Both the popular and technical literature contain many references to solar eclipses of the past. Some of these references are from ancient texts. In other cases, they are attempts to tie an eclipse with a historical event. The purpose of this web page is to present eclipse calculations for many such eclipses mentioned in the literature.
The inclusion of an historical event in the tables below does not imply validation of the historical event nor its connection with an eclipse. Some events may be either apocryphal or fictional, or an eclipse may be incorrectly associated with a particular event. The eclipse maps and calculations are simply presented so that they may be compared with references in the literature. It is left to the reader to evaluate whether the eclipse association is valid or not.
The following two tables list solar eclipses identified with some historical event of note. When selected, each Calendar Date links to a global map of Earth showing the region of visibility for that eclipse. The path of the Moon's penumbral shadow covers the region of partial eclipse, while the track of the umbral shadow defines the path of total or annular eclipse. These figures are described in greater detail in the Key to Solar Eclipse Maps. Each figure is stored as a GIF of about 65 kilobytes.
The column labeled Eclipse Type links to a dynamic Google map with the eclipse path plotted on it. You can scroll and zoom in to any part of the eclipse path. If you click on a location, an marker will be plotted that gives the eclipse circumstances at that position. Markers can be dragged around with the mouse and the eclipse circumstances are automatically updated.
The column labeled Central Duration gives the greatest duration of the eclipse. It links to a table of eclipse path coordinates that permit the plotting the track on higher detail maps.
The last column gives the historical reference for each eclipse. Additional sources and/or literary references to many of these eclipses may be found at:
Ancient and Early Medieval Eclipses in European Sources
The references at the bottom of this page provide additional information on solar eclipses of historical interest. Visit Solar Eclipses for Beginners for a basic primer on eclipses of the Sun. A complementary web page Lunar Eclipses of Historical Interest is also available.
This web site is a work in progress. If you know of an historic eclipse of interest, please email the date and a little information or reference about the event to fred.espenak@nasa.gov. I will generate a map for the eclipse and add it to this page.
Solar Eclipses: 2000 BCE to 1 BCE[3] | ||||
Calender Date | Eclipse Type |
Ecl. Mag. [1] |
Central Duration [2] |
Event/Description/Reference |
(Link to Global Map) | (Link to Google Map) | (Link to Path Table) | ||
-2136 Oct 22 (2137 BCE) |
Annular | 0.974 | 02m52s | Ho and Hi, the Drunk Astronomers See Note |
-1374 May 03 (1375 BCE) |
Total | 1.029 | 02m05s | Ugarit Eclipse "On the day of the new moon, in the month of Hiyar, the Sun was put to shame, and went down in the daytime, with Mars in attendance." - Early Mesopotamian Records |
-1301 Jun 05 (1302 BCE) |
Total | 1.080 | 06m24s | Early Chinese Eclipse "Three flames ate the sun, and big stars were seen." - Chinese writings of the Shang Dynasty |
-1177 Apr 16 (1178 BCE) |
Total | 1.060 | 04m34s | Odyssey Eclipse ". . . and the Sun has perished out of heaven, and an evil mist hovers over all." from Homer, The Odyssey Wikipedia |
-0898 Apr 21 (899 BCE) |
Annular | 0.959 | 03m05s | China's 'Double-Dawn' Eclipse "During the first year of the reign of King Yi, in the first month of spring, the sun rose twice at Zheng." - the Bamboo Annals |
-0762 Jun 15 (763 BCE) |
Total | 1.060 | 04m59s | Assyrian Eclipse "Insurrection in the city of Ashur. In the month Sivan, the Sun was eclipsed." from The Assyrian Chronicles See Note Wikipedia |
-0647 Apr 06 (648 BCE) |
Total | 1.069 | 05m02s | Archilochus' Eclipse See Note |
-0584 May 28 (585 BCE) |
Total | 1.080 | 06m05s | Thales Eclipse (Medes vs. Lydians) from Herodotus, History I See Note Wikipedia |
-0556 May 19 (557 BCE) |
Total | 1.026 | 02m22s | The Siege of Larisa "...A cloud, however, overspread the sun and hid it from sight until the inhabitants abandoned their city; and thus it was taken." from Xenophon, "Anabasis" |
-0479 Oct 02 (480 BCE) |
Annular | 0.932 | 07m58s | Xerxes' Eclipse "...while he was offering sacrifice to know if he should march out against the Persian, the sun was suddenly darkened in mid sky" from Herodotus, History, IX, 10 Wikipedia |
-0430 Aug 03 (431 BCE) |
Annular | 0.984 | 01m04s | Peloponnesian War ". . . the sun assumed the shape of a crescent and became full again, and during the eclipse some stars became visible." - Thucydides See Note Wikipedia |
