Table 3-8 Projects Ex Situ Physical/Chemical Treatment for Soil

DOE Fernald Facility, OH 1997 Alan B. Cash 619-552-9902	Solvent extraction Terra Kleen San Diego, CA	Soil	PCBs		Ex Situ		Solvent Extraction [An EPA SITE Program document will be produced.]
EPA Removal Action Traband Warehouse PCBs, OK 2/90 to 9/90 Pat Hammack (214) 655-2270	Solvent extraction Terra-Clean, Inc.	Solids	PCBs Initial: 7,500 ppm	Solvent addition	Excavation	Treated solid; concentrated contaminant	Storage management complex.
LLNL, Livermore, CA 1997 John Bowers	Chemical Oxidation Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore	Soil	Low-Level Mixed Wastes, Solvents				Fiscal Year 1997 Demonstration of Omnivorous Non-Thermal Mixed Waste Treatment: Direct Chemical Oxidation of Organic Solids and Liquids Using Peroxydisulfate UCRL-ID-129826
EPA Removal Action Stanford Pesticide Site No. 1, AZ 3/20/87 to 11/4/87 Dan Shane (415) 744-2286	Chemical treatment -alkaline hydrolysis EPA removal contractor	Soil (200 yd³)	Methyl parathion Input: 24.2 ppm Output: 0.05 ppm	pH: 9.0 Moisture: wet Additives to soil: soda ash, water, activated carbon	Tilling (in situ, 3 times per week)	Treated soil	Pesticide manufacturing use/storage. Farm equipment storage.
EPA Remedial Action Palmetto Wood Preserving, SC 9/28/88 to 2/8/89 McKenzie Mallary (404) 347-7791	Chemical treatment and soil washing; reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium En-site (ERCS contractor) Atlanta, GA	Soil (13,000 yd³)	Input: Arsenic - 2 to 6,200 ppm Chromium - 4 to 6,200 ppm Output: Arsenic - less than 1 ppm Chromium - 627 ppm	Soil - Batch process Treatment for aqueous waste from soil washing - 25 gpm pH - 2 to 9	(1) Used sodium meta- phosphate to lower pH to 2.0 and wash the chromium from the soil, (2) separated the soil and solution, (3) solidified the soils, and (4) used the ferrous ion method of reduction to precipitate the chromium from solution in trivalent form	Soil - solidified and replaced on-site Wastewater -permitted discharge to the sewer line Sludge - off-site disposal	This treatment system is unique in the method of generating ferrous ion for the reducing step. The wastestream passed through an electrolytic cell containing consumable steel electrodes where the ferrous ions were electrically introduced into the wastestream.
EPA Removal Action PBM Enterprises, MI 3/25/85 to 10/28/85 Ross Powers (312) 378-7661	Chemical Treatment: Neutralization with hypochlorite process Mid- American Environ- mental Service Riverdale, IL	Film chips (464 tons or 1,280 yd³)	Cyanide Input: 200 ppm Output: 20 ppm	Time: 2 to 3 hours Additives: sodium hydroxide	Agitation	Rinse water, runoff, and waste hypochlorite - treated off-site Treated chips - landfilled (Subtitle D)	Silver recovery facility.
EPA Removal Action Zhiegner Refining Company 2/93 to 6/93 Dilshad Perera (908) 321-4356	Chemical treatment ENSCO	Solid (100 lb)	Mercury initial concentration >10% mercury Final concentration of mercury in recyclable precipitate was >80%. Less than 260 ppm if mercury in tank nonrecycled salt.	Added salt to precipitate the mercury	Mercury pretreatment precipitated mercury salts into mercury sulfide so that the mercury can be recovered and recycled	Residual salts containing less than 260 ppm mercury were incinerated off-site.	Precious metal recovery site.
