CCC

Cabat, Erni

    1985             The white dove of the desert. Tucson Guide, Fall/Winter, front cover, pp. 47-49. Tucson, Madden Publishing, Inc. [Seven full-color watercolor paintings by Cabat of various aspects of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Cabat, Erni, and Charles W. Polzer

    1982             Father Eusebio Francisco Kino and his missions of the Pimería Alta. Book 1: the side altars. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center. Map, illus. 30 pp. [Illustrated in color, artist Cabat offers his interpretation of many of the side altars of the missions of the Pimería Alta, that of the west transept of Mission San Xavier del Bac included. Text by Polzer.]

    1983a           Father Eusebio Francisco Kino and his missions of the Pimería Alta. Book 2: the main altars. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center. Map, illus. 30 pp. [The central portion of Mission San Xavier del Bac=s retablo mayor, that including the niche holding the statue of San Francisco Xavier, is included. Text by Polzer.]

    1983b           Father Eusebio Francisco Kino and his missions of the Pimería Alta. Book 3: facing the missions. Tucson, Southwestern Mission Research Center. Map, illus. 30 pp. [Here are Cabat=s watercolor renderings of the façades of the Pimería Alta missions, San Xavier del Bac=s included. Text by Polzer.]

Cady, John H.

    1915             Arizona=s yesterday. Rewritten and revised by Basil D. Woon. s.l., John H. Cady. Illus. 120 pp. [Cady recounts events that led up to the 1871 ACamp Grant Massacre@ in which Apaches camped near Camp Grant were killed by a party of about fifty Papago Indians, forty-five Mexicans, and six Anglo Americans, Cady being one of them. He tells how he, five other Anglos, and three Papago trackers had discerned that the Apaches who had killed a rancher named Wooster who lived near Tubac had fled to Camp Grant. He notes that the trial in which he and others were acquitted had been Aa farce.@]

    1978             Arizona=s yesterday. Old West, Vol. 14, Spring, pp. 45-64. Austin, Texas, Western Publications. [A reprint, with the preface of the original, of Cady (1915).]

    1995                                     Arizona=s yesterday. Rewritten and revised by Basil D. Woon; foreword by L. Boyd Finch. Tucson, Adobe Corral, Westerners International. [A reprint, with a foreword by Finch to the new edition, of Cady (1915).]

Cain, H. Thomas

    1962             Pima Indian basketry. Phoenix, The Heard Museum of Anthropology and Primitive Arts. Maps. illus., bibl. 40 pp. [Papago basketry is compared to Gila River Pima basketry throughout.]

    1975             Indian basketry in Arizona. Arizona Highways, Vol. 51, no. 7 (July), pp. 2-5, 44. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Both prehistoric and historic Arizona Indian basketry are discussed in these excerpts from Cain (1962), including prehistoric baskets recovered by Emil Haury in Ventana Cave on the Papago Indian Reservation. Modern Papago baskets are discussed (p. 44). Color photos of Papago baskets by Jerry Jacka are on page 13, 17, 18, and inside the back cover.]

Caiazza, Amy; April Shaw, and Misha Werschkul

    2004             Women=s economic status in the states: wide disparities by race, ethnicity, and region. Refs. iv + 44 pp. Washington, D.C., Institute for Women=s Policy Research. [Included here in a section on AThe economic status of Native American women@ (pp. 11-13) is the comment, AAmong the worst tribe for women=s poverty, the Tohono O=odham, a stunning two in five (40.8 percent) women lived in poverty. This proportion is more than 20 percentage points worse than that in the worst-poverty state for all women in 1999 B Mississippi, whose rate was 20.6 percent.@ A table on page 12 indicates that in 1999 the median annual earnings for full-time, year-around female workers among the Tohono O=odham was $22,100. This essay was published online at <www.iwpr.org>.]

Callahan, Kathy L.

    1981             "Intervention strategies for the treatment of alcohol-abusers and alcoholics among Papago Indians: an ethnographic needs assessment." Ph.D. dissertation, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. 236 pp. [This study shows no statistically significant differences between Papago drinkers and non-drinkers with regard to their socio-demographics. AThe Papago learn normative drinking behavior at an early age and excessive drinking behavior often appears during the teen years.@ Stress is laid on the need for implementation of education and prevention programs."]

California Academy of Sciences

    1980             Western North American Indians baskets from the collection of Clay P. Bedford. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. [A catalogue of an exhibit of baskets that went on display at San Francisco's California Academy of Sciences on April 16, 1980, includes a color illustration of a Papago winnowing basket (p. 65).]

Calloway, D.H.; R.D. Giaque, and F.M. Costa

    1974             The superior content of some Indian foods in comparison to federally donated counterpart commodities. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, Vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 203-211. New York, Gordon & Breach. [Various Aelements were estimated in samples of traditional Hopi and Papago Indian foods, products of maize, other cereals, cactus and legumes, and in alternative commodity foods distributed by the U.S. federal government in 1971-72. The foods produced in the Arizona reservations were consistently higher in essential minerals than were the commodity foods. ... Dried cactus (Opuntia sp.) buds used by the Papago contained 2.8% Ca. The traditional foods were also richer in Br, Sr, Rb and Pb than were the commodity foods.@]

Calvin, Grace V., and Ross Calvin

    1936             Church of San Xavier del Bac. Arizona Highways, Vol. 12, no. 6 (June), pp. 2-3. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [A black-and-white photograph of the lower portion of the southeast elevation of the church and east atrium wall is accompanied by a text extolling the beauties and permanence of mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Calvin, Ross

    1946             River of the sun: stories of the storied Gila. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Illus. xix + 153 pp. [Includes brief mention of Father Eusebio Kino's having founded a mission at San Xavier del Bac and of his having introduced new crops as well as livestocking the Indians there. Also included (p. 37) is a note to the effect that the reason the Mexican soldiers failed to defend Tucson against Philip St. George Cooke and the Mormon Battalion in 1846 -- the reason as "quaintly" offered by the Mexican commander -- was that "Americans had entered on Sunday morning while he and his troops were absent, attending Mass at Kino's San Xavier mission." There is no documentation for this assertion by Calvin.]

Cámara Barbachano, Fernando

    1974             Culturas indígenas contemporáneas de México; el problema de la integración. Cultura y Sociedad, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Julio/Septiembre), pp. 20-26. México, D.F., Talleres Gráficos de la Editorial del Magisterio. [This is a translation into Spanish of an article published by Cámara in English in 1967 in volume 7 of the University of California at Los Angeles's Latin American Studies journal. Scattered mention is made throughout of the Papagos and Pimas in Sonora.]

Cameron, Colin

    1896             [Letter from the Chairman of the Livestock Sanitary Commission, Arizona Territory, to B.J. Franklin, Governor.] Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1896, Vol. 3, Report of the Governor of Arizona, pp. 252-253. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated August 10, 1896, and written from San Rafael de la Zanja, this letter concerns the problem stockmen in Pima County have been having with Papagos. Writes Cameron, "The whole western portion of the country is overrun by the nomatic (sic) portion of the Papago, Pima, and Maricopa Indians tribes, all going under the generic name of Papagos" (sic; p. 252).]

Cameron, Leroy, and others

    1994             Estrella dawn: the origin of the Maricopa. Notes by Donald Bahr. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 36, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 54-75. Tucson, University of Arizona Press and the Southwest Center. [In a note (no. 4, p. 73), Bahr mentions that in the Pima migration story, "Some of the original migrating tribe ... went south to become today's Papagos or Tohono O'odham."]

Cammack, Alberta

    n.d.a             Sisters of St. Joseph at St. John's Indian Mission, Komatke. Tucson, Archives, St. Mary's Hospital and Health Center. 5 pp. [Although Papagos are not mentioned as such, they were among the Indian students attending school at St. Johns Indian Mission between 1901 and 1938, the period of time the mission was served by Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet.]

    n.d.b             Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet. Tucson, Archives, St. Mary=s Hospital and Helath Center. Map, illus. 9 pp. [It is notyed here that in 1873 the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet opened a school for Indian children at San Xavier (del Bac), Ahaving been asked to so so by the Indian agent.@]

    1990             Religious women at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Dove of the Desert, no. 5 (Spring), pp. 2-3. Tucson, Franciscans at San Xavier del Bac Mission. [This is an excellent overview of the history of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet at Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1873-1932.]

    1991             Religious women at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Dove of the Desert, no. 7 (Spring), p. 3. Tucson, Franciscans at San Xavier del Bac Mission. [This is a fine overview of the history of the Franciscan Sisters of Christian Charity of Manitowoc, Wisconsin among the O'odham and at Mission San Xavier del Bac, beginning at Bapchule on the Gila River Indian Reservation in 1935 and continuing at San Xavier, 1940-1991.]

Camou H., Ernesto

    1985             Los habitantes del desierto. In Historia general de Sonora, Vol. 5, edited by Gerardo Cornejo Murrieta, pp. 305-313. Hermosillo, Gobierno del Estado de Sonora. [Drawing largely on data from Margarita Nolasco A. (1965) and from an unpublished report by Rafael Vásquez Aguirre, there is a brief section here concerning the Papagos in Sonora.]

Campbell, H.D.

    1901             The oldest mission in the Southwest. The University of Arizona Monthly, Vol. 3, no. 6 (April), pp. 186-190. Tucson, University of Arizona. [The article and two black-and-white photos deal with Mission San Xavier del Bac. Page 190 notes the scattered village of Papago Indians just beyond the mission. The article's title is, of course, a gross exaggeration.]

Campbell, Lyle, and Ronald W. Langacker

    1978a           Proto-Aztecan vowels: part I. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 44, no. 2 (April), pp. 85-102. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Includes a discussion of Pimic, the language of which Pima and Papagos are variants.]

    1978b           Proto-Aztecan vowels: part II. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 44, no. 3 (July), pp. 197-210. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Conclusion of Campbell and Langacker (1978a).]

Campbell, Martin

    1994             Mission bells. Company, Vol. 11, no. 4 (Summer), front cover, pp. 22-24. Chicago, American Jesuits. [This article about the accomplishments of Father Eusebio Kino among the Northern Piman Indians focuses on Mission Tumacácori in southern Arizona. It is accompanied by photos of the mission ruins, of a diorama in the mission=s museum, and of National Park Service ranger Donald Garate dressed as Juan Bautista de Anza.. The magazine=s cover has a color photo by Campbell of the south-southwest elevation of the upper portion of the front of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Campos, José A.

    1977a           I. Proyecto de exploración y colonización. In Etnología y misión en la Pimería Alta, 1715-1740 [Series de Historia Novohispana, núm. 27], by Luis González R., pp. 249-257. México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [This letter by Father Campos, who served as missionary at San Ignacio among the Piman Indians from 1693 until 1737, was written at the Jesuit college of San Andrés in Mexico City on January 24, 1723. In it he extols the possibilities of the Jesuits= of the Pimería Alta becoming the missionaries who could bring about the conversion to Christianity of the Hopi Indians. He points out that the Northern Pimas are Arelatives, companions, and neighbors@ of the Sobaipuris, both enemies of the Apaches. He also tells how in 1695 Pimans, urged on by Lucifer, martyred Father Francisco Xavier Saeta (in Caborca).]

    1977b           II. Inconvenientes de la ruta al Moqui por Chihuahua. In Etnología y misión en la Pimería Alta, 1715-1740 [Series de Historia Novohispana, núm. 27], by Luis González R., pp.257-263. México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [This is a continuation of Father Campos= argument that Jesuits from the Pimería Alta should proceed directly from Sonora to the Hopi country to begin evangelization there B rather than using a route through Chihuahua. This letter, written March 26, 1725 from his mission station at San Ignacio in the Pimería Alta, notes the proximity of missions San Ignacio and San Xavier del Bac to the Hopi country.]

