REFERENCES 1. Abraham, E., and A. A. Freitas. 1989. Hemorrhage produces abnormalities in lymphocyte function and lymphokine generation. J. Immunol. 142:899-906. [PubMed]. 2. Acikel, C., O. Oncul, E. Ulkur, I. Bayram, B. Celikoz, and S. Cavuslu. 2003. Comparison of silver sulfadiazine 1%, mupirocin 2%, and fusidic acid 2% for topical antibacterial effect in methicillin-resistant staphylococci-infected, full-skin thickness rat burn wounds. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 24:37-41. [PubMed]. 3. Agnihotri, N., V. Gupta, and R. M. Joshi. 2004. Aerobic bacterial isolates from burn wound infections and their antibiograms—a five-year study. Burns 30:241-243. [PubMed]. 4. Alexander, J. W. 1990. Mechanism of immunologic suppression in burn injury. J. Trauma 30:S70-S75. [PubMed]. 5. Altman, L. C., C. T. Furukawa, and S. J. Klebanoff. 1977. Depressed mononuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in thermally injured patients. J. Immunol. 119:199-205. [PubMed]. 6. Altoparlak, U., S. Erol, M. N. Akcay, F. Celebi, and A. Kadanali. 2004. The time-related changes of antimicrobial resistance patterns and predominant bacterial profiles of burn wounds and body flora of burned patients. Burns 30:660-664. [PubMed]. 7. American Burn Association. 2000. Burn incidence and treatment in the US: 2000 fact sheet. http://www.ameriburn.org. [Online.]. 8. American Burn Association. 2000. Burn incidence and treatment in the U.S. National health interview survey (1991-1993 data). American Burn Association, Philadelphia, Pa. 9. Amshel, C. E., M. H. Fealk, B. J. Phillips, and D. M. Caruso. 2000. Anhydrous ammonia burns: case report and review of the literature. Burns 26:493-497. [PubMed]. 10. Appelgren, P., V. Bjornhagen, K. Bragderyd, C. E. Jonsson, and U. Ransjo. 2002. A prospective study of infections in burn patients. Burns 28:39-46. [PubMed]. 11. Arons, M. S. 1965. Burn wound infection—a review. Conn. Med. 29:718-722. [PubMed]. 12. Atiyeh, B. S., C. A. Amm, and K. A. El Musa. 2003. Improved scar quality following primary and secondary healing of cutaneous wounds. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 27:411-417. [PubMed]. 13. Atiyeh, B. S., R. Dham, M. Kadry, A. F. Abdallah, M. Al-Oteify, O. Fathi, and A. Samir. 2002. Benefit-cost analysis of moist exposed burn ointment. Burns 28:659-663. [PubMed]. 14. Atiyeh, B. S., K. A. El-Musa, and R. Dham. 2003. Scar quality and physiologic barrier function restoration after moist and moist-exposed dressings of partial-thickness wounds. Dermatol. Surg. 29:14-20. [PubMed]. 15. Atiyeh, B. S., S. W. Gunn, and S. N. Hayek. 2005. State of the art in burn treatment. World J. Surg. 29:131-148. [PubMed]. 16. Atiyeh, B. S., J. Ioannovich, G. Magliacani, M. Masellis, M. Costagliola, R. Dham, and M. Al-Farhan. 2002. Efficacy of moist exposed burn ointment in the management of cutaneous wounds and ulcers: a multicenter pilot study. Ann. Plast. Surg. 48:226-227. [PubMed]. 17. Avdakoff, V. 1876. Modifications pathologiques des tissus apres brulures. Vestrik 16:4. 18. Backstein, R., W. Peters, and P. Neligan. 1993. Burns in the disabled. Burns 19:192-197. [PubMed]. 19. Baddley, J. W., and S. A. Moser. 2004. Emerging fungal resistance. Clin. Lab. Med. 24:721-735, vii. [PubMed]. 20. Baker, C. C., C. L. Miller, and D. D. Trunkey. 1979. Predicting fatal sepsis in burn patients. J. Trauma 19:641-648. [PubMed]. 21. Baker, S. P., B. O'Neill, N. J. Ginsberg, and G. Li. 1992. Fire burns and lightening, p. 161-173. In Injury fact book. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y. 22. Bale, J. F., Jr., G. P. Kealey, C. L. Ebelhack, C. E. Platz, and J. A. Goeken. 1992. Cytomegalovirus infection in a cyclosporine-treated burn patient: case report. J. Trauma 32:263-267. [PubMed]. 23. Bang, R. L., R. K. Gang, S. C. Sanyal, E. M. Mokaddas, and A. R. Lari. 1999. Beta-haemolytic Streptococcus infection in burns. Burns 25:242-246. [PubMed]. 24. Bang, R. L., P. N. Sharma, S. C. Sanyal, and I. Al Najjadah. 2002. Septicaemia after burn injury: a comparative study. Burns 28:746-751. [PubMed]. 25. Banwell, P. E., M. P. Tyler, A. M. Watts, A. H. Roberts, and D. A. McGrouther. 1999. Burn depth estimation: use of laser Doppler flowmetry. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 103:334-335. [PubMed]. 26. Barillo, D. J., T. S. Burge, D. T. Harrington, E. C. Coffey, K. Z. Shirani, and C. W. Goodwin. 1998. Body habitus as a predictor of burn risk in children: do fat boys still get burned? Burns 24:725-727. [PubMed]. 27. Barillo, D. J., A. T. McManus, L. C. Cancio, A. Sofer, and C. W. Goodwin. 2003. Burn center management of necrotizing fasciitis. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 24:127-132. [PubMed]. 28. Barret, J. P., P. Dziewulski, P. I. Ramzy, S. E. Wolf, M. H. Desai, and D. N. Herndon. 2000. Biobrane versus 1% silver sulfadiazine in second-degree pediatric burns. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105:62-65. [PubMed]. 29. Barret, J. P., and D. N. Herndon. 2003. Effects of burn wound excision on bacterial colonization and invasion. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 111:744-750. [PubMed]. 30. Barret, J. P., and D. N. Herndon. 2003. Modulation of inflammatory and catabolic responses in severely burned children by early burn wound excision in the first 24 hours. Arch. Surg. 138:127-132. [PubMed]. 31. Barret, J. P., P. I. Ramzy, J. P. Heggers, C. Villareal, D. N. Herndon, and M. H. Desai. 1999. Topical nystatin powder in severe burns: a new treatment for angioinvasive fungal infections refractory to other topical and systemic agents. Burns 25:505-508. [PubMed]. 32. Barrow, R. E., M. Spies, L. N. Barrow, and D. N. Herndon. 2004. Influence of demographics and inhalation injury on burn mortality in children. Burns 30:72-77. [PubMed]. 33. Bartlett, J. G. 1987. Diagnosis of bacterial infections of the lung. Clin. Chest Med. 8:119-134. [PubMed]. 34. Baselski, V. S., and R. G. Wunderink. 1994. Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pneumonia. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7:533-558. [PubMed]. 35. Baughman, R. P. 2005. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Microbes Infect. 7:262-267. 36. Bayat, A., H. Shaaban, A. Dodgson, and K. W. Dunn. 2003. Implications for Burns Unit design following outbreak of multi-resistant Acinetobacter infection in ICU and Burns Unit. Burns 29:303-306. [PubMed]. 37. Becker, W. K., W. G. Cioffi, Jr., A. T. McManus, S. H. Kim, W. F. McManus, A. D. Mason, and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1991. Fungal burn wound infection. A 10-year experience. Arch. Surg. 126:44-48. [PubMed]. 38. Beetstra, J. E. 1986. Recognition and treatment of burn wound infection. Can. Oper. Room Nurs. J. 4:28-32. 39. Bengtson, A., and M. Heideman. 1987. Anaphylatoxin formation in plasma and burn bullae fluid in the thermally injured patient. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 13:185-189. [PubMed]. 40. Berkow, S. G. 1924. A method for estimating the extensiveness of lesions (burns and scalds) based on surface area proportions. Arch. Surg. 8:138-148. 41. Bharadwaj, R., B. N. Joshi, and S. A. Phadke. 1983. Assessment of burn wound sepsis by swab, full thickness biopsy culture and blood culture—a comparative study. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 10:124-126. [PubMed]. 42. Biffl, W. L., E. E. Moore, F. A. Moore, and V. M. Peterson. 1996. Interleukin-6 in the injured patient. Marker of injury or mediator of inflammation? Ann. Surg. 224:647-664. [PubMed]. 43. Birky, M. M., and F. B. Clarke. 1981. Inhalation of toxic products from fires. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 57:997-1013. [PubMed]. 44. Bjornson, A. B., H. S. Bjornson, and W. A. Altemeier. 1981. Serum-mediated inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function following burn injury. Ann. Surg. 194:568-575. [PubMed]. 45. Bleck, T. P. 2005. Clostridium tetani (tetanus), p. 2817-2822. In G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin (ed.), Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, Pa. 46. Bone, R. C. 1996. Immunologic dissonance: a continuing evolution in our understanding of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Ann. Intern. Med. 125:680-687. [PubMed]. 47. Bone, R. C., W. J. Sibbald, and C. L. Sprung. 1992. The ACCP-SCCM consensus conference on sepsis and organ failure. Chest 101:1481-1483. [PubMed]. 48. Bornside, G. H., and B. B. Bornside. 1979. Comparison between moist swab and tissue biopsy methods for quantitation of bacteria in experimental incisional wounds. J. Trauma 19:103-105. [PubMed]. 49. Boswick, J. A., Jr. 1967. Long-term management of the burn patient. Mod. Treat. 4:1282-1290. [PubMed]. 50. Bourdarias, B., G. Perro, M. Cutillas, J. C. Castede, M. E. Lafon, and R. Sanchez. 1996. Herpes simplex virus infection in burned patients: epidemiology of 11 cases. Burns 22:287-290. [PubMed]. 51. Boyce, J. M., R. L. White, W. A. Causey, and W. R. Lockwood. 1983. Burn units as a source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. JAMA 249:2803-2807. [PubMed]. 52. Boyce, S. T., R. J. Kagan, K. P. Yakuboff, N. A. Meyer, M. T. Rieman, D. G. Greenhalgh, and G. D. Warden. 2002. Cultured skin substitutes reduce donor skin harvesting for closure of excised, full-thickness burns. Ann. Surg. 235:269-279. [PubMed]. 53. Boyce, S. T., A. P. Supp, V. B. Swope, and G. D. Warden. 1999. Topical sulfamylon reduces engraftment of cultured skin substitutes on athymic mice. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 20:33-36. [PubMed]. 54. Brandt, S. J., C. G. Tribble, A. D. Lakeman, and F. G. Hayden. 1985. Herpes simplex burn wound infections: epidemiology of a case cluster and responses to acyclovir therapy. Surgery 98:338-343. [PubMed]. 55. Bretano, L., and A. C. Gravens. 1967. A method for quantitation of bacteria in burn wounds. Appl. Microbiol. 15:671. 56. Brodovsky, S. C., C. A. McCarty, G. Snibson, M. Loughnan, L. Sullivan, M. Daniell, and H. R. Taylor. 2000. Management of alkali burns: an 11-year retrospective review. Ophthalmology 107:1829-1835. [PubMed]. 57. Brodzka, W., H. L. Thornhill, and S. Howard. 1985. Burns: causes and risk factors. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 66:746-752. [PubMed]. 58. Brook, I., and E. H. Frazier. 1996. Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of superficial suppurative thrombophlebitis. Arch. Surg. 131:95-97. [PubMed]. 59. Brown, A. P., K. Khan, and S. Sinclair. 2003. Bacterial toxicosis/toxic shock syndrome as a contributor to morbidity in children with burn injuries. Burns 29:733-738. [PubMed]. 60. Brown, D. L., E. S. Hungness, R. S. Campbell, and F. A. Luchette. 2001. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the surgical intensive care unit. J. Trauma 51:1207-1216. [PubMed]. 61. Brown, M., M. Desai, L. D. Traber, D. N. Herndon, and D. L. Traber. 1988. Dimethylsulfoxide with heparin in the treatment of smoke inhalation injury. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 9:22-25. [PubMed]. 62. Brown, T. P., L. C. Cancio, A. T. McManus, and A. D. Mason, Jr. 2004. Survival benefit conferred by topical antimicrobial preparations in burn patients: a historical perspective. J. Trauma 56:863-866. [PubMed]. 63. Bruck, H. M., G. Nash, J. M. Stein, and R. B. Lindberg. 