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STUDY OF CIVIL WAR SITES IN THE SHENANDOAH
VALLEY OF VIRGINIA
PURSUANT TO PUBLIC LAW 101-628
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
SEPTEMBER 1992
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Study Team and
Acknowledgments
Executive Summary
PART ONE: OVERVIEW
1. Introduction
2. Structure of the
Report
3. Battlefield Selection
4. Study Concepts
5. Battlefield Resources
6. Archaeological
Resources and Battlefield Burials
7. Surveying Battlefield
Resources
8. Threats to Battlefield
Resources
-
Population Trends
-
Loss of Agricultural Land
9. Private Ownership,
Preservation, and Public Access
10. Summary
PART TWO: CIVIL WAR IN THE SHENANDOAH
VALLEY, THE HISTORIC CONTEXT
1. ``The Crossroads of
Our Being...''
2. Geography and
Strategic Importance of the Valley
-
Streams and Rivers
-
Valley Turnpikes, Roads, and Gaps
-
Valley Railroads
3. Overview of Military
Strategy in the Shenandoah Valley
4. Valley Campaigns
1861-1865
-
Actions in 1861
-
Jackson's Valley Campaign (March-June 1862)
-
Lee's Maryland Campaign (September 1862)
-
Gettysburg Campaign (June-July 1863)
-
Lynchburg Campaigns (May-June 1864)
-
Early's Maryland Campaign (June-August 1864)
-
Sheridan's Valley Campaign (August 1864-March 1865)
5. Valley Battlefields:
The Magnitude of Conflict
PART THREE: SHENANDOAH VALLEY BATTLEFIELDS
1. First Kernstown (23
March 1862)
2. McDowell
(8 May 1862)
3. Front Royal
(23 May 1862)
4. First Winchester
(25 May 1862)
5. Cross Keys
(8 June 1862)
6. Port Republic
(9 June 1862)
7. Second Winchester
(13-15 June 1863)
8. New Market
(15 May 1864)
9. Piedmont
(5 June 1864)
10. Cool Spring
(18 July 1864)
11. Second
Kernstown (24 July 1864)
12. Opequon
or Third Winchester (19 September 1864)
13. Fisher's
Hill (21-22 September 1864)
14. Tom's
Brook (9 October 1864)
15. Cedar
Creek (19 October 1864)
PART FOUR: BATTLEFIELD INTEGRITY,
THREAT, RISK, AND RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE
1. Field Survey of
Battlefield Integrity
2. GIS Analysis of
Battlefield Integrity
3. Relative Importance
of the Battlefields
4. Threat Assessment
5. Risk Classification
6. Preservation and
Interpretation Potential
7. Summary
PART FIVE: HERITAGE TOURISM
1. Heritage Tourism
2. Heritage Tourism
Revenue Potential
3. The Valley's Tourism
Infrastructure
4. Attitudes of County
Planners Toward Developing Tourism
5. The Potential for
State Assistance in Promoting Tourism
6. Conclusion
PART SIX: ALTERNATIVES TO PRESERVATION
AND INTERPRETATION
1. Background
2. Preservation Priorities
3. Alternatives
-
I. No Action, Continuation of Status Quo
-
II. Enhanced Public Funding and Technical Assistance
-
III. Creation of One or More Affiliated Areas of the National Park System
-
IV. Acquisition of Selected Battlefields for a Unit of the National Park
System with Satellite Areas
-
V. Acquisition of 15 Battlefields as a Unit of the National Park System
4. Conclusion
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Shenandoah
Valley Study Battlefields
Figure 2. The Shenandoah
Valley, Jackson's 1862 Campaign
Figure 3. Population
of Shenandoah Valley Virginia Counties and Independent Cities (1860-2020)
Figure 4. Approximate
Population Density Per Square Mile
Figure 5. Agricultural
Land, Shenandoah Valley Virginia Counties
Figure 6. Battlefields,
Showing Public Access, Estimated Number of Landowners, and Acres in Preservation
Figure 7. A Chronology
of Armed Conflict in the Shenandoah Valley
Figure 8. Historic
Features of the Lower Valley
Figure 9. Historic
Features of the Upper Valley
Figure 10. Battles
Ranked by Estimated Number of Troops Engaged
Figure 11. Battles
Ranked by Estimated Number of Fatalities
Figure 12. Battles
Ranked by Estimated Combined Attrition
Figure 13. Field-Survey
Ranking of Battlefield Integrity
Figure 14. GIS
Ranking of Battlefield Integrity
Figure 15. Battlefield
Core Areas: Comparison of Field Survey and GIS Integrity Assessments
Figure 16. Summary
of Battlefield Size and Rankings
Figure 17. Level
of Threat to the Valley's Battlefields
Figure 18. Risk
Categories: Summary of Integrity and Threat
Figure 19. Summary
of Risk Categories and Preservation Tools
Figure 20. Preservation
and Interpretation Activities for Battlefields in the Shenandoah Valley
Figure 21. Criteria
for Parklands
Figure 22. Cost
Estimates for Alternatives I-IV
LIST OF TABLES
Table A. Shenandoah
Valley, 1973 Land Use/Land Cover
Table 1. First Kernstown,
Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 2. McDowell,
Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 3. Front Royal,
Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 4. First Winchester,
Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 5. Cross Keys,
Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 6. Port Republic,
Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 7. Second
Winchester, Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 8. New Market,
Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 9. Piedmont,
Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 10. Cool
Spring, Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 11. Second
Kernstown, Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 12. Opequon,
Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 13. Fisher's
Hill, Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 14. Tom's
Brook, Land Use/Land Cover 1991
Table 15. Cedar
Creek, Land Use/Land Cover 1991
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