Cañas, Cristóbal de

    1945             Estado de la Provincia de Sonora ... . Transcribed by F. González de Cossio. Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación, tomo 16, núm. 4, pp. 593-636. México, Secretaría de Gobernación, Dirección General de Información. [See annotation for Cañas (1977). This version is said by Luis González R. To be a highly defective transcription of the Cañas report. It is also presented here as an anonymous manuscript, as is the case with the translation by Ives, translator and editor (1948).]

    1977             Estado de la Provincia de Sonora ... . In Etnología y misión en la Pimería Alta, 1715-1740 [Series de Historia Novohispana, núm. 27], by Luis González R., pp.279-304. México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. [Father Cañas was a Jesuit missionary headquartered in Arizpe when in July, 1730 he penned this detailed report on the Province of Sonora and its Jesuit missions. His report includes an account of the missions of the rectorate of the Pimería Alta, that of Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, and the mission communities of Tubutama, Santa Teresa, Atí, Oquitoa, Caborca, Pitiquito, Búsani, Bisani, San Ignacio, Magdalena, and Imuris. It is interesting to compare his account of 1730 with that of Father Januske (1977) for 1723. An English translation of a version of this text is in Ives, translator and editor (1948).]

Cancio, Joe R.

    1998             Our friend, Mr. Thomas. In A good Cherokee, a good anthropologist, edited by Steve Pavlik, pp. 317-326. Los Angeles, University of California, American Indian Studies Center. [A Yaqui Indian recounts his experiences with anthropologist Robert Thomas, a Cherokee who had been married to a Papago woman and who lived on the San Xavier Reservation. Some of these experiences involved Thomas=s involvement in 1983 with the annual Wa:k powwow on the San Xavier Reservation; his listening to Thomas and Jim Griffith playing jig dance music at Thomas=s daughter=s home near the Indian Health Service clinic at San Xavier; and his participating in a blessing of the way of the procession along with Alvin Havier, a San Xavier Reservation resident and one of the Desert Dancers.]

Canger, Una

    1985             An inconspicuous split in Nahuatl. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 51, no. 4 (October), pp. 358-361. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. [Papago language is used in one of the examples in this article on linguistic change.]

Canney, F.C.

    1963             Abstract: soil sampling experiments in the Mission Mine area, Pima County, Arizona. Mining Engineering, Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 61. New York, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. [The Mission Mine is on the San Xavier Reservation.]

Canouts, Valette, assembler

    1972             An archaeological survey of the Santa Rosa Wash project [Archaeological Series, no. 18]. Tucson, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. Maps, illus., appendices, refs. vi +149 pp. [This is the report of an archaeological survey of the Santa Rosa Wash area of the Papago Indian Reservation. Included are remains of prehistoric sites as well as of historic Papago and non-Indian sites, one of which was involved with the Jackrabbit Mine.]

Cantrell, Don

    1972             Arizona's names and places. Outdoor Arizona, Vol. 41, no. 6 (June), pp. 32, 38. Phoenix, Phoenix Publishing Company. [Papago origins are given for the placenames "Ajo" and "Baboquivari." "Ajo" is said to come from "au auho," "paint," and Baboquivari from a Papago expression meaning "pinched below the middle." Close, but no cigars!]

Capron, Horace

    1870             Agricultural capabilities of the territories. In Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1869, pp. 601-626. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Included here is the statement: "The Santa Cruz region was occupied by Spanish Jesuit missionaries as early as the year 1600 (sic), the ruins of whose ecclesiastical and agricultural establishments are still traced. The church of San Xavier de Bac attests, even in its dilapidation, a wealth, refinement, and religious public spirit which argue a very productive industrial system, and a healthy social order" (p. 625).]

Carbajal, Andrés

    2004             Reconstructing the barrio. In the heart of Tucson, the past and present stand side by side. 110°, issue 4 (Summer), pp. 38-41. Tucson, Voices: Community Stories Past & Present, Inc. [Among the residents of Tucson=s Barrio Viejo interviewed and shown here in photos is 47-year-old goldsmith/silversmith James Fendenheim, a 12-year resident of the area. His grandmother is Tohono O=odham Frances Manuel who at one time lived in the same general area. He is shown in a color photo standing by the outside doorway of his studio gallery.]

Cardenal, Ernesto, translator

    1961             Poesía de los indios de Norteamérica. América Indígena, Vol. 21, núm. 4 (Octubre), pp. 355-362. México, D.F., Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. [Includes three Papago poems that have been translated into Spanish.]

Cargill, Andrew H.

    1936             The Camp Grant massacre. Arizona Historical Review, Vol. 7, no. 3 (July), pp. 73-79. Tucson, University of Arizona. [Cargill, who lived in Tucson at the time of the 1871 Camp Grant massacre, says that when the indictment against the perpetrators was drawn up, no one knew the names of the 75 Papagos who had been involved. He and the district attorney listed them "by fictitious names." They were Pinaleño Apaches who were killed in the massacre by Papagos and other Tucson townspeople.]

Carlson, Alvar W.

    1983             Rural settlements and land use. In Borderlands sourcebook, edited by Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, pp. 105-110. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [Passing mention is made of the Papagos "who reside mostly on reservations in southern Arizona."]

Carlson, Raymond

    1939             Along the highways and byways. Arizona Highways, Vol. 15, no. 10 (October), pp. 34-35. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Carlson, editor of Arizona Highways, tells of a trip through "Papagoland" when he and those with him stopped at a dwelling where they encountered a Papago family "taking a siesta period under a cactus covered shed attached to the clay (adobe) house. The big earthen jar was full of cold water and we had a drink." They tried to photograph a girl who was washing clothes, but she wanted to charge a dollar instead of the proffered 254 cents. They said they would pay her a dollar if she would pose weaving a basket, but she didn't know how to make baskets. So they parted ways, sans photo, to the strains of "Coming Down That Old Texas Trail" being played on an old and scratched record on an old-fashioned phonograph in the yard.]

    1941             De Grazia. Arizona Highways, Vol. 17, no. 2 (February), pp. 30-33. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This article about artist Ettore ATed@ De Grazia, who, at the time it was written, was living in Bisbee, Arizona, includes a reproduction in black-and-white of a De Grazia painting titled AWith the Indians at San Xavier.@ It shows a group of Indians and a Spanish priest and soldier in the foreground and the west three-quarters of the church in the background.]

    1954             Mission in the sun. Arizona Highways, Vol. 30, no. 4 (April), p. 1. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Arizona Highways editor Carlson introduces an issue of the magazine that features the photographs of Ansel Adams and text by Nancy Newhall of Mission San Xavier del Bac and its Indian parishioners.]

    1962             An historical perspective. In Padre Kino. Memorable events in the life and times of the immortal priest-colonizer of the Southwest depicted by De Grazia, with commentaries on the artist and his work by noted authorities on Southwestern history and art, edited by Carl S. Dentzel, pp. 39-40. Los Angeles, Southwest Museum. [Carlson writes glowingly about Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., pioneer missionary and the first European to live permanently among Northern Piman Indians. He says that Father Kino Alabored prodigiously, with love and ardent devotion in behalf of his Indian changes,@ teaching them Anew ways to grow crops, and he introduced them to horses and cattle.@]

    1966             An historical perspective. In APadre Kino,@ by Ted De Grazia, p. 3. Tucson, Gallery in the Sun. [A reprint of Carlson (1962).]

Carlton, Mickey

    1977             Optimists in a desert "paradise." Bi-Centennial Monograph, no. 3, edited by Henry F. Dobyns. Casa Grande, Arizona, Casa Grande Valley Historical Society. [Granada Fig Farms near the town of Casa Grande in southern Arizona employed Papago Indians from the neighboring Papago Reservation. The crew boss was a Kohatk named "Chief John," and he directed a crew of some 40 Papagos in the craft of pruning the fig trees (p. 25).]

Carmony, Neil, transcriber and editor

    1985             The California Column occupies Tucson: George O. Hand's diary, August 8 - December 2, 1862. Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 26, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 11-40. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. [Hand writes on Sept. 15 that Papagos in Tucson will keep a close watch over an Apache prisoner; Hand visits and describes Mission San Xavier on August 21, observing, "It is now a bad-looking place and a very unpleasant smell pervades the whole place. It is occupied by swallows & bats." He also notes Papagos' service in the U.S. Army.]

    1994             Whiskey, six-guns & red-light ladies: George Hand's saloon diary, Tucson, 1875-1878. Silver City, New Mexico, High-Lonesome Books. Illus., bibl., index. 268 pp. [Papago Indians are mentioned on pages 14, 15, 51, 121, 135, and 244. Scattered mention of Mission San Xavier occurs throughout (see the book's index), and there is a pre-1887 photo of the mission on p. 52.]

    1995             Next stop: Tombstone. George Hand's Contention City Diary, 1882. Tucson, Trail to Yesterday Books. Map, illus., refs., index. 42 pp. [Mention is made in Hand's diary of a shooting incident (no one was hurt) on May 1, 1882 involving Papago Indians and a Dr. Barney in the vicinity of Contention on the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona. The Papagos had been mistaken for Apaches.]

    1996             The Civil War in Apacheland. Sergeant George Hand's diary: California, Arizona, West Texas, New Mexico, 1861-1864. Silver City, New Mexico, High-Lonesome Books. Maps, illus., refs., index. 215 pp. [Hand remarks that Papagos in Tucson will watch over an Apache prisoner (Sept. 15, 1862); Mission San Xavier described as of August 21, 1862 (p. 68) and shown in an engraving from J. Ross Browne's book (1869) (p. 69).]

Carmony, Neil B., and David E. Brown, editors

    1983             Tales from Tiburon: an anthology of adventures in Seriland. Phoenix, The Southwest Natural History Association. Maps, illus., bibl. ix + 146 pp. [Included among these accounts of exploration by outsiders in Seri Indian country in Sonora are scattered mention of Papago Indians, chiefly those who served as guides.]

Carnes, Pack

    1991             A folklorist's perspective: "Gold Placer" and the European fairy tale. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 33, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 475-485. Tucson, University of Arizona Press, The Southwest Center. [This is an analysis by a folklorist of the tale written down by Papago Indian Jose Lewis Brennan (1991).]

Carney, Otis

    1983             The fence jumper. A search for the greener pasture. Ottawa, Illinois, Green Hill Publishers, Inc. [The book in part relates Carney's experiences as a rancher on the Las Delicias Ranch on the east side of the Baboquivari Mountains about twenty miles north of Sasabe, Arizona. He covers a few of his brief contacts with Papago Indians in the book, including discussion of a Papago girl he and his wife had hired as a cook and housekeeper. The time is in the 1970s and early 1980s.]

Carpenter, Edmund

    1988             Materials for the study of symbolism in ancient & tribal art. A record of tradition & continuity based on the researches and writings of Carl Schuster. Vol. 3, Book 2, The labyrinth & other paths to other worlds. New York, Rock Foundation. [Three views are shown in drawings of a Papago basket that incorporates the Aman in the maze@labyrinth into its designs (p. 317, illus. 341).]

Carpenter, R.

