribution, composition, contribution
to biomass and production. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences 49(2):379-388 (1992).
The phototrophic picoplankton communities of Lakes Huron and Michigan
were studied from 1986 through 1988. Abundances in the surface-mixed
layer ranged from 10 000 to 220 000 cellsmL-1 with a seasonal
maximum during the period of thermal stratification. During thermal
stratification, maximum abundances were generally found within the metalimnion/hypolimnion
at depths corresponding to the 0.6-6.0% isolumes. The picoplankton community
was dominated by single phycoerythrin-containing (PE) Synechococcus
(59%) with lesser amounts of chlorophyll fluorescing cells (21%), PE
colonial Synechococcus-like cells (11%) other PE colonion Chroococcales
(6%), and other cells (3%). Single PE Synechococcus was abundant throughout
the year whereas chlorophyll-fluorescing and colonial cyanobacteria
were more abundant during the periods of spring isothermal mixing and
summer stratification, respectively. Picoplankton accounted for an average
of 10% (range 0.5-50%) of phototrophic biomass. Phototrophic organisms
that passed 1-, 3-, and 10-mm screens were responsible for an average
of 17% (range 6-43%), 40% (21-65%), and 70% (52-90%) of primary production.
Maximum contributions of <1, <3, and <10 mm size fractions
occurred during the period of thermal stratification. Primary production
by phototrophic picoplankton was found to equal production in the <1
mm size fraction.
FAHNENSTIEL, G.L., M.H. MARCOVITZ, and M.J. McCORMICK. High growth and
microzooplankton-grazing loss rates for phytoplankton populations from
the Mississippi River plume region. Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal
Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium,
New Orleans, LA, October 1-4, 1991. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Office,
NECOP Synthesis TAMU-SG-92-109, 111-116 (1992).
During the July/August 1990 NECOP cruise, taxon-specific growth, and
microzooplankton grazing and sedimentation loss rates were measured
on dominant phytoplankton populations in the plume/hypoxia region. Taxon-specific
growth rates (m) ranged from <0.1 to >3.0 d-1 with highest rates
(>2 d-1) in the plume region. Many surface growth rates in the plume
were close to or exceeded previously published umax values. For most
taxa, including diatoms and non-diatoms, growth rates decreased in the
hypoxia region. Significant microzooplankton grazing loss rates were
noted only for small phytoplankton (<15 mm); rates for these taxa
were high (>1.0 d-1) in the plume region and decreased in the hypoxia
region. Sedimentation was an important loss only for a few diatoms.
Our data suggest that during the summer in the plume region, phytoplankton
production rates are high, and most of this production is recycled within
the surface layer.
FONTAINE, T.D., III, and D.J. Stewart. Exploring the effects of multiple
management objectives and exotic species on Great Lakes food webs and
contaminant dynamics. Environmental Management 16(2):225-229 (1992).
A simulation model was developed to describe linkages among fish web,
nutrient cycling, and contaminant processes in the southern basin of
Lake Michigan. The model was used to examine possible effects of management
actions and an exotic zooplankter (Bythotrephes) on Lake Michigan
food web and contaminants dynamics. The model predicts that contaminant
concentrations in salmonines will decrease by nearly 20% if Bythotrephes
successfully establishes itself in the lake. The model suggests that
this decrease will result from lowered transfer efficiencies within
the food web and increased flux of contaminants to the hypolimnion.
The model also indicates that phosphorus management will have little
effect on contaminant concentrations in salmonines. The modeling exercise
helped identify weaknesses in the data base (e.g., incomplete information
on contaminant loadings and on the biomass, production, and ecological
efficiencies of dominant organisms) that should be corrected in order
to make reliable management decisions.
GOTTLIEB, E.S. Variability of the stratified flow in the passages
connecting Green Bay and Lake Michigan. Ph.D. dissertation, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 93 pp. (1992).
Green Bay is a large shallow embayment connected to Lake Michigan.
Discharges of inadequately treated industrial and municipal wastes have
adversely affected water quality in the bay's shallow southern end.
Flushing of the bay is primarily influenced by water volume exchange
flows between the bay and Lake Michigan occurring through the four main
passages comprising the bay mouth, which is located at the bay's northeastern
end. In order to help identify the important exchange processes and
dynamics, estimate the magnitude of the exchange, and describe the exchange
variability, the passages were instrumented in 1977-1987 and again in
1988-1989. The collected current velocity and water temperature data
are compiled, presented, analyzed, and used in conjunction with thermistor
chain, meteorological, and water surface level data to describe the
volume exchange dynamics, magnitude, and variability. Energetic fluctuations
in the currents and temperatures occur at semidiurnal and longer periods.
While winter currents are almost entirely barotropic (uniform with depth)
and of moderate strength, summer currents are affected by the thermal
stratification, becoming baroclinic (sheared) and even bi-directional
(two-layered) at times. Below the thermocline (in the lower-layer),
pressure-driven inflow of cool and dense water from Lake Michigan into
Green Bay is observed to intensify during periods when the thermocline
is tilted across the bay mouth. The directions of the inflowing currents
and the thermocline tilt are consistent with rotation effects, as confirmed
by a simple scale analysis. A conceptual model is used to describe the
relationship between the thermocline tilt and the lower-layer flow through
Rock Island Passage. Also, in Deaths Door Passage, a large-amplitude
semidiurnal internal waveform is observed to persist throughout the
stratified season. It is shown that despite the large variability exhibited
by the bay/lake exchange flows, a volume of Lake Michigan water at least
equal to the volume of Green Bay enters the bay once during each stratified
season.
GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY. Publications by the
Staff of the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. C.M. Darnell
(ed.). Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, (1992).
No abstract.
GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY. Annual Report for the
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, FY 1991. Great Lakes
Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 54 pp. (1992).
No abstract.
HAWLEY, N. Preliminary observations of sediment erosion from a bottom
resting flume. Journal of Great Lakes Research 17(3):361-367 (1991).
http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1991/19910003.pdf
A small portable flume was designed and constructed to measure in situ
erosion velocities. Preliminary results from deployments in lake Michigan,
Lake Superior, and Lake Ontario show that the flume can produce and
measure the velocities required to erode fine-grained material from
the lake bottom. Shear stresses required for erosion (calculated from
the measured velocities) varied from 0.03 to 1.34 dynes/cm2.
As the flow velocity increases, erosion appears to occur as discrete
episodes rather than continuously. Before flume results can be sued
to predict a sediment's resistance to erosion, both extensive measurements
of sediment properties and comparisons of flume results to naturally-occurring
erosion events are needed.
HERCHE, L.R., and H.C. HARTMANN. Estimation of Great Lakes water level
statistics: Conditioning via "The Bootstrap". Journal of Great Lakes
Research 18(1):218-228 (1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920005.pdf
Reliable lake level frequency distributions are a critical component
of any comprehensive strategy for coping with Great Lakes water level
fluctuations. However, statistical techniques commonly used on riverine
systems are inappropriate for large lake systems, due to the level's
long-term persistence and dependence on the prevailing climatic regime.
To illustrate an alternative methodology, we present a series of resampling
analyses modeled after well-known bootstrap techniques applied to 130
years of monthly Lake Erie water level records. The analyses show that
lake level exceedance probabilities should be conditioned on 1) length
of planning horizon, 2) starting month of planning horizon, 3) initial
lake level, and 4) climatic regime. Our methodology can be extended
to additionally consider storm and wind effects on levels, to incorporate
levels data available for discontinuous periods prior to 1860, and to
develop other types of lake level statistics useful to decision makers,
such as duration and time-to-exceedance probabilities.
JOHENGEN, T.H., A.M. BEETON, and R.E. Holland. A final water quality
monitoring report and evaluation of the Saline Valley rural clean water
project. Contract Report, Michigan Department of Agriculture, Washtenaw
County Board of Commissioners, Monroe County Board of Commissioners, Washtenaw
County Soil Conservation District, and the Monroe County Soil and Water
Conservation District, 136 pp. (1991).
No abstract.
JOHENGEN, T.H., and A.M. BEETON. The effects of temporal and spatial
variability on monitoring agricultural nonpoint source pollution. EPA/625/R-92/006.
EPA Seminar Publication. The National Rural Clean Water Program Symposium,
89-95 pp. (1992).
The Saline Valley Rural Clean Water Program project was one of 21 projects
developed to evaluate methods of controlling agricultural nonpoint source
pollution. Control programs were designed around voluntary implementation
of best management practices, and water quality trends were monitored
at eight stream stations from July 1981 to December 1989, using a fixed,
weekly sampling design. An additional monitoring program was established
within the Macon Creek subbasin (Station 9) in June 1988 to quantify
temporal and spatial variability in pollutant loads. Macon Creek was
monitored daily for seven days following any storm of more than half
an inch of rain. Five stations were added upstream from existing Station
9 to examine spatial variation in loading rates throughout the subbasin.
This study describes these storm monitoring results and discusses their
implication to the Saline project's monitoring data.
LANDRUM, P.F., B.J. EADIE, and W.R. FAUST. Variation in the bioavailability
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the amphipod Diporeia (spp.)
with sediment aging. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11:1197-1208
(1992).
The accumulation kinetics of the amphipod Diporeia sp. for sediment-sorbed
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) congeners were measured where
the contact time between the PAH congeners and the sediments varied
between 3 and 150 d. Diporeia were exposed to a reference sediment dosed
with two radiolabeled PAHs (phenanthrene and pyrene) and to sediments
dosed with the two radiotracers and a mixture of PAHs at 272.3 ±
10.9 nmol g-1 dry sediment, as the sum of the nine nonlabeled PAHs.
The sediments were prepared by dosing aliquots of a single collection
of sediment with PAHs at different times, producing a series of contact
times. The exposures were all performed at the same time from a single
collection of organisms. Diporeia were sampled for mortality and toxicokinetics
for up to 28 d. Some sediment avoidance was observed during the first
12 d of exposure. The partitioning between sediment particles and interstitial
water increased significantly for both phenanthrene and pyrene as contact
time increased. The uptake rate coefficient decreased for both phenanthrene
and pyrene when the contact with the sediment was increased from 3 to
60 d. When the contaminant-sediment contact was increased from 60 to
150 d, the phenanthrene uptake rate coefficient remained constant whereas
that for pyrene increased somewhat. Similar uptake results were observed
with the nonradiolabeled compounds.
