U. S. Food and Drug Administration
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
March 1999


Economic Characterization of the
Dietary Supplement Industry
Final Report

Table of Contents


REFERENCES

110% Products home page. <http://110.buysafe.com/browse2asp?id=20840>. As obtained on March 30, 1998.

American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition. 1985. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Anderson, Jean, and Barbara Deskins. 1995. The Nutrition Bible. William Morrow & Company. Information for table from <http://www.phys.com/a_home/01home/home.htm>. As obtained on January 30, 1998.

Ansel, Howard C., Nicholas G. Popovich, and Loyd V. Allen. 1995. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Sixth edition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Applied Biometrics, North Palm Beach, FL. October 3, 1996. "DSHEA Marketplace Impacts." Presented to the Food and Drug Law Institute Washington DC.

Best, Daniel. 1996. Prepared Foods. 165(4):38. April 1996 electronic copy from Information Access Company, Trade and Industry Database.

Block, G., C. Cox, J. Madans, G.B. Schreiber, L. Licitra, and N. Melia. February 1988. "Vitamin Supplement Use, by Demographic Characteristics." American Journal of Epidemiology 127(2):297-309.

Brody, Jane E. October 26, 1997. "In Vitamin Mania, Millions Take a Gamble on Health." The New York Times. pp. 1, 20, 21.

Budavari, S. (ed.). 1996. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck.

Chain Drug Review. February 27, 1995. "Drug Chains Adopt New Tactics to Meet Competition in Vitamins." Chain Drug Review 17(5):30, 32.

Clayman, C.B. (ed.). 1994. The American Medical Association Family Medical Guide. New York, NY: Random House.

Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels. November 1997. "Report of the Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels." Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.

Council for Responsible Nutrition1995. November 1995. Good Manufacturing Practices for Dietary Supplements Discussion Draft. Washington, DC.

Council for Responsible Nutrition1997. February 3, 1997. "Baby Boomers Fuel Trends in Vitamins." Chain Drug Review 19(3):20-22.

Cuthbert, Lauren. 1998. "Tantalizing Tea Sales." Natural Foods Merchandiser 19(1):48. From SPINS Distributor Information, "The Tea Report."

Day, Kathleen. January 11, 1997. "Cold Sufferers Find Zinc as Good as Gold." The Washington Post. pg. D1.

Dietary Supplement Enhanced Establishement Database (DS-EED). Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute. As obtained March 24, 1999.

Eisenberg, D.M., R.C. Kessler, C. Foster, F.E. Norlock, D.R. Calkins, and T.L. Delbanco. January 28, 1993. "Unconventional Medicine in the United States. Prevalence, Costs, and Patterns of Use." New England Journal of Medicine 328(4):246-252.

Eliason, B.C., J. Kruger, D. Mark, and D.N. Rasmann. 1997. "Dietary Supplement Users: Demographics, Product Use, and Medical System Interaction." Journal of the American Board of Family Practitioners 10(4):265-271.

Eliason, B.C., J. Myszkowski, A. Marbella, and D. Rasmann. 1996. "Use of Dietary Supplements by Patients in a Family Practice Clinic." Journal of the American Board of Family Practitioners 9(4):249-253.

Encyclopaedia of Food Science Food Technology and Nutrition. 1993. Volume 6. Pages 4131-4141. Macrae, R., R.K. Robinson, and M.J. Sadler (eds.). London: Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Erickson, David R. 1995. Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press and the United Soybean Board.

F-D-C Reports, Inc. 1997a. "The Tan Sheet: Dietary Supplement Sales up 16% to Approximately $10.3BIL." Chevy Chase, MD: F-D-C Reports, Inc.

F-D-C Reports, Inc. 1997b. "The Tan Sheet: Nonprescription Pharmaceutical and Nutritionals." Chevy Chase, MD: F-D-C Reports, Inc.