    1947             "The geology and ore deposits of the Vekol Mountains, Pinal County, Arizona." Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. [The Vekol Mountains are within the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Carpio, Joseph Díaz del

    1997             Judgment and opinion of Joseph Díaz del Carpio, captain of the royal presidio of Terrenate, and other settlers of the valleys of Santa Ana and San Luis. In The presidio and militia on the northern frontier of New Spain, a documentary history. Volume two, part one. The Californias and Sinaloa-Sonora, 1700-1765, compiled and edited by Charles W. Polzer and Thomas E. Sheridan, pp. 413-417, 428-431. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This judgment was rendered as the result of a meeting held in San Ignacio, Sonora in April 1752. They suggest that troops be stationed both at Tupo, between San Ignacio and Tubutama, and at Tubac, but argue that if only one place is to have troops, it should be Tubac. They also consider Ocuca to be a favorable site.]

Carr, Helen

    1990             AThe poetics and politics of primitivism: some United States interpretations of Native American literary traditions.@ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Essex, United Kingdom. 264 pp. [Included here is a critical application of colonial theory to a personal narrative by Tohono O=odham Maria Chona as translated and transformed into English by Ruth Underhill (1936a). The final chapter is devoted to the topic, Aa work which is a product of a new humanitarian concern with Indian subjectivity, yet still unable to face the political exploitation of the past and present.@]

    1996             Inventing the American primitive: politics, gender and the representation of Native American literary traditions, 1789-1936. New York, New York University Press. [This is a published version of Helen Carr (1990).]

Carrasco, Diego

    1971             Diego Carrasco=s diary. Complete text. In Kino and Manje: explorers of Sonora and Arizona and their vision of the future. A study of their expeditions and plans [Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10], compiled, with summaries of the trips, by Ernest J. Burrus, pp.555-577. Rome, Italy, and St. Louis, Missouri, Jesuit Historical Institute. [Captain Diego Carrasco accompanied Father Eusebio Francisco Kino on the latter=s September-October 1698 expedition to the confluence of the Gila and Colorado rivers. Apparently largely copied from Kino=s account of the same journey, it nonetheless Aadds Carrasco=s view and interpretation of events occurring on a key expedition into unexplored regions and among unknown nations.@ Considerable data are here -- in this transcription of the original in Spanish -- concerning Northern O=odham.]

Carrigan, Francis J.

    1971             "A geological investigation of contact metamorphic deposits in the Coyote Mountains, Pima County." Master of Science thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson. [This study assesses the economic potential of copper mining in the Coyote Mountains, portions of which lie on the Sells portion of the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Carrillo, Arsenio

    [1990]          The white sisters of Arizona. s.l., s.n. [This is a single piece of paper printed on both sides and folded into a two-fold with a resulting six pages. It is about the Eucharistic Missionaries of Saint Dominic who came to Tucson in 1939. One photo and caption explains that Sister Jane Quatman's ministry in 1990 is with Native Americans "on the Tohono O'odham Indian reservation near Tucson."]

Carrillo, Esperanza

    1915             AThe work of Fray Francisco Garcés in the Southwest.@ Master=s thesis, Department of History, University of California, Berkeley. Bibl. 134 pp. [Father Garcés was the first Franciscan assigned to Mission San Xavier del Bac, 1768. He worked extensively among Northern Pimans.]

Carstens-Faust, Jill

    1998             Desert duo. Home&Away, September/October, pp. 34-37. Minneapolis, American Automobile Association. [A color photo by Gill Kenny of the south elevation of the church accompanies this article, one with a brief discussion of Mission San Xavier del Bac and the fact that it is "a part of the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation." The author erroneously asserts that Father Eusebio Kino laid the foundations for this church in 1700 when, in fact, they were laid in 1783.]

Carter, Dick

    1961             New road to Kinoland. Arizona Highways, Vol. 37, no. 3 (March), pp. 36-39. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Photographer Carter takes the reader on a tour of country in northern Sonora where Father Eusebio Kino worked among the northern Piman Indians in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. A photo of Oquitoa Mission is included.]

Carter, George F.

    1945             Plant geography and culture history in the American Southwest [Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, no. 5]. New York, The Viking Fund, Inc. Maps, illus., bibl. 140 pp. [There are scattered references here to Papagos in connection with the introduction of corn (p. 40); tepary beans (p. 56); pinto and pink beans (p. 69); terrain (p. 94); flood farming (p. 98); today's rarity of colored corn (p. 99); climate and crop distribution (pp. 96-99); flood farming and villages (p. 113); and irrigation and other farming methods suggest possibility that Papagos are descendants of the prehistoric Hohokam (p. 118).]

    1948             Sweet corn among the Indians. Geographical Review, Vol. 38, no. 2 (April), pp. 206-221. New York, American Geographical Society. [Sweet corn and other types of corn among the Papago are discussed (pp. 218-19). Carter states, "the evidence for aboriginal sweet-corn growing among the Pima and Papago is inconclusive" (p. 218).]

Caruso, J.

    1980             Secrets of the Papago rainmakers. Desert Magazine, Vol. 43, no. 6 (July), pp. 7-11. Palm Desert, California, Cactus Paperworks, Inc. [Six nice color pictures accompany a text concerning the Papagos' saguaro fruit harvest. Emphasis is on the harvest, but the wine ceremony is briefly discussed.]

Casagrande, Joseph B., and Kenneth Hale

    1967             Semantic relationships in Papago folk-definition. In Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, edited by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle, pp. 165-193. The Hague and Paris, Mouton. [This paper presents a selection from a sample of about 800 Papago folk-definitions arranged in categories primarily intended to reflect the semantic principles implicit in their construction. Attention is also given to the grammatical form in which these folk definitions are cast. The concluding section compares the semantics of folk-definition with types of relationship in word association.]

Casebier, Rodney A.

    1976             "An analysis of the designs on modern Papago close coiled baskets." Master of Arts thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus., bibl. 99 pp. ["The general purpose of this study is to provide information on modern Papago close coiled basket designs (1900-1975) as they appear in their original state." A selected sample of 251 baskets was used in the evaluation.]

Cassidy, Gerald

    1939             Boboquivera (sic), the sacred mountain of the Papagos. New Mexico Quarterly, Vol. 9, no. 4 (November), facing p. 201. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico. [A drawing by artist Gerald Cassidy of Baboquivari Peak, one made during his 1923 trip into Papago country with D.T. McDougal, Mary Austin, and Ina Sizer Cassidy.]

Cassidy, Ina S.

    1939             I-Mary and me. The chronicle of a friendship. New Mexico Quarterly, Vol. 9, no. 4 (November), pp. 203-211. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico. [An account of a trip made by artist Gerald Cassidy and Ina Sizer Cassidy with writer Mary Austin and botanist Daniel T. McDougal into the Papago country in the spring of 1923.]

Castetter, Edward F.

    1935             Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest. I. Uncultivated native plants used as sources of food. University of New Mexico Bulletin, no. 266, Biological Series, Vol. 4, no. 1. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [There are scattered references here throughout to Papagos' uses of wild plant foods.]

    1943             Early tobacco utilization and cultivation in the American Southwest. American Anthropologist, Vol. 45, no. 2 (April/June), pp. 320-324. Menasha, Wisconsin, American Anthropological Association. [The cultivation of tobacco, Nicotiniana tabacum, was observed in 1938 on the Papago Indian Reservation, and Papagos are known to have been growing this species at San Xavier in 1903.]

Castetter, Edward F., and Willis H. Bell

    1937             The aboriginal utilization of the tall cacti of the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Bulletin, no. 307, Biological Series, Vol. 5, no. 1 (June 1), Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest, 4. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [There are scattered references to Papagos in connection with their Spanish influence (p. 5); their neglect of tending cattle at San Xavier in order to eat pitahayas (Carnegia gigantea), as reported by Father Eusebio Kino (p. 11); Juan Bautista de Anza and Fr. Francisco Garcés in their country in the 18th century (p. 11); harvesting and utilization of saguaro fruit (pp. 13-15); use of saguaro products in bartering with Pimas (p. 16); saguaro candy (p. 17); various reports involving saguaro (p. 23); other uses of saguaro, including saguaro ribs (pp. 25-26); and use of the night blooming cereus (p. 43).]

    1942             Pima and Papago Indian agriculture [Inter-American Studies, I]. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 245 pp. [This remains the best general reference to Pima and Papago Indian agriculture. It includes information on early botanical subsistence and later developments, including crops being cultivated by these people in the 1930s -- crops cultivated for food, utilitarian, and ceremonial purposes. Specific references to San Xavier are on pages 4, 5, 49, 52, 65, 71, 78, 103, 110, 117, 118, 145, 163, 164, 166, 177, and 178.]

    1951             Yuman Indian agriculture. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. xi + 274 pp. [Numerous references are made to Papago Indians throughout, largely by way of comparing Yuman and Papago subsistence activities.]

    1980             Pima and Papago Indian agriculture. New York, AMS Press. [A reprint of Castetter and Bell 1942.]

Castetter, Edward F.; Willis H. Bell, and Alvin R. Grove

    1938             The early utilization and the distribution of Agave in the American Southwest. The University of New Mexico Bulletin, whole no. 335, Biological Series, Vol. 5, no. 4 (December 1), Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest, 6. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Maps, bibl. 92 pp. [Scattered references to Papago on pages 48 (mescal gathering); 49 (trade with Pima); 50 (mescal hatchet unknown among Papago); 52 (digging stick); 64-65 (agave cordage); 66-67 (hair brush and house frame); 72 (sotol sleeping mats); and 81 (discussion of Papago use of Agave in summary).]

Castetter, Edward F., and Ruth M. Underhill

    1935             The ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. The University of New Mexico Bulletin, whole no. 275, Biological Series, Vol. 4, no. 3 (October 15), Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest, 2. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. Bibl., index. 84 pp. [This discussion of the ethnobiology of the Papago Indians includes utilization of both uncultivated and domesticated plants for foods, beverages, smoking, basketry, and weaving as well as medicinal and other miscellaneous uses. The hunting and utilization of wild animals, including large and small mammals and reptiles, and domesticated animals for both food and other miscellaneous uses are also covered.]

    1978             The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. New York, AMS Press. [Reprint of Castetter and Underhill, 1935.]

Castile, George P.

    2002             Yaquis, Edward H. Spicer, and federal Indian policy: from immigrants to Native Americans. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 44, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 383-435. Tucson, The Southwest Center, University of Arizona. [This lengthy essay concerning the means by which the Yaqui Indians of Arizona achieved U.S. federal recognition as a Native American tribe includes passing mention of the fact that until the Yaqui reservation was created in 1978, southern Arizona had only the San Xavier, Gila Bend, and Sells reservations for Tohono O=odham. Also passing mention is made of Tohono O=odham and Apache hostilities and of Yaquis taking refuge among Tohono O=odham between 1887 and 1906. Castile observes that in 1796 there were a dozen Yaquis at Mission Tumacacori among the O=odham, but that there is no evidence any of them or their descendants ever remained. He also quotes Spicer to the effect that Yaquis were anxious not to be identified as Papago and other Indians whom Athey regarded as inferior to themselves.@]

Castillo, Rodolfo Del

    2002             Restauración de bienes culturales muebles. Señales de Humo, Año1, núm. 1 (Octubre-Diciembre), p. 11. Hermosillo, Sonora, Centro INAH Sonora. [A discussion of various restoration and conservation projects undertaken by the Sonora center of Mexico=s National Institute of Anthropology and History mentions the in situ stabilization of various fossil remains, including those of mammoths, at Quitovac, Aa small community of Pápago origin.@]

Castillo, Guadalupe, and Margo Cowan, editors

    2001             It's not our fault. The case for amending present nationality law to make all members of the Tohono O'odham Nation United States Citizens, now and forever. Photographs by Jeffry Scott. Sells, Arizona, Tohono O'odham Nation, Executive Branch. Map, illus. 92 pp. [Illustrated abundantly with color photos of Tohono O'odham in various settings, including Mission San Xavier del Bac, this is largely a series of interviews with Tohono O'odham concerning the injustice of those who live in Sonora and those in Arizona who have no birth certificates not being regarded as citizens of the United States. It is a plea to Congress and the President to amend U.S. law to give all enrolled members of the Tohono O'odham Nation U.S. citizenship. Eloquent testimony compiled in a handsome, hardcover book.]

