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HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

Having assembled data required by the EPANET 2 requirements (see section on "Specific Data Needs"), hydraulic and water-quality simulations (source-trace analyses) were conducted for each month of the historical period (January 1962–December 1996). The simulations, used to determine the proportionate contribution of water from the wells and well fields (points of entry) to various locations in the water-distribution system, were conducted for each of the 420 months of the historical period. The manual adjustment process, as previously described (see section on "Methods of Analysis and Approaches to Simulation"), was used to simulate the on-and-off cycle of groundwater wells and to assure that all conditions of the "Master Operating Criteria" were satisfied. Simulation results presented in this section of the report were accomplished using the manual adjustment process.

PROPORTIONATE CONTRIBUTION RESULTS

The percentage of water from a particular well or well field (for example, Brookside well 15 or the Parkway well field) is provided at model nodes (pipeline junctions) throughout the distribution-system network as a result of the proportionate contribution analyses. Results are displayed in a map format showing the areal distribution of the proportionate contribution of water from the well or well field of interest (for example, Holly wells) to any location in the Dover Township area (Figure 21). In Figure 21, simulated proportionate contribution results for all model nodes¹⁸ are shown for the maximum-demand month of July 1988, using the Parkway well field as the point of entry (or source point). The simulated proportionate contribution results are divided into six intervals—1% to 10%, 10% to 25%, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, 75% to 90%, and 90% to 100%—and a color is assigned to all nodes within each interval. A different map is required for each different well or well field for each specific month and year to completely present the results. Therefore, for each operating well or well field, simulated proportionate contribution results are presented for three selected months—minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand—for seven selected years—1962, 1965, 1971, 1978, 1988, 1995, and 1996. The maps are provided in this report under separate cover as Plates 52 through 153. Table 17 lists the selected months and years for each well or well field for which results are presented in the map format, and lists the map identification numbers in the report (Plates 52–153)¹⁹.

Simulated proportionate contribution results can also be viewed in terms of selected pipeline locations. Five geographically distinct pipeline locations were selected from the historical networks to represent the spatial distribution of proportionate contribution results. These locations are identified on Figures 5 through 8, Figure 21, and Plates 52 through 153 as locations A, B, C, D, and E. The model node identification number of each selected pipeline location is listed in Table 18. Using this method of presentation, results are listed in a tabular format for every month of the selected years 1962, 1965, 1971, 1978, 1988, 1995, and 1996 for pipeline locations A, B, C, D, and E. Simulated proportionate contribution results presented in this format are summarized in Appendix G (Tables G-1 through G-7).

Table 17. Well or well field (point of entry) for which simulated proportionate contribution results are shown on maps, year, month of analysis, and map-identification number, Dover Township area, New Jersey
[— Well or well field not part of ditribution system or not operating during this month; see Plates under separate cover]

Table 18. Pipeline location letters and corresponding model node numbers for which simulated proportionate contribution results are discussed in text and shown in figures and on plates
[see Figure 21 or Plates 52–153 for location]

The percentage of water contributed by every well and well field for any given time, also can be viewed at selected pipeline using a "stacked" column graph. This method of presentation uses one column to represent each of the five selected pipeline locations—A through E. The contribution of water, in percent, from each operating well or well field for the time of interest is "stacked" one on top of the other within each column. Figure 22 is an example of simulation results using this method of presentation for the maximum-demand month of July 1988. Note, the pipeline locations A–E referenced in this column graph are shown in Figure 21. For example, simulated proportionate contribution results shown in Figure 21 indicate that the Parkway well field contributed in the range of 50 % to 75 % of the water to pipeline location C. Inspection of the graph in Figure 22 for the same pipeline location indicates simulated proportionate contribution of approximately 55 %, which is in agreement with results shown in Figure 21. Results using the "stacked" column graph presentation method for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months for the seven selected years 1962, 1965, 1971, 1978, 1988, 1995, and 1996 are included in Appendix H (Figures H-1 through H-7).Table 19 lists the location in this report where selected tabular and graphical proportionate contribution results for selected locations are summarized. All results were obtained using the manual adjustment process.

