Cruise Report: WHP Line P13 1a.) WOCE Designation: P13 (partial) 1b.) EXPOCODE: 3220CGC92/0, 3220CGC92/1, 3220CGC92/2 Expedition name: CGC92 1c.) Chief Scientists: Leg 0 and Leg 1: John L. Bullister NOAA-PMEL Building #3 7600 Sand Point Way, NE Seattle, WA 98115 USA Internet: bullister@pmel.noaa.gov Tel: (206)526-6741 FAX: (206)526-6744 Leg 2: Bruce Taft (retired) NOAA-PMEL Building #3 7600 Sand Point Way, NE Seattle, WA 98115 USA Internet: taft@pmel.noaa.gov 1d.) Ship Name: Research Vessel R/V John Vickers 1e. and 1f.) Ports of Call and Cruise dates: Leg 0: Transit from Los Angeles- Dutch Harbor, Alaska 4 August- 14 August 1992 Leg 1: Dutch Harbor- Kwajalein 16 August- 15 September 1992 Leg 2: Kwajalein- Noumea, New Caledonia 26 September- 21 October 1992 2a.) Cruise Track: The station locations are shown in Fig.1 and listed in Appendix 1 and in the P13.sum file. The P13 section began at 54 14.7 N, 161 06.6 E and moved southeastward to 51 30 N 165 E. The section then proceeded southward to 4 44.9 S 164 00.2 E. Nominal station spacing north of 36 N was 30 nautical miles. Because of ship malfunctions and delays, insufficent time was available to complete the section as planned, and station spacing increased south of 30 N (see discussion below). 2b.) 87 Stations/CTD casts were completed, including 4 on the transit Leg 0, 51 on Leg 1 and 22 on Leg 2. Only small volume (10 liter and 2.4 liter) sample bottles were used. A breakdown of parameters sampled is given in the P13.sea and P13.sum files 2c.) Floats and drifters deployed: 17 RAFOS floats and 1 RAFOS sound source were deployed. 11 ALACE floats were deployed. 17 ADCP profiles were obtained at stations betwen 4 N - 4 S using a rosette mounted lowered ADCP instrument. Approximately number of water samples analysed: 2685 salinity 2572 oxygen 2608 nutrients 1728 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 1270 Total CO2 1265 Alkalinity Approximate number of water samples collected for shore-based analysis: 761 helium-3 296 tritium 778 AMS radiocarbon (C-14) and C-13 Continous underway ADCP measurements were made along the cruise track. Measurents of surface-layer dissolved gases and atmospheric trace gases (including nitrous oxide and halocarbons) were made along the entire ship-track. Air samples were collected at approximately 5 degrees intervals for isotopic analysis of carbon monoxide and methane. Fig. 2 shows the locations where water samples were collected for analysis of dissolved oxygen and nutrients. CFCs, TCO2, alkalinity, radiocarbon, C-13, helium-3 and tritium were collected at subsets of these locations (see .sea file for sample locations for each parameter). 3a, 3b, 3c) List of Principal Investigators for Measurements: NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) NOAA Climate Modelling and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) University of Washington (UW) Battelle Laboratory, Sequim (Bat) University of Hawaii (UH) Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) University of South Florida (USF) Academia Sinica (AS)- Peoples's Republic of China The following measurements were made: Measurement PI Inst. Internet CTD B. Taft PMEL taft@pmel.noaa.gov CFCs J. Bullister PMEL bullister@pmel.noaa.gov Tritium W. Jenkins WHOI wjj@burford.whoi.edu Helium-3 W. Jenkins WHOI wjj@burford.whoi.edu Helium-3 (deep) J. Lupton PMEL lupton@@pmel.noaa.gov Oxygen J. Bullister PMEL bullister@pmel.noaa.gov Total CO2 A. Dickson SIO adickson@ucsd.edu Total CO2 J. Downing Bat Alkalinity C. Keeling SIO cdkeeling@ucsd.edu nutrients K. Fanning USF KAF@MSL1.Marine.USF.edu DIC P. Quay UW pdquay@u.washington.edu C14 (AMS) and C-13 P. Quay UW pdquay@u.washington.edu ADCP R. Pinkel SIO rpinkel@ucsd.edu ADCP (Lowered) P. Hacker UH hacker@soest.hawaii.edu RAFOS floats/sound source S. Riser UW riser@ocean.washington.edu ALACE Floats R. Davis SIO davis@nemo.ucsd.edu Underway atmospheric and J. Bulter CMDL butler@cmdl1.cmdl.noaa.gov /dissolved gas measurements 4.) Scientific Program and Methods: Leg 0: Leg 0 of the CGC92 expedition consisted of a transit from Los Angeles to Dutch Harbor, with 4 stations occupied along the cruise track to test the CTD/rosette system. One of these stations was a re-occupation of Station 'P' (50 N, 145 W). SIO scientists tested an underway ADCP system along the cruise track. Leg 1: Leg 1 consisted of 51 stations (Sta. 5-55). The first station on this leg (Station 5) was a test CTD/rosette cast made in the Bering Sea, along the transit from Dutch Harbor to the start of the P13 line near the Kamchatka Peninsula. Sampling of the P13 section began on 21 August 1992 near the 200 meter isobath off Kamchatka. A series of stations were occupied on a southeastward transit down the continental slope and across the Kamchatka Trench. The section turned directly southward at about 51 30 N, 165 E, and continued along the 165 E meridian for the remainder of Leg 1. A RAFOS sound source was deployed at 31 N, 165 E. Nominal station spacing was 30 nautical miles from the start of the section to about 40 N. Due to a series of delays during the first part of Leg 1 (see discussion below) a decision was made at about 36 N to stretch nominal station spacing for the remainder of Leg 1 (36 N - 10 N) to 40 nautical miles. Due to concerns about possible structural deformation to Vickers, and concern over failure of a water-tight door to close properly, work on the P13 CTD/rosette section was halted on 9 September 1992 at about 30 N, and Vickers was ordered to steam directly to Kwajalein. We were unable to occupy any stations along the emergency transit to Kwajalein. A total of 17 RAFOS floats and 2 ALACE floats were deployed during Leg 1. Leg 2. Vickers remained at the dock in Kwajalein for an extended period of time for evaluation of structural integrity by two marine architects and for repair. Vickers left Kwajalein on 26 September 1992 and began steaming back to the break-off point to continue work on the P13 section. Contact was made with TOGA-COARE investigators (the group scheduled to use Vickers following the completion of the P13 section) to negotiate an extension for Leg 2, which would allow us a reasonable chance to complete the P13 section. After direct negotiations with TOGA-COARE investigators over the revised Vickers schedule, we were unable to come up with a mutually satisfactory agreement. The position held by TOGA-COARE at the end of these negotiations (requiring Vickers to be in port in Noumea on 21 October 1992) did not allow us enough time to complete the WOCE P13 section to even minimum WHP specifications. Since an agreement could not be reached between the 2 programs, the final decison was made by the Director of NOAA's Office of Global Programs, who sent instructions to USC that Vickers should arrive in Noumea on 21 October for