Cather, Willa

    1942             Death comes to the archbishop. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. Illus. 343 pp. [This is a novel based on the life of Bishop Lamy of New Mexico, one that includes the role of Father Machebeuf. Mention is made of Mission San Xavier del Bac on p. 253.]

Cavagnaro, Camillus

    1962             Indian art serves the altar. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 40, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 53-54. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [Religious items crafted by Papago men and women decorate the chapel of St. Catherine's Papago chapel in Ajo, Arizona. Two black-and-white photos show the inside of the chapel.]

Caywood, Louis R.

    1935             Bodies of Franciscan priests reburied. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, Supplement for February, pp. 91-93. Coolidge, Arizona, Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [Here is a detailed description of the exhumation and removal of the remains of fathers Baltazar Carrillo and Narciso Gutiérrez from Mission Tumacacori and their transfer to Mission San Xavier del Bac. Caywood describes the personnel and speeches at the re-burial ceremony which took place inside the mortuary chapel at San Xavier on February 21, 1935.]

    1938             Tumacacori. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, May, pp. 390-392. [Coolidge, Arizona], Department of Interior, National Park Service. [In writing about monthly events at Tumacacori National Monument, custodian Caywood notes that on May 16, 1938, "Indians from San Xavier were interested visitors to Tumacacori. Mr. Leonardo Rios, one of the party, told how his ancestors used to live at this mission, but the Apache raids got so bad that they left for San Xavier, the women carrying the small movable objects, including the statues of the saints, from the church in packs on their backs." Caywood also notes visiting Caborca, Sonora, where, AOne of the oldtimers, a Papago, told his history as far back as he remembered and then what his parents had told him."]

    1941a           The Spanish missions of northwestern New Spain -- Franciscan period, 1768-1836. Kiva, Vol. 6, no. 4 (January), pp. 13-16. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A brief historical overview of the Franciscan missions in the Pimería Alta. Friendly Pima and Opata aid given the Spaniards against Apaches is noted (p. 15) as well as the fact that renegade Pimas and Papagos also caused problems for the Spaniards.]

    1941b           The Spanish missions of northwestern New Spain -- Jesuit period, 1687-1767. Kiva, Vol. 5, no. 2 (November), pp. 5-8. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [A short historical overview of the missions of the Pimería Alta and Father Kino's work in this area beginning with his arrival in 1687. The Pima rebellion at Tubutama and Oquitoa in 1695 and the more widespread Pima Revolt of 1751 are briefly noted.]

    1943             Tumacacori. Portrayal of Spanish history in Arizona and Sonora. Arizona Highways, Vol. 19, no. 2 (February), pp. 20-27. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [Fourteen black-and-white illustrations accompany this overview history of Mission Tumacacori and of Tumacacori National Monument in southern Arizona. Founded by Father Eusebio Francisco Kino in 1691, the mission served the Sobaipuri Indians (O'odham). Mission San Xavier del Bac's history is also alluded to, including the mistaken notion that Franciscan missionary fathers Carrillo and Gutiérrez had once served at Mission San Xavier. The mid-19th century exodus of Pimans from Tumacacori to San Xavier is mentioned as well.]

Cázares, José, and Kerrie A. Cázares

    n.d.               T-O'odham A-B-C o'ohana (our O'odham A-B-C book). [Tucson], Tohono Graf/x. Illus. 25 pp. [Words in O'odham whose initial letters are those of the alphabet are used in this "ABC" book intended for use by O'odham children learning to read their own language and simultaneously learning the alphabet, one which includes an initial "ñ" and other initial sounds not present in English and which lacks a "Z." In a typical example, the letter "K" is illustrated by "ki:," accompanied by a drawing of a house, and by "kawyu," accompanied by a drawing of a horse. The drawings, done in outline, are intended to be colored in by the student. O'odham linguist Ofelia Zepeda consulted on the work.]

Cazeneuve, Jean

    1956             Les indiens de la région de Tucson. L'Ethnographie, nouvelle série, no. 51, pp. 37-44. Paris, Société d'Ethnographie de Paris. ["Les Papagos de San Xavier del Bac" are briefly discussed on pages 42-44.]

Celaya, Alberto

    1991             The Arenenos (Sand Papago). In Ethnology of Northwest Mexico: a sourcebook [Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks, edited by David H. Thomas, Vol. 6], edited with an introduction by Randall H. McGuire, pp. 400-405. New York and London, Garland Publishing Co. [These are typescript notes by Paul H. Ezell based on interviews with Alberto Celaya on the subject of Areneños, or ASand Papagos,@ that took place between December 28 and 31, 1951, during a trip taken by Celaya, Ezell, Alan Olson, Tad Nichols, and George Bradt into the Pinacate Mountains in northwestern Sonora. Included are Sand Papago genealogical data and information on pottery, tattooing, history, violent dealings with Mexicans, shelter, and subsistence. Ezell=s comments are interspersed with the notes, which were transcribed at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument January 14, 1952.]

Celentano, Tony

    1980             Tony Celentano: a portfolio. Sun Tracks, Vol. 6, pp. 155-161. Tucson, Department of English, University of Arizona. [Seven black-and-white photographs of Papago Indians taken by photographer Celentano, the husband of Tohono O'odham linguist Ofelia Zepeda.]

Celestino, Perry

    1973             AThe Papago dwelling: its evolution and typology.@ Master of Arts thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe. Illus., bibl. 178 pp.

Cella Barr Associates, Mark Barnes, and Guy Greene Associates

    1991             Concept plan: Mission San Agustín del Tucson cultural park. Tucson, Cella Barr Associates. Maps, plans, illus., bibl. 72 pp. [This study was prepared for the City of Tucson=s San Agustín Mission Task Force in an effort to suggest alternative development proposals for the site where the former mission visita of San Agustín del Tucson once stood. The report provides some of the history of the site, some coming from late 17^th-century Spanish accounts. It is noted: AThe creation of San Agustín as a visita of Pima Indians and later Hispanic pueblo in the last quarter of the 18^th century demonstrates the success of the Spanish colonial system to acculturate local Native American groups, such as the Pima, in the face of an extremely hostile natural and cultural environment.@]

Cendrick, Charles K.

    1993             AReconnecting America=s Indian: a contrast and comparison of two independent qualitative studies.@ Master of Science thesis, Texas Woman=s University, Denton, Dallas, and Houston. 53 pp. [AThe purpose of this study was to compare and contrast various aspects of two independent studies on American Indians. One study was conducted in conjunction with the Dallas Inter-tribal Center, the other under the auspices of the Traditional Indian Alliance of Greater Tucson.@ The latter was comprised principally of Yaquis, Tohono O=odham, and Navajos. ABoth studies reported similarly low education levels and poor means of transportation. Also, most respondents either reported having poor or no health insurance. Worry about money, anxiety, family use of alcohol, and fear of neighborhood violence were among the most frequent problems experienced by respondents of both studies.@]

Cerny, Charlene

    1983             The Girard collection at the Museum of International Folk Art. American Indians Art Magazine, Vol. 8, no. 2 (Spring), pp. 40-45. Scottsdale, American Indian Art, Inc. [Included in the collection is a Papago coiled basketry figurine of a woman, one said to have been made by Dale Juan in Santa Rosa in 1939. It won a blue ribbon in that year's Papago Indian Fair.]

Chabot, Maria

    1936             Baskets among the Indians of the Southwest. Indians at Work, Vol. 3, no. 20 (June 1), pp. 22-27. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [Pima and Papago basketry designs are discussed on pp. 25-26; a photo of a Papago basket is on p. 25.]

Chadwick, Bruce A.

    1972             The inedible feast. In Native Americans today: sociological perspectives, edited by Howard M. Bahr, Bruce A. Chadwick, and Robert C. Day, pp. 131-145. New York, Harper & Row. [The author cites Padfield, Hemmingway, and Greenfield (1966) as a source noting that in the mid-1960s 93% of Pima and Papago school age children were actually enrolled in school.]

Chafe, Wallace L.

    1974             About language: a richness of words, a babel of tongues. In The world of the American Indian, edited by Jules B. Billard, pp. 150-155. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society. ["Arizona" is said to be the name of a Spanish mining camp which took its name from a Papago word meaning "little spring."]

Chamberlain, Samuel

    1956a           A lost love and a new adventure. Life, Vol. 41, part 1, no. 6, pp. 64-83. Chicago, Time, Inc. [In October, 1848, Samuel Chamberlain, Cave Couts, and others were at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Page 77 of this article shows Chamberlain's colored sketch of the mission.]

    1956b           My confession. Introduction and postscript by Roger Butterfield. New York, Harper & Brothers, Publishers. Map, illus. 301 pp. [This abbreviated version of Samuel E. Chamberlain's reminiscences concerning his experiences in the U.S. and Mexico War and during the immediate aftermath includes mention of his visit to Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1848 (but without his watercolor sketch of it) and mention of the fact that the village was inhabited solely by "Papagoes."]

    1996             My confession: recollections of a rogue. Unexpurgated and annotated edition, edited by William H. Goetzmann. Austin, State Historical Association. Maps, illus., index. 383 pp. [In 1848, en route to Upper California from northeastern Mexico where he had been fighting in the U.S. and Mexican War, Chamberlain passed through -- and sketched in watercolor, as shown here -- Mission San Xavier del Bac. He observes (pp. 295 and 296) "The village was inhabited by a tribe of Indians known as the Papagoes, with no white men or Mexicans nearer than Tucson." Elsewhere (p. 254), Chamberlain relates a legend, which he may have concocted himself, about "Tuloc" Indians having constructed Mission San Xavier del Bac under Jesuit tutelage.]

Chambers & Campbell

    1965             Tourism potential of the Fortress Village, Gila Bend Indian Reservation, Arizona. Albuquerque, New Mexico, Chambers & Campbell. Maps, illus., plans, bibl.. 52 pp. [APrepared for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Phoenix, Ariz.,@ this study examines the potential of the so-called AFortress Village,@ a prehistoric hilltop site on the Gila Bend Indian Reservation, to attract tourists.]

Chambers, George

    1967             [Letter to Pastor Stanislaus Altman of Old Mission Santa Barbara dated February 27, 1967.] Provincial Annals, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April), p. 6. Santa Barbara, Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [A letter from the President of the Arizona Board of Regents sending condolences to the Franciscan friars on the loss by death of their colleague, Father Bonaventure Oblasser, a longtime missionary among the Papago Indians. The letter also notes approval of plans to bury Father Bonaventure at Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Chambers, George, and C.L. Sonnichsen

    1974             San Agustín: first cathedral church in Arizona. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. Illus., notes. 56 pp. [This illustrated history of the construction of Tucson, Arizona's first cathedral, one finished in 1883, includes a black-and-white photo of "Papago riders assembled to celebrate the Rev. Peter Bourgade's elevation to the Vicariate Apostolic in 1885." The photo shows some 27 of them mounted on horseback in front of the cathedral. The text also includes a brief summary of Jesuit and Franciscan-period history for San Xavier del Bac and environs, beginning with the arrival of Father Eusebio Kino in Tucson in 1697.]

Chana, Leonard

    1983             Painting of a tepary bean field. Desert Plants, Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 64. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Arboretum. [Color reproduction of a painting by a Papago artist of a Papago tepary bean field shows a man picking beans, a woman cleaning them, and artifacts, like a Hills Brothers coffee can, used to store them.]