EPA Demo Midwest, California, Australia 1987 S. Jackson Hubbard (513) 569-7507	SAREX chemical fixation process	Soil & sludge	Low level metals & organics	Catalyzed by lime and proprietary reagents	Blending with reagent, mixing, heating, curing	Vapors are scrubbed and processed before release	Water content is not an obstacle although it may cause steaming.
EPA Demo Grand Calumet River Site, IL 1992 Mark Meckes (513) 569-7348	BEST^TM solvent extraction process	Oily sludges & soil	PCBs, PAHs, pesticides	pH >10	Hydrophobic and hydrophilic cycles by controlling temperature	Separation into oil, water, and clean solids	Solvent flammable -must be sealed from air.
EPA SITE Demo, Research Facility, Edison, NJ, 1992 Laurel Staley, USEPA, (513) 569-7863; Theodore Trowbridge, Dehydr-Tech Corporation (210) 887-2182	Chemical Extraction; Carver- Greenfield Process(R) for Solvent Extraction of wet, oily wastes; Dehydro- Tech Corporation	Sludge	Spent petroleum drilling fluids		Waste is first mixed with a low cost hydro- carbon solvent. Solids are centrifuged away from the solvent, followed by "desol- ventizing," an operation that evaporates residual solvent.	The resulting water product required treatment due to the presence of small amounts of light organics and solvent.	Normally, the resulting water product may be disposed of at a local publicly owned treatment works.
United Creosoting, Conroe, TX Mark Meckes, USEPA, (513) 569-7348; Chris Shallice, CF Systems Corporation/ Morrison Knudsen, (216) 523-6581	Chemical Extraction; CF Systems Corporation/ Morrison Knudsen liquified gas solvent extraction (LG-SX) technology	Soil (80,000 yd³)	Oil, grease, and PAHs		Uses liquefied gas (such as propane) solvent
DOE pilot-scale test, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Robert Montgomery, EG&G Idaho, (208) 525-3937	Chemical Extraction (Separation / Chemical Extraction)	Soil	Radionuclides, metals	Approxia- mtely 30% of soil matrix was co-dissolved in order to achieve release of most of the cesium-137.	Soils are screened, classified, and placed into leaching unit with hot nitric acid.	Disposal options include solidification, calcining leachate, and storage	Test results indicated excellent removal efficiencies for cobalt-60 and chromium
SUPERFUND Remedial Action, Arrowhead Refinery Co., 1994 & 1995 Edwin Smith, USEPA, (312) 353-6571	Chemical Extraction (Solvent extraction)	Soil 7,000 yd³	Halogenated volatiles, PCBs, PAHs, solvents, heavy metals (lead)
Marengo, OH 1997 Carl Magnell 614-297-0365	Solvated Electron Technology (SET™) Commodore Environmental Columbus, OH	Soil	PCBs		Ex Situ		Solvated Electron Treatment of Chlorinated Organics [An EPA SITE Program document will be produced.]
EPA SITE Demo: Naval Air Station North Island Site 4, San Diego, CA, May to June 1994 Mark Meckes, EPA, National Risk Management Research, (513) 569-7348	Chemical Extraction Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc	Soil	PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, PAHs, penta- chlorophenol, cresote, poly- chlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans	PCB Aroclor 1260 concen- trations were reduced from a maximum of 170 milli-grams per kilogram (mg/kg) in untreated soil to less than 2 mg/kg in treated soil. The average removal efficiency was 98.39 percent.	Uses amines (usually triethyl amine).