The sum of the proportionate contribution of water from all wells and well fields to any pipeline location should be 100%. Because of numerical approximation and roundoff, however, the total contribution from all wells and well fields may sum to slightly less or slightly more than 100% at some locations. Such results are expected when using numerical simulation techniques. In the historical reconstruction analysis conducted for the water-distribution system serving the Dover Township area, the sum of the proportionate contribution results at any location ranges from 98% to 101% (for example, results presented in Appendices G and H).

Table 19. Proportionate contribution results for wells and well fields for selected pipeline locations using the manual adjustment process, year, month of analysis, and location in report
[see Figure 21 or Plates 52–153 for pipeline locations; —, simulation results not presented in a graphical format for this month]

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES²⁰

Results of the proportionate contribution simulations illustrate the increasing complexity and operational variability of the distribution system throughout the historical period. As previously described, these results were obtained by conducting source-trace analysis simulations. The annual variation of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from all operating wells and well fields to selected locations in the Dover Township area is shown for the minimum-demand month of February (Figure 23), the maximum-demand months of May, June, July, or August (Figure 24), and the average-demand month of October (Figure 25). For each of these examples, the five pipeline locations previously described—A through E—were selected from the historical pipeline networks to represent the spatial distribution of proportionate contribution results.

Comparison of the May 1962 results with the June 1996 results (Figure 24) indicates the increasing complexity of the water-distribution system operations and how such operations influenced the proportionate contribution of water to specific locations. In May 1962, only two well fields (Holly and Brookside) provided water to any one location; whereas, in June 1996, as many as seven well fields provided water to any one location, such as, pipeline location E in Figure 24.

In reviewing the simulation results, the annual and seasonal variation of the proportionate contribution of water is evident by inspecting, for example, the results for pipeline location D. Annual variation is determined by selecting a certain demand conditions—minimum, maximum, or average (Figures 23, 24, or 25, respectively)—and comparing the proportionate contribution results over the historical period (1962–96). For example, for the minimum-demand month of February, for pipeline location D, results indicate (Figure 23):

• 1962–73—most of the water at pipeline location D was contributed by the Brookside well (15) and furthermore, during this period, this location received water from either the Brookside well (15) alone or the combination of the Holly well field²¹ and the Brookside well (15);
• 1974–80—most of the water at location D was contributed by the Holly and Parkway well fields, with each well field contributing approximately 40% to 60% of the water; and
• 1981–96—About 70% or more of the water at pipeline location D was contributed by the Parkway well field²², with the exception of 1985 and 1988, when the Holly well field contributed more than 70% of the water.

Seasonal variation is determined by choosing a specific year and comparing the proportionate contribution results for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months (Figures 23, 24, and 25, respectively). For example, for 1988, at pipeline location C, results indicate:

• Minimum-demand month of February (Figure 23)—About 65% of the water was contributed by the Berkeley wells, about 25% was contributed by the Parkway well field, and the remaining 10% was contributed the Holly well field; and the Route 70 well (31);
• Maximum-demand month of July (Figure 24)— about 55% of the water at pipeline location C was contributed by the Parkway well field, about 25% was contributed by the Holly well field, about 15% was contributed by the Berkeley wells, and the remaining 5% was contributed by the Indian Head well (20); and
• Average-demand month of October (Figure 25)—about 80% of the water at pipeline location C was contributed by the Parkway well field and about 20% was contributed by the Indian Head well (20).

Simulation results for the maximum-demand months of May 1962, June 1965, July 1971, June 1978, July 1988, August 1995, and June 1996 for pipeline location D further exemplify the annual variation in the contribution of water to this location and indicate the following (see Figure 24 for the proportionate contribution results and Plates referenced in Table 16 for well and well field locations):

• May 1962—100% of the water was provided by the Brookside well (15);
• June 1965—20% of the water was provided by the Holly wells (13 and 14); and 80% by the Brookside well (15);
• July 1971—30% of the water was provided by the Holly wells (14, 16, 18, 19, and 21); 54% by the Brookside well (15); 3% by the Indian Head well (20); and 14% by Parkway wells (22, 23, 26, and 27);
• June 1978—25% of the water was provided by the Holly wells (16, 18, 91, and 21), 42% by the Brookside well (15), 4% by the South Toms River well (17), and 30% by the Parkway wells (22-29);
• July 1988—49% of the water was provided by Holly wells (21 and 30); 26% by the Brookside well (15); 11% by the South Toms River wells (32 and 38); 14% by the Parkway wells (22, 23, 24, 26, 28, and 29); and 1% by the Berkeley wells (33-35);
• August 1995—55% of water was provided by the Holly wells (21, 30, and 37), 12% by the Brookside well (15), 23% by the South Toms River wells (32 and 38), 2% by the Parkway wells (22, 24, 26, 28, 29, and 42), and 7% by the Windsor well (40); and
• June 1996—66% of the water was provided by the Holly well (30); 2% by the Brookside well (15); 9% by the South Toms River wells (32 and 38); 2% by the Parkway wells (22, 24, 26, 28, 29, and 42); 4% by the Berkeley wells (33-35), and 17% by the Windsor well (40).