LANDRUM, P.F., and W.R. FAUST. Effect of variation in sediment composition
on the uptake rate coefficient for selected PCB and PAH congeners by the
amphipod, Diporeia sp. In Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment:
Fourteenth Volume, ASTM STP 1124, M.A. Mayes and M.G. Barron, (eds
). American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 263-279
(1991).
The exposure of benthic organisms to sediment-associated toxic organics
is influenced by the sediment's organic carbon (OC) content because
hydrophobic organic contaminants sorb to the organic and fine grain
portions of sediments, and benthos ingest the OC associated with fine
material. The effect of varying sediment composition, measured as the
percent of combustible solids (CS), percent of OC, and percent of fine-grained
material (FM) (the <63 mm fraction of the sediment), was examined
by determining the accumulation of sediment-associated polychlorinated
biphenyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon congeners by the Great
Lakes amphipod, Diporeia sp. Prepared sediments (3 and 5% CS) and native
sediment were dosed with pairs of contaminants: 3H-pyrene and 14C- 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl,
and 3H-benzo(a)pyrene and 14C- 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl. Additionally,
some of the dosed 5% CS sediment was recombined with the coarse material
to recreate a 2% CS sediment where the fine material had been dosed
preferentially. The accumulation of the radiolabeled compounds was followed
for 27 days, and the partitioning between sediment particles and interstitial
water was measured at the end of the experiment. When uptake rate coefficients
(Ks) and the depuration rate constants (Kd) were estimated, the Kd values
were found to be similar to those previously measured in Diporeia. The
Ks values from the native and fine labeled sediments (both approximately
2% CS) were similar. Ks values declined with increasing CS, OC, and
FM. Correlations indicated that the percent of OC best accounted for
the variation resulting from changes in the sediment composition for
each compound, both for Ks and for sediment-interstitial water partitioning.
As in previous studies, the partition coefficient between sediment and
interstitial water did not account for the changes in the bioavailability
between different classes of compounds. Higher partitioning and higher
uptake rate coefficients were found for the chlorinated hydrocarbons
than for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, even when the hydrophobicity
of the contaminants was accounted for. A linear solvation energy quantitative
structure activity model was useful for describing the differences in
the uptake rate coefficients by accounting for the differences in the
molecular characteristics of the two compound classes.
LANDRUM, P.F., W.A. Frez, and M.S. Simmons. Relationship of toxicokinetic
parameters to respiration rates in Mysis relicta. Journal of
Great Lakes Research 18(2):331-339 (1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920010.pdf
The uptake of organic xenobiotics from water was compared to the respiration
rate of the Great Lakes invertebrate, Mysis relicta. Xenobiotic
clearance was compared with oxygen clearance. Uptake clearance is defined
as milliliters of water stripped of contaminant or oxygen per mass of
organism per hour. M. relicta were exposed to benzo(a)pyrene
(BaP) and 2,2'4,4'5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP). The respiration rate
for M. relicta declined logarithmically when measured for periods ranging
from 3 to 48 h. The respiration rate ranged from 1.4 (1.24-1.48) mg
O2 mg-1 wet weight h-1 for a 3 h period to 0.25 ±
0.023 mg O2 x mg-1 wet weightlh-1 for a 48 h period. Neither
the presence of the methanol carrier nor the methanol carrier plus xenobiotics
produced significant changes in respiration compared to those of the
control organisms in lake water only. The clearances of oxygen and the
two xenobiotics were each inversely correlated to organism weight. The
slopes of the clearance regressions with organisms weight were not significantly
different among the different measures of xenobiotic or oxygen clearance.
There was a near constant ratio of xenobiotic clearance to oxygen clearance
of 1.26 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE, n=29) for BaP and 1.37 ±
0.12 (r=29) for HCBP. These findings suggest that the accumulation of
organic xenobiotics may be linked to the accumulation of oxygen for
M. relicta.
LANDRUM, P.F., W.A. Frez, and M.S. Simmons. The effect of food consumption
on the toxicokinetics of benzo(a)pyrene and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl
in Mysis relicta. Chemosphere 25(3):397-415 (1992).
The relative importance of water and ingested food as possible avenues
of contaminant accumulation was examined. Mysis relicta was exposed
to two representative non-polar contaminants: benzy(a)pyrene (BaP) and
2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB). The accumulation was examined
kinetically in the presence and absence of two food types, Daphnia
pulex (water flea) and Tabellaria flocculosa (a diatom) The
availability of either food enhanced HCB accumulation and reduced BaP
accumulation. Feeding did not affect HCB elimination but enhanced BaP
elimination. The BaP was eliminated primarily as metabolites. Essentially
all of the elimination occurred via the fecal route for both compounds.
The fraction of the accumulation via ingestion of contaminated food
was greater when mysids fed on Daphnia than Tabellaria
and was greater for HCB than BaP.