TOGA-COARE staging. With the remaining allocated time, Vickers occupied CTD/rosette stations at a nominal spacing of about 2 degrees from 28 N to 4 N, and closer spacing from 4 N to 4 30"S. Lowered ADCP measurements were made on stations between 4 N and 4 S. The section was terminated on 17 October 1992 at 4 45 S 164 0 E in order to arrive in Noumea by the 21 October deadline. A total of 32 stations (Sta 56-88) were occupied during Leg 2 (one station- Sta. 60 was aborted and not included in the listings). A total of 9 ALACE floats were deployed during Leg 2. Discussion: A NOAA-PMEL designed 36 position, 10-liter rosette frame was used at 84 of the 88 stations on the expediton. A smaller 12-position, 2.4 liter rosette was used as a bad-weather backup system at several stations during the cruise. A General Oceanics (GO) 36 'Intelligent' underwater array (pylon) and deck unit were used with the PMEL 36 position system, along with a Neil Brown MARK III CTD (NBIS serial # 1111). We feel that the new 36 position PMEL rosette package performed well on this expediton. The newly-designed General Oceanics 36 position 'Intelligent' underwater array also performed relatively well. The GO system provides real-time information on the position of the release lever, and allows bottles to be closed in any order desired. Although a bottle (or two) often failed to close properly during casts due to 'sticky' release pins on the GO underwater array, these problems could normally be diagnosed immediately from information sent from the underwater array to the deck unit. This information gave the CTD operator the option of choosing to release another bottle at that depth if desired. Overall, the success rate acheived for closing 10-liter bottles with this new system was about 95%. 5.) Major Problems and Goals not Achieved We encountered a number of problems which led to delays while at sea, and longer-than-planned port stops. Delays were encountered leaving port in Los Angeles (1.5 days), during an emergency port stop in Port Huaneme, CA (1 day), and extended port stops in Dutch Harbor (2 days) and Kwajalein (8 days). Time was lost due to slowdowns along the cruise track because of ship mechanical problems and weather. Additional time was lost on station due to conducting cable and wire termination problems. There were problems with logging bottom depth using the shipboard PDR system. At several stations (28, 48, 53, 61) no reliable PDR bottom return could be obtained during the casts, and UNC values for these stations are not shown in the P13.sum file. Estimates of UNC bottom depths for these stations, (for use in showing bottom bathymetry, eg as shown in Fig. 2) were made by interpolation to adjacent stations, At a number of other stations, the PDR signal was too weak to be reliably deteced upon the approach of the rosette near the bottom, causing such casts to be stopped a hundred meters or more away from the sea bottom for safety purposes. A substantial amount of time was lost (8-10 days) due to the emergency breakoff of the section at 30 N, and the need to return to this point to continue the section on Leg 2. The decision that Vickers would be dropped off in Noumea for the first phase of COARE staging (rather than a port closer to the end point of the abbreviated CTD section, eg Honiara) cost additional ship and station time. Due to this series of delays, the expedition extended about 19 days past the originally scheduled completion date of 3 October 1992 in Noumea, yet a substantial number of planned stations were not occupied. We feel that the station spacing acheived along the segment north of 30 N and the section near the equator (4 N- 4 S) met WHP guidelines, and that under normal circumstances, the full P13 section would have been completed successfully during this expedition. Preliminary analysis of the data indicate that they meet WHP quality quidelines for precision and accuracy. For several chemical tracers (eg. radiocarbon, helium-tritium, CO2), the total number of samples obtained, and the average horizontal and vertical sample spacing north of 4 S is reasonably close to that originally planned for the expedition (see P13.sea file) We are disappointed with the overall outcome of the expedition. Due to the coarse station spacing between 30 N and 4 N, and the gap in the section south of 4 S, we feel that the expediton DID NOT successfully fulfill the overall requirements for WHP line P13. 7.) List of Cruise Participants: Name Nat Affil. Program Leg0 Leg1 Leg2 Internet John Bullister US PMEL Chief Sci. x x bullister@pmel.noaa.gov Bruce Taft US PMEL Chief Sci. x taft@pmel.noaa.gov Dave Wisegarver US PMEL CFCs x x wise@pmel.noaa.gov Fred Menzia US PMEL CFCs x x menzia@pmel.noaa.gov Dana Greeley US PMEL Salinity x x greeley@pmel.noaa.gov Kirk Hargreaves US PMEL Oxygen x x x kirh@pmel.noaa.gov Kristy McTaggert US PMEL CTD x x x kem@pmel.noaa.gov Mike Stapp US PMEL CTD/electron. x stapp@pmel.noaa.gov Kevin O'Brien US PMEL CTD x kobrien@pmel.noaa.gov Howard Rutherford US USF nutrients x x x HOWARD@msl1.marine.usf.edu Kevin Riskowitz US USF nutrients x x x Ron Greene US OSU helium/tritium x x Andrew Dickson US SIO Total CO2 x adickson@ucsd.edu George Anderson US SIO Total CO2 x Ron Citterman US Batt Total CO2 x x Peter Guenther US SIO Alkalinity x pguenther@ucsd.edu Guy Emanuele US SIO Alkalinity x x Lloraine Bell US SIO Alkalinity x Bing-Sun Lee Taiwan UW CFC x blee@pmel.noaa.gov Brian Salem US UW C-13, C-14 x Stagg King US UW C-13, C-14 x Beth Plotkin US UW CO x x Dale Ripley US UW Floats- CTD x Karl Newyear US UW Floats- CTD x Jim Butler US CMDL trace gases x x butler@cmdl1.cmdl.noaa.gov Jurgen Lobert Ger. CMDL trace gases x x x LOBERT@cmdl1.cmdl.erl.gov Tom Baring US CMDL trace gases x x x Rob Pinkel US SIO ADCP x rpinkel@ucsd.edu Eric Slater US SIO ADCP x Lloyd Green US SIO ADCP x Mike Goldin US SIO ADCP x Chris Neely US SIO ADCP x Amy Hsu US UCSD ADCP x Craig Huhta US U.Haw ADCP x Junshun ZHANG PRC AS CFCs x x x Lijun HAN PRC AS chemistry x x x Jeff Benson US USC Marine Tech x x x jbenson@bbsr.edu George Onodera US USC Marine Tech x x x Tony Arnold US USC Electron Tech x x x Mike Getscher US USC Owner Rep x Institution addresses: NOAA-PMEL 7600 Sand Point Way, NE Seattle, Wa 98115 USF University of South Florida Department of Marine Science 830 First Street South St. Petersburg, FL. 33702 OSU Oregon State University College of Oceanography Corvallis, OR 97331 SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, CA 92093 UW University of Washington School of Oceanography WB-10 Seattle, WA 98195 NOAA-CMDL 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 University of Hawaii JIMAR 1000 Pope Rd MSB-312 Honolulu, HA 96822 Academia Sinica Institute of Oceanology 7 Nanhai Road Qingdao, 266071 Shadong Peoples Republic of