EPA Removal Action General Refining Company, GA 8/86 to 10/86 and 1/87 to 2/87 Shane Hitchcock (404) 347-3136	Solvent extraction/ Resource Conservation Technology Company Bellevue, WA	Sludge (3,448 tons)	Input: PCB - 5.0 ppm Lead - 10,000 ppm Output: PCB - insignificant Lead - concentrated in solids	Continuous operation Time: 2 hours pH: 10 Temp: 20 °C Rate: 27 tons/day Moisture content: 60% Additives: Sodium hydroxide Triethy- lamine	Excavation Screening Neutrali- zation Size Reduction Mixing	Oil - used as fuel for kiln Water - treated, discharged off-site Solids - solidified and disposed of on-site	The oil recovered from the extractions process could not be sold because of an elevated metals content. The solvent could not be recovered because of leaks in system seals. The unit required a relatively uniform material so materials handling of the sludges proved difficult in the beginning of the project. The lead-bearing solids produced by the dryer also required special handling. Finally, deterrents in the sludge hindered oil/water separation.
EPA Removal Action Vineland Chemical Company, NJ 12/92 Don Graham (908) 321-4345	Chemical treatment ENSCO	Solid (100 lb)	Mercury initial concentration >10% mercury Final concentration of mercury in recyclable precipitate was >80%. Less than 260 ppm of mercury in nonrecycled salt.	Added salt to precipitate the mercury	Mercury pretreatment precipitated mercury salts into mercury sulfide so that the mercury can be recovered and recycled	Residual salts containing less than 260 ppm mercury were incinerated off-site	First known Superfund site where this process has been applied.
EPA Removal Action Avtex Fibers, VA 4/90 to 8/91 Vincent Zenone (215) 597-3038	Chemical treatment (oxidation using NaClO) OH Materials, Findlay, OH (ERCS contractor)	Sludge/ water from storage unit (2 million gallons)	Carbon disulfide Criteria: =< 10 ppm -carbon disulfide in the effluent Input: 50 to 200,000 ppm carbon disulfide Output: =< 10 ppm -carbon disulfide	Batch operation average retention time - 1 hour pH - 10 Additives: sodium hypochloride The retention time and reagent feed rates increased with increasing concen- tration of sludge in the contaminated water.	Pumping	Salts from the reaction were removed with flocculation and clarification at existing treatment plant, pH adjustment	Carbon disulfide is unstable and will be found with other contaminants in aqueous wastestream. For additional information on this project, see the Removal Close Out Report available from EPA Region III or OH Materials.
EPA & Navy Demo EPA Lab, NJ Deh Bin Chan (805) 982-4191	Chemical detoxification of chlorinated aromatic compounds	Soil	Dioxin, herbicides, chlorinated aromatic compounds. 99.9% decontami- nation achieved	Soil heated to 100-150 °C if dehydrated	Excavation, Water content assessed.	Products are not toxic nor biodegradable	Incineration cheaper in some cases.
EPA Demo Douglassville, PA 10/87 Paul R. DePercin (513) 569-7797	Chemical treatment & immobi- lization	Soil, sediments, & sludge	Organic compounds, heavy metals, oil, & grease	In/ex situ. Sediments - underwater. Batch process at 120 tons/hour.	Blending	Hardened concrete- like mass	Application Analysis Report, EPA/540/A5- 89/001; Technology Evaluation Report, EPA/540/5- 89/00/a
EPA Demo 1992 Michelle Simon (513) 569-7469	RENEU^TM extraction technology	Soil	Organics up to 325,000 ppm	Operated under vacuum - 5-45 tons/hour	Sand, clay, and soil up to 3 in. diameter	Clean soil backfilled	Proprietary, azeotropic fluid to extract contaminant from soil.
Star Enterprise, Port Arthur, TX, March 1991 to March 1992 Mark Meckes, USEPA, (513) 569-7348; Chris Shallice, CF Systems Corporation Morrison Knudsen, (216) 523-6581	Chemical Extraction; CF Systems Corporation Morrison Knudsen liquified gas solvent extraction (LG-SX) technology	Sludge	K- and F- wastes, PCBs		Uses liquefied gas (such as propane) solvent	Following heavy metals fixation, the treated solids were disposed of in a Class I landfill
EPA Demo New Bedford Harbor, MA & O'Connor Site, ME 3/91 to 3/92 Laurel Staley (513) 569-7863	Solvent extraction	Soil, sludge, and waste water	PCB 300-2,500 ppm 90-98% removal	Phase separation with solvent, solvent recovery	Tray tower for water; extractor/ decantors for solids and semi-solids	Heavy metal fixation, then Class I landfill	Applicable to VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs, PCBs, PCP, and dioxins.
