"THESE CRUEL ENEMIES WE DARE NOT SHOW EVEN ONE PERCENT" -- AND
           THEY DIDN'T. TRUE TO HIS WORD. NINE YEARS LATER, JIANG IS
           PRESIDENT OF CHINA AND STUDENTS THAT HE CALLED THE CRUEL
           ENEMIES, MANY REMAIN IN PRISON, THOSE THOSE WHO SURVIVED. AND
           JIANG, TRUE TO HIS WORD, SHOWED NOT ONE PERCENT OF FORGIVENESS.
           HE HAS NEVER APOLOGIZED. HE'S NEVER ACKNOWLEDGED THE CRURXLE
           INHUMANE AND BARBARIC RESPONSE OF THE GOVERNMENT AT TIANANMEN

           SQUARE. THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT HAS NEVER INVESTIGATED --
           THEY'VE NEVER EVEN INVESTIGATED -- THIS TRAGIC INCIDENT. OF
           THIS EA ONLY DEFENDED THE CRACKDOWN AND THE KILLING OF HUNDREDS
           OF STUDENTS AS AN APPROPRIATE RESPONSE TO PEACEFUL DESCENT. SO
           THIS MAN JIANG ZEMIN WILL BE THE LEADER GREETING OUR PRESIDENT,
           THIS MAN WHO DECLARED "NOT ONE PERCENT OF FORGIVENESS." AND
           MORE RECENTLY, LEST YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE CHANGED HIS MIND AND
           CHANGED HIS AT TUNED AND LEST WE ARE UNDER THE MIS
           MISIMPRESSION THAT SLID THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CHINA HAS GROWN

           COMPASSIONATE AND THAT IN THE WORDS OF PRESIDENT CLIN THAN THAT
           THEY NOW ARE BECOME A THRIVING DEMOCRACY, LEST WE THINK THAT,
           PRESIDENT JIANG WHEN ASKED BY BARBARA WALTERS HOW HE LOOKED
           BACK ON THE EVENTS OF 1989, EPLIED, "IT'S MUCH ADO ABOUT
           NOTHING. ". SO ON THIS ANNIVERSARY OF THE TIANANMEN MASSACRE,
           WE ALL NEED TO REMIND THE WORLD, WE WILL NOT FORGET AND WE WILL
           NOT ALLOW THE COURAGEOUS SACRIFICE OF THOSE HUNDREDS STUDENTS

           AT TIANANMEN SQUARE TO BE DEMEANED, TO BE DISRESPECTED, AND TO
           BE DEVALUED. "THE WASHINGTON POST" IN AN EDITORIAL TODAY
           ENTITLED "CHINA
           
           "CHINA: TWO VIEWS" SPEAKS AFTER VIEW THAT I WOULD SHARE, WHAT
           THEY CALL A STRIKINGLY DIFFERENT VIEW FROM INSIDE CHINA, FROM
           SOMEONE WITH PRETTY FAIR CREDENTIALS, THEY WRITE, PRETTY FAIR
           CREDENTIALS TO JUDGE CHINA'S PROGRESS, X XIAO TENG, HE WAS

           JAILED IN 1989. WHY WAS HE JAILED BY THE BAY?
           HE WAS JAILED BECAUSE HE OPPOSED THE CRACKDOWN AGAINST
           PROTESTING STUDENTS IN TIANANMEN SQUARE. MR. BAO SPENT SEVEN
           YEARS IN PRISON. HE NOW LIVES UNDER HOUSE ARREST BUT RECENTLY
           GAVE AN INTERVIEW TO THE "POST'S "" ""JOURNALISTS. HE
           CHALLENGED THE NOTION THAT ECONOMIC STRENGTH IN THE ABSENCE OF

           REAL DEMOCRATIZATION WILL MAKE CHINA MORE BENIGN. LET ME REPEAT
           WHAT HE CHALLENGED BECAUSE IT IS THE VERY THESIS ESPOUSED BY
           THOSE WHO SAY CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT IS GOING TO BRING ABOUT
           CHANGE IN CHINA. THIS IS THE VERY THEERRY ESPOUSED BY THOSE WHO
           SAY WE'LL JUST TRADE SUFFICIENTLY, IF WE'LL INCREASE TRADE AND
           DO ENOUGH INCREASED COMMERCE WITH CHINA, THEN EVERYTHING WILL
           BE BETTER. SO HE CHALLENGED THE NOTION THAT ECONOMIC STRENGTH
           IN THE ABSENCE OF REAL DEMOCRATIZATION INEVITABLY WILL LEAD
           CHINA TO BE MORE BENIGN. CHINA HAS -- AND I'M COMBOTEING HIM