LEE, D.H. Introduction to the special section on improving Great Lakes
water levels statistics. Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(1):199-201
(1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920004.pdf
The water levels of the Great Lakes achieved record high levels in
1985 and 1986 followed by a significant decline in 1987 and 1988. Neither
the rise nor decrease in levels were forecasted, leading to public demand
for improved water level information to be used for planning and water
resource management. The development of improved water level statistics
must address the user's needs and should consider the physical aspect
of the water fluctuations being modeled (annual fluctuations, seasonal
fluctuations, storm rises, etc.), matching the type of statistic to
the type of risk evaluation and the planning horizon. In order to develop
new water level statistics, the experts must reach a consensus on the
statistical model, incorporate conditionality, and properly adjust recorded
data to reflect the existing hydraulic and hydrologic regimes. The effective
use of the new statistics will depend upon the development of decision-making
techniques for each interest and their communication to the user in
non-technical terms.
Lindner, G., I. Greiner, R. Grom, K. Hain, M. Ibler, S. Kaminski, J.
Kleiner, W. Pfeiffer, J.A. ROBBINS, O. Seewald, Ch Wilhelm, and M. Wunderer.
Removal and accumulation processes of cesium radionuclides in prealpine
lakes. Proceedings, Radiation Protection for People and the Environment,
Aachen, Germany, September 30-October 3, 1991. (1991).
In prealpine lakes in southwest Germany, differences in the behavior
of Cesium radionuclides from the Chernobyl fallout were observed, which
are related to their limnological character. In Lake Constance, Cesium
radionuclides introduced into the epilimnion were transferred to the
sediment to a large extent already in May 1986 due to calcite precipitation
and there dominantly deposited in an irreversible state. Therefore,
the contamination of water and fish decreased rapidly and redissolution
from sediment remains very small. In Vorsee and Schreckensee, on the
other hand, a persistent input of Cesium radionuclides occurs from their
swampy watersheds and from sediments due to redissolution, which is
particularly high at low temperatures. Consequently, the decrease in
the contamination of fish is considerably slower than in Lake Constance.
LIU, P.C. Chaotic dynamics and ocean wave statistics. Proceedings, Sixth
IAHR International Symposium on Stochastic Hydraulics, Taipei, Taiwan,
May 18-20, 1992. 345-352 (1992).
Recent developments in chaotic dynamics have indicated that qualitative
information of a dynamical system can be extracted from the observation
of a single time series as the time series bears the marks of all other
variables relevant in the underlying dynamics. In this paper we review
and explore the application of this approach in connection with the
study of ocean wave statistics.
LIU, P.C. Extracting dynamics from ocean wave time series data. In Mechanics
Computing in 1990's and Beyond, Volume 1, H. Adeli and R.L. Sierakowski
(eds.). American Society of Engineers, New York, 348-353 (1992).
Recent developments in chaotic dynamics have indicated that qualitative
information of a dynamical system can be extracted from the observation
of a single time series as the time series bears the marks of all other
variables relevant in the underlying dynamics. In this paper, we review
this approach and explore its possible applications to ocean wave dynamics.
Lohrenz, S.E., D.G. Redalje, G.L. FAHNENSTIEL, and G.A. LANG. Regulation
and distribution of primary production in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
Proceedings, Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana
Universities Marine Consortium, New Orleans, LA, October, 1-4, 1991. NOAA,
Coastal Ocean Program Office, 95-104 (1992).
As part of the NOAA Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity program,
we are examining the degree to which elevated levels of nutrients in
coastal Gulf of Mexico waters associated with the Mississippi River
affect phytoplankton production, growth, and photosynthesis-irradiance
(P-I) properties. Here, we present results obtained from three cruises
including September 1989 and April and July-August 1990 in which we
examined (i) the relationships between phytoplankton community physiology,
photosynthetic properties, and environmental conditions, and (ii) the
temporal and spatial patterns of primary production in the northern
Gulf of Mexico. Horizontal variations in photosynthetic properties (PBmaxa)
were relatively small, despite large differences in phytoplankton community
growth rates between the nutrient rich plume waters and low nutrient
shelf waters. We concluded that variations in photosynthetic properties
were constrained by compensatory changes in carbon-to-chlorophyll ratios.
Estimates of integral production from a photosynthetic-irradiance model
agreed well with in situ and simulated in situ incubations. Areal integral
production in the vicinity of the river outflow region was apparently
coupled to riverine nutrient fluxes.
McCORMICK, M.J., R.L. Pickett, and G.S. MILLER. A field evaluation of
new satellite-tracked buoys: A LORAN-C position recording and a sonobuoy
type drifter. MTS Journal 25(2):29-33 (1991).
Two types of satellite-tracked, drifting data buoys were tested in
Lake Michigan for twenty days. One type was a sonobuoy-size (0.9 m long,
12 cm diameter) buoy made by Metocean Data Systems and one was a mid-sized
(1.8 m long, 20 cm diameter) buoy made by Polar Research Laboratory.
The two Metocean buoys came equipped with sensors for barometric pressure,
air temperature, and seven levels of water temperature from the surface
down to 100 m. The Polar Research buoy was without sensors and was modified
to carry a LORAN-C position-recording system. The Metocean buoy sensors
compared well with those of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) meteorological buoy in the center of Lake Michigan and with the
Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) data taken at the launch site.