1972. Studies on the occurrence and significance of yeasts and fungi in the burn wound. Ann. Surg. 176:108-110. [PubMed]. 64. Buchanan, K., D. M. Heimbach, B. H. Minshew, and M. B. Coyle. 1986. Comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative culture techniques for burn biopsy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:258-261. [PubMed]. 65. Burdge, J. J., F. Rea, and L. Ayers. 1988. Noncandidal, fungal infections of the burn wound. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 9:599-601. [PubMed]. 66. Burke, J. F., C. C. Bondoc, and W. C. Quinby. 1974. Primary burn excision and immediate grafting: a method shortening illness. J. Trauma 14:389-395. [PubMed]. 67. Burleson, D. G., A. D. Mason, Jr., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1988. Lymphoid subpopulation changes after thermal injury and thermal injury with infection in an experimental model. Ann. Surg. 207:208-212. [PubMed]. 71. Busby, H. C. 1979. Nursing management of the acute burn patient and nursing management of optimal burn recovery. J. Contin. Educ. Nurs. 10:16-30. [PubMed]. 72. Cadier, M. A., and P. G. Shakespeare. 1995. Burns in octogenarians. Burns 21:200-204. [PubMed]. 73. Cardany, C. R., G. T. Rodeheaver, J. H. Horowitz, J. G. Kenney, and R. F. Edlich. 1985. Influence of hydrotherapy and antiseptic agents on burn wound bacterial contamination. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 6:230-232. [PubMed]. 74. Cartotto, R. C., W. J. Peters, P. C. Neligan, L. G. Douglas, and J. Beeston. 1996. Chemical burns. Can. J. Surg. 39:205-211. [PubMed]. 75. Casson, P., A. C. Solowey, J. M. Converse, and F. T. Rapaport. 1966. Delayed hypersensitivity status of burned patients. Surg. Forum 17:268-270. [PubMed]. 76. Centers for Disease Control. 1980. Follow-up on toxic shock syndrome. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 29:442. 77. Ceri, H., M. Olson, D. Morck, D. Storey, R. Read, A. Buret, and B. Olson. 2001. The MBEC assay system: multiple equivalent biofilms for antibiotic and biocide susceptibility testing. Methods Enzymol. 337:377-385. [PubMed]. 78. Chai, J., Z. Sheng, L. Diao, H. Yang, J. Gao, and M. Xu. 2000. Effect of extensive excision of burn wound with invasive infection on hypermetabolism in burn patients with sepsis. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 38:405-408. [PubMed]. 79. Chai, J., Z. Sheng, H. Yang, L. Diao, and L. Li. 2000. Successful treatment of invasive burn wound infection with sepsis in patients with major burns. Chin. Med. J. (Engl. Ed.) 113:1142-1146. 80. Chaudry, I. H., and A. Ayala. 1993. Mechanism of increased susceptibility to infection following hemorrhage. Am. J. Surg. 165:59S-67S. [PubMed]. 81. Choban, P. S., and W. J. Marshall. 1987. Leukopenia secondary to silver sulfadiazine: frequency, characteristics and clinical consequences. Am. Surg. 53:515-517. [PubMed]. 82. Cioffi, W. G. 2001. What's new in burns and metabolism. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 192:241-254. [PubMed]. 83. Citron, D. M. 1984. Specimen collection and transport, anaerobic culture techniques, and identification of anaerobes. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6:(Suppl. 1) :S51-S58. [PubMed]. 84. Clark, N. M., J. Patterson, and J. P. Lynch III. 2003. Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative organisms in the intensive care unit. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care 9:413-423. [PubMed]. 85. Clarkson, J. G., C. G. Ward, and H. C. Polk. 1967. Quantitative bacteriologic study of the burn wound surface. Surg. Forum 18:506-507. 86. Cohen, J., C. Brun-Buisson, A. Torres, and J. Jorgensen. 2004. Diagnosis of infection in sepsis: an evidence-based review. Crit. Care Med. 32:S466-S494. [PubMed]. 87. Cole, J. K., L. H. Engrav, D. M. Heimbach, N. S. Gibran, B. A. Costa, D. Y. Nakamura, M. L. Moore, C. B. Blayney, and C. L. Hoover. 2002. Early excision and grafting of face and neck burns in patients over 20 years. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109:1266-1273. [PubMed]. 88. Collart, M. A., D. Belin, J. D. Vassalli, S. de Kossodo, and P. Vassalli. 1986. Gamma interferon enhances macrophage transcription of the tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin 1, and urokinase genes, which are controlled by short-lived repressors. J. Exp. Med. 164:2113-2118. [PubMed]. 89. Cook, D. J., S. D. Walter, R. J. Cook, L. E. Griffith, G. H. Guyatt, D. Leasa, R. Z. Jaeschke, and C. Brun-Buisson. 1998. Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 129:433-440. [PubMed]. 90. Cooper, M. L., S. T. Boyce, J. F. Hansbrough, T. J. Foreman, and D. H. Frank. 1990. Cytotoxicity to cultured human keratinocytes of topical antimicrobial agents. J. Surg. Res. 48:190-195. [PubMed]. 91. Croce, M. A., T. C. Fabian, E. W. Mueller, G. O. Maish III, J. C. Cox, T. K. Bee, B. A. Boucher, and G. C. Wood. 2004. The appropriate diagnostic threshold for ventilator-associated pneumonia using quantitative cultures. J. Trauma 56:931-934. [PubMed]. 92. Dalamaga, M., K. Karmaniolas, C. Chavelas, S. Liatis, H. Matekovits, and I. Migdalis. 2003. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a serious and rare complication in patients suffering from burns. Burns 29:711-713. [PubMed]. 93. Davis, K. A., M. J. Eckert, R. L. Reed, T. J. Esposito, J. M. Santaniello, S. Poulakidas, and F. A. Luchette. 2005. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in injured patients: do you trust your Gram's stain? J. Trauma 58:462-466. [PubMed]. 94. Davis, K. A., J. M. Santaniello, L. K. He, K. Muthu, S. Sen, S. B. Jones, R. L. Gamelli, and R. Shankar. 2004. Burn injury and pulmonary sepsis: development of a clinically relevant model. J. Trauma 56:272-278. [PubMed]. 95. DeBoer, S., C. Felty, and M. Seaver. 2004. Burn care in EMS. Emerg. Med. Serv. 33:69-76. 96. DeBoer, S., and A. O'Connor. 2004. Prehospital and emergency department burn care. Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. N. Am. 16:61-73. 97. Deitch, E. A., T. M. Wheelahan, M. P. Rose, J. Clothier, and J. Cotter. 1983. Hypertrophic burn scars: analysis of variables. J. Trauma 23:895-898. [PubMed]. 98. Demling, R. H. 1995. Use of Biobrane in management of scalds. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 16:329-330. [PubMed]. 100. Demling, R. H., L. DeSanti, and D. Orgill. 2005. Pulmonary problems in the inflammation-infection phase. http://www.burnsurgery.org. [Online.]. 101. Demling, R. H., L. DeSanti, and D. P. Orgill. 2005. Pulmonary problems in the burn patient. http://www.burnsurgery.org. [Online.]. 102. Demling, R. H., C. LaLonde, Y. P. Liu, and D. G. Zhu. 1989. The lung inflammatory response to thermal injury: relationship between physiologic and histologic changes. Surgery 106:52-59. [PubMed]. 103. Demling, R. H., A. Perea, J. Maly, J. A. Moylan, F. Jarrett, and E. Balish. 1978. The use of a laminar airflow isolation system for the treatment of major burns. Am. J. Surg. 136:375-378. [PubMed]. 104. Derdak, S. 2005. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for adult acute respiratory distress syndrome: a decade of progress. Crit. Care Med. 33:S113-S114. [PubMed]. 105. Desai, M. H., and D. N. Herndon. 1988. Eradication of Candida burn wound septicemia in massively burned patients. J. Trauma 28:140-145. [PubMed]. 106. Deutsch, D. H., S. F. Miller, and R. K. Finley, Jr. 1990. The use of intestinal antibiotics to delay or prevent infections in patients with burns. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 11:436-442. [PubMed]. 107. DiPiro, J. T., T. R. Howdieshell, J. K. Goddard, D. B. Callaway, R. G. Hamilton, and A. R. Mansberger, Jr. 1995. Association of interleukin-4 plasma levels with traumatic injury and clinical course. Arch. Surg. 130:1159-1162. [PubMed]. 108. Dodd, D., and H. R. Stutman. 1991. Current issues in burn wound infections. Adv. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 6:137-162. [PubMed]. 109. Doig, C. J., L. R. Sutherland, J. D. Sandham, G. H. Fick, M. Verhoef, and J. B. Meddings. 1998. Increased intestinal permeability is associated with the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill ICU patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158:444-451. [PubMed]. 110. Donnelly, R. P., M. J. Fenton, J. D. Kaufman, and T. L. Gerrard. 1991. IL-1 expression in human monocytes is transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally regulated by IL-4. J. Immunol. 146:3431-3436. [PubMed]. 111. Duflo, F., B. Allaouchiche, R. Debon, F. Bordet, and D. Chassard. 2001. An evaluation of the Gram stain in protected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Anesth. Analg. 92:442-447. [PubMed]. 112. Dunn, K., and V. Edwards-Jones. 2004. The role of Acticoat with nanocrystalline silver in the management of burns. Burns 30:(Suppl. 1) :S1-S9. [PubMed]. 113. Dyer, C. 1988. Burn wound management: an update. Plast. Surg. Nurs. 8:6-12. [PubMed]. 114. Dyer, C., and D. Roberts. 1990. Thermal trauma. Nurs. Clin. N. Am. 25:85-117. 115. Edge, J. M., A. E. Van der Merwe, C. H. Pieper, and P. Bouic. 2001. Clinical outcome of HIV positive patients with moderate to severe burns. Burns 27:111-114. [PubMed]. 116. Edlich, R. F., L. G. Hill, C. A. Mahler, M. J. Cox, D. G. Becker, J. H. Horowitz, L. S. Nichter, M. L. Martin, and W. C. Lineweaver. 2003. Management and prevention of tetanus. J. Long-Term Eff. Med. Implants 13:139-154. [PubMed]. 117. Edlich, R. F., G. T. Rodeheaver, M. Spengler, J. Herbert, and M. T. Edgerton. 1977. Practical bacteriologic monitoring of the burn victim. Clin. Plast. Surg. 4:561-569. [PubMed]. 118. Edwards, R., and K. G. Harding. 2004. Bacteria and wound healing. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 17:91-96. [PubMed]. 119. Edwards-Jones, V., M. M. Dawson, and C. Childs. 2000. A survey into toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in UK burns units. Burns 26:323-333. [PubMed]. 120. Edwards-Jones, V., and J. E. Greenwood. 2003. What's new in burn microbiology? James Laing Memorial Prize essay 2000. Burns 29:15-24. [PubMed]. 121. Edwards-Jones, V., and S. G. Shawcross. 1997. Toxic shock syndrome in the burned patient. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 54:110-117. [PubMed]. 122. Eichacker, P. Q. 1997. Inhaled nitric oxide in adult respiratory distress syndrome: do we know the risks versus benefits? Crit. Care Med. 25:563-565. [PubMed]. 123. Ekenna, O., R. J. Sherertz, and H. Bingham. 1993. Natural history of bloodstream infections in a burn patient population: the importance of candidemia. Am. J. Infect. Control 21:189-195. [PubMed]. 124. Elliott, T. S., and P. A. Lambert. 1999. Antibacterial resistance in the intensive care unit: mechanisms and management. Br. Med. Bull. 55:259-276. [PubMed]. 125. Elsayed, S., D. B. Gregson, T. Lloyd, M. Crichton, and D. L. Church. 2003. Utility of Gram stain for the microbiological analysis of burn wound surfaces. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 127:1485-1488. [PubMed]. 126. Embil, J. M., J. A. McLeod, A. M. Al-Barrak, G. M. Thompson, F. Y. Aoki, E. J. Witwicki, M. F. Stranc, A. M. Kabani, D. R. Nicoll, and L. E. Nicolle. 2001. An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burn unit: potential role of contaminated hydrotherapy equipment. Burns 27:681-688. [PubMed]. 127. Engrav, L. H., D. M. Heimbach, J. L. Reus, T. J. Harnar, and J. A. Marvin. 