    1991             The gathering of the mesquite bean. In 1992. Indians of the Pimería Alta [calendar], pp. [13]-[14]. Nogales, Arizona, Pimería Alta Historical Society. [Featured on this May entry of the calendar is a drawing by Tohono O'odham artist Leonard Chana showing women gathering mesquite beans. Captions are in O'odham, Spanish, and English. A short biographical sketch of Chana is included.]

    1994             [Untitled painting, reproduced in color.] Permaculture Drylands Journal, no. 20 (August), front cover. Santa Fe, Permaculture Drylands Education and Research Institute. ["The abundance and beauty of the Sonoran Desert is captured in a painting by Tohono O'odham artist Leonard Chana. A grandmother is shown harvesting saguaro fruit."]

Chana, Tony

    1991             Addiction. Westfriars, Vol. 24, no. 6 (June), p. 21. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [Reproduced here is a pen-and-ink sketch (or painting in black-and-white) which is an allegory by Papago artist Chana of "the constant battle the Native American has with the curse of alcohol." The caption further notes the devastation alcoholism brings to families and names the Franciscan missionaries working among O'odham and other Indians in various kinds of programs to combat alcoholism.]

Chandler, Iran

    1977             Los indios del sur-oeste de los Estados Unidos: 1928-1966. América Indígena, Vol. 37, no. 3 (Julio-Septiembre), pp. 643-656. México, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. [This article concerns trends in anthropological writings about Indians of the Southwest. There are scattered references here to publications about Papago Indians.]

Chanin, Abraham S.

    1994             Tucson history. In Multicultural diversity talks for classroom use, in commemoration of the fortieth anniversary of the Little Chapel of All Nations and in honor of its founder, Ada Peirce McCormick, 1888-1974, compiled by Mary E. Clark, I (11 pages). Tucson, Little Chapel of All Nations, Inc. [Text of a talk given by Chanin, one in which he mentions, AI can remember what a magnificent place this was in which to grow, and I grew up with my eyes wide open. And I can still see Papago men coming on their wagons selling firewood during the winter, and see the women coming out with their cloth sacks of pottery to sell house to house.@]

Chanin, Abe, and Mildred Chanin

    1977             This land, these voices. A different view of Arizona history in the words of those who lived it. Flagstaff, Arizona, Northland Press. xii + 266 pp. [A chapter on "Life in the Papagueria" (pp. 35-43) is largely a narration by Enos Francisco, a former Papago Tribal Chairman who was born at Fresnal Canyon in 1908. Except for a version of the Papago creation story, the story is autobiographical. Among other things, he discusses the struggle successfully concluded in 1955 to get Papagos' mineral rights returned to them on the reservation. A William Dinwiddie photo of a Papago basketmaker taken at San Xavier in 1894 (p. 37) is incorrectly labelled "Arizona State Museum Photo by P. Lindsay."

    An oral account by Emil W. Haury (pp. 60-63) tells of his archaeological work on the Papago Indian Reservation, including that at Ventana Cave. A Ventana Cave photo (p. 62) incorrectly attributes the photo to Helga Teiwes when it was merely printed by Teiwes from the original negative.]

Charman, John

    1935             What! No place to go? Arizona Highways, Vol. 112, no. 6 (June), pp. 3-5, 22-23. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [An illustrated travelogue of southeastern Arizona, one starting in Phoenix and which goes through Tucson and past Mission San Xavier del Bac to Tombstone. Some San Xavier history is given.]

Charney, Alberta H.

    1985             Fiscal impact analysis: revenue generation and cost of delivery services. Revenue/cost forecast with modified reduced-rate Tucson tax structure. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix III. Tucson, Division of Economic and Business Research, University of Arizona. 15 pp. [This analysis was prepared in conjunction with a proposal for a planned non-Indian community to be placed on the southeastern section of the San Xavier Reservation. Included are considerations of cost of providing government services to the planned community; distribution of excess revenues between the Papago Tribal Utility Authority and the Papago Tribe; state-shared revenues; and Papago employment rights ordinances and employment rights fees.]

Chaudhuri, Joy, and Arline Hobson, editors

    1976             Indian health career handbook and report on Eighth Annual Ned Hatathli Seminar for southern Arizona Indian students. Tucson, University of Arizona. Illus. 62 pp. [The seminar was held on the campus of the University of Arizona January 30-31, 1976. Its purpose was to promote careers in medicine among Indian students. Among those who took part in the seminar were Tohono O=odham students Patrick Adams, Annette Ahill, Marie Antone, Art Bailey, Mary Encinas, Bernadette Felix, Ingrid Felix, Elizabeth Francisco, Julie Francisco, Rachel Franko, Elvira Gomez, Eileen Juan, Evelyn Juan, Phyllis Juan, Karen Mamake, Alexine Mamake, Drucilla Norris, Celestine Pablo, Thelma Pancho, Alda Rios, Gloria Rios, Michael Rios, Patricia Rios, Jackie Salcido, Lawrence Salcido, and Armida Valenzuela Also in attendance was Berni Davis, counselor from Baboquivari High School in Sells.]

Chaudhuri, Joyotpaul

    1985             American Indian policy: an overview. In American Indian policy in the twentieth century, edited by Vine Deloria, Jr., pp. 15-33. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [Chaudhuri mentions (p. 18) that the Papago Reservation was established by Executive Order rather than by treaty.]

Chávez, Denise

    1993             The blessing of a desert land. Just south of Tucson, Ariz., Mission San Xavier del Bac beckons. The New York Times Magazine, May 16, pp. 36-38, 40. New York, The New York Times. [Color photos accompany this essay about a visit paid to Mission San Xavier del Bac by its author. The church is described as are O'odham church services and activities which take place in the area around the church.]

Chavez, H.B.; H.E. Bloss, A.M. Bioyle; and G.A. Gries

    1976             Effects of crop residues in soil on Phymatotrichum root rot of cotton. Mycopathologia, Vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 1-7. Dordrecht, Boston, etc., Kluwer Academic Publishers in cooperation with CAB International Mycological Institute, etc. [This five-year study involved the use of Papago pea plants.]

Chavez, Lillian

    1946             Baboquevari, the home of Eeetoy. In Voices from the desert, by the Sixth Grade Class and compiled and edited by Hazel Cuthill, p. 27. Tucson, Tucson Indian Training School. [This tells about the Papago Indian Reservation cave at the base of Baboquivari Peak that is the reputed home of I=itoi. AThey all say that if you go into his cave, he will roll the rock that is at his door and close you in there and not let you go.@]

Cheek, Lawrence W.

    1984             Arizona's architecture. Arizona Highways, Vol. 60, no. 5 (May), pp. 2-9, 12-15, 18-23. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [The assertion -- probably a correct one -- is made the Papagos were the laborers who built Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1986             From Tucson, with love. Arizona Highways, Vol. 62, no. 2 (February), pp. 4-38. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [In an interview by Cheek with Father Kieran McCarty, O.F.M., a former pastor of Mission San Xavier del Bac, McCarty tells about working cooperatively with Papago Indian medicine man Jim Mayor.]

    1987             The Kino missions. Arizona Highways, Vol. 63, no. 9 (September), pp. 32-42. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [With color photos by Jack Dykinga, this article emphasizes the architecture of missions still standing in the "Kino chain" of Pimería Alta missions in Sonora and Arizona. The Piman Indians for whom the churches were built are mentioned in passing.]

    1990             San Xavier restoration. Tucson Guide, Vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 26-29. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [This color-illustrated article tells about the work being supervised by architect Robert Vint in re-covering the exterior of the church at Mission San Xavier del Bac and about the role of the Patronato San Xavier in the work.]

    1994             The ghosts of yuletide past. Arizona Highways, Vol. 70, no. 12 (December), pp. 10-11. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [An article about a modern observance of Christmas at southern Arizona's Tumacacori Mission, one supposedly meant to give those who attend a sense of what service may have been like in the mission in colonial times, says, "It's difficult to imagine the (original) Tohono O'odham parishioners singing 'Lo, How a Rose' in four-part Renaissance harmony, as do today's Tubac Singers, a community choir."]

    1995             Fragile giants. America West Airlines Magazine, Vol. 10, no. 8 (October), pp. 68, 70-73. Phoenix, Skyword Marketing, Inc. [An article about Saguaro National Park and saguaro cacti mentions that the Tohono O'odham make saguaro syrup, jam, and wine from the fruits.]

Chelette, Catherine

    1992             Reports from your gardens. Seedhead News, no. 37 (Summer), p. 4. Tucson, Native Seeds/SEARCH. [Reporting from Joshua Tree, California, Chelette says that O'odham peas "were great producers this year."]

Cheseldine, Dianne

    2002             Our Lady of the Sun. Tradición Revista, Vol. 4, no. 4 (Winter), p. 49. Albuquerque, LPD Enterprises. [This is an award-winning color photograph of the south-southeast elevation of the church of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one taken after 2001 and installation of the new plaza in front of the church.]

Chesky, Jane

    1941             Indian music of the Southwest. Kiva, Vol. 7, no.. 3 (December), pp. 9-12. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Papago music is briefly discussed on p. 10.]

    1942             The Wiikita. Kiva, Vol. 8, no. 1 (November), pp. 3-5. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Described here is a vikita ceremony that was held at Achi. Illustrated.]

    1943             "The nature and function of Papago music." Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Bibl. 137 pp. [Papago music in general is the topic of the thesis. The thesis includes an Introduction; Background (history, environment, government, economy, social organization, religion); Ceremonies of Historic Origin (with considerable material on the makeup of Sonoran versus U.S. Catholic churches, and including data concerning baptism, marriage, death, and fiestas); Music of the Church (ceremonies, dance orchestra, pahkowla music, hymns, acculturation); Non-Calendrical Aboriginal Ceremonies (shrine ceremony, wine ceremonies, wiyikita, origin myth, salt expeditions); Transcriptions of Ceremonial Songs (kauhimila koeyihiyna songs); Social Songs; Discussion and Transcriptions; Analysis of Aboriginal Songs; Comparisons with other Indian Music; Summary.

    It's noted (p. i) that Frances Densmore collected songs at San Xavier, and the founding of Mission San Xavier and the creation of the San Xavier Reservation are mentioned on pages 2 and 4. None of Chesky's informants were from San Xavier.]

Chiago, Michael

    1991             Tohono O'odham rain dance. In 1992. Indians of the Pimeria Alta [calendar], pp. [19]-[20]. Nogales, Arizona, Pimeria Alta Historical Society. [A painting by Tohono O'odham artist Michael Chiago is featured on the August entry for the calendar. There are captions and a brief biographical sketch of Chiago printed here in O'odham, English, and Spanish.]

    1993             Rain house and saguaro wine festival. Native Peoples, Vol. 6, no. 4 (Summer), p. 8. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [This is a reproduction of a painting by Tohono O'odham artist Chiago, one which accompanies an advertisement for an exhibit in the Heard Museum of Phoenix devoted to the topic of "Rain." Also see Marshall (1993).]

    1997             Rain house and saguaro wine festival. Native Peoples, Vol. 11, no. 1 (Fall/Winter), p. 70. Phoenix, Media Concepts Group, Inc. [Reprint of Chiago 1993.]

    1999             [Untitled]. Arizona Highways, Vol. 75, no. 4 (April), front cover. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [This is a painting by Tohono O'odham artist Chiago showing three adobe houses, Baboquivari Peak, and O'odham children admiring the blossoms appearing on a saguaro cactus. Its description in the magazine says "Chiago's work resonates with the power and simplicity of the O'odham's desert home" (p. 1).] BLF

Chico, Jeanette

    1980             The friendly desert. In Tohonno O=odham ha cegtoidag c ha=icu a:ga, p. 7. Waitsburg, Washington, Coppei House Publisher for the San Simon School. [In English only, this is a poem by a Papago woman about walking in the desert.]

