ITEMS FROM THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE CENTRAL REGION OF NON-CHENOZEM ZONE
143026, Moscow region, Nemchinovka, Kalinina 1, Russian Federation.

Inheritance of caryopsis pigmentation in F₁ and F₂ hybrids from 'pistilloid spring soft wheat / xenia colored-caryopsis lines'. [p. 60-61]

V.G. Kyzlasov.

In previous investigations (Kyzlasov 2001, 2003), we determined that the the segregation observed in F₁ plants from the cross combination light-colored line with bisexual flowers (female) / colored xenia caryopsis line (male) gives a dihybrid ratio of 9 dark : 7 light (Table 1). Pigmented caryopses are those F₀ caryopses set on light-colored maternal plants after hybridization.

A blue-green pigment is formed in the caryopses as a result of the complementary interaction of hypostatic genes of xenia caryopsis coloration a and b. In succeeding generations, the light-colored progeny remain unchanged, whereas progeny of the dark-colored genotype aabb also are unchanged. The AaBb genotypes segregate in the F₂ according to the pattern in Table 1. The Aabb and aaBb genotypes segregate according to a monohybrid ratio, 3 pigmented : 1 light-colored caryopsis. Therefore, the heterozygous progeny of the F₂ generation (4 AaBb + 2 Aabb + 2 aaBb) are expected to have a ratio of pigmented caryopses to light-colored caryopses of 9 : 7 + 12 : 4 = 1.91. The actual, observed ratio was similar; 3,831 pigmented : 1,998 light-colored = 1.92 : 1.

In our experiment, dark-colored F₀ hybrid caryopses were obtained from the cross 'pistilloid light-colored plants / xenia colored-caryopsis line'. In the F₁ plants, as expected, the ratio of pigmented : uncolored caryopses was 3,739 : 2,946 = 1.27 : 1 Å 1.29 : 1 (9 : 7). A deviation from the expected was observed in the F₂ hybrid population (Table 2). The ratio of pigmented caryopses (9,151) to light-colored (6,876) grains was 1.33 : 1. The expected ratio is 1.91 : 1 = 10,520 : 5,507. The calculated X² (518.47) greatly exceeded the limit (3.84), a significant deviation of the observed hybrid progeny segregation pattern from the expected values.

The deviation revealed in the segregation pattern of caryopsis pigmentation in the F₂ hybrids of 'pistilloid plants / xenia colored-caryopsis line' (1.33 : 1) differs from that observed when crossing bisexual lines with the xenia trait (1.91 : 1). A deficiency was discovered in genotypes that segregated in a monohybrid pattern. In the maternal plants of the hybrid studied, the stamenless flower phenotype is a result of transformation of stamens to pistils (Kyzlasov 1998). In such a case, the absence of stamens in the flowers results from the functioning of three recessive pistilloidy genes in the homozygous state (aabbcc). The inheritance of grain coloration by F₂ hybrids of 'pistilloid plants / xenia colored-caryopsis line' can depend on the homology of chromosomes, where pistilloidy and caryopsis coloration genes are located.

References.

• Kyzlasov VG. 2001. Genes controlling xenia development of the caryopsis in soft wheat. Ann Wheat Newslet 47:142.
  
• Kyzlasov VG. 2003. Genetic linkage between endosperm color and caryopsis size in soft wheat hybrids. Ann Wheat Newslet 49:95-96.
  
• Kyzlasov VG. 1998. Wheat flowers of one sex. In: Proc 9th Internat Wheat Genetics Symp (Slinkard AE, Ed), University Extension Press, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. 2:269.
  
  

 

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOUTH-EAST REGIONS - ARISER

Department of Genetics, 410020 Toulaykov str., 7, Saratov, Russian Federation.

Haploproduction in primary triticales using anther culture. [p. 61-62]

O.V. Khomyakova, T.I. Dyatchouk, and S.V. Tuchin.