EPA Demo Coleman-Evans Site, FL Norma Lewis (513) 569-7665	Catalytic ozone oxidation with soil washing	Soil, sludge, & ground water	Organics - up to 20,000 ppm	Soil washing enhanced by ultrasound	Soil particles greater than 1 inch are crushed	Oxidation of wastewater, carbon for off-gas	Excalibur Technology. $92 to $170/m3 ($70- $130/yd3)
EPA Remedial Action Wide Beach Development, NY 9/90 to 9/91 Herb King (212) 264-1129	Dehaloge- nation/ APEG dechlorination Soil Tech Denver, CO	Soil (40,000 yd³)	Criteria: PCBs (Aroclor 1254)- <10 ppm (1 composite sample/day) Input: 10 to 120 ppm PCB Output: < 2 ppm PCB	Continuous process 8 tons/hour 200 to 580 °C (450 to 1,100 °F) Ambient pH and moisture Additives - Alkaline polyethylene glycol (APEG)	Excavation Screening Staging	Treated soil -disposed of on-site	If on-site disposal is planned, perform tests of the treated material appropriate to intended use. For further information on this dechlorination project, see the Demonstration Test Report produced by EPA, Region II.
PWC Guam Jess Lizama	Dehalogenation	Soil	2,500 ppm PCB average Levels attained: <10 ppm
Montana Pole Butte, MT	Dehalo- genation	Soil	Dioxin, Furans/Oil <84 ppm Attained: <1 ppb
Economy Products Omaha, NE	Dehalo- genation	Soil	TCDD, 2, 4-D, 2, 4, 5-T (liquid) Beginning levels: 1.3 ppm 17,800 ppm 2,800 ppm Levels attained: Non-detect 334 ppm 55 ppm
EPA Removal Action Signo Trading International, Inc., NY 10/20/87 to 10/21/87 Charles Fitzsimmons (201) 321-6608	KPEG dechlorination Galson Remediation, Syracuse, NY	Sludge (15 gallons)	Dioxin Input: 135 ppm Output: 1 ppb	Temperature: 150 °C Time: Overnight	Excavation	Incineration of residuals (without dioxin contami- nation) at treatment, storage, and disposal facility	Waste management facility warehouse.
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Coyne Prenger LANL	Magnetic Separation	Soil
DOE Demo INEL, ID 1992 Robert Montgomery (208) 525-3937	Physical separation/ chemical extraction	Sediments	Radionuclides & metals	Contami- nants removed from leachate by ion exchange, reverse osmosis, precipitation, or evaporation	Screening, segregation, leaching with hot nitric acid	Solidification, calcining leachate, or storage	Difficulty removing Cesium-137. Cost: $1,000/yd³
EPA Demo Iron Mountain Mine Site, CA 1990 to 1991 S. Jackson Hubbard (513) 569-7507	Separation: Precipitation, microfiltration & sludge dewatering	Sludge & leachable soil	Heavy metals, non-volatile organics & solvents, oil, grease, pesticides, bacteria, solids	Up to 5% solids, 30 lb/hour of solids, 10 gpm of wastewater	Heavy metal precipi- tation, filtration, concentrated stream dewatering	Filter cakes 40-60% solids, water recycled	EXXFLOW and EXXPRESS fabric microfilter and filter press.