    1982             S-ke:k 'o'odham ha-jewedga / the desert. In Mat hekid o ju; when it rains [Sun Tracks, Vo. 7], edited by Ofelia Zepeda, pp. 16-17. Tucson, Sun Tracks and the University of Arizona Press. [Papago and English versions of J. Chico (1980).]

    1984             [The desert.] In Saguaro forest cactus drive, compiled by Mary Robinson and T.J. Priehs, p. 2. Tucson, Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. [An untitled reprint of Chico (1980).]

Childs, Thomas

    1939             [Letter to the editor.] Desert Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 8 (June), inside front cover. El Centro, California, Desert Publishing Company. [The letter concerns La Ventana on the Papago Reservation. Childs takes exception to Alden Jones's (1939) placing it east of San Miguel. Childs says La Ventana is about 40 miles northwest of San Miguel. Childs also says that "Baboquivari" comes from two Papago words, "Bavak" and "quivol," which mean "Belted Cliff," and that the name of the peak derives from a white streak "around the bottom of the cliff." Also see Scott (1939).]

    1949             History from an old timer . . . Desert Magazine, Vol. 12, no. 12 (October), p. 27. Palm Desert, California, Desert Press, Inc. [Childs tells about the robbery and murder by Sand Papagos -- one of whom was his father-in-law -- along the Camino del Diablo sometime before 1885 when Childs says he was told the story.]

    1954             Sketch of the "Sand Indians" (as written to Henry F. Dobyns). Kiva, Vol. 19, nos. 2-4 (Spring), pp. 27-39. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [Childs, an Arizona pioneer whose wife as a "Sand Papago," discusses the history and culture of these people as he learned and experienced it.]

    1963             [Letter to Mrs. George F. Kitt, Arizona Pioneers Historical Society, Tucson, Arizona, datelined Rowood, Arizona, June 8, 1946.] In Campfires along the treasure trail, by Wayne Winters, pp. 66-68. [Tombstone, Arizona?], Tombstone Nugget Publishing Company. [Apparently in response to a letter of inquiry from Kitt asking about a man named George Whistler, Childs responds at length with a story about how a Mexican woman had married Whistler in Gila City, Arizona. She had left Caborca, Sonora, in the wake of a cholera epidemic, guided to Arizona over the Camino del Diablo by a Papago boy who, en route, showed her an arroyo near Tule Tank that was filled with gold. The woman went to her grave not revealing the location of the supposed gold to anyone.]

Chinn, Celestine

    n.d.               El Mariachi San Xavier del Tucson. s.l., s.n. Illus. [This is a small booklet about El Mariachi San Xavier, a group of young Mexican-American instrumentalists and vocalists organized in January, 1975 whose home base of operation was Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1949             San Xavier Mission, Tucson. Provincial Annals, Vol. 12, no. 2 (October), pp. 87-88. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [Notice is made that Father Celestine Chinn had replaced Father Herman Schneider as Superior at Mission San Xavier del Bac and that Father Herman has just had new pews constructed for the church.]

    1950             San Xavier Mission, Tucson. Provincial Annals, Vol. 12, no. 3 (January), pp. 149-150. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [The annual December feast of Saint Francis Xavier held in the village is described, including installation of Cornelio Norris as head of the new feast committee. Christmas observances are also described.]

    1951             Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson. Tucson, [Franciscan Fathers]. Illus. 21 pp. [Photographs and decorative drawings enhance a booklet which tells about the art and architecture of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1954             San Xavier. Arizona Highways, Vol. 30, no. 6 (June), p. 40. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [This letter from Father Celestine to the editor congratulates the magazine for its April, 1954 article about Mission San Xavier del Bac by Nancy Newhall with photography by Ansel Adams.]

    1958             The architecture of San Xavier. Arizona Architect, Vol. 1, no. 9 (May), p. 25. Phoenix, Arizona Society of Architects. [This four-paragraph description of the architecture of Mission San Xavier del Bac is extracted from Chinn (1951).]

    1975             El Mariachi San Xavier de Tucson. Tucson, Mariachi San Xavier. Illus. 40 pp. [A booklet about a group of young mariachi musicians who performed regularly at one of the Sunday masses held at Mission San Xavier del Bac. Illustrated with many photos, most of them posed at the mission.]

    1977             Through the eyes of a Franciscan artist: the beauty of Bac and its meaning. In Bac: where the waters gather, by John P. Schaefer, Celestine Chinn, and Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 7-38. [Tucson], privately printed. [Reprinted here is the text of Chinn (1951).]

Christie, Kay A.

    1980             Mission San Xavier del Bac. Desert Magazine, Vol. 43, no. 2 (March), pp. 36-39. Palm Desert, Cactus Paperworks, Inc. [Black-and-white color photos accompany this superficial sketch of the mission's history.]

Christopherson, Victor A.; Frank M. Swartz and Brenda H. Miller

    1966             Socio-cultural correlates of pain response: final report of Project no. 1390. Bibl. Tucson, The University of Arizona. 111 pp. [Chapter 6, pp. 72-83, is titled, "Response to pain among the Papago Indians of southern Arizona." The discussion of this response is continued on pages 97-100. The study was supported in part by a grant from the Vocational Rehabilitation Administration, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C.]

Chronic, Halka

    1983             Roadside geology of Arizona. Missoula, Montana, Mountain Press Publishing Company. Maps, illus., glossary. xiv + 314 pp. [There is a good discussion, with a map and illustrations, explaining the geology alongside Arizona State Highway 86 across the Papago Indian Reservation between Why, Arizona, and Tucson (pp. 126-130). So is there a discussion of geology adjacent to Interstate 19 south of Tucson across the San Xavier Reservation, including specific mention of Mission San Xavier del Bac (pp.77-82), past Mission Tumacacori to Nogales.]

Churchill, Barbara

    1997             Mission San Xavier del Bac. In Images of Mission San Xavier del Bac: art exhibition in celebration of the bicentennial of Mission San Xavier, pp. 1-2. Tucson, Tucson Museum of Art. [This essay is in the four-page catalogue of an exhibition of artistic representations of Mission San Xavier held at the Tucson Museum of Art between October 3 and November 29, 1997. Churchill writes about the history of the mission, its art style, and its setting in O=odham country. A half dozen color illustrations of various pieces of art in the exhibition accompany the essay.]

Ciolek-Torrello, Richard, and Susan A. Brew

    1976             Archaeological test excavations at the San Xavier bicentennial plaza site. Archaeological Series, no. 102. Tucson, Cultural Resource Management Section, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. [This 56-page review of the history and archaeology carried out at Mission San Xavier del Bac includes a report on limited test excavations carried out south of the mission at the south edge of the plaza. Seven figures, four tables, maps, and photographs are included and references are cited.]

Clark, Ann N.

    1957             The little Indian basket maker. Chicago, Melmont. Illus. 31 pp. [Illustrated by Navajo artist Harrison Begay, this is a fictional story about a Papago basketmaker.]

    1962             The desert people. New York, Viking Press. Illus. 59 pp. [Illustrated by Apache artist Allan Houser, this is a children's fictional story about Papago life as told by a young Papago.]

    1965             This for that. San Carlos, California, Golden Gate Junior Books. [Children's fiction. This is about a Papago Indian boy who always forgot things he was supposed to bring home until taught a lesson by trade rats.]

    1969             Along sandy trails. New York, Viking Press. Illus. 31 pp. [This is a book of beautiful color photos by Alfred Cohn of Papago women and children and of the Papagos' desert. The photos are accompanied by a simple poetic text intended for pre-adolescent children. Among the photos and text are some involving the saguaro fruit harvest.]

Clark, Ann N., compiler and editor

    1941             The new trail. Foreword by Otis J. Morgans; introduction by Lloyd H. New and Willeto B. Antonio. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian High School Print Shop. Illus. [This is the traditional yearbook of the Phoenix Indian High School, and it contains a gathering of drawings, poems, stories, and essays by Indian students, Papagos among them.]

    1953             The new trail: a book of creative writing by Indian students. Revised edition. Foreword by Otis J. Morgans; introduction by Lloyd H. New and Willeto B. Antonio, with a new introduction by Glenn C. Lundeen. Phoenix, Phoenix Indian High School Print Shop. Illus., 198 pp. [With an added section of art and writing by Navajo students and an additional introduction to this new edition by Lundeen, this is a re-publication of Clark, editor (1941). The Papago student contributions are on pages 1-24.]

Clark, Esther

    1965             The fiesta at San Xavier. Arizona Days and Ways (supplement of the Arizona Republic newspaper), November 28, front cover, pp. 6-11. Phoenix, Arizona Republic. [Well-illustrated article about the December 3 Feast of San Francisco Xavier held annually by the Papago Indians at Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

Clark, Geoffrey A.

    1967             A cache of Papago miniature pottery from Kitt Peak, south-central Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 32, no. 4 (April), pp. 128-142. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [With a map, illustrations, and a bibliography, this report is about a cache of miniature pottery vessels found in 1960 by Mrs. Joseph Pereue in a cave situated about four meters from the crest of Kitt Peak on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Clark, John A.

    1865             Report of the Surveyor General of New Mexico and Arizona. In Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for 1865, pp. 117-121. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Postmarked Santa Fe, New Mexico and dated May 24, 1865, this report is addressed to J.M. Edmund, Commissioner of the General Land Office. On page 18 there is a description of Mission San Xavier del Bac: AThis church, which has so often been described in official reports and journals of travellers, begins to show signs of neglect and decay. ... Considering that it has remained in the unskillful hands of the Papago Indians for nearly a century, it is in a most remarkable state of preservation; but now the cement begins to fall from the walls, and the arched roof is cracked so as to admit the rain, and, unless repaired, it will soon be in ruins. Around the church there is a considerable town of Papago Indians, who cultivate the lands in the neighborhood, and seem to be prosperous and happy."]

Clark, Mary Jo

    1972             "Cultural patternings of health and healing beliefs in a Papago child's society." Master of Science thesis, College of Nursing, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 85 pp. [This study is based on interviews and drawings elicited from 1st and 2nd grade children attending the San Xavier Papago Reservation mission school in January, 1972. Offered are very general conclusions, a statement concerning the implications of the findings for nursing, and recommendations for further study. The children's drawings are excellent; the study is perhaps less so.]

Clark, S.P.

    1928             Lessons from southwestern Indian agriculture. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, no. 125 (May 15), pp. 233-252. Tucson, University of Arizona. [Papago Indians and their agriculture are discussed on pages 244-251. The discussion centers on dry farming and the raising of Sonoran wheat. Livestock are discussed on pages 250-51. There are seven black-and-white photos, three of which deal with wheat harvesting, one of a mesquite plow, one of a "custom mill," one of granaries, and one of Papago cattle.]

Clarke, A.B.

    1852             Travels in Mexico and California: comprising a journal of a tour from Brazos Santiago, through Central America by way of Monterrey, Chihuahua, the country of the Apaches, and the River Gila, to the mining districts of California.. Boston, Wright & Hasty's Steam Press. 138 pp. [Pages 85-86: "May 30th (1849). In the morning we passed through San Gabriel (sic), a village inhabited by Indians and Mexicans. There is a large church with two towers, which probably cost as much as all the other buildings in the town. The place bears the appearance of once having been flourishing. The Indians are partly Pimas, and partly Apaches. Several hundred were camped on a creek near the town. Nine miles farther we came in sight of the Presidio of Teuson, and finding good water and grass we camped."]