1983. Early excision and grafting vs. nonoperative treatment of burns of indeterminant depth: a randomized prospective study. J. Trauma 23:1001-1004. [PubMed]. 128. Ergun, O., A. Celik, G. Ergun, and G. Ozok. 2004. Prophylactic antibiotic use in pediatric burn units. Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg. 14:422-426. [PubMed]. 129. Erol, S., U. Altoparlak, M. N. Akcay, F. Celebi, and M. Parlak. 2004. Changes of microbial flora and wound colonization in burned patients. Burns 30:357-361. [PubMed]. 130. Essner, R., K. Rhoades, W. H. McBride, D. L. Morton, and J. S. Economou. 1989. IL-4 down-regulates IL-1 and TNF gene expression in human monocytes. J. Immunol. 142:3857-3861. [PubMed]. 131. Fabri, P. J. 1986. Monitoring of the burn patient. Clin. Plast. Surg. 13:21-27. [PubMed]. 132. Faist, E., T. S. Kupper, C. C. Baker, I. H. Chaudry, J. Dwyer, and A. E. Baue. 1986. Depression of cellular immunity after major injury. Its association with posttraumatic complications and its reversal with immunomodulation. Arch. Surg. 121:1000-1005. [PubMed]. 133. Faist, E., A. Mewes, T. Strasser, A. Walz, S. Alkan, C. Baker, W. Ertel, and G. Heberer. 1988. Alteration of monocyte function following major injury. Arch. Surg. 123:287-292. [PubMed]. 134. Falcone, A. E., and J. A. Spadaro. 1986. Inhibitory effects of electrically activated silver material on cutaneous wound bacteria. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 77:455-459. [PubMed]. 135. Falcone, P. A., H. N. Harrison, G. O. Sowemimo, and G. P. Reading. 1980. Mafenide acetate concentrations and bacteriostasis in experimental burn wounds treated with a three-layered laminated mafenide-saline dressing. Ann. Plast. Surg. 5:266-269. [PubMed]. 136. Falk, P. S., J. Winnike, C. Woodmansee, M. Desai, and C. G. Mayhall. 2000. Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a burn unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 21:575-582. [PubMed]. 137. Fikrig, S. M., S. C. Karl, and K. Suntharalingam. 1977. Neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with burns. Ann. Surg. 186:746-748. [PubMed]. 138. Fiorentino, D. F., A. Zlotnik, T. R. Mosmann, M. Howard, and A. O'Garra. 1991. IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages. J. Immunol. 147:3815-3822. [PubMed]. 139. Fitzpatrick, J. C. and W. G. Cioffi, Jr. 1997. Ventilatory support following burns and smoke-inhalation injury. Respir. Care Clin. N. Am. 3:21-49. [PubMed]. 140. Fitzwater, J., G. F. Purdue, J. L. Hunt, and G. E. O'Keefe. 2003. The risk factors and time course of sepsis and organ dysfunction after burn trauma. J. Trauma 54:959-966. [PubMed]. 141. Foley, F. D., and J. M. Shuck. 1968. Burn-wound infection with phycomycetes requiring amputation of hand. JAMA 203:596. [PubMed]. 142. Foster, T. J. 2004. The Staphylococcus aureus “superbug.” J. Clin. Investig. 114:1693-1696. [PubMed]. 143. Frame, J. D., L. Kangesu, and W. M. Malik. 1992. Changing flora in burn and trauma units: experience in the United Kingdom. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 13:281-286. [PubMed]. 144. Franceschi, D., R. L. Gerding, G. Phillips, and R. B. Fratianne. 1989. Risk factors associated with intravascular catheter infections in burned patients: a prospective, randomized study. J. Trauma 29:811-816. [PubMed]. 145. Freshwater, M. F., and C. T. Su. 1980. Potential pitfalls of quantitative burn wound biopsy cultures. Ann. Plast. Surg. 4:216-218. [PubMed]. 146. Fuchs, P. C., J. Kopp, H. Hafner, U. Kleiner, and N. Pallua. 2002. MRSA-retrospective analysis of an outbreak in the burn centre Aachen. Burns 28:575-578. [PubMed]. 147. Fuller, F. W., and P. E. Engler. 1988. Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: a survey. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 9:606-609. [PubMed]. 148. Gales, A. C., R. N. Jones, J. Turnidge, R. Rennie, and R. Ramphal. 2001. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: occurrence rates, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and molecular typing in the global SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32:(Suppl. 2) :S146-S155. [PubMed]. 149. Gallagher, W. F. 1970. Burn-wound infection with viruses. N. Engl. J. Med. 282:1272. 150. Gallinaro, R., W. G. Cheadle, K. Applegate, and H. C. Polk, Jr. 1992. The role of the complement system in trauma and infection. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 174:435-440. [PubMed]. 151. Gamelli, R. L., L. K. He, and H. Liu. 1994. Marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell response to burn injury as modified by endotoxin and indomethacin. J. Trauma 37:339-346. [PubMed]. 152. Gang, R. K., S. C. Sanyal, R. L. Bang, E. Mokaddas, and A. R. Lari. 2000. Staphylococcal septicaemia in burns. Burns 26:359-366. [PubMed]. 153. Garner, J. P., and P. S. Heppell. 2005. The use of Flammacerium in British burns units. Burns 31:379-382. [PubMed]. 154. Garner, J. P., and P. S. Heppell. 2005. Cerium nitrate in the management of burns. Burns 31:539-547. [PubMed]. 155. Garrel, D., J. Patenaude, B. Nedelec, L. Samson, J. Dorais, J. Champoux, M. D'Elia, and J. Bernier. 2003. Decreased mortality and infectious morbidity in adult burn patients given enteral glutamine supplements: a prospective, controlled, randomized clinical trial. Crit. Care Med. 31:2444-2449. [PubMed]. 156. Gastmeier, P., O. Weigt, D. Sohr, and H. Ruden. 2002. Comparison of hospital-acquired infection rates in paediatric burn patients. J. Hosp. Infect. 52:161-165. [PubMed]. 157. Gaynes, R. P., D. H. Culver, T. G. Emori, T. C. Horan, S. N. Banerjee, J. R. Edwards, W. R. Jarvis, J. S. Tolson, T. S. Henderson, and J. M. Hughes. 1991. The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System: plans for the 1990s and beyond. Am. J. Med. 91:116S-120S. [PubMed]. 158. Gaynes, R. P., and S. Solomon. 1996. Improving hospital-acquired infection rates: the CDC experience. Joint Comm. J. Qual. Improv. 22:457-467. 159. Gelfand, J. A. 1984. Infections in burn patients: a paradigm for cutaneous infection in the patient at risk. Am. J. Med. 76:158-165. [PubMed]. 160. Georgiade, N. G., M. C. Lucas, W. M. O'Fallon, and S. Osterhout. 1970. A comparison of methods for the quantitation of bacteria in burn wounds. I. Experimental evaluation. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 53:35-39. [PubMed]. 161. Georgiade, N. G., M. C. Lucas, and S. Osterhout. 1970. A comparison of methods for the quantitation of bacteria in burn wounds. II. Clinical evaluation. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 53:40-42. [PubMed]. 162. Geyik, M. F., M. Aldemir, S. Hosoglu, and H. I. Tacyildiz. 2003. Epidemiology of burn unit infections in children. Am. J. Infect. Control 31:342-346. [PubMed]. 163. Gibran, N. S., and D. M. Heimbach. 2000. Current status of burn wound pathophysiology. Clin. Plast. Surg. 27:11-22. [PubMed]. 164. Gibson, C. D., Jr., and W. C. Thompson, Jr. 1955. The response of burn wound staphylococci to alternating programs of antibiotic therapy. Antibiot. Annu. 3:32-34. [PubMed]. 165. Gillespie, P., H. Siddiqui, and J. Clarke. 2000. Cannula related suppurative thrombophlebitis in the burned patient. Burns 26:200-204. [PubMed]. 166. Goebel, A., E. Kavanagh, A. Lyons, I. B. Saporoschetz, C. Soberg, J. A. Lederer, J. A. Mannick, and M. L. Rodrick. 2000. Injury induces deficient interleukin-12 production, but interleukin-12 therapy after injury restores resistance to infection. Ann. Surg. 231:253-261. [PubMed]. 167. Gosain, A., and R. L. Gamelli. 2005. A primer in cytokines. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 26:7-12. [PubMed]. 168. Gosain, A., and R. L. Gamelli. 2005. Role of the gastrointestinal tract in burn sepsis. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 26:85-91. [PubMed]. 169. Gottschlich, M. M., T. Mayes, J. C. Khoury, and G. D. Warden. 1993. Significance of obesity on nutritional, immunologic, hormonal, and clinical outcome parameters in burns. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 93:1261-1268. [PubMed]. 170. Gray, D. T., R. W. Pine, T. J. Harnar, J. A. Marvin, L. H. Engrav, and D. M. Heimbach. 1982. Early surgical excision versus conventional therapy in patients with 20 to 40 percent burns. A comparative study. Am. J. Surg. 144:76-80. [PubMed]. 171. Greenfield, E., and B. Jordan. 1996. Advances in burn wound care. Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. N. Am. 8:203-215. 172. Greenfield, E., and A. T. McManus. 1997. Infectious complications: prevention and strategies for their control. Nurs. Clin. N. Am. 32:297-309. 173. Griswold, J. A. 1993. White blood cell response to burn injury. Semin. Nephrol. 13:409-415. [PubMed]. 174. Grogan, J. B. 1976. Altered neutrophil phagocytic function in burn patients. J. Trauma 16:734-738. [PubMed]. 175. Grogan, J. B., and R. C. Miller. 1973. Impaired function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients with burns and other trauma. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 137:784-788. [PubMed]. 176. Grube, B. J., D. M. Heimbach, and J. A. Marvin. 1987. Clostridium difficile diarrhea in critically ill burned patients. Arch. Surg. 122:655-661. [PubMed]. 177. Gullo, A. 1999. Sepsis and organ dysfunction/failure. An overview. Minerva Anestesiol. 65:529-540. [PubMed]. 178. Guo, Y., C. Dickerson, F. J. Chrest, W. H. Adler, A. M. Munster, and R. A. Winchurch. 1990. Increased levels of circulating interleukin 6 in burn patients. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 54:361-371. [PubMed]. 179. Haberal, M., Z. Oner, H. Gulay, U. Bayraktar, and N. Bilgin. 1989. Severe electrical injury. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 15:60-63. [PubMed]. 180. Haberal, M. A. 1995. An eleven-year survey of electrical burn injuries. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 16:43-48. [PubMed]. 181. Hansbrough, J. F. 1994. The promises of excisional therapy of burn wounds: have they been achieved? J. Intensive Care Med. 9:1-3. [PubMed]. 182. Hansbrough, J. F., T. O. Field, Jr., M. A. Gadd, and C. Soderberg. 1987. Immune response modulation after burn injury: T cells and antibodies. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 8:509-512. [PubMed]. 183. Haraga, I., S. Nomura, S. Fukamachi, H. Ohjimi, H. Hanaki, K. Hiramatsu, and A. Nagayama. 2002. Emergence of vancomycin resistance during therapy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a burn patient—importance of low-level resistance to vancomycin. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 6:302-308. [PubMed]. 184. Harrison-Balestra, C., A. L. Cazzaniga, S. C. Davis, and P. M. Mertz. 2003. A wound-isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows a biofilm in vitro within 10 hours and is visualized by light microscopy. Dermatol. Surg. 29:631-635. [PubMed]. 185. Hart, D. W., S. E. Wolf, D. L. Chinkes, R. B. Beauford, R. P. Mlcak, J. P. Heggers, R. R. Wolfe, and D. N. Herndon. 2003. Effects of early excision and aggressive enteral feeding on hypermetabolism, catabolism, and sepsis after severe burn. J. Trauma 54:755-761. [PubMed]. 186. Hart, P. H., G. F. Vitti, D. R. Burgess, G. A. Whitty, D. S. Piccoli, and J. A. Hamilton. 1989. Potential antiinflammatory effects of interleukin 4: suppression of human monocyte tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, and prostaglandin E2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3803-3807. [PubMed]. 