-0423 Mar 21 (424 BCE) |
Annular | 0.943 | 04m38s | 8th Year of Peloponnesian War "In first days of the next summer there was an eclipse of the sun at the time of new moon, and in the early part of the same month an earthquake." from The History of the Peloponnesian War Wikipedia |
Solar Eclipses: 1 CE to 2000 CE[3] | ||||
Calender Date | Eclipse Type |
Ecl. Mag. [1] |
Central Duration [2] |
Event/Description/Reference |
(Link to Global Map) | (Link to Google Map) | (Link to Path Table) | ||
0029 Nov 24
|
Total | 1.022 | 01m59s | Crucifixion of Christ? See References Wikipedia |
0033 Mar 19 | Total | 1.058 | 04m06s | Crucifixion of Christ? See References Wikipedia |
0059 Apr 30 | Total | 1.019 | 01m50s | Plinius' Eclipse "Then the sun was suddenly darkened and the fourteen districts of the city were struck by lightning" from The Annals |
0071 Mar 20 | Hybrid | 1.007 | 00m35s | Plutarch's Eclipse See note Wikipedia |
0334 Jul 17 | Annular | 0.976 | 02m23s | Firmicus's Eclipse See Note |
0346 Jun 06 | Total | 1.059 | 03m58s | - |
0418 Jul 19 | Total | 1.046 | 03m52s | Comet During an Eclipse See Note |
0569 Nov 24 | Total | 1.036 | 03m17s | Eclipse Preceding Birth of Mohammad Wikipedia |
0632 Jan 27 | Annular | 0.984 | 01m40s | Death of Mohammad's Son Ibrahim "When his beloved son Ibrahim died, an eclipse occurred, and rumours of God's personal condolence quickly arose." from Prayers of Muhammad Wikipedia |
0671 Dec 07 | Annular | 0.924 | 10m18s | - |
0840 May 05 | Total | 1.076 | 05m46s | Emperor Louis' Eclipse (Treaty of Verdun) "In the third year of the Indiction, the Sun was hidden from this world and stars appeared in the sky as if it were midnight, on the third day before the Nones of May (May 5) during the Litanies of Our Lord" from Andreas Bergomatis Chronicon Wikipedia |
0968 Dec 22 | Total | 1.030 | 02m28s | First Clear Corona Description See Note |
1133 Aug 02 | Total | 1.065 | 04m38s | King Henry's Eclipse See Note Wikipedia |
1230 May 14 | Total | 1.060 | 03m17s | Major European Eclipse See Note |
1337 Mar 03 | Annular | 0.954 | 04m32s | Jean de Murs Eclipse See Note |
1605 Oct 12 | Total | 1.034 | 02m43s | Scientific Comment on Corona See Note |
1715 May 03 | Total | 1.063 | 04m14s | Edmund Halley's Eclipse "A few seconds before the sun was all hid, there discovered itself round the moon a luminous ring about a digit, or perhaps a tenth part of the moon's diameter, in breadth" from Edmund Halley in Philosophical Transactions Wikipedia |
1724 May 22 | Total | 1.064 | 04m33s | Corona Part of Sun See Note |
1733 May 13 | Total | 1.066 | 04m06s | Prominences Seen with Unaided Eye See Note |
1766 Aug 05 | Annular | 0.943 | 05m15s | Captain Cook's Eclipse Wikipedia |
1806 Jun 16 | Total | 1.060 | 04m55s | Tecumseh's Eclipse Eclipse-Chasers Article See Note Wikipedia |
1831 Feb 12 | Annular | 0.981 | 01m57s | Nat Turner's Eclipse Wikipedia |
1836 May 15 | Annular | 0.951 | 04m47s | Baily's Beads See Note |
1842 Jul 08 | Total | 1.054 | 04m05s | Corona and Prominences part of Sun's Atmosphere See Note |
1851 Jul 28 | Total | 1.058 | 03m41s | First Eclipse Expedition See Note |
1860 Jul 18 | Total | 1.050 | 03m39s | First Wet Plate Eclipse Photograph See Note |
1868 Aug 18 | Total | 1.076 | 06m47s | King of Siam's Eclipse Article See Note Wikipedia |
1869 Aug 07 | Total | 1.055 | 03m48s | New element in Sun's Corona? See Note |
1870 Dec 22 | Total | 1.025 | 02m11s | Janssen Escape Eclipse See Note |
1871 Dec 12 | Total | 1.047 | 04m23s | Corona Hot Gas and Cooler Particles See Note |
1878 Jul 29 | Total | 1.045 | 03m11s | Pike's Peak Eclipse See Note Wikipedia |
1879 Jan 22 | Annular | 0.970 | 03m03s | Zulu War Eclipse Wikipedia |
1887 Aug 19 | Total | 1.052 | 03m50s | Eclipse from 11,500 feet See Note |
1912 Apr 17 | Hybrid | 1.000 | 00m02s | The 'Titanic' Eclipse |
1919 May 29 | Total | 1.072 | 06m51s | Einstein's Eclipse (Test of General Relativity) See Note Eclipse that Changed the Universe Wikipedia |
1922 Sep 21 | Total | 1.068 | 05m59s | General Relativity Reconfirmation See Note |
1925 Jan 24 | Total | 1.030 | 02m32s | NYC's Winter Morning Eclipse New York Times |
1932 Aug 31 | Total | 1.026 | 01m45s | Great Maine Eclipse See Note |
1973 Jun 30 | Total | 1.079 | 07m04s | Jet Used for 10X the Totality See Note |
[1] Eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun's diameter obscured by the Moon. For annular eclipses, the eclipse magnitude is always less than 1. For total eclipses, the eclipse magnitude is always greater than or equal to 1. For both annular and total eclipses, the value listed is actually the ratio of diameters between the Moon and the Sun.