           "HAS ALREADY GONE MAD TWICE IN THE LAST 40 YEARS," HE SAID
           REFERRAL TO THE CULTURAL REF -- LEAF LUGS. "WHAT WILL T DO ON
           THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE" -- THAT'S CHINA. IS IT A SOURCE OF
           STABILITY OR A POTENTIAL OF SOURCE OF INSTABILITY?
           WHEN IT DOESN'T HAVE ENOUGH POWER, ITS ATTITUDE WILL BE
           RESTRANGED. BUT ONCE IT DEVELOPS AND BECOMES STRONG WHAT KIND
           OF ROLE IS IT GOING TO PLAY WITHOUT A COMPLETE STRUCTURAL
           CHANGE?
           AND THAT'S THE QUESTION I WOULD POSE. FOR ALL OF THE ADVOCATES

           OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION'S POLICY, I WOULD POSE THIS
           QUESTION RAISED BY THIS VERY KNOWLEDGEABLE INDIVIDUAL, MR. BOW,
           WHO HIMSELF HAS SPENT SEVEN YEARS INCARCERATED. THE QUESTION HE
           POSES, ONCE CHINA DEVELOPS AND BECOMES STRONG WHAT KIND OF ROLE
           IS IT GOING TO PLAY WITHOUT A COMPLETE STRUCTURAL CHANGE?
           AND WHAT HE MEANS BY COMPLETE STRUCTURAL CHANGE IS
           DEMOCRATIZATION. IT IS HIS ARGUMENT THAT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
           IN CHINA, THE EMBRACE OF FREE MARKETS AND THE EMBRACE OF MARKET
           CAPITALISM, WILL NOT BE SUFFICIENT TO MAKE THEM DEBINE --

           BENIGN TO. MAKE THEM A PEARN PARTNER IN WORLD PEACE AND THAT
           THAT WILL NOT HAPPEN WITHOUT A STRUCTURAL CHANGE -- FREE
           ELECTIONS, FREEDOM OF PRESS, FREEDOM OF SPEECH, FREEDOM OF
           RELIGION -- THAT UNTIL THOSE THINGS BECOME REALITIES IN CHINA,
           THEN WE CANNOT EXPECT THAT THEY'RE GOING TO BE RESPONSIBLE
           CITIZENS IN THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE OF AFFAIRS. AND THEN THE
           "POST" EDITORIAL CONCLUDES. "MR. CLINTON SHOULD MEET WITH

           DISSIDENTS WHEN HE VISITS BEIJING LATER THIS MONTH. A SIT-DOWN
           WITH BAO TONG IF THE GOVERNMENT WOULD RELEASE HIM FROM HOUSE
           ARREST LONG ENOUGH, MIGHT BE ABUSEFUL ADDITION TO THE
           PRESIDENT'S SCHEDULE" AND I WOULD SUGGEST THAT IT CERTAINLY
           WOULD. I WANT TO CONCLUDE ON THIS ANNIVERSARY OF AN EVENT THAT
           SHOULD NEVER, NEVER, NEVER BE FORGOTTEN.
           
           BY MAKING THIS PLEA: MR. PRESIDENT, DELAY YOUR TRIP TO CHINA.

           THERE ARE ONGOING INVESTIGATIONS. THERE ARE ONGOING HEARINGS.
           SO PLEASE. WE'RE NOT TALKING ABOUT ISOLATING CHINA. IT COULDN'T
           HAPPEN IF WE WANTED TO. WE'RE NOT TALKING ABOUT BREAKING OFF
           CONTACTS, DIALOGUE WITH CHINA. BUT WE'RE SAYING UNDER THE
           CURRENT CLOUD AND WITH ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE WEB OF
           INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT, THE AMERICAN
           ADMINISTRATION, AND CORPORATE AMERICA AND MULTINATIONAL
           CORPORATIONS, DELAY THIS TRIP. AND SECONDLY, MR. PRESIDENT, IF