Primary hexaploid and octoploid triticale with genomic compositions AABBRR and AABBDDRR, respectively, were developed using Saratov cultivars of winter bread wheat and rye with embryo rescue followed by colchicine treatment of the plants.

Doubled haploid plants were obtained from primary hexaploid and octoploid triticales by anther culture. We found that cold pretreatment of the donor spikes at 2-5°C is unnecessary for induction of sporophytic microspore development. Embryogenic structures were obtained without shock temperatures. In two genotypes (Amphidiploid 1 and the cultivar Student), microspores developed at 1.7 and 7.8 %, respectively, only in freshly harvested anthers that were not subject to cold.

The results of this research are similar to those for anther culture in bread wheat (Tkachenko 2001; Dyatchouk 2003) and did not confirm the role of shock temperatures as a trigger of microspore development (Kruglova et al. 2005). Cold storage of the anthers, however, is a necessary component of the anther culture method, because it preserves the 'embryogenic window' and prolongs the suitable period for anther inoculation.

INSTITUTE OF COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL PROBLEMS

Far Eastern Breeding Center, Karl Marx str., 107, Khabarovsk, 680009, Russian Federation.

Breeding and genetic analysis of height in spring wheats. [p. 62-65]

I. Shindin.

The main goal of any selection program is creating cultivars with high genetic productivity. Cultivar productivity in spring wheat is determined from productive tillering, spike size, the number of spikelets and grains/spike, grains/spikelet, and 1,000-kernel weight. Thus, knowing the inheritance of plant productivity components is very important. Similar research is being done in the Russian Federation and other countries. Inheritance is determined by the genetics of the crossing material and the specific natural and climatic conditions, which is why results obtained in some conditions and populations can not be used in others.

The Far East of the Russian Federation does not have a climatic equal at the same latitude anywhere on earth. The specific features of the region are drought in spring and early-summer, high precipitation in summer, excessive humidity (95-100%), sharp drops from excessive moisture to drought, and high insolation.

Here we summarize our research on the inheritance of plant height on productivity in soft spring wheat hybrids and the process of natural hybrid populations. This knowledge is very important, because it is a basis of selection.

Materials and methods. Genetic resources included 2,500 cultivars from the world collection of the Russian Research Institute of Plant Growing. Before hybridization, samples were studied for 3-5 years in the fields of the Far Eastern Breeding Center in Khabarovsk. The 720 hybrid combinations in the F₁-F₂, which were selected from the crosses of the best cultivars, were used for the analysis. Experimental data were processed by common methods.

Results and discussion. The general picture shows complicated inheritance (Table 1). Plant height is the main form of lodging resistance. Height was inherited in 33.4% of the hybrids from their tall parents; 22% of the hybrids inherited this feature through heterosis. Heterosis was between 1.5-19.4% and the coefficient of dominance (h_p) was 1.09-4.28. The greatest number of short, nonlodging forms were selected from combinations with intermediate inheritance and from short parents (38.9% of the hybrids). These combinations included 'Monakinka/Nainari 60', 'Monakinka/Siete Cerros', and 'Acadia/Sonora 64'. High coefficients for plant height heritability in the F₂ (h² = 0.51-0.83) were used to select short forms. However, not all hybrids with high inheritance have high productivity, traits that are mostly from heterosis and dominance. Selecting positive transgressions in hybrid populations is greatly lowered after productivity from dominance and superdominance in the F₁. Culling such hybrids in the F₁ is needed.

Analyzing the F₁ hybrids and F₂ populations showed that most do not have a connection with plant height and productivity, which indicates independence in inheritance (Table 2). A positive correlation with the number of spikelets/spike, which was noticed in 44% of the F₂ hybrids, was the exception. The selection of short forms may cause a decline in the number of spikelets/spike in hybrids with such a connection. Because the selection of spring wheat for shorter plant height (maximum 65-70 cm) does not lead to a decrease in productivity, selection of productive cultivars with different heights is possible in our conditions. The optimum height should be 80-90 cm.