[2] Central Duration is the duration of a total or annular eclipse at Greatest Eclipse. Greatest Eclipse is the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center.
[3] BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively. They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions. (See: Year Dating Conventions)
-2136 Oct 22 - Ho and Hi, the Drunk Astronomers
-0762 Jun 15 - Assyrian Eclipse
-0647 April 06 - Archilochus' Eclipse
-0584 May 28 - Herodotus/Thales Eclipse
-0430 Aug 03 - Peloponnesian War
0071 Mar 20 - Plutarch's Eclipse
0334 July 17 - Firmicus's Eclipse
0418 Jul 19 - Comet During an Eclipse
0968 Dec 22 - First Clear Corona Description
1133 Aug 02 - King Henry's Eclipse
1230 May 14 - Major European Eclipse
1337 Mar 03 - Jean de Murs Eclipse
1724 May 22 - Corona Part of Sun
1733 May 13 - Prominences Seen with Unaided Eye
1715 May 03 - Edmund Halley's Eclipse
1806 Jun 16 - Tecumseh's Eclipse
1836 May 15 - Baily's Beads
1842 Jul 8 - Corona and Prominences part of Sun's Atmosphere
1851 Jul 28 - First Eclipse Expedition
1860 Jul 18 - First Wet Plate Eclipse Photograph
1868 Aug 18 - King of Siam's Eclipse
1869 Aug 07 - New element in Sun's Corona?
1870 Dec 22 - Janssen Escape Eclipse
1871 Dec 12 - Corona Hot Gas and Cooler Particles
1878 Jul 29 - Pike's Peak Eclipse
1887 Aug 19 - Eclipse from 11,500 feet
1919 May 29 - Einstein's Eclipse (Test of General Relativity)
1919 May 29 - General Relativity Reconfirmation
1932 Aug 31 - Great Maine Eclipse
1973 Jun 30 - Jet Used for 10X the Totality
For more information on eclipses of historic interest, see the following:
Brewer, B., Eclipse, Earth View, Seattle, 1991.
Harris, Joel K., and Talcott, Richard L. Chasing the Shadow, Kalmbach Publishing Co, 1994
Humphreys, Colin J. and Waddington, W. G., "Dating the Crucifixion", Nature, Vol. 306, No. 5945, p.743-746, 22 December 1983.
Littmann, M., Willcox, K., and Espenak, F. Totality - Eclipses of the Sun, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.
Schaefer, Bradley E., "Solar Eclipses That Changed the World", Sky and Telescope, May, 1994, p.36-39.
Schaefer, Bradley E., "Lunar Eclipses That Changed the World", Sky and Telescope, December, 1992, p.639-642.
Schaefer, Bradley E., "Dating the Crucifixion", Sky and Telescope, April, 1989, p.374.
Schaefer, Bradley E., "Lunar Visibility and the Crucifixion", Q.Jl. R. astr. Soc., 1990, 31, p.53-67.
Steel, Duncan, Eclipse: The Celestial Phenomenon That Changed the Course of History (Washington, D.C.: The Joseph Henry Press, 2001)
Walters, Alice N., "Ephemeral Events: English Broadsides of Early Eighteenth-Century Solar Eclipses," Hist. Sci. 37 (1999)
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to National Space Club summer intern Wesley Ripley for his assistance in updating and expanding this web page (July 2008).
All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA's GSFC"
2008 Jul 08