The simulation results shown in Figures 23, 24, and 25 demonstrate that the contribution of water from wells and well fields varied by time and location. However, the results also show that certain wells provided the predominant amount of water to locations throughout the Dover Township area. Discussed below are simulation results, obtained using the manual adjustment process, for the proportionate contribution of water from each operating well and well field for selected years (1962, 1965, 1971, 1978, 1988, 1995, and 1996) and selected months (minimum-, maximum, and average-demand) of the historical period.

REVIEW OF SIMULATION RESULTS FOR SELECTED YEARS AND MONTHS

Because of space limitations, it is not possible to present in this report results of the source-trace analyses for every well and well field for every month of the historical period. For example, to present the areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from only two well fields for every month of the historical period would require 840 maps; and from June 1966 foreword, every historical water-distribution system contained more than two well fields (Appendices B and F). Accordingly, results representing several years from the 35 years of historical simulations were selected and are examples described herein²³. The years selected as previously discussed are: 1962, 1965, 1971, 1978, 1988, 1995, and 1996. These selected years represent the first and last years of the historical period (1962 and 1996, respectively), peak production years (1971, 1988, and 1995, see Figures 12 and 14), a transition year and a year when a number of new wells were added (1965 and 1971, respectively), and the first year where investigators had generalized notes from the water utility describing typical peak-day (summer) and non-peak-day (fall) operations (1978). Simulated proportionate contribution results in the map and "stacked" column graph format are shown for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months for the selected years (Plates 52-153 and Appendix H; see Tables 17 and 19). Simulated proportionate contribution results in tabular format are presented for every month of the selected years (Table 19; Appendix G).

1962—February, May, and October

In 1962, the first year of the historical reconstruction analysis, the water-distribution system consisted of 2 well fields containing 3 wells (Holly wells 13 and 14; Brookside well 15) and 1 storage tank and standpipe (Horner Street) as shown on Plate 52. In 1962, total production of water was 359 Mgal (Figure 14). Production of slightly more than 40 Mgal occurred during the maximum- demand month of May (Table B-1; Figure 11). The areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from the well fields to locations in the Dover Township area is presented on Plates 52–57 for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months of February, May, and October, respectively. Graphs showing the percentage of water contributed by the two well fields to the five selected pipeline locations (A, B, C, D, and E) are shown in Figure H-1, and a tabular listing of this information for each month of 1962 is provided in Table G-1. In February and May 1962, the Holly wells did not supply any water to the western area of Dover Township and supplied only a very small amount (10% or less) in October 1962 (Plates 52, 54, 56). On the other hand, the Brookside well supplied all parts of the water-distribution system including 90% or more to the central, south-central, and eastern parts of the Dover Township area in February 1962 (Plates 53, 55, 57). Depending on the time of year, there can be significant variation in the proportionate contribution of water from a well or well field to a specific location serviced by the water-distribution system. As shown in Table G-1 and Figure H-1, the percentage of water contributed to pipeline location A in the southernmost area of Dover Township by the Holly wells in 1962 varied from 0% in February to 23% in May (maximum-demand month) to 40% in October (also compare Plates 52, 54, and 56).