    1988             Travels in Mexico and California. Edited by Anne M. Perry. College Station, Texas A&M University Press. Illus., maps, bibl., index. xxix + 143 pp. [A new edition of Clarke (1852), one that includes a preface, biographical introduction, and endnotes by editor Perry. Clarke's account of San Xavier (" San Gabriel") in on page 67.]

Clarke, James W.

    1988             Last rampage. The escape of Gary Tison. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., notes, index. 320 pp. [This is about a massive manhunt launched in 1978 for escaped prisoners Gary Tison and Randy Greenawalt who, with the aid of Tison's two sons, had gotten out of the Arizona State Penitentiary in Florence. The dramatic chase ended near Chuichu on the Papago Indian Reservation with the deaths of both Greenawalt and Tison. The events are described in detail, including involvement of the Papago police.]

Clay-Poole, Scott T.

    1987             Pollen analysis. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 5], by Peter L. Steere and others, appendix I. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [AEleven pollen samples from the San Xavier Archaeological Project were submitted for analysis. These samples came from archaeological contexts which included washes of ground stone artifacts, soil content of ceramic vessels and site soils.@ All came from the San Xavier Reservation and yielded samples of pollen from Cheno-Ams, low-spine Asteracae (bursage and sagebrush), Poaceae (grass), Pinyon pine, and Boerhaavia.]

Clemensen, A. Berle

    1977             Historic structure report. A history of the Anglo period, Tumacacori National Monument, Arizona. Denver, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Historic Preservation Division, Denver Service Center. Illus., bibl. xvi + 108 pp. [This is a detailed account of post-1848 efforts involved with the stabilization-restoration history of the structures of Mission Tumacácori in southern Arizona, a mission founded by Jesuits in 1691 for the Northern Piman Indians. The introduction outlines the Spanish-period history of the mission.]

Clements, Mark

    1963             Charles D. Poston. In Explorations [Arizonac 1963], unpaged. Tucson, Devilaire, Sunnyside High School. [This eight-page biography of Charles D. Poston makes passing mention of San Xavier del Bac mission and of Poston=s explorations in Papago country in 1861.]

Clevenger, Ben

    2003             The far side of the sea. Tucson, Jesuit Fathers of Southern Arizona. Map, illus., glossary, refs. ix + 365 pp. [Billed as Athe story of Kino and Manje in the Pimería B a novel,@ this is a fictionalized account of the story of Father Eusebio Kino, pioneer Jesuit missionary among the Northern O=odham, and his soldier companion, Juan Mateo Manje, from 1693 to Kino=s death in 1711. The story is juxtaposed against, and interwoven with, the fictionalized account of archaeologist Jorge Olvera and his discovery of Father Kino=s grave in Magdalena, Sonora, in 1966. Events in the book are taken largely from Herbert Bolton=s major biography of Kino (1936) and from Olvera=s (1998) account of his work that led to the discovery of Kino=s grave.]

Clotts, H.V.

    1915             Report on nomadic Papago surveys. Los Angeles, Department of the Interior, United States Indian Service, Irrigation. 103 pp. Los Angeles, Department of the Interior, United States Indian Service, Irrigation. ["This survey was made with the object of determining the water sheds, draining areas, character of soil and vegetation, condition, character, extent, and number of inhabitants, and to learn the need and possibility of water development, either by storage reservoirs and wells, or by the better use of storm water for flood irrigation." Included is a list of Papago villages with locations, brief descriptions, numbers of houses, population (when available), water supply, fields, etc. etc.]

Cluff, C.B.

    1978             Jojoba water-harvesting agrisystem experiment, Papago Indian Reservation, Sells Agency. Jojoba Happenings, no. 24, pp. 3-10. Tucson, International Committee on Jojoba Research and Development. [This is about an experiment in means to grow and water jojoba plants, one carried out on a one-acre site on the Papago Indian Reservation. The author says that while maintenance of the system was poor, larger installations would be justified.]

Clum, H.R.

    1872             Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In House of Representatives Executive Documents, 1871-72, 42d Congress, 2d session, 1, Vol. 3, part 5, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 417-424. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report, dated November 15, 1871, is addressed to C. Delano, Secretary of the Interior. On p. 418, Clum writes: "I refer to the massacre, at Camp Grant, of a large number of defenseless women and children, and a few men, by an armed party of citizens of Mexican origin, and some Papago Indians, an account of which is fully set forth in the accompanying documents to this report, marked A."]

Cochran, Carol; Mark Dimmitt, Howard Lawler, Peter Siminski, and Dave Thayer

    1990             A Pinacate adventure. sonorensis, Vol. 10, no. 3 (Winter), pp. 2-13. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [Hartmann (1989) is quoted concerning a Tohono O'odham legend about the pinacate beetle.]

Coe, Carol A.

    1979             Archaeological assessment of the Sells vicinity, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona [Archaeological Series, no. 131]. Tucson, Cultural Resource Management Section, Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona. Map, illus. 147 pp. [Photos taken by Dinwiddie in 1894 on what today is the Papago Indian Reservation are included. This survey of a 12.75 square mile area around Sells was done to help mitigate planned installation of a sewer system. Includes a summary of culture history and of previous archaeological work in the area. Study not based on field work but on a survey of the literature and of site information from previous work.]

Coe, Lee

    1977             The grave of the four children. Desert Magazine, Vol. 40, no. 8 (August), pp. 12-13. Palm Desert, California, Desert Magazine. [One photo of the major part of the children's shrine at Santa Rosa on the Papago Indian Reservation. The legend of the shrine is given as presumably told (or written) by Father Bonaventure Oblasser, O.F.M.]

Coffer, William E.

    1978             Spirits of the sacred mountains: creation stories of the American Indian. New York, etc. etc., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. [On pages 63 and 65 there is a brief mention of Papago Indians with a note that, "Life began on this earth on Baboquivre [sic] Mountain in the cave of E'etoi, the Elder Brother ... ." This is a hopelessly superficial treatment of the subject.]

    1981             Where is the eagle? New York [etc. etc.], Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. [This is a collection of American Indian oral traditions compiled by an author who once taught in the Indian Oasis school at Sells. He says several of the Papago stories published here were related to him by students. Included are tales of the magic deer; children's shrine; death of the witch; how the world was started; the creation and the flood; the man eagle; and folk beliefs, such as "The bear causes the body to swell." Scattered mention of Papagos elsewhere throughout (consult the index). Coffer subscribes to the notion that the Pima and Papago are descended from the Hohokam.]

    1982             Sipapu: the story of the Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.

Coggin, H. Mason

    1987             A history of placer mining in Arizona. In History of mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael N. Greeley, pp. 177-190. Tucson, Mining Club of the Southwest Foundation. [Writes Coggin, AThe entire Jesuit campaign in Pimeria Alta did not document any great amount of mineral activity, either placer or hard rock.@ Coggin describes the Quijotoa placers on the Papago Indian Reservation (p. 178), saying they were being worked in 1774 and that they Astill have a high potential for gold production.@ The gold placers Aare totally within the Papago Indian Reservation, but are partially covered by claims which were staked before the reservation was closed. The only water available in the district is from a few small springs and well,@ and Athe Indians and the claim holders are fighting over every drop of water in the district.@]

Cohen, Burton M.

    1954             Diabetes mellitus among Indians of the American Southwest: its prevalence and clinical characteristics in a hospitalized population. Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 40, no. 3 (March), pp. 588-599. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, The American College of Physicians. [Papagos, one of the tribes considered in the study, are referred to on pages 589 (Papago women among those least frequently admitted to hospitals for diabetes; Papago tribe was one of the tribes with the least incidence of the disease); 590 (prevalence of diabetes mellitus by sex included here in Table I); and 597 (Papagos discussed in relation to other tribes regarding diabetes).]

Coile, Norma

    1987             San Xavier City: the movie. City Magazine, Vol. 2, no. 5 (May), p. 21. Tucson, First City Publications, Inc. [This is about a videotape sent to allottees on the San Xavier Reservation urging them to opt for the Santa Cruz Properties proposal to build a city of 110,000 non-Indians there.]

Coletta, Benny

    1978             [Five untitled black-and-white photographs which appear to have been taken on the Papago Indian Reservation.] Sun Tracks, Vol. 4, pp. 26. 28. 50. 59-60. Tucson, Amerind Club and Department of English, The University of Arizona. [Benny Coletta is listed as being a Papago/Klamath. Photos are of scenery and people.]

Colley, Charles C.

    1982             The Indian. In Arizona anthem, compiled and edited by Blair M. Armstrong, pp. 341-342. Scottsdale, The Mnemosyne Press. [One sentence notes that "The Papagos in the southern part of the state also farm, collect fruit from cactus and live a peaceful existence in the tradition of their forefathers." Considering the statement was written in the 1980s, it is questionable at best.]

Collier, John

    1942             Editorial. Indians at Work, Vol. 9, no. 7 (March), pp. 1-4. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs. [Pages 2-4 give a detailed account of a meeting with Papago tribal leaders in which two research projects, one dealing with food habits and dietary trends and the other examining Indian personality, were discussed.]

Collings, Jerold L.

    1975             Baskets. In Ray Manley's southwestern Indian arts & crafts, edited by Charlotte Cardon, pp. 53-66. Tucson, Ray Manley Photography, Inc. [Papago basketry is discussed, and there are eight color photos of various types of Papago baskets on pages 58-60.]

    1976             Basketry. In Arizona Highways Indian arts and crafts, edited by Clara Lee Tanner, pp. 1-29. Phoenix, Arizona Highways. [The story of Papago baskets is briefly covered on pp. 16-19 in text and four color photos, one by Chuck Abbott showing a basket maker at work and three illustrating a half dozen Papago baskets.]

    1987             Basketry: from foundations past. In Harmony by hand: art of the Southwest Indians, edited by Frankie Wright, pp. 22-47. San Francisco, Chronicle Books. [Tohono O'odham basketry is mentioned in several places in the text. No Papago baskets are illustrated, however.]

Collins, Giles

    1963             Mission San Antonio de Padua. Provincial Annals, Vol. 25, no. 1 (January), pp. 49-52. [Santa Barbara, California], Province of Saint Barbara [of the Order of Friars Minor]. [This is an illustrated account of the re-decoration of the interior of Mission San Antonio de Padua in Jolon, California, largely at the artistic hands of Father Celestine Chinn, O.F.M., who most recently was involved in the restoration at Mission San Xavier del Bac in Tucson, Arizona.]

Collins, J.L.

    1858             Report of the Superintendent of New Mexico Indian Affairs. In Senate Executive Documents, no. 11, Vol. 1, 35th Congress, 1st session, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 561-567. Washington, William A. Harris, printer. [The report is dated August 30, 1857, and was written in Santa Fe, New Mexico addressed to J.W. Davis, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. "The Indians acquired by the Gadsden Purchase are mostly Pueblos. They are reported to number about five thousand souls, but will most likely exceed that number. Colonel Walker, the agent appointed to take charge of those Indians is now en route to the agency ... " (pp. 564-565).]

    1860             Report of Superintendent of New Mexico Indian Affairs. In Message of the President of the United States, Vol. 1, 36th Congress, 2d session, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 381-386. Washington, George W. Bowman, printer. [Written September 24, 1860 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, this report is addressed to A.B. Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. "The Papagos occupy an unproductive district of country bordering on Sonora, and are in character and habits very similar to the Pimos and Maricopas. They are industrious, but owing to the sterile character of the country which they inhabit, they are barely able to subsist themselves. They merit assistance from the government" (p. 385).]