Hunter's Point Shipyard, San Francisco, CA 1998 Rob Stephenson 604-273-0311	Soil Washing ChemTech Analysis, Inc. Klohn-Crippen Consultants Ltd. Richmond, BC, Canada	Soil	Cu, Cr, Pb, Z		Ex situ		“Soil Washing System Employs Aggressive Conditions to Handle Organics. Inorganics,” HazTech News, 13:6, 9 Apr 1998
DOE Mound Facility, Miamisburg, OH 1997 Michael Dunn	Soil Washing Selective Environmental Technologies, Inc. (Selentec) Atlanta, GA Michael Dunn	Soil	Pu, Thorium		Ex situ		“Mound Pilots Process That Washes Soil Clean,” New Directions, Jun/Jul 1997 (p 1 & 6)
Ft. Polk, LA US Army Environmental Center Lisa Miller (800) USA-EVHL Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center Barbara Nelson	Soil Washing featuring physical separation and acid leaching for the recovery and recycle of lead from small arm range soil.	Soil	Lead: 3500 mg/kg	After treatment: 200 mg/kg total lead 2 mg/L TCLP			$170 per ton for 10,000 ton site
Twin Cities AAP New Brighton, MN Michael D. Royer (908) 321-6633	Soil Washing featuring gravity separation, particle size classification, metal leaching, and lead recovery	Soil	Targets for background remediation: Cr, Cu, Hg, and Ni. Some batches reached state remediation goals.
EPA Demo Santa Maria, CA 5/92 Annette Gatchett (513) 569-7697	Biogenesis soil washing process	Soil	Organics - oil, fuel, PCBs, PAHs 99% hydrocarbon removal with initial concentration up to 15,000 ppm	30-65 tons/hour	Agitated in unit with surfactant	Washwater - oil/water separator, filter, and bioreactor	Self-contained mobile soil washing unit.
Army Saginaw Bay Confined Disposal Facility, MI 10/91 to 6/4/92 Jim Galloway (313) 226-6760	Soil washing; water with flocculent and surfactant as an additive Bermann USA, Stafford Springs, CT	Sediment (150 yd³)	PCBs	30 yd³ of sediment treated per day	Dredging Screening Size reduction	Residuals were left at the facility Wastewater discharged to confined disposal facility	Forced cold-weather shutdown is a limitation.
DOE Demo Clemson Technical Center, SC Doug Mackensie (208) 526-6265	Enhanced Soil Washing with Soil*EX^SM	Soil & debris	Heavy metals, radionuclides, and organics	Particles smaller than 2 inches	Screening, dissolution, surfactant addition	Clean soil & debris, recycle water, off-gas from organics & concentrated contami- nants	Selective extraction/ dissolution.
EPA & DOE Demo Montclair, West Orange & Glen Ridge Sites, NJ Mike Eagle (202) 233-9376	Soil washer for radioactive soil	Soils	Radionuclides - 56% volume reduction 40 pCu/g to 11 pCu/g	1 ton/hour	Attrition mills and hydro- classifiers	Filter press and off-site disposal	Plant is being optimized for further demonstration.
EPA Demo Toronto Port Industrial District, Canada 1991 Teri Richardson (513) 569-7949	Soil washing/ Soil recycling	Soils	Organics and Inorganics	Inorganics extracted; organics extracted and biodegraded.	Soil washing, metal dissolution, chemical hydrolysis with biodegra- dation	Metals recovered in pure form. Reusable fill	90% reduction in PAHs.
Army Demo Sacramento Army Depot, CA 1992 Marlin Mezquita (415) 744-2393	Soil washing	Oxidation lagoon soils (12,000 yd³)	Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu	Soil treated with wash reagent to extract contaminants	Wash liquid neutralized with caustic to precipitate metals	Precipitated metals landfilled	Contaminated to depth of 18 inches.
DOE Demo Fernald Site, OH Kimberly Nonfer (513) 648-6556	Soil washing	Soil	Uranium	Soil and leachant attrition scrubbed for 1 minute to solubilize uranium	Attrition scrubbing, gravity separation, screening	Wastewater treatment required	Commercially available.