China APPENDIX 1: CGC92 STATION LOCATIONS Leg0: STATION NUMBER Latitude Longitude Date 1 36 37.8 N 123 13.5 W 7 Aug 92 2 38 04.7 N 124 49.9 W 7 Aug 92 3 41 25.7 N 128 52.2 W 8 Aug 92 4 49 59.0 N 144 59.0 W 11 Aug 92 Leg1: STATION NUMBER Latitude Longitude Date 5 54 14.7 N 171 44.6 E 17 Aug 92 6 54 14.7 N 161 06.3 E 21 Aug 92 7 54 13.1 N 161 08.0 E 21 Aug 92 8 54 07.7 N 161 09.8 E 21 Aug 92 9 54 02.5 N 161 22.0 E 21 Aug 92 10 53 33.4 N 162 03.7 E 21 Aug 92 11 53 29.0 N 162 10.4 E 22 Aug 92 12 53 26.5 N 162 22.3 E 23 Aug 92 13 53 01.2 N 162 53.8 E 23 Aug 92 14 52 31.3 N 163 35.2 E 23 Aug 92 15 52 00.9 N 164 17.3 E 24 Aug 92 16 51 29.7 N 164 59.1 E 24 Aug 92 17 50 59.1 N 164 57.7 E 25 Aug 92 18 50 30.8 N 164 57.2 E 25 Aug 92 19 49 59.1 N 165 00.1 E 25 Aug 92 20 49 30.1 N 165 00.7 E 26 Aug 92 21 48 59.6 N 164 58.3 E 26 Aug 92 22 48 29.9 N 165 01.0 E 26 Aug 92 23 47 59.4 N 165 00.1 E 26 Aug 92 24 47 30.1 N 165 00.2 E 27 Aug 92 25 46 59.9 N 164 59.2 E 27 Aug 92 26 46 30.0 N 165 01.1 E 27 Aug 92 27 45 59.7 N 164 60.0 E 28 Aug 92 28 45 29.8 N 164 58.7 E 28 Aug 92 29 44 59.4 N 164 58.9 E 30 Aug 92 30 44 29.7 N 165 00.6 E 30 Aug 92 31 44 00.2 N 164 57.8 E 31 Aug 92 32 43 30.2 N 165 01.1 E 31 Aug 92 33 43 00.5 N 164 60.0 E 31 Aug 92 34 42 30.0 N 164 59.4 E 1 Sep 92 35 42 00.7 N 165 01.9 E 1 Sep 92 36 41 29.9 N 165 00.5 E 1 Sep 92 37 41 01.3 N 164 59.4 E 2 Sep 92 38 40 30.4 N 165 00.6 E 2 Sep 92 39 40 00.9 N 165 00.2 E 2 Sep 92 40 39 29.7 N 165 01.1 E 3 Sep 92 41 39 01.2 N 165 01.2 E 3 Sep 92 42 38 28.8 N 165 02.4 E 3 Sep 92 43 37 59.4 N 165 00.4 E 4 Sep 92 44 37 30.9 N 165 01.1 E 4 Sep 92 45 37 00.9 N 164 59.9 E 5 Sep 92 46 36 31.8 N 165 00.3 E 5 Sep 92 47 36 00.8 N 165 00.5 E 5 Sep 92 48 35 21.6 N 165 00.7 E 6 Sep 92 49 34 42.0 N 165 03.2 E 6 Sep 92 50 34 02.5 N 165 03.2 E 7 Sep 92 51 33 22.6 N 165 01.0 E 7 Sep 92 52 32 41.9 N 165 01.5 E 8 Sep 92 53 31 60.0 N 165 00.5 E 8 Sep 92 54 31 19.6 N 164 59.1 E 9 Sep 92 55 30 41.3 N 164 58.5 E 10 Sep 92 Leg 2: STATION NUMBER Latitude Longitude Date 56 21 58.0 N 165 00.6 E 30 Sep 92 57 21 19.2 N 165 00.5 E 30 Sep 92 58 20 39.9 N 164 59.2 E 1 Oct 92 59 19 59.3 N 165 00.3 E 1 Oct 92 60 19 19.7 N 165 00.2 E 2 Oct 92 61 19 32.3 N 165 02.2 E 2 Oct 92 62 18 39.9 N 164 35.9 E 2 Oct 92 63 24 02.5 N 164 59.1 E 4 Oct 92 64 26 01.1 N 165 03.9 E 5 Oct 92 65 28 02.0 N 164 59.9 E 5 Oct 92 66 16 00.5 N 164 59.5 E 8 Oct 92 67 14 00.5 N 164 59.4 E 9 Oct 92 68 12 35.4 N 165 22.0 E 9 Oct 92 69 10 00.5 N 165 00.1 E 10 Oct 92 70 08 00.8 N 165 01.3 E 11 Oct 92 71 06 00.2 N 165 01.1 E 12 Oct 92 72 04 00.1 N 165 00.3 E 12 Oct 92 73 03 00.1 N 164 59.6 E 12 Oct 92 74 01 59.8 N 164 59.4 E 13 Oct 92 75 01 30.2 N 164 59.2 E 13 Oct 92 76 00 60.0 N 164 59.2 E 13 Oct 92 77 00 30.3 N 164 59.0 E 14 Oct 92 78 00 01.5 N 164 54.5 E 14 Oct 92 79 00 29.9 S 164 59.9 E 14 Oct 92 80 00 59.5 S 164 59.7 E 15 Oct 92 81 01 29.9 S 163 00.8 E 15 Oct 92 82 01 59.8 S 163 04.5 E 15 Oct 92 83 02 47.8 S 163 05.2 E 16 Oct 92 84 03 11.4 S 163 16.5 E 16 Oct 92 85 03 34.3 S 163 27.6 E 16 Oct 92 86 03 58.5 S 163 38.5 E 16 Oct 92 87 04 21.6 S 163 49.6 E 16 Oct 92 88 04 44.9 S 163 59.8 E 17 Oct 92 C.) Hydrographic Measurement Techniques and Calibrations: The following reports outline the techniques used for measuring dissolved nutrients, oxygen, CFCs, alkalinity and salinity. At the time of the preparation of this report, data for the total carbon, carbon isotopes, and helium-tritium measurements have not been reported to the Chief Scientist. These will be submitted in revised P13.sea and P13.doc reports as they are received. C1). NUTRIENTS: (Discussion provided by E. Howard Rutherford, USF. July 10 1995) All analyses were done with an Alpkem RFA/2 320 autoanalyzer. The methods used were modified from those recommended by the Alpkem Corporation. Working nutrient standards used were a mixture of phosphate, silica, nitrate and nitrite in a low nutrient natural seawater matrix. Simultaneous analyses were run on the RFA/2 for all of these nutrients. Silica: The technique utilizes the reaction of dissolved silicate with a molybdate solution to produce a silico-molybdate complex which is then reduced by addition of stannous chloride to form an intensely blue-colored molybdenum compound that is measured spectrophotometrically at its absorbance maximum of 815nm. The primary standard used was prepared from pure silicon dioxide fused and dissolved in basic solution. Phosphate: Under acidic conditions orthophosphate reacts with molybdenum (VI) and antimony (III) to form a phosphoantimonyl- molybdenum complex which is subsequently reduced by the addition of ascorbic acid. The mixed valence complex produced by the reduction is measured spectrophotometrically at its absorbance maximum of 880nm. The primary standard was solid KH2PO4 weighed out before the cruise. Nitrite: At pH between 1 and 2 all nitrite undergoes diazotization with sulfanilamide and subsequent coupling with N-1- naphthylethylenediamine. The azo dye formed is measured spectrophotometrically at 540nm. The primary standard was pre- weighed NaNO2. Nitrate+Nitrite: Nitrate present in the sample was reduced to nitrite by cadmium metal in an open tubular cadmium reactor. Nitrate + Nitrite was then measured by the nitrite method described above. The primary nitrate standard was pre-weighed KNO3. Procedure Samples were analyzed as soon as possible after each cast (usually within 2-4 hours). For each chemistry a set of five standards prepared by additions of known amounts of nutrient to a low nutrient sea water was analyzed at the beginning and end of each analytical run. Analytical runs for the 36 bottle rosette cast take about three hours to complete. At least every hour the slope of each standard curve was redetermined by analyzing the low nutrient sea water and an intermediate standard. The analytical blank used in the RFA/2 sample runs (the blank is assumed to contain no analyte for all four chemistries) was de-ionized water produced onboard the R/V Vickers. The voltage resulting from the difference in refractive index between blank and samples was sufficient to influence computed sample concentrations in the phosphate and nitrite analyses. Magnitudes of these corrections were determined nine times during the cruise. Standards and blanks were all run in triplicate and samples in duplicate. Calculations Drift of standard curve slopes has been found to be generally linear with time (see the "Nutrients" section of the WOCE Operations Manual, July 1991, section author Lou Gordon). Slope was re- determined at least every hour and drift between determinations was assumed to be linear. Drift of baseline voltage also was assumed linear for periods up to one hour. Each sample peak height was corrected for refractive index difference between blanks and samples and for baseline and standard curve drifts, assuming