187. Hayes, M. P., S. L. Freeman, and R. P. Donnelly. 1995. IFN-gamma priming of monocytes enhances LPS-induced TNF production by augmenting both transcription and MRNA stability. Cytokine 7:427-435. [PubMed]. 188. Heggers, J., R. E. Goodheart, J. Washington, L. McCoy, E. Carino, T. Dang, P. Edgar, C. Maness, and D. Chinkes. 2005. Therapeutic efficacy of three silver dressings in an infected animal model. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 26:53-56. [PubMed]. 189. Heggers, J. P., H. Hawkins, P. Edgar, C. Villarreal, and D. N. Herndon. 2002. Treatment of infections in burns, p. 120-169. In D. N. Herndon (ed.), Total burn care. Saunders, London, England. 190. Heggers, J. P., L. McCoy, B. Reisner, M. Smith, P. Edgar, and R. J. Ramirez. 1998. Alternate antimicrobial therapy for vancomycin-resistant enterococci burn wound infections. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 19:399-403. [PubMed]. 191. Heggers, J. P., and M. C. Robson. 1986. Infection control in burn patients. Clin. Plast. Surg. 13:39-47. [PubMed]. 192. Heggers, J. P., M. C. Robson, D. N. Herndon, and M. H. Desai. 1989. The efficacy of nystatin combined with topical microbial agents in the treatment of burn wound sepsis. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 10:508-511. [PubMed]. 193. Heggers, J. P., V. Velanovich, M. C. Robson, S. M. Zoellner, R. Schileru, J. Boertman, and X. T. Niu. 1987. Control of burn wound sepsis: a comparison of in vitro topical antimicrobial assays. J. Trauma 27:176-179. [PubMed]. 194. Heideman, M., and A. Bengtsson. 1992. The immunologic response to thermal injury. World J. Surg. 16:53-56. [PubMed]. 195. Heimbach, D., R. Mann, and L. Engrav. 2002. Evaluation of the burn wound management decisions, p. 101-108. In D. Herndon (ed.), Total burn care. Saunders, London, England. 196. Heimbach, D. M. 1987. Early burn excision and grafting. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 67:93-107. [PubMed]. 197. Heimbach, D. M., T. D. Kirksey, J. M. Shuck, and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1969. Gastrointestinal complications of burns. GP. 40:110-115. 198. Heitland, A., A. Piatkowski, E. M. Noah, and N. Pallua. 2004. Update on the use of collagen/glycosaminoglycate skin substitute-six years of experiences with artificial skin in 15 German burn centers. Burns 30:471-475. [PubMed]. 199. Hemington-Gorse, S. J. 2005. A comparison of laser Doppler imaging with other measurement techniques to assess burn depth. J. Wound. Care 14:151-153. [PubMed]. 200. Herndon, D. N., D. Gore, M. Cole, M. H. Desai, H. Linares, S. Abston, T. Rutan, T. Van Osten, and R. E. Barrow. 1987. Determinants of mortality in pediatric patients with greater than 70% full-thickness total body surface area thermal injury treated by early total excision and grafting. J. Trauma 27:208-212. [PubMed]. 201. Herndon, D. N., F. Langner, P. Thompson, H. A. Linares, M. Stein, and D. L. Traber. 1987. Pulmonary injury in burned patients. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 67:31-46. [PubMed]. 202. Herndon, D. N., and M. Spies. 2001. Modern burn care. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 10:28-31. [PubMed]. 203. Herndon, D. N., D. L. Traber, G. D. Niehaus, H. A. Linares, and L. D. Traber. 1984. The pathophysiology of smoke inhalation injury in a sheep model. J. Trauma 24:1044-1051. [PubMed]. 204. Herruzo-Cabrera, R., V. Garcia-Torres, J. Rey-Calero, and M. J. Vizcaino-Alcaide. 1992. Evaluation of the penetration strength, bactericidal efficacy and spectrum of action of several antimicrobial creams against isolated microorganisms in a burn centre. Burns 18:39-44. [PubMed]. 205. Herruzo-Cabrera, R., M. J. Vizcaino-Alcaide, C. Pinedo-Castillo, and J. Rey-Calero. 1992. Diagnosis of local infection of a burn by semiquantitative culture of the eschar surface. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 13:639-641. [PubMed]. 206. Hindiyeh, M., V. Acevedo, and K. C. Carroll. 2001. Comparison of three transport systems (Starplex StarSwab II, the new Copan Vi-Pak Amies Agar Gel collection and transport swabs, and BBL Port-A-Cul) for maintenance of anaerobic and fastidious aerobic organisms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:377-380. [PubMed]. 207. Holder, I. A., M. Schwab, and L. Jackson. 1979. Eighteen months of routine topical antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates from burn patients: results and conclusions. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 5:455-463. [PubMed]. 208. Holm, C., J. Tegeler, M. Mayr, U. Pfeiffer, G. Henckel von Donnersmarck, and W. Muhlbauer. 2002. Effect of crystalloid resuscitation and inhalation injury on extravascular lung water: clinical implications. Chest 121:1956-1962. [PubMed]. 209. Honari, S. 2004. Topical therapies and antimicrobials in the management of burn wounds. Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. N. Am. 16:1-11. 210. Horgan, A. F., M. V. Mendez, D. S. O'Riordain, R. G. Holzheimer, J. A. Mannick, and M. L. Rodrick. 1994. Altered gene transcription after burn injury results in depressed T-lymphocyte activation. Ann. Surg. 220:342-351. [PubMed]. 211. Horner, B. M., H. Ahmadi, R. Mulholland, S. R. Myers, and J. Catalan. 2005. Case-controlled study of patients with self-inflicted burns. Burns 31:471-475. [PubMed]. 212. Hsueh, P. R., L. J. Teng, P. C. Yang, Y. C. Chen, S. W. Ho, and K. T. Luh. 1998. Persistence of a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone in an intensive care burn unit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1347-1351. [PubMed]. 213. Huang, C. T., and H. S. Leu. 1995. Candiduria as an early marker of disseminated infection in critically ill surgical patients. J. Trauma 39:616. 214. Hugli, T. E. 1984. Complement and cellular triggering reactions. Introductory remarks. Fed. Proc. 43:2540-2542. 215. Hunt, J. L. 2000. The 2000 presidential address. Back to the future: the ABA and burn prevention. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 21:474-483. [PubMed]. 216. Hunt, J. L., B. G. McGranahan, and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1973. Burn-wound management. Heart Lung 2:690-695. [PubMed]. 217. Hunt, J. L., and G. F. Purdue. 1992. The elderly burn patient. Am. J. Surg. 164:472-476. [PubMed]. 218. Janzekovic, J. 1970. A new concept in the early excision and immediate grafting of burns. J. Trauma 10:1103-1108. [PubMed]. 219. Janzekovic, Z. 1975. The burn wound from the surgical point of view. J. Trauma 15:42-62. [PubMed]. 220. Jarrett, F., E. Balish, J. A. Moylan, and S. Ellerbe. 1978. Clinical experience with prophylactic antibiotic bowel suppression in burn patients. Surgery 83:523-527. [PubMed]. 221. Jarrett, F., C. K. Chan, E. Balish, and J. Moylan. 1976. Antibiotic bowel preparation and burn wound colonization. Surg. Forum 27:67-68. [PubMed]. 222. Jay, K. M., R. H. Bartlett, R. Danet, and P. A. Allyn. 1977. Burn epidemiology: a basis for burn prevention. J. Trauma 17:943-947. [PubMed]. 223. Jelenko, C., III. 1974. Chemicals that “burn.” J. Trauma 14:65-72. [PubMed]. 224. Jeng, J. C., A. Bridgeman, L. Shivnan, P. M. Thornton, H. Alam, T. J. Clarke, K. A. Jablonski, and M. H. Jordan. 2003. Laser Doppler imaging determines need for excision and grafting in advance of clinical judgment: a prospective blinded trial. Burns 29:665-670. [PubMed]. 225. Jones, I., L. Currie, and R. Martin. 2002. A guide to biological skin substitutes. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 55:185-193. [PubMed]. 226. Kagan, R. J., S. Naraqi, T. Matsuda, and O. M. Jonasson. 1985. Herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections in burned patients. J. Trauma 25:40-45. [PubMed]. 227. Kay, G. D. 1957. Prolonged survival of a skin homograft in a patient with very extensive burns. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 64:767-774. [PubMed]. 228. Keith, D. D., K. M. Garrett, G. Hickox, B. Echols, and E. Comeau. 2004. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: improved clinical outcomes. J. Nurs. Care Qual. 19:328-333. [PubMed]. 229. Kimura, R., L. D. Traber, D. N. Herndon, G. D. Neuhaus, and D. L. Traber. 1988. Treatment of smoke-induced pulmonary injury with nebulized dimethylsulfoxide. Circ. Shock 25:333-341. [PubMed]. 230. Klein, M. B., L. H. Engrav, J. H. Holmes, J. B. Friedrich, B. A. Costa, S. Honari, and N. S. Gibran. 2005. Management of facial burns with a collagen/glycosaminoglycan skin substitute-prospective experience with 12 consecutive patients with large, deep facial burns. Burns 31:257-261. [PubMed]. 231. Klein, R. L., B. F. Rothmann, and R. Marshall. 1984. Biobrane—a useful adjunct in the therapy of outpatient burns. J. Pediatr. Surg. 19:846-847. [PubMed]. 232. Koumbourlis, A. C. 2002. Electrical injuries. Crit. Care Med. 30:S424-S430. [PubMed]. 233. Kuhn, D. M., and M. A. Ghannoum. 2004. Candida biofilms: antifungal resistance and emerging therapeutic options. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 5:186-197. 234. Kullberg, B. J., J. D. Sobel, M. Ruhnke, P. G. Pappas, C. Viscoli, J. H. Rex, J. D. Cleary, E. Rubinstein, L. W. Church, J. M. Brown, H. T. Schlamm, I. T. Oborska, F. Hilton, and M. R. Hodges. 2005. Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 366:1435-1442. [PubMed]. 235. Kuroda, T., T. Harada, H. Tsutsumi, and M. Kobayashi. 1997. Hypernatremic suppression of neutrophils. Burns 23:338-340. [PubMed]. 236. Lansdown, A. B. 2002. Silver. 2. Toxicity in mammals and how its products aid wound repair. J. Wound Care 11:173-177. [PubMed]. 237. Lansdown, A. B. 2002. Silver. 1. Its antibacterial properties and mechanism of action. J. Wound Care 11:125-130. [PubMed]. 238. Lansdown, A. B., A. Williams, S. Chandler, and S. Benfield. 2005. Silver absorption and antibacterial efficacy of silver dressings. J. Wound Care 14:155-160. [PubMed]. 239. Laupland, K. B., D. L. Church, and D. B. Gregson. 2005. Validation of a rapid diagnostic strategy for determination of significant bacterial counts in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 129:78-81. [PubMed]. 240. Laupland, K. B., D. B. Gregson, D. L. Church, T. Ross, and S. Elsayed. 2005. Invasive Candida species infections: a 5 year population-based assessment. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56:532-537. [PubMed]. 241. Laupland, K. B., M. D. Parkins, D. L. Church, D. B. Gregson, T. J. Louie, J. M. Conly, S. Elsayed, and J. D. Pitout. 2005. Population-based epidemiological study of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Calgary Health Region: importance of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains. J. Infect. Dis. 192:1606-1612. [PubMed]. 242. Lavaud, P., J. Mathieu, P. Bienvenu, M. Braquet, P. Gerasimo, J. F. Kergonou, and R. Ducousso. 1988. Modulation of leucocyte activation in the early phase of the rabbit burn injury. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 14:15-20. [PubMed]. 243. Lawrence, J. C., and J. Soothill. 1989. Burn wound infection. Burns 15:342. [PubMed]. 244. Lederer, J. A., M. L. Rodrick, and J. A. Mannick. 1999. The effects of injury on the adaptive immune response. Shock 11:153-159. [PubMed]. 245. Lesseva, M. 1998. Central venous catheter-related bacteraemia in burn patients. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 30:585-589. [PubMed]. 246. Lesseva, M., B. P. Girgitzova, and C. Bojadjiev. 