EPA Demo Alaska Battery Enterprises Superfund Site, AK 1992 Hugh Masters (908) 321-6678	Soil washing plant	Soil	Heavy metals, radionuclides	Rate dependent on percentage of soil fines - up to 20 tons/hour	Deagglo- meration, density separation, and material sizing	Concentrated contaminant con- tainerized, liquid recirculated clean soil	Process modified to accommodate unexpectedly high levels of lead and battery casings.
EPA Demo MacGillis & Gibbs Superfund Site, MN 1989 Mary Stinson (908) 321-6683	Soil washing system (volume reduction), process water treated in a bio-reactor, fines treated in a slurry bioreactor.	Soil	Removal: 89% PCP 88% PAHs	500 lb/hour 24 hour/day	Debris prescreening, soil mixed with water, separation (operations similar to mineral processing operations)	Wastewater treated in fixed film bioreactor	Patented water based volume reduction process.
EPA Demo Pensacola, FL 11/92 Teri Richardson (513) 569-7949	Soil washing: Volume reduction unit	Soils	Organics - creosote, PCP, pesticides, PAHs, VOCs, SVOCs, metals	Up to 100 lb/hour	Particle separation and solubilization	Concentrated contaminant	Pilot-scale mobile soil washing unit.
Toronto Port Industrial Dist. Ontario, Canada Dennis Lang (416) 863-2047	Soil washing (volume reduction), metal dissolution, and chemical hydrolysis with biodegradation (organics)	Soil	52 ppm Naphthalene; 10 ppm benzo(a)-pyrene Levels attained: <5ppm; 2.6ppm
Escambia Wood Treating Company Superfund Site, Pensacola, FL Terri Richardson EPA RREL	Soil Washing featuring particle size classification and surfactant addition	Soil	From 550-1,700 ppm PAHs 48-210 ppm PCP to 45 ppm PAHs 3 ppm PCPs				$151/metric ton ($137/ton) (projected)
Installation Restoration (IR) Site 4, NAS Northern Island, San Diego, CA	Terra-Kleen Soil Washing combined with SVE	Soil	Reduced PCB levels in soil from 144 mg/kg to 1.7 mg/kg on average				$500,000 for the field-scale treatability demonstration .
Escambia Wood Treating Company Superfund Site, Pensacola, FL Terri Richardson EPA RREL	Soil Washing featuring particle size classification and surfactant addition	Soil	From 550-1,700 ppm PAHs 48-210 ppm PCP to 45 ppm PAHs 3 ppm PCPs				$151/metric ton ($137/ton) (projected)
EPA Remedial Action Upjohn Manufacturing Company, PR 1/83 to 3/88 Alison Hess (212) 264-6040	SVE Terra Vac, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA	Soil	Criteria: Initial concentrations - 70 ppm (carbon tetrachloride to air) Final concentrations - nondetect (<0.002 ppm)	Ambient conditions	Ex situ	Discharge of soil vapors through 30-ft stack	For further information on this application, see the Applications Analysis Report for the Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum Extraction System (EPA/540/A5- 89/003).
EPA Removal Action Basket Creek Surface Impoundment, GA 11/92 to 2/93 Don Rigger (404) 347-3931	Vacuum extraction of soil pile with horizontal wells (ex situ) OHMaterials, Inc.	Soil (2,000 yd³)	VOCs TCE, PCE, MEK, MIBK, BTEX High 33% VOCs Average 1 to 5% Criteria: TCE - 0.5 mg/L TCLP PCE - 0.7 mg/L TCLP All VOCs met TCLP limits	Vacuum pressure monitored. 1,300-CFM/ manifold. 3 manifolds 6 to 7 wells/ manifolds	Surface impoundment used for disposal of waste solvents. Built an enclosure over the site. Excavated the soil and screened it with a power screen. Stacked on PVC extraction wells. Recovered VOCs with duct work and fan. Vapors incinerated.	Residual soils and rejects from screening met TCLP limits and were disposed of as nonhazardous in RCRA Subtitle D landfill. Incinerated 70,000 lb of VOCs.	$2M total costs. Permeability in situ soil was not good at first. Excavation and ex situ treatment improved permeability. Shouldn't rule out if can't be done in situ.