Depression (in 27.8% of the hybrids) is the main feature of productive tillering inheritance. In 16.8% of the hybrids, high heterosis (18-50%) was caused by nonadditive effects of genes (dominance or epistasis). Inheritance in the F₂ is insufficient (h² = 0.03-0.16), proving weak genetic control of the trait and strong environmental dependence (for successful selection capacity, the h2 should be not less than 0.4-0.5). Therefore, despite the fact that productive tillering plays a big role in yield capacity (r = 0.73-0.89, it is difficult to study because of low inheritance and high phenotypic variability (V = 43-54%). Thus, selection should be done in later generations (F₄-F₅).

Not only is it possible, but it is necessary, to breed cultivars with high tillering (1.6-2 productive stems) especially those that are used in the intensive agriculture in the Russian Far East. A survey of the world collection showed that short cultivars (< 65 cm) are the most productive (three or more stems) but did not have other productive elements when compared to tall cultivars. These facts are important for breeding short-stem cultivars that have high yielding capacity and productive tillering.

Spike length is the least variable feature with V = 9.4-15%, more often than other inherited intermediately (in 33.4% of hybrids), which indicates that this feature is controlled by additive gene action. However, another type of inheritance was observed; 6.8% of hybrids had a high index and 27.5% of hybrids had heterosis. Heterosis was not high (2.2-7.6%) with the exception of the 'Acadia/Jaral 66' hybrid, where heterosis was 15.6%. Spikes in these hybrids were large when a long-spike cultivar (r = 0.62) was the female. This fact should be taken into account in crossing. A connection with plant productivity (r = 0.42-0.68) was noted in 48% of hybrids. The inheritance coefficient ranged from 0.19 to 0.55 depending on the cross combination. Thus, the effectiveness of the selection depends on cross combinations.

The number of spikelets/spike is important and has a certain connection with plant productivity (r = 0.42-0.60). This connection was found in 56% of the hybrids and has small variability (V = 9-14%). Depression and dominance of a low index (27.8 and 22.2%, respectively) were noted in 50% of the hybrids. Heterosis was observed in 27.8% of the hybrids. However, heterosis was not large (2.1-10.1%). Philipchenko (1934) and Phedin (1974) indicate that low dominance and correlated pleiotropism with the spike length. According to our data, the correlation coefficient between these factors is 0.50-0.88 (average 0.65%). However, this explanation is not right for all the combinations, because a decrease in spike length and the number of spikelets/spike and heterosis were observed.

The low 1,000-kernel weight (27-32 g, 23-25 g in bad years) is the main shortcoming of spring wheat cultivars of the Far East. Increasing the 1,000-kernel weight to 35-38 g, keeping some other productivity elements equal, raises the yield by 20-25%, which is why we pay great attention to this feature despite the lack of correlation between plant productivity and 1,000-kernel weight (r = 0.02). Our research showed 1,000-kernel weight was inherited according to the type of heterosis (in 38.9% of the hybrids) and dominance of high index (in 27.8% of the hybrids). The rate of heterosis is 4.2-18.1 %. Inheritance coefficients in F₂ populations are high (> 0.4), which proves the possibility of effective selection. The connection between 1,000-kernel weight and other productivity elements, with the exception of the number of grains/spike, is weak and uncertain (r = -0.49). The 1,000-kernel weight is genetically independent and during hybridization and selection different forms can be created. Dalnevostochnaya 10, Khabarovchanka, Zaryanka, and Lira 98 are examples, where 1,000-kernel weight is 35-40 g. This way of cultivar development is suitable to the conditions of the Russian Far East. Cultivars with a large 1,000-kernel weight suffer from drought (form weak kernels and have low quality) and monsoons (have phusarios, low seed quality, and are not resistant to enzyme and mycosis seed depletion).