1965—February, June, and October

In 1965, the water-distribution system consisted of 2 well fields containing 4 wells (Holly wells 14, 16, and 18; Brookside well 15) and 1 elevated storage tank (South Toms River), as shown on Plate 58. In 1965, total production of water was 573 Mgal (Figure 14). Production of slightly more than 64 Mgal occurred during the maximum-demand month of June (Table B-4; Figure 11). The areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from the wells and well fields to locations in the Dover Township area is presented on Plates 58 through 63 for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months of February, June, and October, respectively. Graphs showing the simulated percentage of water contributed by the well fields to the five selected pipeline locations (A–E) are shown in Figure H-2. A tabular listing of simulated results for each month of 1965 is also provided in Table G-2. By 1965, the water-distribution system had expanded to the northeasternmost part of Dover Township. This area, the easternmost, and the southeastern areas were primarily supplied by the Brookside well contributing 75% or more of the water during all demand periods (Plates 59, 61, 63). The Holly wells supplied 75% or more of the water to the southwestern and southern areas of Dover Township, including the Borough of South Toms River where these wells supplied 90% or more of the water during all demand periods (Plates 58, 60, 62). Pipeline locations D and E, located in the southeastern and northeasternmost areas of Dover Township (see Plate 58 for location), were supplied with 80% to 100% of their water by the Brookside well (15). Pipeline locations A and B, located in the southern and southwestern areas, respectively, received 56% to 100% of their water from the Holly wells. Pipeline location C, located in the west-central area of Dover Township, received 39% of its water from the Holly wells under minimum-demand conditions (February 1965) and 72% and 80% of its water under maximum- and average-demand conditions, respectivel (June 1965 and October 1965; Table G-2 and Figure H-2).

1971—February, July, and October

In 1971, the water-distribution system consisted of 7 well fields containing 14 wells (Holly wells 14, 16, 18, 19, and 21; Brookside well 15; South Toms River well 17; Indian Head well 20, Parkway wells 22, 23, 26, and 27; Anchorage well; and Silver Bay well), 3 ground-level storage tanks (Holly plant (2 tanks) and Parkway) and 2 elevated storage tanks (South Toms River and Indian Hill), as shown on Plate 64. The areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from the wells and well fields to locations in the Dover Township area is presented on Plates 64 through 82 for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months of February, July, and October, respectively. Graphs showing the simulated percentage of water contributed by the well fields to the five selected pipeline locations (A-E) are shown in Figure H-3. A tabular listing of simulated results for each month of 1971 is also provided in Table G-3. The configuration and operation of the 1971 water-distribution system illustrates the growth and operational complexity of the system (compare Plates 64 and 58; Figures H-2 and H-3). The Holly wells primarily contributed water to the southern and southwesternmost areas of the distribution system (Plates 64, 70, 77). Note that with well fields such as Holly, which contain multiple wells, not all wells were pumped or were in service during the entire year. For example, in February and October 1971 (minimum- and average-demand conditions), only Holly wells 16, 18, and 19 were operating (Plates 64 and 77; Table B-10), whereas the well field consisted of wells 14, 16, 18, 19, and 21. All of these wells were operated under maximum-demand conditions in July 1971 (Plate 70; Table B-10).

In 1971, demand and consequently production of water were at all-time highs, reaching a total annual production of 1,449 Mgal (Figure 14). Production of more than 230 Mgal occurred during the maximum-demand month of July (Table B-10; Figures 11 and 12). The Indian Head well contributed 90% or more of the water to locations along the northwesternmost part of the distribution system (Plate 67) in February 1971, more than 50% of the water in July (Plate 73), and more than 25% of the water in October (Plate 80). The Anchorage and Silver Bay wells, located in the northeasternmost area of Dover Township (Plates 68, 69, 75, 76, 81, 82), were also in service in 1971. These wells were used primarily to service and augment demand in the vicinity of the well locations.

In 1971, four Parkway wells (22, 23, 26, and 27) were brought on line to meet the maximum-demand conditions occurring in July (Plate 74; Figure H-3; Table G-3; Table B-10). These wells contributed water in varying amounts of up to 75%, with an average simulated contribution of about 25%, to all areas of the distribution system except for the southernmost and southwesternmost areas of Dover Township and the Borough of South Toms River.