Installation Restoration (IR) Site 11, NAS Northern Island, San Diego, CA	Terra Vac pilot SVE/ Air Sparging/ Catalytic Oxidation System	Soil	Up to 250 pounds (33 gallons) per day of VOCs was effectively removed from the vadose zone and subsequently destroyed.
DOE Demo Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 1991 Jesse L. Yow, Jr. (510) 422-3521	Solar Detoxification	Ground water	VOCs	Exposed to sunlight & nontoxic catalyst (TiO₂)	Pumping, solar detox, pH adjustment, catalyst addition	Catalyst filtered out and water sent for secondary treatment	Salts in ground water reduce efficiency.
Tyndall Air Force Base	Solar Detoxification	Ground water	Jet fuel	Exposed to sunlight & nontoxic catalyst (TiO₂)	Pumping, solar detox, pH adjustment, catalyst addition	Catalyst filtered out and water sent for secondary treatment	Salts in ground water reduce efficiency.
Savannah River Site Incinerator, Aiken, SC 1998 D. Singh	Solidification/ stabilization Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL	Soil,	Radioactive Ash		Ex situ		Phosphate Bonded Solidification of Radioactive Incinerator Wastes WSRC-MS-99-00314
Midvale Slag Superfund Site, Midvale, UT 1997 Robert Kuhn 914-623-2333	Solidification/ stabilization Solucorp Saddle Brook,	Soil,	As, Cd, Pb		Ex situ		Molecular Bonding System®, Solucorp Industries Ltd. EPA 540-R-97-507
ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN 1997 Catherine Mattus 423-574-6793 h6z@ornl.gov	Solidification/ stabilization Oak Ridge National Laboratory	Soil,	Mixed Wastes: Cd, Pb, Radionulides		Ex situ		Demonstration of Mixed Waste Debris Macroencap-sulation Using Sulfur Polymer Cement [fact sheet]
Rocky Mountain Arsenal 1997 Richard W. McManus 214-393-6965	Solidification/ stabilization SOUND/epic Anchorage, AK	Soil,	Na, Cu, K, Nitrate, Pesticides		Ex situ		Dispersion by Chemical Reaction Testing of Rocky Mountain Arsenal Basin F Waste Soils CRREL Special Report 97-3
*EPA SITE* Demo** Robins AFB, Macon, GA 8/91 Terry Lyons (513) 569-7589	Solidification/ stabilization	Soil, sludge, liquid	Organics and inorganics	Uses proprietary bonding agents	Large debris must be prescreened	Non-leaching high-strength monolith	Process can be applied in situ.
*EPA SITE* Demo** Selma Pressure Treating Selma, CA 11/90 Edward Bates (513) 569-7774	Solidification/ stabilization with silicate compounds	Ground water, soil, sludge	Organics and inorganics	Silicate compounds	Pretreatment separation of coarse and fine materials	PCP leachate concen- trations reduced up to 96%. As, Cr, and Cu immobilized.	Applied to a wide variety of hazardous soils, sludges, and wastewaters.
*EPA SITE* Demo** Portable Equip. Salvage Co. Clackamas, OR 9/89 Edwin Barth (513) 569-7669	Chemfix process - solidification/ stabilization	Soil & Sludge	Solid waste	Uses soluble silicates and silicate- settling agents	Blend waste with dry alumina, calcium, and silica-based reagents	Produces friable solids. Cu and Pb TCLP extracts were reduced 94-99%	Applicable to electroplating wastes, electric arc furnace dust.