F-D-C Reports, Inc. 1997c. "The Tan Sheet: Vitamins Remain Top Selling Private Label Category in Drug Chains" Chevy Chase, MD: F-D-C Reports, Inc.

Frost & Sullivan. 1997. "Growing Acceptance of Natural Medicine, Vitamins, and Supplements Increases Potential of $5.8 Billion Market." <http://www.frost.com/>. As obtained on March 19, 1998. Mountain View, CA: Frost & Sullivan.

Gaseau, Michelle. 1995.. "Supplementary Angles: Retailers Are Stepping Up Promotions and Merchandising Efforts to Keep Vitamin Sales in the Pink." Supermarket News 45(22):35.

Griffith, H. Winter. 1988. Complete Guide to Vitamins, Minerals and Supplements. Tucson, AZ: Fisher Books. 509 pages.

HealthWorld Online. 1998a. <http://www.healthy.net/index.html>. Accessed March 19, 1998.

HealthWorld Online. 1998b. <http://www.healthy.net/hwlibrarybooks/haas/amino/his.htm> and <http://www.healthy.net/hwlibrarybooks/haas/amino/thr.htm>. Accessed March 19, 1998.

HealthWorld Online. 1998c. <http://www.healthy.net/hwlibrarybooks/haas/funct.htm>. Accessed March 18, 1998.

HealthWorld Online. 1998d. <http://www.healthy.net/hwlibrarybooks/haas/microorgs.htm>. Accessed March 18, 1998.

Heartland Lysine Inc. <http://www.lysine.com/Plant/eddyv.htm>. As obtained on March 3, 1998.

Hendler, Sheldon Saul. 1990. The Doctors' Vitamin and Mineral Encyclopedia. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Hines, John W. June 25, 1998. Personal communication with Mary Muth, Research Triangle Institute.

Hornok, L. 1992. Cultivation and Processing of Medical Plants. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

LEAVES Pure Teas home page. <http:www.leaves.com/>. San Francisco: LEAVES Pure Teas. As obtained on April 7, 1998.

List, P.H., and P.C. Schmidt. 1989. Phytopharmaceutical Technology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Lockhart, H., and F.A. Paine. 1996. Packaging of Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Products. Glasgow: Blackie Academic and Professional, Chapman and Hall.

Medeiros, D.M., M.A. Bock, K. Carpenter, M. Ortiz, C. Raab, M. Read, H. Schutz, E. Sheehan, and D. Williams. 1991. "Long-Term Supplement Users and Dosages Among Adult Westerners." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 91(8):980-982.

Merkel, J.M., S.J. Crockett, and R. Mullis. 1990. "Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use by Women with School-Age Children." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 90(3):426-428.

Moss, A., A. Levy, I. Kim, and Y. Park. July 18, 1989. "Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the United States: Current Users, Types of Products, and Nutrients." Advance Data no.174 from Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics.

Musashi USA's VP of Nutrition and Product Development. March 2, 1998. E-mail correspondence with Jean Domanico, Research Triangle Institute.

Muth, M.K. March 31, 1998. "Industry Codes for Dietary Supplements." Memorandum to Clark Nardinelli, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration.

Muth, M.K., and D. Anderson. March 31, 1998. "Adequacy of Secondary Data Sources and the DS-EED for Conducting an Economic Impact Analysis of the Dietary Supplement Regulation." Memorandum to C. Nardinelli, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration.

National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine News. <http://www2.nas.edu/whatsnew/287e.html>. As obtained on April 7, 1998.

Nutrition Business International. August 1996. "$17 Billion and Counting: Defining the Nutrition Industry." Nutrition Business Journal 1(1):1,4-5.

Nutrition Business International. October 1996a. "Industry Outlook." Nutrition Business Journal 1(3):17-18.

Nutrition Business International. October 1996b. "Botanicals International Has Bulk of Herb Market." Nutrition Business Journal 1(3):6-7.