linear drift between determinations. c2.) Dissolved Oxygen (discussion provided by Kirk Hargreaves, PMEL. 15 Dec 1995) Oxygen samples were drawn immediately after CFC's and Helium. Calibrated 125ml nominal volume iodine determination flasks (Corning 5400-125) were used for sampling. Flasks were parially filled with sea water, capped, shaken, and emptied three time. Then, sea water was allowed to flow freely throuh the sampling tube and any air bubbles tapped away. The tube was then pinched off, inserted into the flask, and slowly opened to avoid any turbulence. Once completely opened, a wrist watch was used to time the filling rate (typically 7 seconds). Two more flask volumes were allowed to overflow the flask using the watch as a reference. Regeants were introduced immediately after sampling. The MnCl2 reagent tube was slowly inserted to the bottom of the flask and the reagent introduced. Then the NaOH/NaI regeant tube was inserted halfway into the flask and the reagent introduced. Both regeant dispensers were equipped with Brinkmann Anti-diffusion buret tips (catalog #6.1541.010) to prevent water exchange with the reagents. NOTE: more testing should be done to determine if the buret tips introdiced significant mixing of the surface water with the low oxygen water in the flask. The low oxygen data does not indicate any variation which would be expected from such mixing. Reagents were made to WOCE specifications as described by Culberson (1992). Flasks are capped at this point and vigourously shaken. After station 49, distilled water from a squirt bottle was used to seal the caps (before station 49 it was assumed expansion due to heating would maintain the seal. This was incorrect. After at least 20 minutes, the flask would be reshaken and, after station 49, resealed. Time until reshake varied from 20 minutes to 2 hours. Samples were analyzed no earlier than 20 minutes and no later than 12 hours after being reshaken. The samples for an entire station would be acidified, restopped and reshaken. Before titration of a sample, its stopper was removed and washed down. Typically, one or two open flasks would be waiting for titration. The previous three steps are not ideal and probably lead to errors in the oxygen values. Data suggests this is on the order to 0.2 umol/kg. Titration was done using Carpenter's (1965) whole bottle technique with a modification of the system described by Friederich, et al (1991). A Kloehn 50100 Syringe Drive with a 5 ml buret was used to dispense titrant (nominal 0.05 N) and has a linearity of 0.05%. New software to run the system was written by K.Hargreaves in Turbo C++ with Turbo Vision, but in hindsight it would have been better to use Friederich's software. Standardization was done using approxiametly 0.01N potassium iodate solutions prepared from pre-weighed potassium iodate crystals. Buoyancy and temperature corrections were applied to get the actual standard strength at the time of standardization. Standard was dispensed with a 1ml Lab Industries Repipet with a calibrated delivery accuracy of 0.03% (under ideal conditions). Several different total volumes (typically 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 ml) were used to generated a curve. Also, several 1ml aliquots were used to enure a good blank. A linear least squares fit was calculated using the algorith from "Numerical Recipes in C" (Press, 1988). The normalized chi-squared parameters was used to determine goodness of fit. Each new standard was compared to a reference standard. All except one agreed to within 0.3%. A correction factor was applied to samples run with the standard that did not agree, on the assumption that that standard was improperly weighed. Also, standards were compared to potassium iodate from a different manufacturer. No significant difference was found. From duplicate oxygen samples drawn, the estimated reproducibility is 0.5 umol/kg. The accuracy of the standardization is estimated to be 0.4%. This is calculated by adding by quadartures the repeatability of the standards (0.3%), the drift in the standardization in half a day (0.25%) and a 0.1% estimate of the accuracy of the standards. The total accuracy is esimated to be 0.4% of value + 0.5 umol/kg. Oxygen were converted from umol/l to umol/kg by dividing by the density of the water at the time of sampling. Water temperature was measured using a Cole-Parmer G-08497-00 Pt-RTD thermometer together with a Sensing Devices GW2107-01 thin film 100 ohm Pt-RTD (not calibrated, however). Density was calculated using the formula in Culberson (1992). Also, the amount of oxygen present in the reagents (0.0017 ml O2 = 0.076 umol O2, Culberson) was subtracted from the total measured amount of oxygen in the flask. 1.2 Oxygen References Culberson, C.H., "Dissolved Oxygen", WHP Operations and Methods, WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1, July 1992. Carpenter, J.H., (1965) "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method", Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 10, pp. 141-143. Friederich, G.E., Codispoti, L.A., and Sakamoto, C.M., "An Easy-to-Construct Automated Winkler Titration System", MBARI Technical Report 91-6, August 1991. Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A., and Vetterling, W.T., Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988. C3.) Bottle Salinity Measurements (discussion provided by D.Greeley, PMEL. 11 April 1996) The salinity analysis aboard R/V John Vickers in the fall of 1992 was determined exclusively with a Guildline 8400 Autosal. This instrument was located in a temperature controlled van located on the aft end of the ship. The van was kept at 20.5 degrees celsius +/- 1 degree celsius. The bath of the autosal was kept at 21 degrees and proved to be very stable throughout the cruise. Standardization of the autosal was carried out with IAPSO Standard Seawater batch P114. There were ampoules of standard water which was clearly incorrect by comparison to the other vials and thus were not used. The P114 standard water was also compared to 5 ampoules from another batch of IAPSO water, P90. The results from this comparison agreed favorably with the Scripps comparison done in 1986 (Mantyla, Arnold: Standard Seawater Comparisons Updated, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol 17, 543-548, 1987). C4.) CFC Measurements (discussion provided by J.Bullister, PMEL 11 April 1996) CFCs were usually the first water sample collected from the 10 liter bottles. Care was taken to co-ordinate the sampling of CFCs with other gas samples to minimize the time between the inital opening of each bottle and the completion of sample drawing. In most cases, helium, tritium, dissolved oxygen, total CO2, alkalinity and pH samples were collected within several minutes of the intial