1994. Beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections in burned patients. Burns 20:422-425. [PubMed]. 247. Levine, N. S., R. B. Lindberg, A. D. Mason, Jr., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1976. The quantitative swab culture and smear: a quick, simple method for determining the number of viable aerobic bacteria on open wounds. J. Trauma 16:89-94. [PubMed]. 248. LeVoyer, T., W. G. Cioffi, Jr., L. Pratt, R. Shippee, W. F. McManus, A. D. Mason, Jr., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1992. Alterations in intestinal permeability after thermal injury. Arch. Surg. 127:26-29. [PubMed]. 249. Liedberg, N. C., L. R. Kuhn, B. A. Barnes, E. Reiss, and W. H. Mspacher. 1954. Infection in burns. II. The pathogenicity of streptococci. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 98:693-699. [PubMed]. 250. Lilly, H. A., E. J. Lowbury, M. D. Wilkins, and J. S. Cason. 1979. Staphylococcal sepsis in a burns unit. J. Hyg. (London) 83:429-435. [PubMed]. 251. Linares, H. A., D. N. Herndon, and D. L. Traber. 1989. Sequence of morphologic events in experimental smoke inhalation. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 10:27-37. [PubMed]. 252. Lionelli, G. T., E. J. Pickus, O. K. Beckum, R. L. Decoursey, and R. A. Korentager. 2005. A three decade analysis of factors affecting burn mortality in the elderly. Burns 31:958-963. 253. Lloyd, J. R., and D. W. Hight. 1978. Early laminar excision: improved control of burn wound sepsis by partial dermatome debridement. J. Pediatr. Surg. 13:698-706. [PubMed]. 254. Loebl, E. C., J. A. Marvin, E. L. Heck, P. W. Curreri, and C. R. Baxter. 1974. The use of quantitative biopsy cultures in bacteriologic monitoring of burn patients. J. Surg. Res. 16:1-5. [PubMed]. 255. Loebl, E. C., J. A. Marvin, E. L. Heck, P. W. Curreri, and C. R. Baxter. 1974. The method of quantitative burn-wound biopsy cultures and its routine use in the care of the burned patient. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 61:20-24. [PubMed]. 256. Lyons, A., J. L. Kelly, M. L. Rodrick, J. A. Mannick, and J. A. Lederer. 1997. Major injury induces increased production of interleukin-10 by cells of the immune system with a negative impact on resistance to infection. Ann. Surg. 226:450-458. [PubMed]. 257. Macintire, D. K., and T. L. Bellhorn. 2002. Bacterial translocation: clinical implications and prevention. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 32:1165-1178. 258. Mack, D., P. Becker, I. Chatterjee, S. Dobinsky, J. K. Knobloch, G. Peters, H. Rohde, and M. Herrmann. 2004. Mechanisms of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus: functional molecules, regulatory circuits, and adaptive responses. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 294:203-212. [PubMed]. 259. MacMillan, B. G. 1980. Infections following burn injury. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 60:185-196. [PubMed]. 260. MacMillan, B. G., E. O. Hill, and W. A. Altemeier. 1967. Use of topical silver nitrate, mafenide, and gentamicin in the burn patient. A comparative study. Arch. Surg. 95:472-481. [PubMed]. 261. Madden, M. R., J. L. Finkelstein, and C. W. Goodwin. 1986. Respiratory care of the burn patient. Clin. Plast. Surg. 13:29-38. [PubMed]. 262. Majeski, J. A., and B. G. MacMillan. 1977. Fatal systemic mycotic infections in the burned child. J. Trauma 17:320-322. [PubMed]. 263. Maki, D. G. 1976. Preventing infection in intravenous therapy. Hosp. Pract. 11:95-104. 264. Maki, D. G., J. T. Botticelli, M. L. LeRoy, and T. S. Thielke. 1987. Prospective study of replacing administration sets for intravenous therapy at 48- vs 72-hour intervals. 72 hours is safe and cost-effective. JAMA 258:1777-1781. [PubMed]. 265. Mandelcorn, E., M. Gomez, and R. C. Cartotto. 2003. Work-related burn injuries in Ontario, Canada: has anything changed in the last 10 years? Burns 29:469-472. [PubMed]. 266. Manson, W. L., J. M. Coenen, H. J. Klasen, and E. H. Horwitz. 1992. Intestinal bacterial translocation in experimentally burned mice with wounds colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Trauma 33:654-658. [PubMed]. 267. Manson, W. L., H. J. Klasen, E. W. Sauer, and A. Olieman. 1992. Selective intestinal decontamination for prevention of wound colonization in severely burned patients: a retrospective analysis. Burns 18:98-102. [PubMed]. 268. Manson, W. L., P. C. Pernot, V. Fidler, E. W. Sauer, and H. J. Klasen. 1992. Colonization of burns and the duration of hospital stay of severely burned patients. J. Hosp. Infect. 22:55-63. [PubMed]. 269. Manson, W. L., A. W. Westerveld, H. J. Klasen, and E. W. Sauer. 1987. Selective intestinal decontamination of the digestive tract for infection prophylaxis in severely burned patients. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 21:269-272. [PubMed]. 270. Marvin, J. A., E. L. Heck, E. C. Loebl, P. W. Curreri, and C. R. Baxter. 1975. Usefulness of blood cultures in confirming septic complications in burn patients: evaluation of a new culture method. J. Trauma 15:657-662. [PubMed]. 271. Maslow, J. N., T. Glaze, P. Adams, and M. Lataillade. 2005. Concurrent outbreak of multidrug-resistant and susceptible subclones of Acinetobacter baumannii affecting different wards of a single hospital. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 26:69-75. [PubMed]. 272. Mason, A. D., Jr., A. T. McManus, and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1986. Association of burn mortality and bacteremia. A 25-year review. Arch. Surg. 121:1027-1031. [PubMed]. 273. Mayhall, C. G. 2003. The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37:543-550. [PubMed]. 274. Mayhall, C. G., V. A. Lamb, W. E. Gayle, Jr., and B. W. Haynes, Jr. 1979. Enterobacter cloacae septicemia in a burn center: epidemiology and control of an outbreak. J. Infect. Dis. 139:166-171. [PubMed]. 275. McCall, J. E., and T. J. Cahill. 2005. Respiratory care of the burn patient. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 26:200-206. [PubMed]. 276. McCampbell, B., N. Wasif, A. Rabbitts, L. Staiano-Coico, R. W. Yurt, and S. Schwartz. 2002. Diabetes and burns: retrospective cohort study. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 23:157-166. [PubMed]. 277. McCormack, P. L., and C. M. Perry. 2005. Caspofungin: a review of its use in the treatment of fungal infections. Drugs 65:2049-2068. [PubMed]. 278. McGill, S. N., and R. C. Cartotto. 2000. Herpes simplex virus infection in a paediatric burn patient: case report and review. Burns 26:194-199. [PubMed]. 279. McGill, V., A. Kowal-Vern, and R. L. Gamelli. 2000. Outcome for older burn patients. Arch. Surg. 135:320-325. [PubMed]. 280. McGuckin, M. B., R. J. Thorpe, and E. Abrutyn. 1981. Hydrotherapy: an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infections related to Hubbard tank treatments. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 62:283-285. [PubMed]. 281. McLoughlin, G. A., A. V. Wu, I. Saporoschetz, R. Nimberg, and J. A. Mannick. 1979. Correlation between anergy and a circulating immunosuppressive factor following major surgical trauma. Ann. Surg. 190:297-304. [PubMed]. 282. McManus, A. T., S. H. Kim, W. F. McManus, A. D. Mason, Jr., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1987. Comparison of quantitative microbiology and histopathology in divided burn-wound biopsy specimens. Arch. Surg. 122:74-76. [PubMed]. 283. McManus, A. T., R. B. Lindberg, B. A. Pruitt, Jr., and A. D. Mason, Jr. 1979. Association of endotoxemia and bacteremia in burn patients: a prospective study. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 29:275-278. [PubMed]. 284. McManus, A. T., A. D. Mason, Jr., W. F. McManus, and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1994. A decade of reduced gram-negative infections and mortality associated with improved isolation of burned patients. Arch. Surg. 129:1306-1309. [PubMed]. 285. McManus, W. F., C. W. Goodwin, A. D. Mason, Jr., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1981. Burn wound infection. J. Trauma 21:753-756. [PubMed]. 286. McManus, W. F., A. D. Mason, Jr., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1989. Excision of the burn wound in patients with large burns. Arch. Surg. 124:718-720. [PubMed]. 287. Meier, P. A., C. D. Carter, S. E. Wallace, R. J. Hollis, M. A. Pfaller, and L. A. Herwaldt. 1996. A prolonged outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the burn unit of a tertiary medical center. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 17:798-802. [PubMed]. 288. Meka, V. G., S. K. Pillai, G. Sakoulas, C. Wennersten, L. Venkataraman, P. C. DeGirolami, G. M. Eliopoulos, R. C. Moellering, Jr., and H. S. Gold. 2004. Linezolid resistance in sequential Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with a T2500A mutation in the 23S rRNA gene and loss of a single copy of rRNA. J. Infect. Dis. 190:311-317. [PubMed]. 289. Mele, J. A., III, S. A. Linder, R. Calabria, and C. J. Ikeda. 1998. HIV seropositivity in a burn center's population. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 19:138-141. [PubMed]. 290. Memmel, H., A. Kowal-Vern, and B. A. Latenser. 2004. Infections in diabetic burn patients. Diabetes Care 27:229-233. [PubMed]. 291. Merz, J., C. Schrand, D. Mertens, C. Foote, K. Porter, and L. Regnold. 2003. Wound care of the pediatric burn patient. AACN Clin. Issues 14:429-441. [PubMed]. 292. Miller, T. R., N. M. Pindus, J. B. Douglas, and B. Rossman. 1995. Databook on nonfatal injury: incidence, costs and consequences. The Urban Institute Press, Washington, D.C. 293. Mis, B., E. Rolland, and V. Ronfard. 2004. Combined use of a collagen-based dermal substitute and a fibrin-based cultured epithelium: a step toward a total skin replacement for acute wounds. Burns 30:713-719. [PubMed]. 294. Mitchell, V., J. P. Galizia, and L. Fournier. 1989. Precise diagnosis of infection in burn wound biopsy specimens. Combination of histologic technique, acridine orange staining, and culture. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 10:195-202. [PubMed]. 295. Monafo, W. W. 1974. Tangential excision. Clin. Plast. Surg. 1:591-601. [PubMed]. 296. Monafo, W. W., C. E. Aulenbacher, and C. Pappalardo. 1972. Early tangential excision of the eschars of major burns. Arch. Surg. 104:503-508. [PubMed]. 297. Monafo, W. W., and P. Q. Bessey. 2002. Wound care, p. 109-119. In D. Herndon (ed.), Total burn care. Saunders, London, England. 298. Monafo, W. W., and M. A. West. 1990. Current treatment recommendations for topical burn therapy. Drugs 40:364-373. [PubMed]. 299. Moritz, A. R., and F. C. Heuriquez. 1947. Studies of thermal injury. II. The relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns. Am. J. Pathol. 23:695-720. 300. Mousa, H. A. 1997. Aerobic, anaerobic and fungal burn wound infections. J. Hosp. Infect. 37:317-323. [PubMed]. 301. Mousa, H. A. 1999. Fungal infection of burn wounds in patients with open and occlusive treatment methods. East. Mediterr. Health J. 5:333-336. [PubMed]. 302. Mousa, H. A., and S. M. al-Bader. 2001. Yeast infection of burns. Mycoses 44:147-149. [PubMed]. 303. Mousa, H. A., S. M. al-Bader, and D. A. Hassan. 1999. Correlation between fungi isolated from burn wounds and burn care units. Burns 25:145-147. [PubMed]. 