All types of inheritance, from depression to heterosis, were noted in grain weight/spike and the number of grains/spike, giving the opportunity to select for valuable productivity features. However, grain weight/spike was often inherited according to the type of heterosis (39.3% of the hybrids) and dominance of low indicator (in 27.7% of the hybrids). Heterosis is large (110-120%). For example, valuable lines were selected from the hybrids 'Dalnevostochnaya/World Seeds 1616', 'Acadia/Sonora 64', 'Acadia/Noroeste 66', and 'Monakinka/Akadia'. The latter was an ancestor of Dalnevostochnaya 10. Grain weight/spike in lighter seedlings (150-200 grains/m²) is weakly correlated with plant productivity (r = 0.35), because of the influence of tillering on yield. A certain connection between these traits (r = 0.50-0.71) was noted in 65 % of F₂ population. Thus, selection for this trait in populations with close plant stands (400-450 spikes/m²) is better.

Plant productivity is the result of all elements. Cultivar productivity is defined is a combination of plant productivity and a close plant stand. Analyzing hybrid populations showed that the correlation coefficient between plant productivity and its components, with the exception of 1,000-kernel weight, varied from low to high positive values in different hybrids (Table 3).

Productive tillering, grain weight/spike, and number of grains/spike (r = 0.67, 0.48, and 0.46, respectively) are the most important elements of productivity. Spike length and the number of spikelets/spike (r = 0.37 and 0.36, respectively), are less important elements of productivity. A connection was noted with productive tillering in 100% of the hybrids, with the number of grains/spike in 80% of the hybrids, and with other features in 48-65% of the hybrids.

A different character of inheritance of the same features in F₁ hybrids and a large difference in correlation coefficients of these features with plant productivity in F₂ populations is evidence of developing spring wheat cultivars with a different correlation of its components in the structure of yield. The cultivars Dalnevostochnaya 10, Khabarovchanka, and Lira 98 prove this. Plant productivity and yield in Dalnevostochnaya 10 are mostly due to a high 1,000-kernel weight when compared to Monakinka. Khabarovchanka and Lira 98 have plant productivity due to all elements with the exception of the number of spikelets/spike (Table 4).

We have developed the optimum model for soft spring wheat cultivar until 2010. About 30 parameters, both qualitative and quantitative characteristics estimating productivity, were put into this model. Inheritance, the climate of Far East Russia, technological requirements of the cultivar, the level of agrotechnics are important. In our model, the productivity is supposed to increase owing to even development of several features but not owing to maximum development of one or two features. In the Russian Far East, many factors are limiting. First is the unstable hydrothermal regime during all growth and development stages. The level of productivity of a new cultivar in optimal soil fertility should be the following: productive tillering, 1.8-2 spikes/plant; grain weight/spike, 1.5-1.6 g; number of grains/spike, 38-40; number of spikelets/spike, 14-15; number of grains/spikelet, 2.5-2.8; 1,000-kernel weight, 38-40 g; and grains, 400-420 grains/m². The task is to select genotypes balanced with the complex of features that provide productivity of new cultivars up to 6.0-6.5 t/ha. Far Eastern breeders have been developing this kind of cultivar.

References.

• Philipchenko YA. 1934. Soft wheat genetics. Moscow-Leningrad (in Russian).
  
• Fedin MA. 1974. The problems of wheat heterosis and prerequisite of its use. (abstract). Leningrad. 62 pp (in Russian).
  
• Shindin IM. 1996. Spring wheat and barley selection in the Russian Far East. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dr. of Agricultural Science. Khabarovsk. 55 pp (in Russian).
  
• Shindin IM. 2002. Theoretical and applied aspects of agricultural plants selection. Khabarovsk. 220 pp (in Russian).
  

 

 

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

Biology Faculty, Department of Mycology & Algology and the Department of Molecular Biology, GSP-2, MSU, Vorobjovi Gory, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation.

Races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Russian Federation in 2001-05. [p. 65-66]

S.N. Lekomtseva, V.T. Volkova, L.G. Zaitseva, M.N. Chaika, and E.S. Skolotneva.