Shortly after launch, however, the bottom weight broke off one of the
subsurface temperature cables on these buoys. This failure allowed the
temperature cable to stream along near the surface so that no buoy,
however, provided useful subsurface data for fifteen days until its
ballast weight was lost after contact with bottom. The add-on LORAN
positioning on the Polar Research buoy provided more frequent and precise
positions than were available from satellite tracking alone. The LORAN-C
data suggest that infrequent yet large satellite positioning errors
may occur and may be difficult for the user to detect.
NALEPA, T.F., W.S. GARDNER, and J.M. MALCZYK. Phosphorus cycling by mussels
(Unionidae:Bivalvia) in Lake St. Clair. Hydrobiologia 219:239-250
(1991).
The role of mussels in cycling phosphorus in Lake St. Clair during
the May-October period was examined by measuring concentrations in the
water column and in mussel tissue, and by measuring rates of biodeposition
and excretion. Mean rates of biodeposition and excretion for Lampsilis
radiata siliquoidea, the most abundant species, were 6.3 mg P (g shell-free
dry wt)-1 h-1 and 1.3 mg P (g shell-free dry wt)-1 h-1, respectively;
body tissue phosphorus content was 2.7 percent of dry wt. Seasonal changes
in excretion rates appeared to be related to the gametogenic cycle of
the organism, but seasonal changes in biodeposition rates were not apparent.
Phosphorus assimilation efficiency for this species was about 40 percent.
Overall, the mussel population in Lake St. Clair filtered about 210
MT of phosphorus, or about 13.5 percent of the total phosphorus load
for the May-October study period. Of this amount, about 134 MT was sedimented
to the bottom via biodeposition. Mussel biodeposition may be an important
source of nutrients to other biotic components in the lake such as macrophytes
and invertebrate deposit-feeders.
Parrish, C.C., B.J. EADIE, W.S. GARDNER, and J.F. CAVALETTO. Lipid class
and alkane distribution in settling particles of the upper Laurentian
Great Lakes. Organic Geochemistry 18(1):33-40 (1992).
Sediment traps were deployed at up to 6 depths at seven stations in
Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron for 2 months during the summer of
1984. Total organic carbon, total lipid, lipid classes, and alkanes
were measured in the collected material to gain information on composition,
sources, and fate of particulate organic matter in the Great Lakes.
Total aliphatic hydrocarbon was a large component of all samples, accounting
for more than 15% of the extractable lipids. Particles collected at
10-m depth in Lake Huron had especially high relative contributions
(more than 65% of total lipids) of total aliphatic hydrocarbons at the
three stations examined. The high proportion of aliphatic hydrocarbon
appears not to have originated from customary pollution sources. The
alkane distribution was strongly dominated by even-numbered carbon chains
of unknown origin. Algae are a possible source for the unsaturated hydrocarbons
that were present at relatively elevated levels in settling particles.
Botryococcus braunii, sampled from Lake Michigan had as much as 80%
of its lipids in the form of hydrocarbons. Wax and sterol esters constituted
less than 10% of the lipids in trap material except in samples from
mid-depths in Lake Huron where high levels of these compounds may have
resulted from elevated amounts of calanoid copepod debris or swimmers
entering the traps.
Privalsky, V. Statistical analysis and predictability of Lake Erie water
level variations. Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(1):236-243
(1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920007.pdf
Statistical predictability and spectra of mean monthly and annual water
levels (MMWL and MAWL) of Lake Erie at Cleveland, Ohio, 1860-1988, are
studied within the framework of the Kolmogorov-Wiener theory of extrapolation
using AR modeling and the theory of non-stationary product random processes
in order to assess the attainable quality of least-squares predictions
of water levels. MMWL are shown to possess relatively high predictability
due to a strong seasonal cycle in water level variations, with predictability
limits extending up to 12 months. MAWL reveal a time-dependent structure
in the mean value, variance, and spectrum which can be ascribed, among
other reasons, to a climatic change. Their predictability is quite low
(predictability limit not more than 1 or 2 years) and cannot be improved
by applying other techniques of scalar time series extrapolation. The
uncertainties in water level predictions should be taken into account
quantitatively when making decisions which depend upon hydrological
parameters.
Privalsky, V., and T.E. CROLEY. Statistical validation of GCM-simulated
climates for U.S. Great Lakes and the C.I.S. Emba and Ural River basins.
Stochastic Hydrology Hydraulics 6:69-80 (1992).
Many researchers use outputs from large-scale global circulation models
of the atmosphere to assess hydrological and other impacts associated
with climate change. However, these models cannot capture all climate
variations since the physical processes are imperfectly understood and
are poorly represented at smaller regional scales. This paper statistically
compares model outputs from the global circulation model of the Geophysical
Fluid Dynamics Laboratory to historical data for the Unites States Laurentian
Great Lakes and for the Emba and Ural River basins in the Commonwealth
of Independent States (C.I.S.). We use maximum entropy spectral analysis
to compare model and data time series, allowing us to both assess statistical
predictabilities and to describe the time series in both time and frequency
domains. This comparison initiates assessments of the model's representation
of the real world and suggests areas of model improvement.
QUIGLEY, M.A., and H.A. VANDERPLOEG. Ingestion of live filamentous diatoms
by the Great Lakes amphipod, Diporeia sp.: A case study of the
limited value of gut contents analysis. Hydrobiologia 223:141-148
(1991).