Navy Demo Naval Const. Battalion Ctr. Port Hueneme, CA 2/91 to 2/92 Jeff Heath (805) 982-1657	Solidification of Spent blasting	Blasting wastes containing abrasives, grit, sands	Lead, copper, and heavy metals	About 2 months required for design	Mixing of asphalt and other aggregates	<1% inert debris (wood and metal scrap) is produced	Estimated cost: $85/ton of waste.
Imperial Oil Co./ Champion Chemical Co. Superfund Site Morganville, NJ 12/88 S. Jackson Hubbard (513) 569-7507	Soliditech solidification/ stabilization process	Soil, sludge	Inorganics and organics, metals, ore, grease	Add water, Urrichem (proprietary additives), and pozzolanic material (fly ash or kiln dust)	Screen waste and introduce into batch mixer	Heavy metals in untreated waste were immobilized. VOCs not detected in treated waste.	pH of untreated waste was 3.4 to 7.9. Treated waste had pH 11.7 to 12.
Small Arms Range, Naval Air Station Mayport, FL 1990 Barbara Nelson (805) 982-1668	Stabilization of small arms range	Soil	Lead and other heavy metals	Soil is mixed with sodium silicate, portland cement, and water	Screen soil to remove bullets (to be recycled) and other debris (landfill)	TCLP reduced from 720 to 0.9 ppm Pb, 7 to 0.2 ppm Cu, 4.1 to 0.2 ppm Zn	Treated soil is returned to its original location. Estimated cost $490/ton.
DOI Demo Salt Lake City Research Center K.S. Gritton (801) 584-4170	Vitrification: Treatment of copper industry waste	Slags, dusts, sludges, liquids	Copper byproducts - arsenic, heavy metals	Acid in refinery waste is used to solubilize metals in flue dust, with subsequent metal recovery	Ex situ	Vitrification of arsenic sulfide leaves a dense, non-reactive, glass-like material	Emphasis is on recovery of metals, which are presently discarded.
DOI Demo Albany Metallurgy Research Center, OR Paul C. Turner (503) 967-5863	Vitrification furnace	Solids	Residues from Incineration of municipal waste	Electric arc furnace with water-cooled roof & sidewalls	Dedicated feeder and off-gas treatment.	Glassy slag and metallic phase	Slag is 3 times more dense; metallic phase is 10 times more dense.
EPA & DOE Demo Component Development & Integration Facility, MT 1991 Laurel Staley (513) 569-7863 R.C. Eschenback (707) 462-6522	Plasma ARC vitrification	Soils & sludge	Organics & metals	2,800-3,000 °F in plasma centrifugal furnace	Fed into sealed centrifuge & heated to 1,800 °F. Organics are evaporated.	Organic laden vapor stream and metals laden vitrified mass.	$750- $1,900/ton.
Davis-Monthan AFB. Brad Jones (402) 221-4488	solidification/ stabilization	Dross and dross contaminated soil	Cd, Cr, and Pb	Dross and dross contaminated soil was mixed with 10% cement and 5% lime in pug mill.		Passed TCLP for all contaminants.	Cost: $100 per cubic yard.
Installation Restoration (IR) Site 2, NAS Northern Island, San Diego, CA	Western Product Recovery Group's (WPRG) Chemical Coordinate Bonding and Adsorption (CCBA) technology	Soil	Up to 250 pounds (33 gallons) per day of VOCs was effectively removed from the vadose zone and subsequently destroyed.	Contaminated soil is heated to a high temperature and mixed with clay. The clay's silicon matrix reacts with the metals to form metal silicates, which chemically fix the metals to the final treatment product.		Treated soil can be reused as on-site backfill or recycled as landscaping material, road base material, or aggregate for concrete material.

Sources: Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report ( Eighth and Tenth Editions, Nov. 1996 and Feb. 2001). Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in North America (1st and 2nd Editions, Aug 1996 and Jun 2000).