1978—February, June, and October

In 1978, the water-distribution system consisted of 7 well fields containing 17 wells (Holly wells 16, 18, 19, and 21; Brookside well 15; South Toms River well 17; Indian head well 20; Parkway wells 22-29; Anchorage well; and Silver Bay well), 5 ground-level storage tanks (Holly Plant (2 tanks), Parkway, Holiday City, and Route 37), and 2 elevated storage tanks (South Toms River and Indian Hill) as shown on Plate 83. The areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from the wells and well fields to locations in the Dover Township area is presented on Plates 83 through 98 for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months of February, June, and October, respectively. Graphs showing the simulated percentage of water contributed by the well fields to the five selected pipeline locations (A-E) are shown in Figure H-4. A tabular listing of simulated results for each month of 1978 is also provided in Table G-3. By 1978, the operations of the water-distribution system had been configured so that the Parkway wells were contributing water to all locations throughout the Dover Township area (Plates 86, 91, 98; Figure H-4; Tables G-4), except for the Borough of South Toms River. This area was primarily supplied by the Holly wells (Plates 83, 87, 94) and the South Toms River well (Plates 84, 89, 96), as exempli- fied by the contribution of water to pipeline location A shown in Figure H-4.

In 1978, total production of water was 2,191 Mgal (Figure 14). Production of more than 273 Mgal occurred during the maximum-demand month of July (Table B-17; Figure 11). During 1978, simulation results indicate that the Holly wells contributed 75% or more of the water to the southernmost area of Dover Township and 10% to 100% of the water to the Berkeley Township area serviced by the water-distribution system in February, June, and October (Plates 83, 87, 94). The Indian Head well contributed 90% or more of the water to locations along the northwesternmost part of the water-distribution system in February and October (Plates 85, 97), and more than 50% of the water during the maximum- demand month of June (Plate 90). Most of the water contributed by the Indian Head well flowed primarily to the northwest as exemplified by the contribution of water to pipeline location A (Figure H-4). This location, supplied solely by the Indian Head and Parkway wells (Table G-4), is located to the east of the Indian Head well (Plate 85) and, therefore, obtained most of its water (70% or more) in February, June, and October from the Parkway wells.

Unlike the operations of the water-distribution system in the early years of the historical period, in 1978 the Brookside well was operated on a limited basis and simulation results indicate a contribution of water of 50% or less to locations in eastern and northeasternmost areas of Dover Township (Plates 88, 95). This method of operating the Brookside well is clearly seen by comparing the simulated proportionate contribution of water from the Brookside well to the five selected pipeline locations for 1965 and 1978 (compare Figures H-2 and H-4, respectively).

In 1978, the Anchorage and Silver Bay wells were used solely for the maximum-demand month of June (Plates 92 and 93). As described above for 1971 conditions, these wells were used primarily to service and augment demand in the areas that were in the vicinity of the well locations; that is, the northeasternmost part of Dover Township. The Silver Bay well was taken completely out of service after August 1980 (Table B-19) and the Anchorage well was used solely for an average of 2 hours per day in July 1981 (Table B-20) and 5 hours per day in June 1984 (Table B-23), after which time, it was taken completely out of service.

1988—February, July, and October

In 1988, the water-distribution system consisted of 7 well fields containing 16 wells (Holly wells 21 and 30; Brookside well 15; South Toms River wells 32 and 38; Indian Head well 20; Parkway wells 22-24, 26, 28, and 29; Route 70 well 31; Berkeley wells 33, 34, and 35), 6 ground-level storage tanks (Holly Plant (2 tanks), Parkway, Holiday City, Route 37, and Windsor), and 2 elevated storage tanks (South Toms River and Indian Hill), as shown on Plate 99. The areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from the wells and well fields to locations in the Dover Township area is presented on Plates 99 through 117 for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months of February, July, and October, respectively. Graphs showing the simulated percentage of water contributed by the points of entry to the five selected pipeline locations (A-E) are shown in Figure H-5. A tabular listing of the percentage of water contributed by each water source for each month of 1988 is also provided in Table G-5.

By 1988, demand and consequently production of water were at all-time highs, reaching a total annual production of 3,441 Mgal (Figure 14). Production of nearly 433 Mgal occurred during the maximum-demand month of July (Table B-27; Figures 11 and 12). In February 1988, most of the water supplied to the water-distribution system was contributed by Holly well 30 and by Berkeley wells 33 and 34 (Plates 99, 104). Simulated proportionate contribution results indicate that the Brookside well and South Toms River well 32 contributed 25% or less of the water to the southeasternmost, eastern, and northeasternmost areas of Dover Township (Plates 100; 101).

Simulation results show that the Parkway wells contributed water to the central and northern areas of Dover Township in varying percentages during 1988, depending on the time of year and demand conditions (Plates 102, 109, 115). The water contributed by the Parkway wells was as little as about 10% in February at pipeline location D (Figure H-5), 80% or more in October at pipeline location C, and was nearly 100% of the water contributed to locations in the central area of Dover Township in October (Plate 115).