           YOU MUST GO, IF YOU MUST GO AHEAD WITH THIS PLANNED TRIP, THEN
           I WOULD PLEAD WITH YOU TO STRESS THE DESIRE OF MILLIONS OF
           AMERICANS BY NOT GOING AND NOT BEING RECEIVED AT TIANANMEN. AS
           THIS YOUNG MAN TOOK HIS STAND, AS A SYMBOL OF FREEDOM AGAINST
           THE SYMBOLS OF OPPRESSION, I ASK OUR PRESIDENT TO TAKE ONE
           SMALL STAND BY NOT GOING TO TIANANMEN SQUARE, NOT BEING
           RECEIVED -- SIMPLY SAYING, MR. JIANG ZEMIN, I'LL NOT BE

           RECEIVED WHERE THESE STUDENTSS WERE SLAIN. I'LL NOT SHOW
           DISRESPECT AND DISDAIN FOR THE SACRIFICE THAT THEY MADE BY
           BEING RECEIVED, A STATE VISIT ON THAT LOCATION. TO BE RECEIVED
           THERE IS TO DEMEAN AND DEVALUE THE STAND THOSE STUDENTSS TOOK.
           AND THIRDLY, I WOULD PLEAD WITH YOU, MR. PRESIDENT, THAT IF YOU
           INSIST ON GOING TO CHINA CHINA, THAT YOU SHOULD INSIST ON

           MEETING WITH THE FAMILIES OF THOSE CHAMPIONS OF DEMOCRACY WHO
           ARE EITHER SLAIN OR REMAIN IN PRISON. I ASK THAT AS OUR
           PRESIDENT GOES AND IF HE GOES THAT HE SHOULD FORCEFULLY
           DENOUNCE THE REPRESSION AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES ONGOING IN
           CHINA THAT. IF HE GOES TO TIANANMEN SQUARE SQUARE, THAT HIS
           MESSAGE
           
           SHOULD BE THIS: NER AGAIN. AND IN THE SPIRIT OF RONALD REAGAN
           AT THE BERLIN WALL, LET HIM SAY, "THIS IS WRONG! NEVER SHOULD

           IT HAPPEN AGAIN!" I ASK THAT IN CHINA HE VISIT WITH HOUSE
           CHURCH LEADERS, THOSE WHO, BECAUSE OF THEIR CONSCIENCE AND
           BECAUSE OF THEIR RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS, HAVE NOT REGISTERED
           WITH THE COMMUNIST CHINESE GOVERNMENT AND BECAE THEY HAVE NOT
           REGISTERED, BECAUSE THEY HAVEN'T SIGNED UP AND RECEIVED
           OFFICIAL SANCTION BY THE GOVERNMENT, STAND IN HARM'S WAY, STAND
           IN JEOPARDY OF LOSING THEIR FREEDOM. AND I ASK THAT OUR
           PRESIDENT VISIT WITH BANNEDDJOURN ALLISTS, FOR THERE ARE NO

           FREE NEWSPAPERS, THERE ARE NO JP NURNALS, THERE ARE NO
           EXPRESSIONS OF DEE DISSENT AMONG THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT. MEET
           WITH THOSE JOURNALISTS WHO WOULD LIKE TO HAVE A NEWSPAPER, WHO
           WOULD LIKE TO BE ABLE TO WRITE A COLUMN, WHO WOULD LIKE TO BE
           ABLE TO FREELY EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS OF FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY BUT
           WHO ARE NOT ALLOWED TO BECAUSE OF THE CURRENT REGIME. MEET WITH
           THEM, HEAR THEIR STORY. TAKE YOUR STAND FOR FREEDOM. AND THEN,
           MR. PRESIDENT, I ASK THAT BEFORE YOU LEAVE FOR BEIJING, IF YOU

           MUST GO, THAT YOU SIGN THE CHINA SANCTIONS PACKAGE THAT'S
           ALREADY PASSED THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES BY HUGE,
           OVERWHELMING BIPARTISAN MAJORITIES. SOME OF THOSE PROVISIONS
           HAVE ALREADY BEEN ADDED TO OUR STATE DEPARTMENT AUTHORIZATION
           BILL, WHICH WE'LL BE DEBATING HOPEFULLY NEXT WEEK. SOME OF
           THOSE HAVE ALREADY BEEN SENT. BUT I WOULD ASK THAT HE SIGN
           THOSE AND IN SO DOING EXPRESS SINCERITY IN WANTING TO DECRY THE

           HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES THAT ARE GOING ON. AND LET ME JUST
           CONCLUDE. IN A "WASHINGTON POST" ARTICLE -- NOT AN EDITORIAL
           BUT A NEWS ARTICLE TODAY -- ON THE TIANANMEN ANNIVERSARY, THE
           ARTICLE CONCLUDES, THIS IS A MICHAEL LARIS REPORT, IT
           CONCLUDES, THE FINAL PARAGRAPH, PARAGRAPH,, " CHINA HAS NOT YET
           TURNED INREVOCABLY TOWARD A LIBERAL POLITICAL APPROACH." THAT'S
           AN UNDERSTAIFMT "IT MAINTAINS A MASSIVE STATE SECURITY
           APPARATUS WHICH MONITORS THE PRIVATE AFFAIRS OF ANYONE IT DEEMS
           A THREAT TO THE COMMUNIST PARTY'S MONOPOLY ON THE ONE HAND

           POLITICAL POUFIRM THE JAILS TOLD MORE THAN 23,000 POLITICAL
           PRISONERS INCLUDING 150 OR SO ARRESTED AFTER THE CONTINUE TUN
           SQUARE PROTESTS. AMONG 2900,000 OTHER PEOPLE IN LABOR CAMPS AT
           LEAST SOME ARE POLITICAL OFFENDERS. EARLY THIS EVENING" -- THIS
           IS, I IS ASSUME YESTERDAY -- "EARLY THIS EVENING THIS EVENING
           AT THE BEIJING UNIVERSITY BULLETIN BOARD WHICH WAS A CENTER OF
           PROTEST INFORMATION IN 1989, A WOMAN READ ANNOUNCEMENTS OF
           ELECTORS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS.

           MANY OF MY FRIENDS THINK THOSE STUDENTS WERE FOOLISH. REQUESTS
           "THIS STUDENT. "SHE SAYS, MANY OF MY FRIENDS THINK THOSE
           STUDENTS WERE FOOLISH, SHE SAID. I THINK THEY WERE VERY BRAVE.
           I WISH MORE PEOPLE NOW HAD THAT MUCH PASSION. SOME PEOPLE NOW
           HAVE THE SAME PASSION BUT THEY KNOW NOT TO EXPRESS IT. "IN THE
           SAME WAY." FOR THOSE WHO BELIEVE IT'S ALL BETTER NOW IN CHINA,
           LISTEN TO THE WORDS OF THIS STUDENT WHO SAYS QUGS, THE STUDENTS

           IN CHINA TODAY HAVE LEARNED, PASSION FOR FREEDOM THEY MAY HAVE,
           BUT IF THEY CHERISH BEING FREE, IF THEY CHERISH THE RIGHT TO BE
           A STUDENT, IF THEY DON'T WANT TO BE INCARS -- INCARCERATED,
           THEY BETTER NOT EXPRESS IT AS THESE STUDENTSS DID NINE YEARS
           AGO TODAY. AND SO, TO ALL FREEDOM-LOVING AMERICANS, NOT
           AREPUBLICANS NOT AS DERPBLGS BUT TO ALL FREEDOM-LOVING
           AMERICANS, WE SAY TO THOSE CHINESE WHO LOVE FREEDOM AS WELL, WE
           WILL NOT FORGET WHAT HAPPENED JUNE 4, 1989. MR. PRESIDENT, I

           YIELD THE FLOOR. A SENATOR: MR. PRESIDENT?
           
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: THE SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA.
           

           MR. GRAMS: MR. PRESIDENT, MAY I INQUIRE, WHAT'S THE PENDING
           BUSINESS BEFORE THE SENATE?
           
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: THE SENATE IS NOW CONSIDERING THE
           TOBACCO BILL. SENATORS MAY SPEAK ON ANY SUBJECT THEY WISH.
           

           MR. GRAMS: I'D ASK UNANIMOUS CONSENT THAT I COULD SPEAK AS IF
           IN MORNING BUSINESS FOR UP TO TEN MINUTES.
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: WITHOUT OBJECTION, SO ORDERED.
           