304. Mozingo, D. W., A. T. McManus, S. H. Kim, and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1997. Incidence of bacteremia after burn wound manipulation in the early postburn period. J. Trauma 42:1006-1010. [PubMed]. 305. Mozingo, D. W., A. A. Smith, W. F. McManus, B. A. Pruitt, Jr., and A. D. Mason, Jr. 1988. Chemical burns. J. Trauma 28:642-647. [PubMed]. 306. Mueller, E. W., S. D. Hanes, M. A. Croce, G. C. Wood, B. A. Boucher, and T. C. Fabian. 2005. Effect from multiple episodes of inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia on morbidity and mortality among critically ill trauma patients. J. Trauma 58:94-101. [PubMed]. 307. Murphy, K. D., J. O. Lee, and D. N. Herndon. 2003. Current pharmacotherapy for the treatment of severe burns. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 4:369-384. [PubMed]. 308. Murray, P. M., and S. M. Finegold. 1984. Anaerobes in burn-wound infections. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6:(Suppl. 1) :S184-S186. [PubMed]. 309. Mutnick, A. H., V. Enne, and R. N. Jones. 2003. Linezolid resistance since 2001: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Ann. Pharmacother. 37:769-774. [PubMed]. 310. Mzezewa, S., K. Jonsson, E. Sibanda, M. Aberg, and L. Salemark. 2003. HIV infection reduces skin graft survival in burn injuries: a prospective study. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 56:740-745. [PubMed]. 311. Nadler, E. P., J. S. Upperman, E. C. Dickinson, and H. R. Ford. 1999. Nitric oxide and intestinal barrier failure. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 8:148-154. [PubMed]. 312. Nakae, H., H. Tanaka, and H. Inaba. 2001. Failure to clear casts and secretions following inhalation injury can be dangerous: report of a case. Burns 27:189-191. [PubMed]. 313. Namias, N., L. Samiian, D. Nino, E. Shirazi, K. O'Neill, D. H. Kett, E. Ginzburg, M. G. McKenney, D. Sleeman, and S. M. Cohn. 2000. Incidence and susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria vary between intensive care units within a single hospital: implications for empiric antibiotic strategies. J. Trauma 49:638-645. [PubMed]. 314. Nash, G., F. D. Foley, M. N. Goodwin, Jr., H. M. Bruck, K. A. Greenwald, and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1971. Fungal burn wound infection. JAMA 215:1664-1666. [PubMed]. 315. Nasser, S., A. Mabrouk, and A. Maher. 2003. Colonization of burn wounds in Ain Shams University Burn Unit. Burns 29:229-233. [PubMed]. 316. Nassoura, Z., R. R. Ivatury, R. J. Simon, N. Jabbour, and W. M. Stahl. 1993. Candiduria as an early marker of disseminated infection in critically ill surgical patients: the role of fluconazole therapy. J. Trauma 35:290-294. [PubMed]. 317. Nathan, P., E. J. Law, D. F. Murphy, and B. G. McMillan. 1979. A laboratory method for selection of topical antimicrobial agents to treat infected burn wounds. Burns 4:177-187. 318. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. 2002. United States fire/burn deaths and rates per 100,000. Office of Statistics and Programming, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. 319. National Fire Data Center. 1993. Fire in the United States, 1983 to 1990. National Fire Data Center, Emmitsburg, Md. 321. Newton, T., J. M. Still, and E. Law. 2002. A comparison of the effect of early insertion of standard latex and silver-impregnated latex foley catheters on urinary tract infections in burn patients. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 23:217-218. [PubMed]. 322. Nguyen, T. T., D. A. Gilpin, N. A. Meyer, and D. N. Herndon. 1996. Current treatment of severely burned patients. Ann. Surg. 223:14-25. [PubMed]. 323. Niederman, M. S. 2004. Therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia: what more can we do to use less antibiotics? Crit. Care Med. 32:2344-2345. [PubMed]. 324. Ninnemann, J. L., J. C. Fisher, and H. A. Frank. 1978. Prolonged survival of human skin allografts following thermal injury. Transplantation 25:69-72. [PubMed]. 325. Nohr, C. W., N. V. Christou, H. Rode, J. Gordon, and J. L. Meakins. 1984. In vivo and in vitro humoral immunity in surgical patients. Ann. Surg. 200:373-380. [PubMed]. 326. Olson, M. E., H. Ceri, D. W. Morck, A. G. Buret, and R. R. Read. 2002. Biofilm bacteria: formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics. Can. J. Vet. Res. 66:86-92. [PubMed]. 327. O'Mahony, J. B., J. J. Wood, M. L. Rodrick, and J. A. Mannick. 1985. Changes in T lymphocyte subsets following injury. Assessment by flow cytometry and relationship to sepsis. Ann. Surg. 202:580-586. [PubMed]. 328. O'Neill, J. A., Jr., B. A. Pruitt, Jr., F. D. Foley, and J. A. Moncrief. 1968. Suppurative thrombophlebitis—a lethal complication of intravenous therapy. J. Trauma 8:256-267. [PubMed]. 329. Oswald, I. P., T. A. Wynn, A. Sher, and S. L. James. 1992. Interleukin 10 inhibits macrophage microbicidal activity by blocking the endogenous production of tumor necrosis factor alpha required as a costimulatory factor for interferon gamma-induced activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8676-8680. [PubMed]. 330. Palmieri, T. L., and D. G. Greenhalgh. 2002. Topical treatment of pediatric patients with burns: a practical guide. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 3:529-534. [PubMed]. 331. Peck, M. D., J. Weber, A. McManus, R. Sheridan, and D. Heimbach. 1998. Surveillance of burn wound infections: a proposal for definitions. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 19:386-389. [PubMed]. 332. Pham, T. N., J. R. King, T. L. Palmieri, and D. G. Greenhalgh. 2003. Predisposing factors for self-inflicted burns. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 24:223-227. [PubMed]. 333. Phillips, L. G., J. P. Heggers, M. C. Robson, J. A. Boertman, T. Meltzer, and D. J. Smith, Jr. 1989. The effect of endogenous skin bacteria on burn wound infection. Ann. Plast. Surg. 23:35-38. [PubMed]. 334. Pietsch, J. B., D. T. Netscher, H. S. Nagaraj, and D. B. Groff. 1985. Early excision of major burns in children: effect on morbidity and mortality. J. Pediatr. Surg. 20:754-757. [PubMed]. 335. Pirnay, J. P., D. De Vos, C. Cochez, F. Bilocq, J. Pirson, M. Struelens, L. Duinslaeger, P. Cornelis, M. Zizi, and A. Vanderkelen. 2003. Molecular epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in a burn unit: persistence of a multidrug-resistant clone and a silver sulfadiazine-resistant clone. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:1192-1202. [PubMed]. 336. Pirnay, J. P., V. D. De, L. Duinslaeger, P. Reper, C. Vandenvelde, P. Cornelis, and A. Vanderkelen. 2000. Quantitation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wound biopsy samples: from bacterial culture to rapid ‘real-time’ polymerase chain reaction. Crit. Care 4:255-261. [PubMed]. 337. Podnos, Y. D., M. E. Cinat, S. E. Wilson, J. Cooke, W. Gornick, and L. D. Thrupp. 2001. Eradication of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter from an intensive care unit. Surg. Infect. (Larchmont) 2:297-301. 338. Polderman, K. H., and A. R. Girbes. 2004. Drug intervention trials in sepsis: divergent results. Lancet 363:1721-1723. [PubMed]. 339. Polk, R. E., C. G. Mayhall, J. Smith, G. Hall, B. J. Kline, E. Swensson, and B. W. Haynes. 1983. Gentamicin and tobramycin penetration into burn eschar. Pharmacokinetics and microbiological effects. Arch. Surg. 118:295-302. [PubMed]. 340. Pruitt, B. A., Jr. 1990. Infection and the burn patient. Br. J. Surg. 77:1081-1082. [PubMed]. 341. Pruitt, B. A., Jr. 1984. The diagnosis and treatment of infection in the burn patient. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 11:79-91. [PubMed]. 342. Pruitt, B. A., Jr., W. G. Cioffi, T. Shimazu, H. Ikeuchi, and A. D. Mason, Jr. 1990. Evaluation and management of patients with inhalation injury. J. Trauma 30:S63-S68. [PubMed]. 343. Pruitt, B. A., Jr., and F. D. Foley. 1973. The use of biopsies in burn patient care. Surgery 73:887-897. [PubMed]. 344. Pruitt, B. A., C. W. Goodwin, and D. Mason Jr. 2002. Epidemiological, demographic, and outcome characteristics of burn injury, p. 16-30. In D. Herndon (ed.), Total burn care. Saunders, London, England. 345. Pruitt, B. A., Jr., and A. T. McManus. 1992. The changing epidemiology of infection in burn patients. World J. Surg. 16:57-67. [PubMed]. 346. Pruitt, B. A., Jr., A. T. McManus, S. H. Kim, and C. W. Goodwin. 1998. Burn wound infections: current status. World J. Surg. 22:135-145. [PubMed]. 347. Pruitt, B. A., Jr., W. F. McManus, S. H. Kim, and R. C. Treat. 1980. Diagnosis and treatment of cannula-related intravenous sepsis in burn patients. Ann. Surg. 191:546-554. [PubMed]. 348. Pruitt, B. A., Jr., J. M. Stein, F. D. Foley, J. A. Moncrief, and J. A. O'Neill, Jr. 1970. Intravenous therapy in burn patients. Suppurative thrombophlebitis and other life-threatening complications. Arch. Surg. 100:399-404. [PubMed]. 349. Public Health Agency of Canada. 1999. Mechanism of injury, mortality by province/territory: deaths per 100,000 crude rates. Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, CHHD. http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca. [Online.]. 350. Purevdorj, B., J. W. Costerton, and P. Stoodley. 2002. Influence of hydrodynamics and cell signaling on the structure and behavior of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:4457-4464. [PubMed]. 351. Quinby, W. C., Jr., J. F. Burke, and C. C. Bondoc. 1981. Primary excision and immediate wound closure. Intensive Care Med. 7:71-76. [PubMed]. 352. Rai, J., M. G. Jeschke, R. E. Barrow, and D. N. Herndon. 1999. Electrical injuries: a 30-year review. J. Trauma 46:933-936. [PubMed]. 353. Ramirez, F., D. J. Fowell, M. Puklavec, S. Simmonds, and D. Mason. 1996. Glucocorticoids promote a TH2 cytokine response by CD4+ T cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 156:2406-2412. [PubMed]. 354. Ramos, G. E., A. N. Bolgiani, O. Patino, G. E. Prezzavento, P. Guastavino, R. Durlach, L. B. Fernandez Canigia, and F. Benaim. 2002. Catheter infection risk related to the distance between insertion site and burned area. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 23:266-271. [PubMed]. 355. Ramzy, P. I., J. P. Barret, and D. N. Herndon. 1999. Thermal injury. Crit. Care Clin. 15:333-352, ix. [PubMed]. 356. Ramzy, P. I., D. N. Herndon, S. E. Wolf, O. Irtun, J. P. Barret, R. J. Ramirez, and J. P. Heggers. 1998. Comparison of wound culture and bronchial lavage in the severely burned child: implications for antimicrobial therapy. Arch. Surg. 133:1275-1280. [PubMed]. 357. Ramzy, P. I., S. E. Wolf, O. Irtun, D. W. Hart, J. C. Thompson, and D. N. Herndon. 2000. Gut epithelial apoptosis after severe burn: effects of gut hypoperfusion. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 190:281-287. [PubMed]. 358. Rennie, R. P., R. N. Jones, and A. H. Mutnick. 2003. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 2000). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 45:287-293. [PubMed]. 359. Reper, P., P. Van Der Rest, A. Creemers, D. Vandenen, and A. Vanderkelen. 2001. Medical treatment of a central vein suppurative thrombosis with cerebral metastatic abscesses in a burned child. Burns 27:662-663. [PubMed]. 360. Revathi, G., J. Puri, and B. K. Jain. 1998. Bacteriology of burns. Burns 24:347-349. [PubMed]. 361. Revathi, G., K. P. Shannon, P. D. Stapleton, B. K. Jain, and G. L. French. 1998. An outbreak of extended-spectrum, beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella senftenberg in a burns ward. J. Hosp. Infect. 