The wheat stem rust pathogen P. graminis f.sp. tritici was found in 2001Ð05 in various regions of the Russian Federation on barberry, wheat, barley, and wild Graminaceous species; wheatgrass (Elytrigia repens), sheep-fescue (Festuca sp.); lyme grass (Elymus sp.); perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne); timothy (Phleum pratense); and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata). Aecia on barberry were collected in collections of Botanical Garden of the Moscow University, the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and various districts of the Moscow Region at the end of May-June. A massive appearance of wheat stem rust on wild species was observed at the end of vegetative season, from the end of August into September. Rust developed on crops of wheat and barley in July and early August, usually at the start of harvest, as separate spots consisting of a few plants. The years 2001 and 2002 were most favorable for development of the fungus.

Plant samples infected with wheat stem rust pathogen were collected in central Russia (Moscow region), the Northern Caucasus (Rostovskaya region), and western Siberia (Tomskaya region). We isolated 354 monouredinial clones from the collected samples and multiplied on wheat cultivar Khakasskaya, which is sensitive to pathogen infection. Races were determined with the Pgt system according to reaction of 16 isogenic wheat lines (Roelfs and Martens 1998). The Shannon diversity index (Shannon's index, Magurran 1983) was used for evaluation of diversity of race composition in populations in different seasons, various host plants, and different geographical zones.

The race composition of P. graminis f.sp. tritici was highly diversity in 2001-05. We identified 43 pathogen races during this period. Two to three fungal races dominated annually. The frequency of other races was less than 8%. We classified these races as rare. The percentage of rare races varied from season to season. In 2001, rare races comprised more than 50%; in 2002 about 36% (Table 1).

The highest diversity of fungal races was observed in 2001-02, a season relatively favorable for development of wheat stem rust. We identified 23 races in 2001 and 11 in 2002. Rare races comprised 50.68 in 2001 and 35.91% in 2002 (Table 1). The dominance of highly virulent races TTNT (virulence formula 5, 21, 9e, 7b, 11, 6, 8a, 9g, 36, 30, 9a, 9d, 10, Tmp), TKNT (5, 21, 9e, 7b, 6, 8a, 9g, 36, 30, 9a, 9d, 10, Tmp), and TKST (5, 21, 9e, 7b, 6, 8a, 9g, 36, 30, 9a, 9d, 10) was observed in 2003-05, years relatively unfavorable for development of wheat stem rust pathogen.

Statistical evaluation of the race composition in 2001 to 2005 using the Shannon coefficient indicated the highest race diversity in 2001 and 2002 (Table 2). The race composition was relatively diverse in 2003 and 2005. Low diversity was observed in 2004 when race TKNT comprised 75.36% (Tables 1 and 2). Evaluation of race composition on various host plants in central Russia (Moscow region) revealed the highest diversity among clones obtained from barberry (Table 3).

Our results indicate that sexual recombination leads to the diversity of P. graminis f.sp. tritici in this region as well as to variability of race composition of wild cereals. The race composition of wheat becomes poor because highly virulent races dominate.

Evaluation of resistance in isogenic wheat lines (Sr) by estimating the frequency of virulence genes (pp) on different host plants in 2001-05 indicated that Sr9b and Sr13-Sr17 were efficient for selection of plants resistance to wheat stem rust pathogen in Russia (Table 4).

An increase in the number of clones of pathogen virulent towards gene Sr11, relatively resistant to wheat stem rust pathogen in Russia has discovered (Lekomtseva et. al 2004). The stem rust pathogen showed high virulence during the studied period (Table 4). The mean number of pp-genes/pathogen clone of different hosts was equal to 11-12 and greater. The highest level of virulence was found on wheat and barberry.

Acknowledgment. The work is supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Researches.

References.