opening of each bottle. CFC samples were collected in 100 ml precision glass syringes, and held immersed in a water bath until processing. The CFC analytical system functioned relatively well during this expedition. The CFC system was installed in a specially designed laboratory van located on deck, and was isolated from possible contamination from high levels of CFCs which are sometimes present in air inside ship laboratories. Concentration of CFCs in air inside this van were usually close to those of clean marine air. Concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air samples, seawater and gas standards on the cruise were measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography, according to the methods described by Bullister and Weiss (1988). The concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, seawater samples and gas standards are reported relative to the SIO 1986 calibration scale. CFC concentrations in air and standard gas are reported in units of mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and are typically in parts-per-trillion (ppt) range. Dissolved CFC concentrations are given in unit of picomole CFC per kg seawater (pmol/kg). CFC concentrations in air and seawater samples were determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point calibration curves, generated by injecting known volumes of gas from a CFC working standard (PMEL cylinder 71489) into the analytical instrument. This concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in this working standard were calibrated versus a primary CFC standard (CC36743) before and after the cruise. No measurable drift in the working standard could be detected during this interval. Full range calibration curves were run at 1 to 2 day intervals. Single injections of a fixed volume of standard gas were run much more frequently (at intervals of 1 to 2 hours) to monitor short term changes in detector sensitivity. The estimated reproducibility of the calibrations is about 1.3% for CFC-11 and 0.5% for CFC-12. We estimate a precision (1 standard deviation) for dissolved CFC measurements of about 1%, or 0.005 pmol/kg, whichever is greater. Sample loops filled with CFC-free gas, and syringe samples of CFC-free water (degassed in a specially designed glass chamber) were run to check sampling and analytical blanks. CFC-11 and CFC-12 concentrations measured in deep samples along the section were typically in the range of 0 to 0.007 pmol/kg, near the detection limit of the analytical system (~0.004 pmol/kg). Previous studies (Warner, et al 1996) of time-dependent tracers in this region of the Pacific indicate that waters at densities sigma0>27.4 should have CFC concentrations near zero at present. We attribute the low level CFC signal in deep samples to the slow release of CFC from the walls and O-rings of the 10 liter bottles into the seawater sample during storage, and to contamination during the transfer and storage of the seawater samples in glass syringes prior to analysis. Based on the median concentrations observed in deep water samples along the secion, the following blank correction were applied to the seawater measurements: CFC-11 blank corrections applied (in pmol/kg): Sta. 1-43: 0.010 pmol/kg Sta. 44-88: 0.008 pmol/kg CFC-12 blank corrections applied (in pmol/kg): Sta. 1-4 0.000 Sta. 5-23 0.021 Sta. 24-27 0.034 Sta. 28-52 0.018 Sta. 53-88 0.009 As a result of this blank correction, some concentrations reported for deep samples are less than zero. A number of water samples had anomously high CFC11 and/or CFC11 concentrations relative to adjacent samples. These high values appeared to occur more or less randomly, and were not clearly associated with other features in the water column (eg. elevated oxygen concentrations). In most cases, only one of the 2 CFCs measured showed these anomolously high levels. This suggests that the high values were due to analytical variabilty or isolated low-level contamination events. These samples are included in this report and are flagged as either 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) measurements. Approximately 181 analyses of CFC-11 and 76 analyses of CFC-12 were given flags of 3 or 4. References: Bullister, J.L. and R.F. Weiss, Determination of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in seawater and air. Deep-Sea Research, 35 (5), 839-853, 1988. Warner, M. W., J.L. Bullister, D.P. Wisegarver, R.H. Gammon and R.F. Weiss, Basin wide Distributions of Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the North Pacific: 1985-1989, (submitted to J. Geophysical Research) f.) Replicate analyses of CFC-11 (relicate analyses of samples from the same Niskin bottle): Stnnbr Sampno CFC-11 (pmol/kg) 3 103 0.008 3 103 -0.002 4 115 0.019 4 115 0.030 4 125 1.093 4 125 1.081 4 128 2.709 4 128 2.672 4 129 2.906 4 129 3.103 4 130 3.727 4 130 3.725 4 131 4.219 4 131 4.226 4 132 4.733 4 132 4.658 4 134 4.312 4 134 4.219 4 135 3.380 4 135 3.524 4 136 3.553 4 136 3.464 5 134 4.521 5 134 4.501 5 135 4.492 5 135 4.539 8 113 0.904 8 113 0.903 8 119 6.090 8 119 6.045 9 122 2.177 9 122 2.162 9 129 4.902 9 129 4.955 10 105 0.000 10 105 0.001 13 101 0.004 13 101 0.005 13 133 6.043 13 133 6.173 14 122 0.169 14 122 0.174 14 128 1.254 14 128 1.258 14 134 6.053 14 134 6.138 15 121 0.179 15 121 0.180 15 127 1.503 15 127 1.542 15 134 5.868 15 134 5.958 16 122 0.377 16 122 0.372 16 126 1.675 16 126 1.692 16 132 5.507 16 132 5.574 18 102 0.001 18 102 -0.001 18 107 0.005 18 107 -0.002 18 122 0.205 18 122 0.193 19 121 0.127 19 121 0.139 19 131 5.950 19 131 5.928 19 136 4.315 19 136 4.255 20 102 -0.001 20 102 -0.002 20 106 0.001 20 106 0.007 20 110 0.001 20 110 0.000 21 101 -0.001 21 101 -0.002 21 106 0.000 21 106 0.004 23 120 0.083 23 120 0.078 25 108 -0.001 25 108 0.012 25 118 0.116 25 118 0.045 25 122 0.218 25 122 0.200 25 132 6.378 25 132 6.264 26 108 0.001 26 108 0.005 26 112 0.002 26 112 -0.002 27 107 -0.001 27 107 0.001 28 110 5.378 28 110 5.448 29 102 0.003 29 102 0.005 29 118 0.140 29 118 0.136 29 120 0.273 29 120 0.272 30 121 0.334 30 121 0.331 31 133 5.373 31 133 5.455 31 135 4.557 31 135 4.547 32 116 0.100 32 116 0.096 32 120 0.447 32 120 0.461 32 129 4.449 32 129 4.417 32 135 3.219 32 135 3.139 33 117 0.089 33 117 0.093 33 121 0.402 33 121 0.400 34 116 0.092 34 116 0.090 34 122 1.350 34 122 1.352 35 117 0.039 35 117 0.046 35 122 0.412 35 122 0.413 35 129 3.858 35 129 3.887 37 111 0.001 37 111 -0.001 37 113 0.006 37 113 0.006 37 116 0.052 37 116 0.056 37 124 1.988 37 124 2.019 37 124 1.998 37 132 3.733 37 132 3.681 38 116 0.076 38 116 0.073 38 120 0.609 38 120 0.612 39 120 0.329 39 120 0.329 39 130 3.902 39 130 3.829 41 115 0.049 41 115 0.048 41 117 0.242 41 117 0.233 41 130 2.988 41 130 3.067 43 106 1.082 43 106 1.084 47 116 0.094 47 116 0.100 47 129 3.110 47 129 2.868 48 119 