40:295-302. [PubMed]. 362. Rich, R. R. 2001. Clinical immunology principles and practices, p. 44.3. Mosby, Baltimore, Md. 363. Richard, P., R. Le Floch, C. Chamoux, M. Pannier, E. Espaze, and H. Richet. 1994. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a burn unit: role of antimicrobials in the emergence of multiply resistant strains. J. Infect. Dis. 170:377-383. [PubMed]. 364. Riddle, P. R., and M. C. Berenbaum. 1967. Postoperative depression of the lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin. Lancet i:746-748. 365. Robson, M. C. 1988. Burn sepsis. Crit. Care Clin. 4:281-298. [PubMed]. 366. Rode, H., D. Hanslo, P. M. De Wet, A. J. Millar, and S. Cywes. 1989. Efficacy of mupirocin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus burn wound infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:1358-1361. [PubMed]. 367. Rodgers, G. L., J. E. Mortensen, M. C. Fisher, and S. S. Long. 1997. In vitro susceptibility testing of topical antimicrobial agents used in pediatric burn patients: comparison of two methods. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 18:406-410. [PubMed]. 368. Rossignol, A. M., J. A. Locke, C. M. Boyle, and J. F. Burke. 1986. Epidemiology of work-related burn injuries in Massachusetts requiring hospitalization. J. Trauma 26:1097-1101. [PubMed]. 369. Roth, J. J., and W. B. Hughes. 2004. The essential burn unit handbook. Quality Medical Publishing, St. Louis, Mo. 370. Rupp, M. E., S. J. Lisco, P. A. Lipsett, T. M. Perl, K. Keating, J. M. Civetta, L. A. Mermel, D. Lee, E. P. Dellinger, M. Donahoe, D. Giles, M. A. Pfaller, D. G. Maki, and R. Sherertz. 2005. Effect of a second-generation venous catheter impregnated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on central catheter-related infections: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 143:570-580. [PubMed]. 371. Ryan, C. M., S. H. Bailey, E. A. Carter, D. A. Schoenfeld, and R. G. Tompkins. 1994. Additive effects of thermal injury and infection on gut permeability. Arch. Surg. 129:325-328. [PubMed]. 372. Ryan, C. M., D. A. Schoenfeld, W. P. Thorpe, R. L. Sheridan, E. H. Cassem, and R. G. Tompkins. 1998. Objective estimates of the probability of death from burn injuries. N. Engl. J. Med. 338:362-366. [PubMed]. 373. Saffle, J. R., B. Davis, and P. Williams. 1995. Recent outcomes in the treatment of burn injury in the United States: a report from the American Burn Association Patient Registry. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 16:219-232. [PubMed]. 374. Salo, M. 1992. Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on the immune response. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 36:201-220. [PubMed]. 375. Samuel, U., and J. P. Guggenbichler. 2004. Prevention of catheter-related infections: the potential of a new nano-silver impregnated catheter. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 23:(Suppl. 1) :S75-S78. [PubMed]. 376. Sanders, V. M., R. A. Baker, D. S. Ramer-Quinn, D. J. Kasprowicz, B. A. Fuchs, and N. E. Street. 1997. Differential expression of the beta2-adrenergic receptor by Th1 and Th2 clones: implications for cytokine production and B cell help. J. Immunol. 158:4200-4210. [PubMed]. 377. Santaniello, J. M., F. A. Luchette, T. J. Esposito, H. Gunawan, R. L. Reed, K. A. Davis, and R. L. Gamelli. 2004. Ten year experience of burn, trauma, and combined burn/trauma injuries comparing outcomes. J. Trauma 57:696-700. [PubMed]. 378. Santucci, S. G., S. Gobara, C. R. Santos, C. Fontana, and A. S. Levin. 2003. Infections in a burn intensive care unit: experience of seven years. J. Hosp. Infect. 53:6-13. [PubMed]. 379. Sasaki, T. M., G. W. Welch, D. N. Herndon, J. Z. Kaplan, R. B. Lindberg, and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1979. Burn wound manipulation-induced bacteremia. J. Trauma 19:46-48. [PubMed]. 380. Saydjari, R., G. I. Beerthuizen, C. M. Townsend, Jr., D. N. Herndon, and J. C. Thompson. 1991. Bacterial translocation and its relationship to visceral blood flow, gut mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity, and DNA in pigs. J. Trauma 31:639-643. [PubMed]. 381. Schildt, B. E. 1970. Function of the RES after thermal and mechanical trauma in mice. Acta Chir. Scand. 136:359-364. [PubMed]. 382. Schwacha, M. G., L. T. Holland, I. H. Chaudry, and J. L. Messina. 2005. Genetic variability in the immune-inflammatory response after major burn injury. Shock 23:123-128. [PubMed]. 383. Sepandj, F., H. Ceri, A. Gibb, R. Read, and M. Olson. 2004. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) versus minimum biofilm eliminating concentration (MBEC) in evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity of gram-negative bacilli causing peritonitis. Perit. Dial. Int. 24:65-67. [PubMed]. 384. Sevitt, S. 1957. Burns: pathology and therapeutic applications, p. 171-176. Buttersworth, London, England. 385. Shankowsky, H. A., L. S. Callioux, and E. E. Tredget. 1994. North American survey of hydrotherapy in modern burn care. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 15:143-146. [PubMed]. 386. Sherertz, R. J., and M. L. Sullivan. 1985. An outbreak of infections with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in burn patients: contamination of patients' mattresses. J. Infect. Dis. 151:252-258. [PubMed]. 387. Sheridan, R. L. 2000. Evaluating and managing burn wounds. Dermatol. Nurs. 12:17-18. [PubMed]. 388. Sheridan, R. L., C. M. Ryan, M. S. Pasternack, J. M. Weber, and R. G. Tompkins. 1993. Flavobacterial sepsis in massively burned pediatric patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17:185-187. [PubMed]. 389. Sheridan, R. L., J. T. Schulz, J. M. Weber, C. M. Ryan, M. S. Pasternack, and R. G. Tompkins. 2000. Cutaneous herpetic infections complicating burns. Burns 26:621-624. [PubMed]. 390. Sheridan, R. L., R. G. Tompkins, and J. F. Burke. 1994. Management of burn wounds with prompt excision and immediate closure. J. Intensive Care Med. 9:6-17. [PubMed]. 391. Sheridan, R. L., J. Weber, J. Benjamin, M. S. Pasternack, and R. G. Tompkins. 1994. Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a pediatric burn unit. Am. J. Infect. Control 22:340-345. [PubMed]. 392. Sheridan, R. L., J. M. Weber, M. M. Pasternak, J. M. Mulligan, and R. G. Tompkins. 1999. A 15-year experience with varicella infections in a pediatric burn unit. Burns 25:353-356. [PubMed]. 393. Sheridan, R. L., J. M. Weber, H. F. Peterson, and R. G. Tompkins. 1995. Central venous catheter sepsis with weekly catheter change in paediatric burn patients: an analysis of 221 catheters. Burns 21:127-129. [PubMed]. 394. Sherman, R. T. 1970. The prevention and treatment of tetanus in the burn patient. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 50:1277-1281. [PubMed]. 395. Sherry, R. M., J. I. Cue, J. K. Goddard, J. B. Parramore, and J. T. DiPiro. 1996. Interleukin-10 is associated with the development of sepsis in trauma patients. J. Trauma 40:613-616. [PubMed]. 396. Shorr, A. F., J. H. Sherner, W. L. Jackson, and M. H. Kollef. 2005. Invasive approaches to the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Crit. Care Med. 33:46-53. [PubMed]. 397. Simor, A. E., M. Lee, M. Vearncombe, L. Jones-Paul, C. Barry, M. Gomez, J. S. Fish, R. C. Cartotto, R. Palmer, and M. Louie. 2002. An outbreak due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a burn unit: risk factors for acquisition and management. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 23:261-267. [PubMed]. 398. Singer, A. J., and S. A. McClain. 2002. Persistent wound infection delays epidermal maturation and increases scarring in thermal burns. Wound Repair Regen. 10:372-377. [PubMed]. 399. Sjoberg, T., S. Mzezewa, K. Jonsson, V. Robertson, and L. Salemark. 2003. Comparison of surface swab cultures and quantitative tissue biopsy cultures to predict sepsis in burn patients: a prospective study. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 24:365-370. [PubMed]. 400. Sjoberg, T., S. Mzezewa, K. Jonsson, and L. Salemark. 2004. Immune response in burn patients in relation to HIV infection and sepsis. Burns 30:670-674. [PubMed]. 401. Skoll, P. J., D. A. Hudson, and J. A. Simpson. 1998. Aeromonas hydrophila in burn patients. Burns 24:350-353. [PubMed]. 402. Slade, M. S., R. L. Simmons, E. Yunis, and L. J. Greenberg. 1975. Immunodepression after major surgery in normal patients. Surgery 78:363-372. [PubMed]. 404. Smith, D. J., Jr., and P. D. Thomson. 1992. Changing flora in burn and trauma units: historical perspective—experience in the United States. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 13:276-280. [PubMed]. 405. Solowey, A. C., and F. T. Rapaport. 1966. The immunologic response to repeated individual-specific skin allografts. Transplantation 4:178-181. [PubMed]. 406. Spebar, M. J., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1981. Candidiasis in the burned patient. J. Trauma 21:237-239. [PubMed]. 407. Steer, J. A., R. P. Papini, A. P. Wilson, D. A. McGrouther, and N. Parkhouse. 1996. Quantitative microbiology in the management of burn patients. II. Relationship between bacterial counts obtained by burn wound biopsy culture and surface alginate swab culture, with clinical outcome following burn surgery and change of dressings. Burns 22:177-181. [PubMed]. 408. Steer, J. A., R. P. Papini, A. P. Wilson, D. A. McGrouther, and N. Parkhouse. 1996. Quantitative microbiology in the management of burn patients. I. Correlation between quantitative and qualitative burn wound biopsy culture and surface alginate swab culture. Burns 22:173-176. [PubMed]. 409. Stefanides, M. M., Sr., C. E. Copeland, S. D. Kominos, and R. B. Yee. 1976. In vitro penetration of topical antiseptics through eschar of burn patients. Ann. Surg. 183:358-364. [PubMed]. 410. Stein, J. M., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1970. Suppurative thrombophlebitis. A lethal iatrogenic disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 282:1452-1455. [PubMed]. 411. Stein, M. D., D. N. Herndon, J. M. Stevens, L. D. Traber, and D. L. Traber. 1986. Production of chemotactic factors and lung cell changes following smoke inhalation in a sheep model. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 7:117-121. [PubMed]. 412. Steinstraesser, L., Y. Oezdogan, S. C. Wang, and H. U. Steinau. 2004. Host defense peptides in burns. Burns 30:619-627. [PubMed]. 413. Stephan, R. N., A. Ayala, J. M. Harkema, R. E. Dean, J. R. Border, and I. H. Chaudry. 1989. Mechanism of immunosuppression following hemorrhage: defective antigen presentation by macrophages. J. Surg. Res. 46:553-556. [PubMed]. 414. Steve, L., P. Goodhart, and J. Alexander. 1979. Hydrotherapy burn treatment: use of chloramine-T against resistant microorganisms. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 60:301-303. [PubMed]. 415. Still, J., E. Law, B. Friedman, T. Newton, and J. Wilson. 2002. Clostridium difficile diarrhea on a burn unit. Burns 28:398-399. [PubMed]. 416. Still, J. M., Jr., E. J. Law, G. I. Pereira, and E. Singletary. 1993. Invasive burn wound infection due to Curvularia species. Burns 19:77-79. [PubMed]. 417. Still, J. M., K. Orlet, and E. J. Law. 1994. Trichosporon beigelii septicaemia in a burn patient. Burns 20:467-468. [PubMed]. 