• Lekomtseva SN, Volkova VT, Zaitseva LG, and Chaika MN. 2004. Pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from different host-plants in 1996-2000. Micologia i fitopatologia 38(5):37-43 (In Russian).
  Lekomtseva SN, Volkova VT, Zaitseva LG, and Chaika MN. 2004. Pathotypes of wheat stem rust pathogen on different plant hosts from 1996-2000. Ann Wheat Newslet 50:113-115.
  Lekomtseva SN, Volkova VT, Zaitseva LG, Rusanov VA, and Chikin YuA. 2006. Special forms of Puccinia graminis on Graminaceous plants. Ann Wheat Newslet 51(112-115).
  Magurran AE. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. 1983. Royal Society. London Sydney. 181 pp.
  Roelfs AP and Martens JW. 1988. An international system of nomenclature for Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Phytopathology 78(5):526-533.

Molecular variability of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici on various plant hosts in some regions of the Russian Federation in 2003 and 2004. [p. 67-69]

E.S. Skolotneva, Yu.V. Maleeva, I.D. Insarova, and S.N. Lekomtseva.

Stem rust, P. graminis f.sp. tritici, is a dangerous pathogen of wheat and some wild grasses that develops worldwide including in the Russian Federation. The great genetic variability in the pathogen has been established using different molecular markers (McCallum et. al. 1999; Kim et. al. 1992; Maleeva et. al. 2003). However, incomplete information is known about the intraspecies structure that is formed by these molecular phenotypes. To further understand microevolution of this pathogen, it is essential to find the current population structure in nature. A RAPD analysis of DNA polymorphism in P. graminis f.sp. tritici from some wheat lines showed a relative geographic separation of the tested isolates (Skolotneva et. al. 2005).

A complex analysis of P. graminis f. sp. secalis isolates from various grasses also was performed by several molecular methods. Some evidence exists for host specialization of the tested isolates, which were grouped according to their response to the source of inoculum (unpublished data). This study focuses on molecular variation of P. graminis f.sp. tritici on various plants in separate regions of the Russian Federation, Central Russia, the Moscow area, and the Northern Caucasus, the Ruston area, in 2003 and 2004 (Table 1). Monouredinial isolates were examined using isozyme and RAPD markers. Protein extracts of homogenized urediniospores were subjected to vertical PAGE as described in Maleeva et al. (2003). The gel was stained for detection of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) (Korochkin et al. 1977), which earlier was used successfully to estimate genetic variation in P. graminis f.sp. tritici (McCallum et al. 1999; Maleeva et al. 2003).

To assess DNA polymorphism in P. graminis f.sp. tritici collections, DNA was extracted by the CTAB-method (Griffith and Shaw 1998) and RAPD-fragments were generated for all isolates using the primers Core (5'­GAGGGTGGXGGXTCT­3') and PR3 (5'­(GTG)5­3') separately and in combination (Maleeva et. al. 2003). Isozyme analysis and RAPD profiles revealed polymorphisms among the P. graminis f.sp. tritici isolates of both collections and were measured by the UPGMA clustering (Treecon for Windows version 1.3b) and calculation of genetic distance (after Link et al. 1995) for the dendrogram construction.

Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici isolates from the 2003 spore collection clearly segregated into three groups; one from barberry, and of Triticale (Elytrigia and Hordeum), which were confirmed by the isozyme analysis and the RAPD data (Figure 1A and B). Among the spore collection of 2004 there were isolates from Triticum (the Northern Caucasus). Their RAPD- and MDH-phenotypes were grouped together on the dendrograms (Figure 2A and B). The both of the markers also formed the cluster, which contained isolates from Elytrigia (the Central Russia) like in previous case.

The sexual process P. graminis takes place on alternative host Berberis and contributes significantly to the intraspecies variation. It could be demonstrated by both of the markers we used. The genotypes of isolates from barberry (the Central Russia) were constantly clustered into the distinguished stable (by index bootstrap up to 94%) group (Figure 1 and Figure 2). However, to contrast with the RAPD-data, the clusters of the MDG-phenotypes of the 'barberry' isolates were more strictly opposed to the groups of isolates from grasses, probably due to the function differences between these markers.