The Route 70 well was part of the water-distribution system in 1988 (Plates 103, 110, 116) and was primarily used to supply water to locations along the northwesternmost part of the Dover Township area. In previous years, this part of the network was supplied by the Indian Head well. The Route 70 well also contributed water to the northernmost and northeasternmost areas of Dover Township throughout 1988. The Berkeley wells, brought into service in 1986 (Table B-25), were used as the primary source of water for that part of the distribution system serving the Berkeley Township area. In 1988, based on simulated proportionate contribution results, these wells contributed 90% or more of the water to the Berkeley Township area (Plates 104, 111, 117). In February, Berkeley wells 33 and 34 contributed up to 25% of the water to eastern areas (including the southeasternmost and northeasternmost areas) of Dover Township; whereas in July and October the simulated percentage of water from all three Berkeley wells (33, 34, and 35) was 10% or less to this part of the network.

1995—February, August, and October

In 1995, the water-distribution system consisted of 8 well fields containing 20 wells (Holly wells 21, 30, and 37; Brookside well 15; South Toms River wells 32 and 38; Indian Head well 20; Parkway wells 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 41, and 42; Route 70 well 31; Berkeley wells 33, 34, and 35; Windsor well 40), 6 ground-level storage tanks (Holly Plant (2 tanks), Parkway, Holiday City, Route 37, and Windsor), and 3 elevated storage tanks (South Toms River, Indian Hill, and North Dover), as shown on Plate 118. The areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from the wells and well fields to locations in the Dover Township area is presented on Plates 118 through 136 for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months of February, August, and October, respectively. Graphs showing the percentage of water contributed by the points of entry to the five selected pipeline locations (A-E) are shown in Figure H-6. A tabular listing of the percentage of water contributed by each water source for each month of 1995 is also provided in Table G-6.

Production of water to meet demand in 1995 exceeded all other years of the historical period with respect to total annual production of 3,985 Mgal (Figure 14). The maximum-monthly production of nearly 514 Mgal occurred in August (Table B-34; Figures 11 and 12). For minimum-demand conditions (February), most of the water was contributed by the Parkway wells (Plate 120) and the Berkeley wells (Plate 122). In February, the Holly wells did not contribute any water to the distribution system (Figure H-6). During the maximum-demand month (August), most of the water was contributed by the Holly wells (Plate 123) and the Parkway wells (Plate 127), with the Berkeley wells supplying the Berkeley Township area and a very small area of southwesternmost Dover Township (Plate 129; Figure H-6). During the average-demand month (October), most of the water was contributed by Holly well 30 (Plate 131), the Parkway wells (Plate 133), and the Berkeley wells (Plate 135). In October, the Berkeley wells contributed water to every part of Dover Township serviced by the water-distribution system (Plate 135; Figure G-H) with the exception of the northwesternmost area, which received most of its water from the Route 70 well (Plate 134).

The South Toms River wells contributed 90% or more of the water to the Borough of South Toms River in February (Plate 118) and August (Plate 125), and less than 50% of the water to the southeasternmost and eastern areas of Dover Township. The Indian Head well did not contribute significantly to demand in 1995, except in the area immediately near the well. In fact, the simulated proportionate contribution of water from this well in 1995 was generally less than 30% in areas away from the immediate vicinity of the well at any given time during February, August, or October (Plates 119, 126, 132; Figure H-6).

Windsor well 40, which began operations in June 1991 (Table B-30), was used primarily to contribute water to the southeasternmost area of Dover Township. The areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from this well is shown for the first time for the selected year of 1995 (Plates 130, 136). Typically, the Windsor well would be operated during the maximum-demand months of the summer and through the average-demand month of October (Tables B-30 through B-34).