Nutrition Business International. October 1996c. "Vitamin Suppliers Tackle Supply and Demand Issues." Nutrition Business Journal 1(3):13-16.

Nutrition Business International. November 1996. "Amway Consolidates MLM Global Leadership with $1 Billion in Nutrition." Nutrition Business Journal 1(4):5-7.

Nutrition Business International. December 1996a. "Dominant Brands Still Up for Grabs in the Nutrition Industry." Nutrition Business Journal 1(5):1-3.

Nutrition Business International. December 1996b. "Is the Herbal Market Brand-Conscious? A View from Two Suppliers." Nutrition Business Journal 1(5):14-16.

Nutrition Business International. January/February 1997. "Industry Outlook." Nutrition Business Journal 2(1/2):19.

Nutrition Business International. July 1997a. "Small Firms Fill Vital but Declining Niche in a Consolidating Market." Nutrition Business Journal 2(7):1.

Nutrition Business International. July 1997b. "Wall Street Goes Natural." Nutrition Business Journal 2(7):9.

Nutrition Business International. September 1997a. "$20 Billion and Counting: Nutrition Industry Momentum Builds." Nutrition Business Journal 2(9):1-5.

Nutrition Business International. September 1997b. "NBJ's Top Supplement Manufacturers/Marketers in 1996." Nutrition Business Journal 2(9):2.

Nutrition Business International. October/November 1997a. "Mass Merchandizers Respond to Demand for Supplements." Nutrition Business Journal 2(10/11):10-11.

Nutrition Business International. October/November 1997b. "Supermarkets Still Tinkering with Natural Products Strategies." Nutrition Business Journal 2(10/11):13.

Nutrition Business International. October/November 1997c. "Chain Drugstores Play Up Pharmacists' Role." Nutrition Business Journal 2(10/11):11-12.

Nutrition Business International. October/November 1997d. "Retailers Claim There's Room for Everyone on Main Street." Nutrition Business Journal 2(10/11):1-5.

Nutrition Business International. September 1998. "$23 Billion and Counting: Nutrition Industry Braces for a Competitive Future." Nutrition Business Journal 3(9):1-5, 13, 18.

Oakland, M.J., and P.A. Thomsen. 1990. "Beliefs About and Usage of Vitamin/Mineral Supplements by Elderly Participants of Rural Congregate Meal Programs in Central Iowa." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 90(5):715-716.

Raubucheck, Charles. Sidley & Austin. 1997. "Risks and Benefits of Structure/Function & Health Claims." Presented at Supplyside '97, November 7-9, Scottsdale, AZ.

Reach 4 Life web page. Minerals' Advanced Colloidals and Chelated Minerals. <http:www.reach4life.com>. As obtained on March 12, 1998.

Schech, Wolfgang, Bee keeper. Grettstadt, Germany. E-mail correspondence with Jean Domanico, Research Triangle Institute. Subject: Production of Propolis, Bee Pollen and Royal Jelly. April 8, 1998.

Scott, M. January 1998. "Feds Investigating Vitamin Suppliers." Natural Foods Merchandiser. <http://www.nfm-online.com/nfm_backs/Jan_98/jannews1.html#1> As obtained on April 24, 1998.

Sequential Healing Health Services web page. <http://www.sequentialhealing.com/index.html>. As obtained on March 18, 1998.

Slesinski, M.J., A. Subar, and L. Kahle. August 1995. "Trends in the Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the United States: The 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95(8):921-923

Smart Basics Inc. 1997. "Smart Basics Glossaries' Choline." <http://www.smartbasics.com/frameshome.html>. As obtained on March 25, 1998.

Standardized Extract Product Guide. 1997. Springville, Utah: Nature's Way, Inc.

Stewart, K. March 1998. "Drug Firms Enter Industry." Natural Foods Merchandiser. XIX:133, 146, 148, 158.