0.185 48 119 0.185 48 125 2.500 48 125 2.482 49 117 0.029 49 117 0.030 49 121 0.624 49 121 0.599 49 130 3.013 49 130 3.034 50 105 -0.003 50 105 0.006 50 119 0.539 50 119 0.535 50 127 2.111 50 127 2.104 51 119 0.735 51 119 0.770 51 129 2.402 51 129 2.411 52 103 -0.002 52 103 0.005 52 122 2.340 52 122 2.379 52 130 2.510 52 130 2.504 53 102 -0.001 53 102 -0.001 53 110 2.440 53 110 2.412 54 122 2.148 54 122 2.287 54 135 1.786 54 135 1.795 55 118 0.556 55 118 0.565 55 125 2.417 55 125 2.392 56 101 0.016 56 101 0.018 56 118 0.021 56 118 0.021 56 122 0.484 56 122 0.479 56 126 2.351 56 126 2.302 56 132 2.385 56 132 2.404 57 122 0.497 57 122 0.490 59 120 0.018 59 120 0.016 59 122 0.460 59 122 0.460 59 126 2.443 59 126 2.448 59 130 2.341 59 130 2.363 61 119 0.009 61 119 0.009 61 121 0.311 61 121 0.295 61 129 2.044 61 129 2.053 62 118 0.013 62 118 0.013 62 124 2.367 62 124 2.345 63 120 1.484 63 120 1.562 63 122 2.360 63 122 2.398 63 129 2.486 63 129 2.415 64 120 1.290 64 120 1.276 64 122 2.275 64 122 2.298 64 125 2.484 64 125 2.481 64 135 1.839 64 135 1.825 65 118 0.137 65 118 0.140 65 121 1.599 65 121 1.570 65 124 2.555 65 124 2.484 65 130 2.684 65 130 2.670 66 121 0.006 66 121 0.014 66 130 2.062 66 130 2.082 67 122 0.016 67 122 0.017 67 124 0.362 67 124 0.330 67 130 1.998 67 130 2.075 68 122 0.038 68 122 0.039 68 124 0.132 68 124 0.137 68 126 0.648 68 126 0.662 68 128 2.056 68 128 2.060 68 132 1.739 68 132 1.734 69 116 0.000 69 116 -0.001 69 123 0.071 69 123 0.037 69 125 0.095 69 125 0.094 69 127 0.350 69 127 0.344 69 132 2.001 69 132 2.000 70 122 0.035 70 122 0.038 70 124 0.071 70 124 0.065 70 128 0.503 70 128 0.502 70 131 1.943 70 131 1.938 70 131 1.948 70 132 1.796 70 132 1.811 70 134 1.575 70 134 1.592 71 125 0.194 71 125 0.189 71 128 0.878 71 128 0.885 72 125 0.232 72 125 0.233 73 124 1.299 73 124 1.304 73 129 1.628 73 129 1.633 74 126 0.567 74 126 0.572 74 132 1.480 74 132 1.569 75 128 1.421 75 128 1.453 76 128 1.463 76 128 1.424 76 132 1.548 76 132 1.558 78 122 0.153 78 122 0.155 78 126 0.764 78 126 0.754 78 130 1.509 78 130 1.506 80 126 0.597 80 126 0.604 80 131 1.547 80 131 1.562 82 125 0.352 82 125 0.349 82 131 1.571 82 131 1.585 83 124 0.375 83 124 0.379 83 128 1.102 83 128 1.105 84 124 0.213 84 124 0.209 84 127 0.757 84 127 0.755 84 131 1.469 84 131 1.600 86 119 0.119 86 119 0.119 86 122 0.655 86 122 0.648 86 127 1.564 86 127 1.543 Replicate analyses of CFC-12 (relicate analyses of samples from the same Niskin bottle): STNNBR SAMPNO CFC-12 (pmol/kg) 3 103 0.000 3 103 0.000 4 107 0.000 4 107 0.000 4 110 0.000 4 110 0.000 4 115 0.000 4 115 0.000 4 125 0.472 4 125 0.477 4 128 1.201 4 128 1.207 4 129 1.335 4 129 1.411 4 130 1.737 4 130 1.738 4 131 1.999 4 131 2.023 4 132 2.223 4 132 2.188 4 134 2.032 4 134 1.933 4 135 1.737 4 135 1.790 4 136 1.773 4 136 1.787 5 134 2.112 5 134 2.057 5 135 2.094 5 135 2.047 8 113 0.402 8 113 0.404 8 119 2.732 8 119 2.772 9 122 0.976 9 122 0.951 9 129 2.290 9 129 2.324 12 122 0.079 12 122 0.077 12 133 2.743 12 133 2.773 12 134 2.919 12 134 2.824 13 133 2.772 13 133 2.794 14 128 0.538 14 128 0.534 14 134 2.754 14 134 2.771 15 127 0.652 15 127 0.656 15 134 2.674 15 134 2.723 16 122 0.167 16 122 0.171 16 126 0.740 16 126 0.807 16 132 2.568 16 132 2.616 18 103 -0.021 18 103 0.003 18 107 -0.021 18 107 -0.021 18 111 -0.021 18 111 -0.021 18 136 2.057 18 136 1.989 19 131 2.696 19 131 2.752 19 136 2.098 19 136 2.094 20 106 0.007 20 106 0.003 20 110 -0.021 20 110 -0.001 21 101 0.010 21 101 0.002 21 106 -0.001 21 106 0.004 22 124 0.201 22 124 0.190 23 105 0.000 23 105 0.008 23 120 0.034 23 120 0.035 24 112 -0.003 24 112 -0.009 25 108 -0.002 25 108 -0.003 25 118 0.047 25 118 0.023 25 122 0.100 25 122 0.085 25 132 2.893 25 132 2.878 26 108 0.006 26 108 0.005 26 109 0.006 26 109 0.005 26 112 0.001 26 112 -0.001 27 107 -0.001 27 107 -0.006 28 110 2.548 28 110 2.516 29 102 0.012 29 102 0.010 29 118 0.068 29 118 0.068 29 120 0.131 29 120 0.128 30 121 0.153 30 121 0.151 31 133 2.530 31 133 2.493 31 135 2.143 31 135 2.145 32 116 0.042 32 116 0.039 32 120 0.199 32 120 0.199 32 129 2.077 32 129 2.051 32 135 1.579 32 135 1.552 33 117 0.038 33 117 0.037 33 121 0.178 33 121 0.177 34 116 0.038 34 116 0.040 34 122 0.592 34 122 0.594 35 117 0.010 35 117 0.021 35 122 0.181 35 122 0.184 35 129 1.819 35 129 1.793 37 111 -0.001 37 111 -0.004 37 113 0.002 37 113 -0.004 37 116 0.017 37 116 0.021 37 124 0.882 37 124 0.894 37 124 0.883 37 132 1.691 37 132 1.732 38 116 0.030 38 116 0.032 38 120 0.269 38 120 0.270 39 115 0.024 39 115 0.022 39 120 0.140 39 120 0.146 39 130 1.836 39 130 1.795 41 115 0.023 41 115 0.027 41 117 0.108 41 117 0.104 41 130 1.461 41 130 1.476 42 117 0.094 42 117 0.097 43 106 0.494 43 106 0.518 47 116 0.048 47 116 0.042 47 119 0.310 47 119 0.309 47 129 1.502 47 129 1.359 48 119 0.089 48 119 0.085 48 125 1.129 48 125 1.138 49 117 0.019 49 117 0.014 49 121 0.277 49 121 0.268 49 130 1.468 49 130 1.466 50 105 -0.018 50 105 0.008 50 119 0.250 50 119 0.241 50 127 0.991 50 127 1.021 51 119 0.335 51 119 0.343 51 129 1.215 51 129 1.223 52 103 -0.003 52 103 0.005 52 122 1.048 52 122 1.057 52 130 1.228 52 130 1.234 53 110 1.145 53 110 1.121 54 122 1.050 54 122 1.086 54 135 0.927 54 135 0.939 55 118 0.243 55 118 0.247 55 125 1.186 55 125 1.174 56 101 0.002 56 101 0.003 56 118 -0.009 56 118 0.008 56 122 0.245 56 122 0.261 56 126 1.233 56 126 1.186 56 132 1.278 56 132 1.283 57 120 0.038 57 120 0.022 57 122 0.264 57 122 0.278 59 120 0.020 59 120 0.013 59 122 0.249 59 122 0.244 59 126 1.225 59 126 1.224 59 130 1.221 59 130 1.230 61 119 0.007 61 119 0.005 61 121 0.169 61 121 0.166 61 129 1.123 61 129 1.141 62 118 0.007 62 118 0.010 62 124 1.197 62 124 1.181 63 120 0.745 63 120 0.727 63 122 1.188 63 122 1.211 63 129 1.300 63 129 1.280 64 120 0.611 64 120 0.618 64 122 1.115 64 122 1.139 64 125 1.282 64 125 1.266 64 135 1.009 64 135 1.027 65 118 0.065 65 118 0.071 65 121 0.772 65 121 0.764 65 124 1.272 65 124 1.242 65 130 1.375 65 130 1.381 66 121 0.002 66 121 0.009 66 123 0.028 66 123 0.030 66 130 1.103 66 130 1.074 67 122 0.006 67 122 0.006 67 124 0.188 67 124 0.179 67 130 1.086 67 130 1.131 68 122 0.016 68 122 0.017 68 124 0.073 68 124 0.070 68 126 0.349 68 126 0.351 68 128 1.121 68 128 1.093 68 132 0.971 68 132 0.999 69 116 0.002 69 116 -0.003 69 123 0.023 69 123 0.019 69 125 0.049 69 125 0.052 69 127 0.180 69 127 0.188 69 132 1.088 69 132 1.073 70 122 0.022 70 122 0.018 70 124 0.032 70 124 0.038 70 128 0.266 70 128 0.268 70 131 1.039 70 131 1.036 70 131 1.046 70 132 0.963 70 132 0.983 70 134 0.908 70 134 0.902 71 125 0.108 71 125 0.113 71 128 0.450 71 128 0.475 72 125 0.129 72 125 0.135 73 124 0.728 73 124 0.667 73 129 0.894 73 129 0.871 74 126 0.337 74 126 0.322 74 132 0.851 74 132 0.899 75 128 0.754 75 128 0.740 76 128 0.788 76 128 0.765 76 132 0.851 76 132 0.851 78 122 0.097 78 122 0.097 78 126 0.430 78 126 