Individuals of the Great Lakes amphipod, Diporeia sp. (formerly
named Pontoporeia hoyi) were collected from a 45-m deep station
in southeastern Lake Michigan and isolated in small laboratory feeding
vessels at 4 oC, after the animals had voided their guts over a 24-hour
period. Over a 20-day period, following introduction of a single ration
of live cells of the filamentous diatom,Melosira varians, 9 of
10 animals had ingested this material, and 7 of these 9 individuals
had deposited fecal pellets. Subsequent examination of gut contents
and fecal pellets showed that although animals had ingested whole algal
cells/filaments, little of the material in gut contents or fecal pellets
bore any identifiable structural similarity to cells/filaments prior
to ingestion. The results suggest that earlier studies of pontoporeiid
gut contents may seriously underestimate the importance of algal components
in the amphipod's diet and imply that Diporeia sp. growth and
production may be more closely linked to primary production than previously
thought.
QUINN, F.H. A regional precipitation index for Lake Michigan-Huron water
level fluctuations. Preprint, Fifth Conference on Climate Variations,
Denver, CO, October 14-18, 1991. American Meteorological Society, Boston,
MA, 143-144 (1991).
No abstract.
QUINN, F.H. Effects of climate change on the water resources of the Great
Lakes. Proceedings, Climate Change on the Great Lakes basin, Annual Meeting
of the American Association for Advancement of Science, Chicago, IL, February
1992. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL, 10-16 (1992).
The Great Lakes contain about 95 percent of the U.S.'s fresh surface
water supply and 20 percent of the world's fresh surface water supply.
These water resources serve many uses including hydropower, industrial,
navigation, municipal, recreational, and fish and wildlife habitat.
Recent studies on possible impacts of climate change, using general
circulation model outputs coupled with hydrologic simulation models,
indicate a 23-51 percent reduction in Great Lakes net water supplies.
Potential lake level changes range from -0.4 meter for Lake Superior
to as much as -2.5 meters on Lakes Michigan and Huron. These results
have major environmental and socioeconomic implications and will require
new paradigms in water resource management for the Great Lakes.
QUINN, F.H. Hydraulic residence times for the Laurentian Great Lakes.
Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(1):22-28 (1992). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920006.pdf
The Laurentian Great Lakes comprise one of the major water resources
of North America. For many water quality studies the hydraulic residence
times or replacement times of the Great Lakes serve as measures of how
quickly water quality will change in response to changes in contaminant
loadings. The residence time for a conservative substance represents
the average time a conservative substance which remains dissolved in
the water spends in a lake. The hydraulic residence times of conservative
substances for the Great Lakes are relatively long ranging, from close
to 200 years for Lake Superior to a little over 2 years for Lake Erie.
A major reduction of 38 years was found in the residence time for Lake
Michigan (62 years as compared with the 100 year value previously reported)
due to the consideration of flow exchange between Lakes Michigan and
Huron. This indicates that Lake Michigan may respond much faster to
reductions in contaminant loadings than previously expected. Because
of their low ratio of volume to outflow, only Lakes Erie and Ontario
are affected by normal climatic variations of less than 20 years in
duration. Extreme lake level conditions over the period of 2 to 8 years
can also significantly affect the residence times of Lakes Erie and
Ontario. Thus, high levels in the early 1970s may have contributed to
the improvement of water quality in Lake Erie. Existing diversions and
potential global warming appear to have no significant effect on residence
times.
QUINN, F.H. Outlook for future water supplies to the Great Lakes. Proceedings,
International Symposium, Water Pipelines and Diversions in the Great Lakes
Basin, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, March 12-13, 1991. Department of Geography
Publication Series, Occasional Paper No. 13, University of Waterloo, 63-69
(1991).
No abstract.
Redalje, D.G., S.E. Lohrenz, and G.L. FAHNENSTIEL. The relationship between
primary production and the export of POM from the photic zone in the Mississippi
River Plume and inner Gulf of Mexico shelf regions. Nutrient Enhanced
Coastal Ocean Productivity Workshop, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium,
New Orleans, LA, October 1-4, 1991. 105-110 (1992).
As part of the NOAA Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity program
we examined the relationship between rates of primary production and
the vertical export of POM out of the photic zone in the Mississippi
River plume and inner Gulf of Mexico shelf regions. The study was conducted
during both high (March 1991) and low (July/August 1990) river discharge
periods. July/August rates of production were 4-10 gCm-2d-1 in the plume
and 2-4 gCm-2d-1 on the shelf. During March, production rates were 0.4-0.7
gCm-2d-1 and 0.1-0.5 gCm-2d-1 for the plume and shelf regions, respectively.
During July/August, 3-9 percent of the POC production was exported out
of the photic zone in both regions, while during March, 64-266 percent
was exported. We attribute the observed export differences to temporal
variability in phytoplankton species composition and in the activities
of zooplankton grazers.
REID, D.F., and A.M. BEETON. Large Lakes of the World: A global science
opportunity. GeoJournal 28.1:67-72 (1992).