The isozyme and RAPD analysis only suggested the existence of some distinct groups of isolates, but showed different relationships between them. Following to the MDH-polymorphism there was a geographic variation among the isolates from different grasses of the spore collection of 2004. These phenotypes were clustered into two major groups: one of them combined the Central Russia isolates from Elytrigia, Hordeum, and Dactylis, and another was comprised of the Northern Caucasus isolates from Elytrigia, Hordeum, and Triticum. However, there was other interrelation between the RAPD-profiles. The grouping of isolates was independent of their geographic origin. The host plants determined the structure of RAPD-diversity as the dendrogram indicated.

The genomes of the parasitic fungi are characterized by highly flexibility. It is necessary to keep up to the changeable environment, which is comprised of the natural conditions as much as the specific biochemistry and resistant system of the host plant. These results could suggest there are several trends of P. graminis f.sp. tritici alteration on the molecular level.

Acknowledgment. The work is supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Researches.

References

• Griffith GW, Shaw DS, and Snell R. 1998. Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) on tomato in the Tropics. Mycologist 9:87-89.
• Kim WK, Zerucha T, and Klassen GR. 1992. A region of heterogeneity adjacent to the 5s ribosomal RNA gene of cereal rusts. Curr Genet 22:101-105.
• Korochkin LI, Serov OL, and Pudovkin AI. 1977. Genetics of isozymes. Moscow, Science 275 pp.
• Link W, Dixens C, and Sirigh M. 1995. Genetic diversity in European Mediterranean faba bean germ plasm revealed by RAPD markers. Theor Appl Genet 90:27-32.
• Lekomtseva SN, Volkova VT, Zaitseva LG, and Chaika MN. 2004. Pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from different host-plants in 1996-2000. Micologia i fitopatologia 38(5):37-43 (In Russian).
• McCallum BD, Roelfs AP, Szabo LJ, and Groth JV. 1999. Comparison of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from South America and Europe. Plant Path 48:574-581.
• Skolotneva ES, Volkova VT, Maleeva YuV, Zaitseva LG, and Lekomtseva SN. 2005. The analysis of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici populations in the Russian Federation and the Ukraine in 2001. Ann Wheat Newslet 51:112-115.

 

 

SARATOV STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER N.I. VAVILOV

Department of Biotechnology, Plant Breeding and Genetics, 1 Teatralnaya Sg., Saratov, Russian Federation.

The effects in bread wheat of some dwarfing genes in vitro androgenesis. [p. 69-70]

O.V. Tkachenko and Yu.V. Lobachev.

Many crops use biotechnological methods for plant breeding. In vitro androgenesis is a very significant technology for the mass production of doubled haploids in any genotype. Information on the genetic control of the induction of haploids and their regeneration is difficult, limited, and unusual.

We conducted research on the influence of the Rht gene system on in vitro androgenesis in bread wheat (Djatchouk et al. 2001) using the semidwarf NILs for Rht-1b, Rht-1A, Rht-14, s1, and Q in the background of the spring bread wheat Saratovskaya 29. We analyzed the rate of callus induction, embryoid formation, and normal and albino plant regeneration from anthers.

Lines with Rht-B1c and Q had the highest percentage of plant regenerates from anthers. A positive influence was found in lines with Rht14, but not all genes were statistically significant.

A low level of morphogenic anthers and regenerations was found in lines with s1, however, these results were from a single experiment. This gene does not influence plant regeneration. The line with Rht-B1b was not distinct from the sib.

This data may be useful for predicting the efficiency of haploid production in vitro and for establishing methods using this technology.

Reference.

• Djatchouk TJ, Tkachenko OV, and Lobachev YuV. 2001. Rht genes influence androgenesis and somatic embryogenesis in vitro in spring bread wheat. Ann Wheat Newslet 47:148.

Contributions from the Russian Federation continue with the Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.