0.426 78 130 0.828 78 130 0.846 80 126 0.327 80 126 0.339 80 131 0.834 80 131 0.871 82 125 0.202 82 125 0.190 82 131 0.852 82 131 0.872 83 124 0.214 83 124 0.206 83 128 0.596 83 128 0.595 84 124 0.121 84 124 0.119 84 127 0.420 84 127 0.418 84 131 0.795 84 131 0.881 86 119 0.069 86 119 0.062 86 122 0.362 86 122 0.363 86 127 0.849 86 127 0.853 B) Underway Measurements B6.) Underway Measurements of Atmospheric CFCs: (see Section above for discussion of CFC analysis techniqes and units) Time F11 F12 Date (hhmm) Latitude Longitude PPT PPT 7 Aug 92 0209 36 37.0 N 123 13.5 W 268.0 509.8 7 Aug 92 0231 36 37.0 N 123 13.5 W 271.2 509.6 7 Aug 92 0242 36 37.0 N 123 13.5 W 271.6 510.9 7 Aug 92 0252 36 37.0 N 123 13.5 W 270.6 510.5 9 Aug 92 2247 44 29.0 N 133 41.0 W 275.1 505.0 9 Aug 92 2257 44 29.0 N 133 41.0 W 266.8 503.1 9 Aug 92 2305 44 29.0 N 133 41.0 W 269.7 505.0 9 Aug 92 2316 44 29.0 N 133 41.0 W 270.2 505.6 13 Aug 92 2301 53 10.8 N 157 53.8 W 265.2 503.2 18 Aug 92 2334 53 10.8 N 157 53.8 W 272.9 511.7 18 Aug 92 2345 53 10.8 N 157 53.8 W 273.4 510.0 18 Aug 92 2356 53 10.8 N 157 53.8 W 273.1 513.7 19 Aug 92 0007 53 10.8 N 157 53.8 W 272.1 511.1 19 Aug 92 2124 54 00.0 N 165 00.0 W 270.4 509.8 19 Aug 92 2219 54 00.0 N 165 00.0 W 275.5 517.3 19 Aug 92 2230 54 00.0 N 165 00.0 W 275.7 513.3 19 Aug 92 2241 54 00.0 N 165 00.0 W 275.0 512.2 19 Aug 92 2256 54 00.0 N 165 00.0 W 276.4 518.7 20 Aug 92 0937 54 15.0 N 167 15.5 W 272.8 511.6 20 Aug 92 0948 54 15.0 N 167 15.5 W 272.7 511.9 20 Aug 92 0959 54 15.0 N 167 15.5 W 272.5 513.5 20 Aug 92 1012 54 15.0 N 167 15.5 W 271.5 527.6 23 Aug 92 0431 53 29.0 N 162 10.0 E 272.0 509.6 23 Aug 92 0442 53 29.0 N 162 10.0 E 273.3 512.3 23 Aug 92 0453 53 29.0 N 162 10.0 E 272.8 514.1 25 Aug 92 1533 50 30.0 N 165 00.0 E 272.8 520.2 25 Aug 92 1543 50 30.0 N 165 00.0 E 275.7 515.7 25 Aug 92 1552 50 30.0 N 165 00.0 E 274.5 513.4 29 Aug 92 1440 44 45.0 N 164 57.0 E 270.8 514.3 29 Aug 92 1451 44 45.0 N 164 57.0 E 271.1 517.8 29 Aug 92 1502 44 45.0 N 164 57.0 E 272.0 515.1 29 Aug 92 1515 44 45.0 N 164 57.0 E 273.1 512.6 29 Aug 92 1552 44 45.0 N 164 57.0 E 271.4 511.6 29 Aug 92 1604 44 45.0 N 164 57.0 E 271.9 511.8 29 Aug 92 1617 44 45.0 N 164 57.0 E 273.5 513.1 29 Aug 92 1628 44 45.0 N 164 57.0 E 270.3 514.5 1 Sep 92 0133 43 30.0 N 165 00.0 E 271.1 519.4 1 Sep 92 0147 43 30.0 N 165 00.0 E 272.6 516.9 1 Sep 92 0158 43 30.0 N 165 00.0 E 271.0 515.8 1 Sep 92 0210 43 30.0 N 165 00.0 E 273.3 516.2 5 Sep 92 0534 37 01.7 N 164 59.7 E 276.7 508.2 5 Sep 92 0545 37 01.7 N 164 59.7 E 272.4 511.5 5 Sep 92 0558 37 01.7 N 164 59.7 E 273.6 513.1 7 Sep 92 0918 33 57.8 N 165 25.4 E 269.4 513.4 7 Sep 92 0929 33 57.8 N 165 25.4 E 269.3 515.1 7 Sep 92 0940 33 57.8 N 165 25.4 E 269.1 514.7 7 Sep 92 0952 33 57.8 N 165 25.4 E 270.3 516.5 8 Sep 92 0751 32 47.0 N 165 03.0 E 269.4 509.8 8 Sep 92 0803 32 47.0 N 165 03.0 E 269.8 513.0 8 Sep 92 0814 32 47.0 N 165 03.0 E 270.0 512.6 8 Sep 92 0825 32 47.0 N 165 03.0 E 270.0 512.1 8 Sep 92 0836 32 47.0 N 165 03.0 E 270.8 511.3 9 Sep 92 0703 30 43.0 N 164 59.7 E 271.8 510.2 9 Sep 92 0714 30 43.0 N 164 59.7 E 270.3 511.3 9 Sep 92 0725 30 43.0 N 164 59.7 E 270.8 511.0 9 Sep 92 0737 30 43.0 N 164 59.7 E 273.5 511.5 28 Sep 92 0241 14 44.2 N 165 50.3 E 273.6 508.4 28 Sep 92 0252 14 44.2 N 165 50.3 E 270.6 509.9 28 Sep 92 0302 14 44.2 N 165 50.3 E 270.7 507.1 28 Sep 92 0342 14 44.2 N 165 50.3 E 268.9 509.7 29 Sep 92 0341 19 49.5 N 165 35.3 E 272.5 519.6 29 Sep 92 0354 19 49.5 N 165 35.3 E 273.5 519.4 29 Sep 92 0406 19 49.5 N 165 35.3 E 272.1 515.5 29 Sep 92 0419 19 49.5 N 165 35.3 E 273.1 515.8 30 Sep 92 0451 22 53.0 N 165 07.1 E 272.6 521.9 30 Sep 92 0503 22 53.0 N 165 07.1 E 271.6 521.4 30 Sep 92 0514 22 53.0 N 165 07.1 E 272.4 519.2 30 Sep 92 0526 22 53.0 N 165 07.1 E 272.1 516.9 1 Oct 92 2104 19 49.0 N 165 00.0 E 271.0 511.9 1 Oct 92 2132 19 49.0 N 165 00.0 E 270.2 511.0 1 Oct 92 2143 19 49.0 N 165 00.0 E 271.8 512.6 1 Oct 92 2153 19 49.0 N 165 00.0 E 271.7 512.1 4 Oct 92 0334 19 49.0 N 165 00.0 E 271.6 510.0 4 Oct 92 0346 23 26.5 N 164 57.7 E 271.5 510.4 4 Oct 92 0357 23 26.5 N 164 57.7 E 271.7 512.6 4 Oct 92 0409 23 26.5 N 164 57.7 E 271.8 510.4 6 Oct 92 0018 23 26.5 N 164 57.7 E 272.0 510.5 6 Oct 92 0029 23 26.5 N 164 57.7 E 271.1 511.8 6 Oct 92 0043 23 26.5 N 164 57.7 E 270.9 512.3 8 Oct 92 0350 17 57.9 N 164 57.6 E 268.9 509.3 8 Oct 92 0401 17 57.9 N 164 57.6 E 267.5 503.1 8 Oct 92 0415 17 57.9 N 164 57.6 E 263.9 498.8 8 Oct 92 0426 17 57.9 N 164 57.6 E 268.1 506.6 8 Oct 92 0452 17 57.9 N 164 57.6 E 270.9 513.5 8 Oct 92 0503 17 57.9 N 164 57.6 E 270.8 514.3 8 Oct 92 0516 17 57.9 N 164 57.6 E 271.9 513.2 8 Oct 92 0527 17 57.9 N 164 57.6 E 270.1 512.0 10 Oct 92 0057 12 35.5 N 165 22.0 E 270.7 502.8 10 Oct 92 0108 12 35.5 N 165 22.0 E 266.2 504.1 10 Oct 92 0119 12 35.5 N 165 22.0 E 265.2 505.9 10 Oct 92 2322 10 01.3 N 165 00.0 E 267.6 502.2 10 Oct 92 2334 10 01.3 N 165 00.0 E 267.0 505.4 10 Oct 92 2345 10 01.3 N 165 00.0 E 267.6 506.3 15 Oct 92 0311 01 00.0 S 164 59.8 E 266.8 502.8 15 Oct 92 0327 01 00.0 S 164 59.8 E 266.2 504.3 15 Oct 92 0342 01 00.0 S 164 59.8 E 266.2 504.6 15 Oct 92 0356 01 00.0 S 164 59.8 E 266.0 504.8 17 Oct 92 2237 08 11.0 S 163 33.0 E 265.0 502.7 17 Oct 92 2249 08 11.0 S 163 33.0 E 264.5 500.8 17 Oct 92 2301 08 11.0 S 163 33.0 E 264.5 499.4 17 Oct 92 2312 08 11.0 S 163 33.0 E 265.7 501.3 Underway Measurements of Atmospheric CFCs, interpolated to Station Locations: (see section above for discussion of CFC analysis techniqes and units) STATION F11 F12 NUMBER Latitude Longitude Date PPT PPT 1 36 37.9 N 123 13.5 W 7 Aug 92 270.4 507.4 2 38 04.7 N 124 49.9 W 7 Aug 92 270.4 507.4 3 41 25.7 N 128 52.2 W 8 Aug 92 270.4 507.4 4 49 59.0 N 144 59.0 W 11 Aug 92 270.0 505.6 5 54 14.7 N 171 44.6 W 17 Aug 92 273.6 515.1 6 54 14.6 N 161 06.6 E 21 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 7 54 13.1 N 161 08.0 E 21 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 8 54 07.7 N 161 09.8 E 21 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 9 54 02.4 N 161 20.5 E 21 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 10 53 33.4 N 162 03.7 E 21 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 11 53 29.0 N 162 10.4 E 22 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 12 53 26.5 N 162 22.3 E 23 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 13 53 01.2 N 162 53.8 E 23 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 14 52 31.3 N 163 35.2 E 23 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 15 52 01.0 N 164 17.3 E 24 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 16 51 29.6 N 164 59.1 E 24 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 17 50 59.1 N 164 57.7 E 25 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 18 50 30.8 N 164 57.2 E 25 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 19 49 59.1 N 165 00.1 E 25 