Recent commentaries have expressed growing concern about the present
state of limnology in the United States. Two basic problems are perceived:
(1) there are no separate, dedicated funding programs in the US for
basic limnologic research; and (2) limnology has failed to enter the
global "big science" era of the 90's. While both the oceans and atmosphere
are subjects of large, multinational global-scale scientific programs,
similar large studies of lakes have been limited, at best, to regional
studies. There are over 250 large lakes worldwide, spanning the globe
from 80oN to 60oS and ranging from hypersaline
to fresh water. Altogether they contain over 68% of the earth's fresh
liquid surface water. However, these large ecosystems are increasingly
threatened by global anthropogenic change such as illconceived diversions,
uncontrolled consumption, and progressive degradation of water and overall
ecosystem quality. Global climate change is but another anthropogenic
global-scale problem with potential future effects on large lakes. An
organized, multinational framework for the study of large lakes on a
global scale is outlined.
ROBBINS, J.A., G. Lindner, W. Pfeiffer, J. Kleiner, H.H. Stabel, and
P. Frenzel. Epilimnetic scavenging of Chernobyl radionuclides in Lake
Constance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. Vol. 56:2339-2361 (1992).
Radioactive debris from the Chernobyl reactor accident entered Lake
Constance in southwestern Germany mainly through one rainfall episode
on April 30, 1986. Nuclides scavenged by particles in a newly established
epilimnion accumulated in traps deployed weekly (20 m depth) at a site
in the Uberlinger See, a northwestern bight of the lake. Activities
of 137Cs and 103Ru (plus 106Ru, 125Sb, 110mAg, and 144Ce) in trapped
material collected during the subsequent 21 weeks is here described
by a two-stage scavenging model involving (1) nuclide transfer to "reactive
particles" with negligible mean settling rate and (2) their entrainment
by large, rapidly settling particles dominated by chemically passive
calcite formed seasonally in the epilimnion. The model employs first-order
kinetics where forward rate coefficients depend on time-dependent concentrations
of candidate "reactive phases" such as total suspended matter (TSM),
particulate inorganic matter (PIM), particulate organic matter (POM),
and particulate aluminum (PAL). First-order, irreversible nuclide transfer
to nonexchangeable portions of reactive phases is also included. Vertical
transport is described by a time-dependent rate of particle settling
through a vertically and horizontally well-mixed epilimnion of increasing
depth. Model calculations reproduced observations well with PAL as the
"reactive phase" for 137Cs and POM for 103Ru. Calculated reaction rates
for all nuclides were sufficiently high that activity changes were dominated
by temporal variations in pertinent state variables. Selective chemical
extraction of Chernobyl 137Cs from sediments and study of uptake kinetics
by addition of radiocesium to fresh sediment suspensions supported model
results indicating its negligible affinity for calcite, probable transfer
to clay minerals (for which PAL is a surrogate), particle concentration-independent
distribution coefficient, and significant transfer to nonexchangeable
sites. For 103Ru, model calculations implied no transfer to nonexchangeable
sites and a forward rate term proportional to the square root of POM
concentration, a result in accord with the Honeyman-Santschi "Brownian
pumping: model." The unusual coincidence of a pulsed nuclide loading
with conditions of thermal stratification and limited vertical water
mass exchange, together with frequent measurement of important state
variables, permitted successful evaluation of a reaction-kinetic model
under markedly non-steady state conditions.
Ross, P.E., G.A. Burton, E.A. Crecelius, J.C. Filkins, J.P. Giesy, C.G.
Ingersoll, P.F. LANDRUM, M.J. Mac, T.J. Murphy, J.E. Rathbun, V.E. Smith,
H.E. Tatem, and R.W. Taylor. Assessment of sediment contamination at Great
Lakes areas of concern: The ARCS program toxicity-chemistry work group
strategy. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 1:193-200 (1992).
In response to a mandate in Section 118(c)(3) of the Water Quality
Act of 1987, a program called Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated
Sediments (ARCS) was established. Four technical work groups were formed.
This paper details the research strategy of the Toxicity-Chemistry Work
Group. The Work Group's general objectives are to develop survey methods
and to map the degree of contamination and toxicity in bottom sediments
at three study areas, which will serve as guidance for future surveys
at other locations. A related objective is to use the data base that
will be generated to calculate sediment quality concentrations by several
methods. The information needed to achieve these goals will be collected
in a series of field surveys at three areas: Saginaw Bay (MI), Grand
Calumet River (IN), and Buffalo River (NY). Assessments of the extent
of contamination and potential adverse effects of contaminants in sediment
at each of these locations will be conducted by collecting samples for
physical characterization, toxicity testing, mutagenicity testing, chemical
analyses, and fish bioaccumulation assays. Fish populations will be
assessed for tumors and external abnormalities, and benthic community
structure will be analyzed. A mapping approach will use low-cost indicator
parameters at a large number of stations, and will extrapolate by correlation
from traditional chemical and biological studies at a smaller number
of locations. Sediment toxicity testing includes elutriate, pore water,
and whole sediment bioassays in a three-tiered framework. In addition
to the regular series of toxicity tests at primary mater stations, some
stations are selected for a more extensive suite of tests.
Schulze, P., J.R. Strickler, B.I. Bergstrom, M.S. Berman, P. Donaghay,
S. Gallager, J.F. Haney, B.R. Hargreaves, U. Kils, G.-A Paffenhofer, S.
Richman, H.A. VANDERPLOEG, W. Welsch, D. Wethey, and J. Yen. Video systems
for in situ studies of zooplankton. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn.