           MR. GRAMS: THANK YOU VERY MUCH. MR. PRESIDENT, I WANT TO RISE
           TODAY TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE NATIONAL SUMMIT ON RETIREMENT SAVINGS
           WHICH IS TAKE PLACE HERE IN WASHINGTON, D.C., TODAY AND
           TOMORROW AND I ALSO WANT TO USE THIS OCCASION TO INTRODUCE
           LEGISLATION THAT WILL EMPOWER A GREATER NUMBER OF WORKING
           AMERICANS TO SAVE FOR THEIR RETIREMENT THROUGH
           EMPLOYER-SPONSORED RETIREMENT PLANS. NOW, IN THE COURSE OF THE
           NEXT TWO DAY, THE 239 DELEGATES TO THE NATIONAL SMIMT ON
           RETIREMENT SAVINGS WILL BE ADDRESSING AN ISSUE OF GREAT
           IMPORTANCE AS THE BABY-BOOM GENERATION DRAWS CLOSER TO

           RETIREMENT AGE AND ALSO FUTURE -- THE FUTURE OF SOCIAL SECURITY
           WHICH REMAINS UNCERTAIN. NOW, WITH SAVINGS RATES AT A 59-YEAR
           LOW AND THE REVELATION IN THE 1998 SOCIAL SECURITY TRUSTEES'
           REPORT THAT SOCIAL SECURITY IS ACTUARIALLY BANKRUPT, IT IS
           EVIDENCE THAT WE FACE WHAT AMOUNTS TO BE A RETIREMENT CRISIS.
           THE LESS INDIVIDUALS SAVE FOR THEIR RETIREMENT, THE GREATER THE
           STRAIN ON AN AILING SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM THAT IS INCAPABLE OF
           SUSTAINING THE FAST-GROWING RETIRED POPULATION. MR. PRESIDENT,

           STUDIES SHOW THAT AN INCREASING NUMBER OF AMERICANS ARE
           DEPENDING ON SOCIAL SECURITY FOR THEIR RETIREMENT INCOME.
           ACCORDING TO THE EMPLOYEE BEN AT THIS TIME RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
           SOCIAL SECURITY IS NOW THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF INCOME FOR 80% OF
           RETIRED AMERICANS, THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF INCOME FOR RETIRED
           AMERICANS -- 80% RELY SOLELY ON SOCIAL SECURITY. AND
           PRACTICALLY THE ONLY SOURCE FOR 40%. OF RETIREES. THOSE WHO
           DEPEND ON SOCIAL SECURITY FOR THEIR RETIREMENT CAN EXPECT A
           STANDARD OF LIVING FAR LOWER THAN THE ONE THEY ENJOY WHILE THEY

           ARE A MEMBER OF THE WORK FORCE. FOR INSTANCE, AN INDIVIDUAL WHO
           HAS AN ANNUAL INCOME OF $15,000 PER YEAR WHO RETIRED IN 1998 AT
           THE AGE OF 65 CAN EXPECT SOCIAL SECURITY TO PROVIDE ONLY ONE
           HALF OF THEIR PREVIOUS INCOME. AND THE REPLACEMENT RATE DROPS
           STEADILY WHEN MOVING UP IN THE INCOME BRACKET. INDEED, SOCIAL
           SECURITY WAS NEVER INTENDED TO BE THE MAJOR SOURCE OF
           RETIREMENT SAVINGS THAT IT SEEMS TO HAVE BECOME. ITS PURPOSE AT
           THE TIME WAS TO SERVE AS JUST A SINGLE LEG IN A THREE-LEGGED

           STOOL THAT WOULD SUSTAIN AMERICANS IN THEIR RETIREMENT AGE.
           SOCIAL SECURITY'S ORIGINAL PURPOSE WAS TO PROVIDE AMERICANS
           WITH THE MINIMAL LEVEL OF INCOME IN RETIREMENT THAT WHEN
           COMBINED WITH PERSONAL SAVINGS AND EMPLOYMENT-BASED PENSIONS
           WOULD GIVE RETIREES THE LIVING STANDARD THAT THEY ENJOYED
           BEFORE RETIREMENT. NOW, MR. PRESIDENT, GIVEN THESE FACTS ABOUT
           SOCIAL SECURITY AND THE DECLINE IN SAVINGS AMONG AMERICANS, IT
           IS CRUCIAL THAT STEPS BE TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT THE THREE-LEGGED
           STOOL DOES NOT COLLAPSE UNDER THE WEIGHT OF THE GROWING RETIRED

           POPULATION. IT IS TRUE THAT RECENT STEPS TAKEN BY CONGRESS,
           PARTICULARLY THE 1996 ENACTMENT OF THE SIMPLE RETIREMENT PLAN,
{END: 1998/06/04 TIME: 13-30 , Thu.  105TH SENATE, SECOND SESSION}