Aug 92 273.5 514.2 20 49 30.1 N 165 00.7 E 26 Aug 92 272.5 514.0 21 48 59.6 N 164 58.3 E 26 Aug 92 272.5 514.0 22 48 29.9 N 165 01.0 E 26 Aug 92 272.5 514.6 23 47 59.3 N 165 00.1 E 26 Aug 92 272.5 514.6 24 47 30.1 N 165 00.2 E 27 Aug 92 272.5 514.6 25 46 59.9 N 164 59.2 E 27 Aug 92 271.8 513.9 26 46 30.0 N 165 01.1 E 27 Aug 92 271.8 513.9 27 45 59.7 N 165 00.0 E 28 Aug 92 271.8 513.9 28 45 29.8 N 164 58.7 E 28 Aug 92 271.8 513.9 29 44 59.5 N 164 58.9 E 30 Aug 92 271.8 513.9 30 44 29.7 N 165 00.5 E 30 Aug 92 271.8 514.9 31 44 00.2 N 164 57.8 E 31 Aug 92 271.8 514.9 32 43 30.2 N 165 01.1 E 31 Aug 92 271.8 514.9 33 43 00.5 N 165 00.0 E 31 Aug 92 271.8 514.9 34 42 30.5 N 165 00.1 E 1 Sep 92 271.8 514.9 35 42 00.7 N 165 01.9 E 1 Sep 92 271.8 514.9 36 41 30.4 N 165 00.7 E 1 Sep 92 271.8 514.9 37 41 02.6 N 165 00.3 E 2 Sep 92 271.8 514.9 38 40 30.4 N 165 00.6 E 2 Sep 92 273.0 514.5 39 40 00.9 N 165 00.2 E 2 Sep 92 273.0 514.5 40 39 29.8 N 165 01.1 E 3 Sep 92 273.0 514.5 41 39 01.2 N 165 01.3 E 3 Sep 92 273.0 514.5 42 38 28.9 N 165 04.8 E 3 Sep 92 271.5 513.2 43 37 56.7 N 164 59.3 E 4 Sep 92 271.5 513.2 44 37 30.1 N 165 01.3 E 4 Sep 92 271.5 513.2 45 37 02.3 N 164 59.5 E 5 Sep 92 271.5 513.2 46 36 31.8 N 165 00.4 E 5 Sep 92 271.5 513.2 47 36 00.8 N 165 00.5 E 5 Sep 92 271.5 513.2 48 35 21.6 N 165 00.7 E 6 Sep 92 271.5 513.2 49 34 42.0 N 165 03.2 E 6 Sep 92 269.8 513.2 50 34 02.5 N 165 03.2 E 7 Sep 92 269.8 513.2 51 33 22.6 N 165 01.0 E 7 Sep 92 269.8 513.2 52 32 41.9 N 165 01.5 E 8 Sep 92 270.3 512.5 53 32 00.0 N 165 00.5 E 8 Sep 92 270.3 512.5 54 31 19.6 N 164 59.0 E 9 Sep 92 270.7 511.4 55 30 41.3 N 164 58.5 E 10 Sep 92 270.7 511.4 56 21 56.0 N 165 00.0 E 30 Sep 92 271.8 514.7 57 21 19.2 N 165 00.5 E 30 Sep 92 272.0 515.9 58 20 39.9 N 164 59.2 E 1 Oct 92 271.9 514.2 59 19 59.3 N 165 00.3 E 1 Oct 92 271.9 514.2 61 19 32.3 N 165 02.2 E 2 Oct 92 271.9 514.2 62 18 39.9 N 164 35.9 E 2 Oct 92 269.0 508.8 63 24 00.4 N 165 00.2 E 4 Oct 92 271.5 511.3 64 26 00.8 N 165 02.0 E 5 Oct 92 271.5 511.3 65 28 02.0 N 164 59.9 E 5 Oct 92 271.5 511.3 66 16 00.5 N 164 59.5 E 8 Oct 92 269.0 508.8 67 14 00.5 N 164 59.4 E 9 Oct 92 268.3 507.0 68 12 35.4 N 165 22.0 E 9 Oct 92 267.4 504.5 69 10 00.5 N 165 00.1 E 10 Oct 92 267.4 504.5 70 08 00.8 N 165 01.3 E 11 Oct 92 267.4 504.5 71 06 00.2 N 165 01.1 E 12 Oct 92 267.4 504.5 72 04 00.1 N 165 00.3 E 12 Oct 92 266.8 504.3 73 03 00.1 N 164 59.6 E 12 Oct 92 266.8 504.3 74 01 59.8 N 164 59.4 E 13 Oct 92 266.8 504.3 75 01 30.2 N 164 59.2 E 13 Oct 92 266.8 504.3 76 01 00.0 N 164 59.2 E 13 Oct 92 266.1 503.1 77 00 30.3 N 164 59.0 E 14 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 78 00 01.4 N 164 54.5 E 14 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 79 00 29.9 S 164 59.9 E 14 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 80 00 59.5 S 164 59.6 E 15 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 81 01 29.9 S 164 59.2 E 15 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 82 01 59.8 S 164 55.5 E 15 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 83 02 47.8 S 164 54.8 E 16 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 84 03 11.5 S 164 43.6 E 16 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 85 03 34.3 S 164 32.3 E 16 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 86 03 58.5 S 164 21.5 E 16 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 87 04 21.6 S 164 10.4 E 16 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 88 04 44.9 S 164 00.2 E 17 Oct 92 265.6 502.6 D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Funds for shiptime and measurment programs was supplied by NOAA's Climate and Global Change Program (NOAA-C&GC). Funds for the nutrient measurment program was supplied by the US National Science Foundation and NOAA-C&GC. APPENDIX 1. P13 (CGC96) Station locations: Leg 0 STNNBR Latitude Longitude Date 1 36 37.9 N 123 13.5 W 7 Aug 92 2 38 04.7 N 124 49.9 W 7 Aug 92 3 41 25.7 N 128 52.2 W 8 Aug 92 4 49 59.0 N 144 59.0 W 11 Aug 92 Leg 1 STNNBR Latitude Longitude Date 5 54 14.7 N 171 44.6 W 17 Aug 92 6 54 14.6 N 161 06.6 E 21 Aug 92 7 54 13.1 N 161 08.0 E 21 Aug 92 8 54 07.7 N 161 09.8 E 21 Aug 92 9 54 02.4 N 161 20.5 E 21 Aug 92 10 53 33.4 N 162 03.7 E 21 Aug 92 11 53 29.0 N 162 10.4 E 22 Aug 92 12 53 26.5 N 162 22.3 E 23 Aug 92 13 53 01.2 N 162 53.8 E 23 Aug 92 14 52 31.3 N 163 35.2 E 23 Aug 92 15 52 01.0 N 164 17.3 E 24 Aug 92 16 51 29.6 N 164 59.1 E 24 Aug 92 17 50 59.1 N 164 57.7 E 25 Aug 92 18 50 30.8 N 164 57.2 E 25 Aug 92 19 49 59.1 N 165 00.1 E 25 Aug 92 20 49 30.1 N 165 00.7 E 26 Aug 92 21 48 59.6 N 164 58.3 E 26 Aug 92 22 48 29.9 N 165 01.0 E 26 Aug 92 23 47 59.3 N 165 00.1 E 26 Aug 92 24 47 30.1 N 165 00.2 E 27 Aug 92 25 46 59.9 N 164 59.2 E 27 Aug 92 26 46 30.0 N 165 01.1 E 27 Aug 92 27 45 59.7 N 165 00.0 E 28 Aug 92 28 45 29.8 N 164 58.7 E 28 Aug 92 29 44 59.5 N 164 58.9 E 30 Aug 92 30 44 29.7 N 165 00.5 E 30 Aug 92 31 44 00.2 N 164 57.8 E 31 Aug 92 32 43 30.2 N 165 01.1 E 31 Aug 92 33 43 00.5 N 165 00.0 E 31 Aug 92 34 42 30.5 N 165 00.1 E 1 Sep 92 35 42 00.7 N 165 01.9 E 1 Sep 92 36 41 30.4 N 165 00.7 E 1 Sep 92 37 41 02.6 N 165 00.3 E 2 Sep 92 38 40 30.4 N 165 00.6 E 2 Sep 92 39 40 00.9 N 165 00.2 E 2 Sep 92 40 39 29.8 N 165 01.1 E 3 Sep 92 41 39 01.2 N 165 01.3 E 3 Sep 92 42 38 28.9 N 165 04.8 E 3 Sep 92 43 37 56.7 N 164 59.3 E 4 Sep 92 44 37 30.1 N 165 01.3 E 4 Sep 92 45 37 02.3 N 164 59.5 E 5 Sep 92 46 36 31.8 N 165 00.4 E 5 Sep 92 47 36 00.8 N 165 00.5 E 5 Sep 92 48 35 21.6 N 165 00.7 E 6 Sep 92 49 34 42.0 N 165 03.2 E 6 Sep 92 50 34 02.5 N 165 03.2 E 7 Sep 92 51 33 22.6 N 165 01.0 E 7 Sep 92 52 32 41.9 N 165 01.5 E 8 Sep 92 53 32 00.0 N 165 00.5 E 8 Sep 92 54 31 19.6 N 164 59.0 E 9 Sep 92 55 30 41.3 N 164 58.5 E 10 Sep 92 Leg 3 STNNBR Latitude Longitude Date 56 21 56.0 N 165 00.0 E 30 Sep 92 57 21 19.2 N 165 00.5 E 30 Sep 92 58 20 39.9 N 164 59.2 E 1 Oct 92 59 19 59.3 N 165 00.3 E 1 Oct 92 61 19 32.3 N 165 02.2 E 2 Oct 92 62 18 39.9 N 164 35.9 E 2 Oct 92 63 24 00.4 N 165 00.2 E 4 Oct 92 64 26 00.8 N 165 02.0 E 5 Oct 92 65 28 02.0 N 164 59.9 E 5 Oct 92 66 16 00.5 N 164 59.5 E 8 Oct 92 67 14 00.5 N 164 59.4 E 9 Oct 92 68 12 35.4 N 165 22.0 E 9 Oct 92 69 10 00.5 N 165 00.1 E 10 Oct 92 70 08 00.8 N 165 01.3 E 11 Oct 92 71 06 00.2 N 165 01.1 E 12 Oct 92 72 04 00.1 N 165 00.3 E 12 Oct 92 73 03 00.1 N 164 59.6 E 12 Oct 92 74 01 59.8 N 164 59.4 E 13 Oct 92 75 01 30.2 N 164 59.2 E 13 Oct 92 76 01 00.0 N 164 59.2 E 13 Oct 92 77 00 30.3 N 164 59.0 E 14 Oct 92 78 00 01.4 N 164 54.5 E 14 Oct 92 79 00 29.9 S 164 59.9 E 14 Oct 92 80 00 59.5 S 164 59.6 E 15 Oct 92 81 01 29.9 S 164 59.2 E 15 Oct 92 82 01 59.8 S 164 55.5 E 15 Oct 92 83 02 47.8 S 164 54.8 E 16 Oct 92 84 03 11.5 S 164 43.6 E 16 Oct 92 85 03 34.3 S 164 32.3 E 16 Oct 92 86 03 58.5 S 164 21.5 E 16 Oct 92 87 04 21.6 S 164 10.4 E 16 Oct 92 88 04 44.9 S 164 00.2 E 17 Oct 92