Limnol. 36:1-21 (1992).
A variety of survey instruments and systems designed for measuring
the behavior of individual zooplankton have been built around video
technology. Systems designed for studying behavior are already producing
remarkable observations of biological interactions in situ. If the survey
tools under development achieve their potential, they will surpass the
spatial and temporal resolution of conventional sampling methods, reduce
the amount of human effort required for data processing, and also collect
taxonomic information that is not available from acoustic devices or
the Optical Plankton Counter. This paper (i) describes a variety of
video systems for studying zooplankton in situ; (ii) discusses common
design considerations and technical challenges, and (iii) compares the
present and future capabilities of video devices with other methods
of studying zooplankton in situ.
Trefry, J.H., R.P. Trocine, S. Metz, T.A. Nelson, and N. HAWLEY. Suspended
particulate matter on the Louisiana Shelf: Concentrations, composition,
and transport pathways. Proceedings, Marine Consortium Workshop, TAMU-SG-92-l09,
October 1-4, 1991. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 126-130
(1992).
The concentrations, composition, and transport pathways of suspended
particulate matter and particulate organic carbon (POC) have a direct
bearing on the development and persistence of shelf hypoxia as well
as on the global cycling of carbon. More than 120 CTD-transmissometer
profiles and >400 particle samples were collected from the Mississippi
River and adjacent Gulf of Mexico on cruises during July-August 1990
and February 1991. River flow is a dominant factor in controlling particle
distributions; however, time-series data show that tides and weather
fronts can greatly influence concentrations and movement of suspended
matter. Results from chemical analyses show that concentrations of POC
range from >80 mmol/L (>1 ml/L) at near-river locations to <0.8
mmol/L (<0.01 mg/L) in some deep offshore waters. The organic fraction
of the suspended matter increases from <5 percent of the total mass
near the river mouth to >90 percent along the shelf at about 10 km
from the river. The C/N molar ratio in suspended particles from throughout
the shelf is near uniform at 6. Plumes of particle-rich water at outer
shelf depths of about 100 m, along with transport in near-bottom nepheloid
layers, carry a POC burden that can be traced tens of kilometers offshore.
VANDERPLOEG, H.A., W.S. GARDNER, C.C. Parrish, J.R. LIEBIG, and J.F.
CAVALETTO. Lipids and life-cycle strategy of a hypolimnetic copepod in
Lake Michigan. Limnology and Oceanography 37(2):413-424 (1992).
http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/1992/19920002.pdf
Concentration and composition of lipids varied seasonally in adult
female Diaptomus sicilis, a hypolimnetic suspension-feeding calanoid
copepod, in Lake Michigan. Triacylglycerol (TG) was the predominant
storage lipid; its level remained high (33-40% of dry wt) from June
through January. During the period of reproduction from February through
May, TG dropped steeply to a low of 9%. The abrupt increase in TG concentration
from May to June was probably caused by the recruitment of nonreproducing
adult females. Throughout summer and fall ovaries remained unripe. Feeding
experiments at satiating food concentrations at 6o and 20oC
suggest that low temperature and the hypolimnion was a major reason
that ovaries did not ripen. Stored TG served as a potential buffer to
starvation, although starvation conditions did not occur. By remaining
in the hypolimnion rather than in the epilimnion, D. sicilis
is assured a relatively stable supply of algae, low metabolic rate,
and escape from predation. These advantages may have to be weighed against
a reproductive bottleneck of low temperature.
Washburn, L., B.H. Jones, A.W. BRATKOVICH, T.D. Dickey, and M.S. Chen.
Mixing, dispersion, and resuspension in vicinity of an ocean wastewater
plume. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 118(1):38-58 (1992).
Buoyant plumes discharged from ocean outfalls are important for dispersing
municipal wastewater into the marine environment in many coastal areas,
although field studies of operating outfall systems are rare. Here,
we report on an extensive field study of the effluent plume from one
of the largest wastewater outfalls on the west coast of the United States.
This study shows that the dispersion and mixing levels of the plume
depend upon the local current speed and ambient density stratification.
Under these highly stratified, late-summer conditions, we find that
a combination of temperature, salinity, turbidity, and chlorophyll fluorescence
measurements are required to unambiguously identify plume waters. Over
the course of these observations, the local current speed at plume depth
varied from 0.1 m/s to 0.07 m/s, corresponding to a Froude number Fr
range of 10-3 to 0.2. A limited number of dilution estimates are made
for the lower Fr case, and these fall in the range 110 to 160, which
is within the design range for this type of diffuser. The observed maximum
height of rise and wastewater field thickness are in reasonable agreement
with laboratory results for zero current speed (Fr = 0). At the higher
current speed, turbidity layers originating at the sea floor are observed
which result from resuspension of bottom sediments.
Ordering GLERL Publications:
To order a copy of GLERL publications not available for downloading at
this site, please contact:
Cathleen M. Darnell
Publications Office
NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
4840 S. State Rd.
Ann Arbor, MI 48108-9719 USA
734-741-2262
734-741-2055 (FAX)
Last updated: November 24, 2003 cmd
|
|