1996—February, June, and October

In 1996, the final year of the historical reconstruction analysis, the water-distribution system consisted of 8 well fields containing 20 wells (Holly wells 21, 30, and 37; Brookside well 15; South Toms River wells 32, and 38; Indian Head well 20; Parkway wells 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 41, and 42; Route 70 well 31; Berkeley wells 33, 34, and 35; Windsor well 40), 6 ground-level storage tanks (Holly Plant (2 tanks), Parkway, Holiday City, Route 37, and Windsor), and 3 elevated storage tanks (South Toms River, Indian Hill, and North Dover), as shown on Plate 137. The areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from the wells and well fields to locations in the Dover Township area is presented on Plates 137 through 153 for the minimum-, maximum-, and average-demand months of February, June, and October, respectively. Graphs showing the percentage of water contributed by the wells and well fields to the five selected pipeline locations (A–E) are shown on Figure H-7. A tabular listing of the percentage of water contributed by each water source for each month of 1996 is also provided in Table G-7.

Annual and monthly production of water required to meet demand in 1996 was less than that required in 1995. Total annual production was 3,873 Mgal (Figure 14), and 417 Mgal were produced during the maximum-demand month of June (Table B-35; Figure 11). Other- wise, the 1996 water-distribution system was operated in a manner similar to the 1995 water-distribution system; however, in 1996, the Parkway wells contributed more water overall to the distribution system in February 1996 (Figure H-7) than they did in February 1995. In February 1996, the Parkway wells contributed water to all locations in the Dover Township area with the exceptions of Berkeley Township and some areas of northernmost and northwestern Dover Township (Plate 139). In June 1996, the Parkway wells contributed water to all areas of Dover Township except Berkeley Township and southeasternmost Dover Township (Plate 145). In October 1996, Parkway wells again contributed water to all parts of Dover Township except Berkeley Township and northwesternmost Dover Township (Plate 151). The higher percentage contribution of water by the Parkway wells in 1996 compared to 1995 is evident on these maps (Plates 139, 145, 151) by the 90% or more contribution of water classification covering a signifi- cantly larger area of Dover Township in comparison to previous years.

The Brookside well was operated in a similar manner during 1995 and 1996, and was used solely during the summer to meet the maximum-demand conditions. In June 1996, the simulated proportionate contribution from the Brookside well to the pipeline network was approximately no more than 25% and generally less than 10% in the eastern and northeasternmost areas of Dover Township (Plate 143; Figure H-7). The South Toms River wells were operated during every month of 1996 except December (Table B-35). These wells contributed 50% to 100% of the water to the Borough of South Toms River area during the entire year (Plates 137, 144, 150; Figure H-7) as well as contributing up to 75% of the water to locations in the southeasternmost areas of Dover Township during the average-demand month of October (Plate 150).

The Indian Head well was operated for 6 months during 1996 (Table B-35) and did not operate during the maximum-demand month of June. It was operating during the minimum-demand month of February (Plate 138; Figure H-7; Table G-7). Except for the area in the vicinity and slightly northwest of the well, the contribution of water from this well to the pipeline network was limited everywhere to approximately 50% or less, and generally 10% or less in Dover Township.

Although the Route 70 well was operated during every month of 1996 (Table B-35), its contribution of water to the pipeline network was generally limited to the northernmost areas of Dover Township (Plates 140, 146, 152). The simulated percentage contribution of water from the Route 70 well varied from 90% or more to the northwesternmost areas of Dover Township to 10% or less in the northeasternmost areas.

The Berkeley wells contributed 75% or more of the water to locations in the Berkeley Township area of the distribution system in February (Plate 141), June (Plate 147), and October (Plate 153). In February, the Berkeley wells contributed 50% or less to the total water demand in the southeasternmost part of Dover Township. In June and October, the Berkeley wells contributed less than 25% and, generally, 10% or less of the total water distributed to the central and northeasternmost areas of Dover Township (Figures H-7).

Windsor well 40 was used primarily to supply water to the southeasternmost part of the Dover Township area in 1996 and the areal distribution of the simulated proportionate contribution of water from this well is shown for June 1996 on Plate 148. Generally, the Windsor well contributed at least 75% of the water to the southeastern area of Dover Township in the vicinity of the well. It additionally contributed 25% or less of the water to locations in the easternmost and northeasternmost areas of Dover Township (Figures H-7; Table G-7). Typically, the Windsor well was operated during the maximum-demand months of the summer, although in 1996 it was also operated in November and December (Table B-35).

The detailed results presented for the seven selected years demonstrate that the contribution of water from operating wells and well fields could vary significantly by time and location. However, as discussed previously, these results also show that certain wells and well fields did provide the predominant amount of water to locations throughout the Dover township area serviced by the historical distribution system.

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