Stewart, M., J. McDonald, A. Levy, R. Schucker, and D. Henderson. December 1985. "Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use: A Telephone Survey of Adults in the United States." The Journal of the American Dietetic Association 85(12):1585-1590.

Sturtz, Ronald G., BIOS Biochemicals (Bios@biochemicals.com). E-mail correspondence with Jean Domanico, Research Triangle Institute, March 27, 1998. Subject: Production of Dietary Supplements.

Subar, A., and G. Block. 1990. "Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: Demographics and Amounts of Nutrients Consumed." The American Journal of Epidemiology 132(6):1091-1101.

Supermarket Business. November 1996. "Vitamins." Supermarket Business 51(11):72.

Swarbrick, James, and James C. Boylan. 1990. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology. Volume 2. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Tascarella, Patty. March 31, 1997. "GNC Enlists Military Bases to Build Sales." Pittsburgh Business Times and Journal.

Taylor, Maida. August 1997. "Alternatives to Conventional Hormone Replacement Therapy." Comprehensive Therapy 23(8):514-532.

Thomsen, P., R.D. Terry, and R. Amos. 1987. "Adolescents Beliefs About and Reasons for Using Vitamin/Mineral Supplements." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 87(8).

Troy, Mike. February 17, 1997. "Herbals: Strong Growth, Powerful Potential." Drug Store News 19(4):19.

Tyler, Varro E. 1994. Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press. 209 pp.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. "1997 NAICS and 1987 SIC Correspondence Tables." <http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/naicstab.htm>. As obtained on March 24, 1998.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. May 1995. "1992 Census of Manufactures: Industry Series, Drugs." MC92-I-28C.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. 1994 and 1996 Annual Survey of Manufactures: Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries M94(AS)-1 and M96(AS)-1.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. January 1998. "Current Industrial Reports: Pharmaceutical Preparations, Except Biologicals." MA28G(96)-1.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. February 1998. "1996 Annual Survey of Manufactures: Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries." M96(AS)-1.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. "Schedule B Keyword Search." <http.//www.census.gov/foreign-trade/schedules/b/ index.html>. As obtained June 1998.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. "Schedule B Keyword Search." <http.//www.census.gov/foreign-trade/schedules/b/index.html>. As obtained on September 21, 1998.

U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. "Standard Industrial Classification Search." <http://spider.osha.gov/oshstats/sicser.html>. As obtained on March 24, 1998.

U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service. "Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the U.S." <http:/www.customs.ustreas.gov/imp-exp/harmoniz/index.htm>. As obtained June 1998.

U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service. "Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the U.S." <http:/www.customs.ustreas.gov/imp-exp/harmoniz/index.htm>. As obtained on September 21, 1998.

U.S. International Trade Commission Trade Database. <http://205.197.120.17/scripts/user_set.asp>. As obtained June 1998.

U.S. Small Business Administration. 1997. "Size Standards by SIC Industry." <http://www.sbaonline.sba.gov/gopher/Government-Contracting/Size/divd.txt>. As obtained on September 18, 1997.

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Volume A27. 1996. Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. Pages 443-613.

Wijesekera, R.O.B. 1991. The Medicinal Plant Industry. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-6669-0. From Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries.

Wingate, Pamela. March 1998. "Consumers Not Supplement Brand Survey." Natural Food Merchandiser. Boulder, CO: New Hope Communications. <http://www.nfm-online.com/nfm_backs/Mar_98/brandsavvy.html>. As obtained on March 25, 1998.

Young, A.L., and I.S. Bass. 1994. "The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act." Food and Drug Law Journal 50:285-292.

Zive, M.M., T.A. Nicklas, E.C. Busch, L. Myers, and G.S. Berenson. 1996. "Marginal Vitamin and Mineral Intakes of Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study." Journal of Adolescent Health 19(1):39-47.



Table of Contents



Home    |    Dietary Supplements
Hypertext Updated by ces/dms 1999-OCT-06