418. Stone, H. H., J. Z. Cuzzell, L. D. Kolb, M. S. Moskowitz, and J. E. McGowan, Jr. 1979. Aspergillus infection of the burn wound. J. Trauma 19:765-767. [PubMed]. 419. Stoodley, P., K. Sauer, D. G. Davies, and J. W. Costerton. 2002. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56:187-209. [PubMed]. 420. Strock, L. L., M. M. Lee, R. L. Rutan, M. H. Desai, M. C. Robson, D. N. Herndon, and J. P. Heggers. 1990. Topical Bactroban (mupirocin): efficacy in treating burn wounds infected with methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 11:454-459. [PubMed]. 421. Sutherland, I. W. 2001. The biofilm matrix—an immobilized but dynamic microbial environment. Trends Microbiol. 9:222-227. [PubMed]. 422. Taddonio, T. E., P. D. Thomson, M. J. Tait, J. K. Prasad, and I. Feller. 1988. Rapid quantification of bacterial and fungal growth in burn wounds: biopsy homogenate Gram stain versus microbial culture results. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 14:180-184. [PubMed]. 423. Tahlan, R. N., R. K. Keswani, S. Saini, and O. P. Miglani. 1984. Correlation of quantitative burn wound biopsy culture and surface swab culture to burn wound sepsis. Burns Incl. Therm. Inj. 10:217-224. [PubMed]. 424. Tang, D., and W. Wang. 1998. Successful cure of an extensive burn injury complicated with mucor wound sepsis. Burns 24:72-73. [PubMed]. 425. Tasaki, O., C. W. Goodwin, D. Saitoh, D. W. Mozingo, S. Ishihara, W. W. Brinkley, W. G. Cioffi, Jr., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1997. Effects of burns on inhalation injury. J. Trauma 43:603-607. [PubMed]. 426. Teplitz, C., D. Davis, A. D. Mason, Jr., and J. A. Moncrief. 1964. Pseudomonas burn wound sepsis. I. Pathogenesis of experimental Pseudomonas burn wound sepsis. J. Surg. Res. 54:200-216. [PubMed]. 427. Teplitz, C., D. Davis, H. L. Walker, G. L. Raulston, A. D. Mason, Jr., and J. A. Moncrief. 1964. Pseudomonas burn wound sepsis. II. Hematogenous infection at the junction of the burn wound and the unburned hypodermis. J. Surg. Res. 54:217-222. [PubMed]. 428. Thompson, J. T., J. W. Meredith, and J. A. Molnar. 2002. The effect of burn nursing units on burn wound infections. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 23:281-286. [PubMed]. 429. Thompson, P., D. N. Herndon, S. Abston, and T. Rutan. 1987. Effect of early excision on patients with major thermal injury. J. Trauma 27:205-207. [PubMed]. 430. Tompkins, R. G., J. P. Remensnyder, J. F. Burke, D. M. Tompkins, J. F. Hilton, D. A. Schoenfeld, G. E. Behringer, C. C. Bondoc, S. E. Briggs, and W. C. Quinby, Jr. 1988. Significant reductions in mortality for children with burn injuries through the use of prompt eschar excision. Ann. Surg. 208:577-585. [PubMed]. 431. Torres, A., and S. Ewig. 2004. Diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 350:433-435. [PubMed]. 432. Torstenson, O. L., W. J. Meyer, and P. G. Quie. 1970. Burn-wound infection with viruses. N. Engl. J. Med. 282:1272-1273. 433. Traber, D. L., D. N. Herndon, and K. Soejima. 2005. The pathopysiology of inhalation injury, p. 221-231. In D. N. Herndon (ed.), Total burn care. Saunders, London, England. 434. Trafny, E. A. 1998. Susceptibility of adherent organisms from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from burn wounds to antimicrobial agents. Int J. Antimicrob. Agents 10:223-228. [PubMed]. 435. Tredget, E. E., H. A. Shankowsky, A. Groeneveld, and R. Burrell. 1998. A matched-pair, randomized study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Acticoat silver-coated dressing for the treatment of burn wounds. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 19:531-537. [PubMed]. 436. Tredget, E. E., H. A. Shankowsky, A. M. Joffe, T. I. Inkson, K. Volpel, W. Paranchych, P. C. Kibsey, J. D. Alton, and J. F. Burke. 1992. Epidemiology of infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn patients: the role of hydrotherapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:941-949. [PubMed]. 437. Tredget, E. E., H. A. Shankowsky, R. Rennie, R. E. Burrell, and S. Logsetty. 2004. Pseudomonas infections in the thermally injured patient. Burns 30:3-26. [PubMed]. 438. Tredget, E. E., H. A. Shankowsky, T. V. Taerum, G. L. Moysa, and J. D. Alton. 1990. The role of inhalation injury in burn trauma. A Canadian experience. Ann. Surg. 212:720-727. [PubMed]. 439. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1993. Injury mortality: national summary of injury mortality data, 1984-1990. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C. 440. Valova, M., R. Konigova, L. Broz, R. Zajicek, and P. Toupalik. 2002. Early and late fatal complications of inhalation injury. Acta Chir. Plast. 44:51-54. [PubMed]. 441. Van Delden, C., and B. H. Iglewski. 1998. Cell-to-cell signaling and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4:551-560. [PubMed]. 442. Vannier, E., L. C. Miller, and C. A. Dinarello. 1992. Coordinated antiinflammatory effects of interleukin 4: interleukin 4 suppresses interleukin 1 production but up-regulates gene expression and synthesis of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4076-4080. [PubMed]. 443. Villani, C., D. H. Johnson, and B. A. Cunha. 1995. Bilateral suppurative thrombophlebitis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Heart Lung 24:342-344. [PubMed]. 444. Vindenes, H., and R. Bjerknes. 1993. The frequency of bacteremia and fungemia following wound cleaning and excision in patients with large burns. J. Trauma 35:742-749. [PubMed]. 445. Wahl, W. L., K. S. Ahrns, M. M. Brandt, S. A. Rowe, M. R. Hemmila, and S. Arbabi. 2005. Bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with burns. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 26:57-61. [PubMed]. 446. Wahl, W. L., G. A. Franklin, M. M. Brandt, L. Sturm, K. S. Ahrns, M. R. Hemmila, and S. Arbabi. 2003. Does bronchoalveolar lavage enhance our ability to treat ventilator-associated pneumonia in a trauma-burn intensive care unit? J. Trauma 54:633-638. [PubMed]. 447. Wang, P., P. Wu, M. I. Siegel, R. W. Egan, and M. M. Billah. 1994. IL-10 inhibits transcription of cytokine genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Immunol. 153:811-816. [PubMed]. 448. Watts, A. M., M. P. Tyler, M. E. Perry, A. H. Roberts, and D. A. McGrouther. 2001. Burn depth and its histological measurement. Burns 27:154-160. [PubMed]. 449. Weber, J., and A. McManus. 2004. Infection control in burn patients. Burns 30:A16-A24. [PubMed]. 450. Weber, J. M., R. L. Sheridan, M. S. Pasternack, and R. G. Tompkins. 1997. Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients with burns. Am. J. Infect. Control 25:195-201. [PubMed]. 451. Weber, J. M., R. L. Sheridan, J. T. Schulz, R. G. Tompkins, and C. M. Ryan. 2002. Effectiveness of bacteria-controlled nursing units in preventing cross-colonization with resistant bacteria in severely burned children. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 23:549-551. [PubMed]. 452. Weber, J. M., and D. M. Tompkins. 1993. Improving survival: infection control and burns. AACN Clin. Issues Crit. Care Nurs. 4:414-423. [PubMed]. 453. Webster, R. O., S. R. Hong, R. B. Johnston, Jr., and P. M. Henson. 1980. Biologial effects of the human complement fragments C5a and C5ades Arg on neutrophil function. Immunopharmacology 2:201-219. [PubMed]. 454. Weissman, C. 1990. The metabolic response to stress: an overview and update. Anesthesiology 73:308-327. [PubMed]. 455. Wertheim, G. 1868. Uber die Vesandesungen bei vesbrennungen, p. 309. Weiner Medical Press, Vienna, Austria. 456. Wheeler, M. S., M. R. McGinnis, W. A. Schell, and D. H. Walker. 1981. Fusarium infection in burned patients. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 75:304-311. [PubMed]. 457. Wibbenmeyer, L. A., M. J. Amelon, L. J. Morgan, B. K. Robinson, P. X. Chang, R. Lewis, and G. P. Kealey. 2001. Predicting survival in an elderly burn patient population. Burns 27:583-590. [PubMed]. 458. Williams, H. B., W. C. Breidenbach, W. B. Callaghan, G. K. Richards, and J. J. Prentis. 1984. Are burn wound biopsies obsolete? A comparative study of bacterial quantitation in burn patients using the absorbent disc and biopsy techniques. Ann. Plast. Surg. 13:388-395. [PubMed]. 459. Winkler, M., G. Erbs, W. Konig, and F. E. Muller. 1987. Comparison of 4 methods of bacterial count determination in burn wounds. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A 265:82-98. (In German.). 460. Wisser, D., and J. Steffes. 2003. Skin replacement with a collagen based dermal substitute, autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts in burn trauma. Burns 29:375-380. [PubMed]. 461. Withey, S. J., N. Carver, J. D. Frame, and C. C. Walker. 1999. Toxic shock syndrome in adult burns. Burns 25:659-662. [PubMed]. 462. Wolfe, J. H., A. V. Wu, N. E. O'Connor, I. Saporoschetz, and J. A. Mannick. 1982. Anergy, immunosuppressive serum, and impaired lymphocyte blastogenesis in burn patients. Arch. Surg. 117:1266-1271. [PubMed]. 463. Wood, J. J., M. L. Rodrick, J. B. O'Mahony, S. B. Palder, I. Saporoschetz, P. D'Eon, and J. A. Mannick. 1984. Inadequate interleukin 2 production. A fundamental immunological deficiency in patients with major burns. Ann. Surg. 200:311-320. [PubMed]. 464. Woolfrey, B. F. 1986. Burn wound biopsy techniques. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:503. (Letter.) [PubMed]. 465. Woolfrey, B. F., J. M. Fox, and C. O. Quall. 1981. An evaluation of burn wound quantitative microbiology. I. Quantitative eschar cultures. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 75:532-537. [PubMed]. 466. Woske, H. J., T. Roding, I. Schulz, and H. Lode. 2001. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit: epidemiology, etiology and comparison of three bronchoscopic methods for microbiological specimen sampling. Crit. Care 5:167-173. [PubMed]. 467. Wright, J. B., K. Lam, D. Hansen, and R. E. Burrell. 1999. Efficacy of topical silver against fungal burn wound pathogens. Am. J. Infect Control 27:344-350. [PubMed]. 468. Wurtz, R., M. Karajovic, E. Dacumos, B. Jovanovic, and M. Hanumadass. 1995. Nosocomial infections in a burn intensive care unit. Burns 21:181-184. [PubMed]. 469. Wysocki, A. B. 2002. Evaluating and managing open skin wounds: colonization versus infection. AACN Clin. Issues 13:382-397. [PubMed]. 470. Xiao-Wu, W., D. N. Herndon, M. Spies, A. P. Sanford, and S. E. Wolf. 2002. Effects of delayed wound excision and grafting in severely burned children. Arch. Surg. 137:1049-1054. [PubMed]. 471. Xing, Z., J. Gauldie, G. Cox, H. Baumann, M. Jordana, X. F. Lei, and M. K. Achong. 1998. IL-6 is an antiinflammatory cytokine required for controlling local or systemic acute inflammatory responses. J. Clin. Investig. 101:311-320. [PubMed]. 472. Yin, H. Q., R. Langford, and R. E. Burrell. 1999. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of ACTICOAT antimicrobial barrier dressing. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 20:195-200. [PubMed]. 473. Yurt, R. W., and B. A. Pruitt, Jr. 1986. Base-line and postthermal injury plasma histamine in rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 60:1782-1788. [PubMed]. 474. Zaragoza, R., A. Artero, J. J. Camarena, S. Sancho, R. Gonzalez, and J. M. Nogueira. 2003. The influence of inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment on patients with bloodstream infections in an intensive care unit. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 9:412-418. [PubMed]. |