    1862a           Report of Superintendent of New Mexico Indian Affairs. In Message of the President of the United States, Vol. II, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 382-386. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report, written in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is dated October 10, 1860 and is addressed to William P. Dole, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. References to Papagos appear on pages 382 (no government agent in charge of Papagos because of invasion of region by Texas); 383 ("The Pueblos of Western Arizona are known by the names Pimos, Papagos, and Maricopas"; an application is made to the War Department for a special grant of arms for their use; agriculture is discussed, noting that the Indian Department furnishes these tribes with agricultural implements and blacksmithing tools); and 384 (Mr. Abraham Lyon has been appointed as agent in the Tucson Agency, as "Mr Lyon is well acquainted with the Indians of Arizona, especially with the Pimos, Papagos, and Maricopas, and will doubtless make an energetic and useful agent.")]

    1862b           Report of the Superintendent of New Mexico Indian Affairs. In Senate Executive Documents, 1861-62, Vol. 1, no. 1, part 1. 37th Congress, 2d session, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 732-737. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report, written in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is dated October 8, 1861 and is addressed to W.P. Dole, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. "The invasion of armed companies from the state of Texas in Arizona has seriously interfered with the management of the Indian tribes in the southern and southwestern parts of Arizona Territory. The Papagos, Pimos, Maricopas, and all the Apaches fall within this district. Agents have been driven from their agencies, and the Indians, being left without restraint, are overrunning the country, and committing depredations whenever it suits their inclination or convenience" (p. 732).]

Collins, Karen S., editor

    1970             Fray Pedro de Arriquibar's census of Tucson, 1820. Journal of the Arizona History, Vol. 11, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 14-22. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. ["Close to the (Tucson) presidio were separate rancherías of peaceful Apache Indians, and west of the presidio was the long-established Pima Indian village with Papago, Gileño, and Pima residents" (p. 17).]

Colton, William F.

    1870             The valley of the Rio Gila, and country lying between the Rio Colorado of the West and the Pacific Ocean. In New tracks in North America, by William A. Bell, pp. 314-325. London, Chapman Hall. [Colton estimates that 100 acres were under cultivation at San Xavier del Bac in 1867 and that some 50,000 pounds of wheat and maize were raised there that year (p. 316).]

Colville, Frederick V.

    1904             Desert plants as a source of drinking water. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution ... for ... 1903, pp. 499-505. Washington, Government Printing Office. [On p. 504 there is a discussion of a demonstration given by a Papago Indian guide near Torres, south of Hermosillo, Sonora, on how to extract potable fluid from a barrel cactus. The Papago man and process are also shown in two black-and-white photographs.]

Colwell, Maurice J.

    1970             American Indian education. The Valuator, Vol. 11, no. 2 (Winter), pp. 16-21. Los Angeles, California Teachers Association - Southern Section. [Included in this article is a discussion of Our Book, a book written by 1st and 2nd grade Papago and Yaqui children at San Xavier Mission school.]

Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip

    2003a           The ACamp Grant Massacre@ in the historical imagination. Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 45, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 349-369. Tucson, University of Arizona, The Southwest Center. [The author re-examines the historical record concerning the 1871 killing of a group (anywhere between 30 and 195, depending on the source) of Western Apaches whose camp was near Camp Grant, Arizona, by a group of Anglos, Mexicans, and a large number of Papagos (Tohono O=odham) from San Xavier del Bac. He observes that while Papagos may have comprised the majority of the attackers, he implies it is probably more correct to assume that the Anglos and Mexicans were its principal instigators.]

    2003b           Signs in place. Native American perspectives of the past in the San Pedro Valley of southeastern Arizona. Kiva, Vol. 69, no. 1 (September), pp. 5-29. Walnut Creek, California, Altamira Press. [The author visited various archaeological sites in the San Pedro River Valley with representatives of various Native American groups, Tohono O=odham included, to gain their perspectives on the sites, in particular those that display Arock art.@ Mention is made of the fact that in fairly recent times O=odham visited to area to gather bear grass and yucca to use in making baskets. O=odham consultant Ida Ortega left an offering of white corn at the Reeve Ruin, even though she made no claim that the O=odham were responsible for the site. Based on comments from O=odham consultants Bernard Siquieros and José Enriquez, the author also offers observations about the relationship between O=odham and rock shrines.]

Colyer, Vincent

    1872a           Official list of the Indian agencies, names of agents, names of tribes, and the religious denominations by whom the agents have been nominated, in the United States. In House of Representatives Executive Documents, 1871-72, Vol. 3, part 5, 42d Congress, 2d session, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 606-608. Washington, Government Printing Office. [In the lists of agents' names, R.A. Wilbur is shown in charge of the Papago Agency, Papago Tribe of Indians, having been nominated to the post by the Catholic Church. The list is said to be correct as of January 12, 1872.]

    1872b           Third annual report of the Board of Indian Commissioners. In House of Representatives Executive Documents, 1871-72, Vol. 3, part 5, 42d Congress, 2d session, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, pp. 428-608. Washington, Government Printing Office. [In this document dated December 12, 1871, Colyer presents a report on the Camp Grant massacre in the form of a narrative, correspondence, and other documents, with mention of Papago on pages 468 (Camp Grant, Sept. 13, 1871 - it was reported that a band of Papago Indians were with a group of 175-200 men who were going to ride through the Camp Grant area, but Dr. R.A. Wilbur, the agent for the Papagos had no knowledge of any Indians being present; notes Papago feud with Apaches and involvement in Camp Grant massacre; requests that Wilbur attempt to recover from the Papago 28 Apache children stolen during the massacre); 468-69 (it has been reported that the majority of Apache children stolen have been carried into Sonora by Papagos and sold to Mexicans); 470 (talk with Es-Cim-En-Zeen, head chief of the Aravaipa Pinals -- Papago involvement in the massacre; "They {Apaches} think the people of Tucson and San Xavier {Papagos} must have a thirst for blood. They seem to be always pursuing them."); 471 (Es-Cim-En-Zeen had gone on a raid against Papagos to recover his children); and 474 (Pimas and Papagos have a habit of raiding on the Apache; additional references to Pima and Papago warfare against the Apaches).]

Comadurán, Antonio

    1997a           [Letter from the Tucson presidial commander to Colonel José María Elías González written in Tucson on December 1, 1842.] In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 68-70. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Comadurán tells of an incident when Papago governors from the villages of Santa Ana, Santa Rosa, and Lojia paid him an unauthorized visit, while armed, to complain to him that some of Tucson=s so-called Apeaceful@ Apaches had stolen fourteen horses from San Xavier del Bac and had handed them off to Abronco@ Apaches in the Santa Rita Mountains. Comadurán, however, tried to explain why he knew that Tucson=s Apaches had not committed the crime, but that the bronco Apaches had been solely responsible. Undaunted, the Papagos attacked the Tucson Apache settlement, hurling lances at Apaches trying to escape. The presidial troops drove them off and they fled toward San Xavier, taking some Apache horses with them

                             The next day the Papagos, contrite, returned and handed over the Apache horses they had taken. Comadurán left orders that no Papagos were to be allowed to enter the presidio while armed, but had to leave their weapons at el pueblito, the O=odham village on the west bank of the Santa Cruz River opposite the presidio. He expresses deep concern there may be a general Papago rebellion.]

    1997b           [Letter from the Tucson presidial commander to Colonel José María Elías González, written in Tucson on March 5, 1843.] In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 75-76. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Here in this official communication Elías González is addressed as Acommander of the Northern Line.@ Comadurán writes: AAn undercover investigation was conducted by the civilian justice of the peace of Tucson into the subversive plans of the friendly (Pima and Maricopa) nations of the Gila River, in conjunction with the Papago rebels of the west, to attack these presidios of the frontier.@ He says, further, that Manuel Gándara, a contestant to be Governor of Sonora, is also threatening to bring Yaquis into the fray against the people of Tucson and the northern frontier of Sonora. Comadurán requests lances, one light cannon, and 50 firearms to help with defense.]

    1997c           [Letter from the Tucson presidial commander to Amy esteemed friend and relative,@ José María Elías González, written in Tucson on March 5, 1843.] In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 76-77. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Here Comadurán writes to González as a blood relative, noting that many western Papagos were Afleeing the war zone to settle at Tubac, Santa Cruz, and as far south as the Magdalena Valley. He also says that Tucson and Altar, with assured water supplies, are the best places from which to control Amost of the Papaguería.@]

    1997d           [Letter from the Tucson presidial commander to Colonel José María Elías González, written in Tucson on March 12, 1843.] In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 77-79. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Comadurán reports that on March 10 Aa Papago suspect was apprehended here in Tucson=s El Pueblito (the O=odham village). ... He was officially accused by Juan Yorem, a resident of El Pueblito, of being one of the Papagos sowing discord up on the Gila (River). The suspect swore that he had come in only to attend a scalp dance at San Xavier del Bac celebrating the killing of an enemy Apache by the people of that village. Since he refused to say more, I sent him to jail.@ He gives further details about a possible Papago insurrection and about Papago raiding parties by various Papago individuals whom he names along with the names of some of their villages.]

    1997e           [Letter from the Tucson presidial commander to Colonel José María Elías González, written in Tucson on August 15, 1843.] In A frontier documentary. Sonora and Tucson, 1821-1848, edited by Kieran R. McCarty, pp. 86-87. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [Comadurán reports that Pedro, governor of the Papago village of Santa Rosa, had come to Tucson with Juan Cuate, the Papago governor of Gácac (Kaka) and José, governor of Perigua (Hickiwan), and had brought with him four mules, two horses, and two burros that had been stolen from Mexicans. They said rebellious Papagos were repentant and asked that they, the governors, be given their wands of office, Awhich I decorated with new ribbons.@ Each was also given Aa certificate of temporary reappointment as village governor.@]

Comfort, Will L.

    1936             Apache. New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. 274 pp. [The first edition of this book was 1931. It is a fictionalized account of the life of Mangus Colorado. Writes Comfort (p. 253): "Thus began the deadly combination of Mangus Colorado and Cochise. From the land of the Kiowas on the east to the land of the Papago and Opatas in the west, they combed and screened the country of rock-scratcher, traders, trappers, ranchers and soldiers."]

Comité Organizador del Tricentenario del Arribo de Eusebio Francisco Kino a Sonora

    1987             Tricentenario de la exploración de la Pimería. Hermosillo, Gobierno de Estado de Sonora. Map, medallion. [This is a folder issued by the committee on February 27, 1987 to commemorate the arrival in northern Sonora of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino in 1687. It includes the first day of issue of a $100 peso postage stamp bearing Father Kino=s imagined likeness next to a map of the Pimería Alta; a copper medallion; and an explanatory sheet in Spanish and in English which briefly recounts Father Kino=s accomplishments in establishing missions among the Northern Piman Indians.]

Committee on Arid Lands

    1969             Field trip no. 6. Yaqui and Papago villages and San Xavier Mission. June 5, 1969. 7:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. In International Conference on Arid Lands in a Changing World, 3-13 June, 1969. Tucson, Committee of Arid Lands, American Association for the Advancement of Science and the University of Arizona. [This 3-page prospectus of the field trip includes a map of the region as well as one-paragraph descriptions of Mission San Xavier del Bac and of Coyote Village on the Papago Indian Reservation. The tour was to be guided by William W. Wasley and Bernard L. Fontana.]

Community Newsletter. Published in Sells, Arizona, by the Tohono O=odham Health Department. Volume 1, number 1 appeared in the fall of 1987.

Condron, A.H.

    1925             The Old Pueblo of Arizona. Progressive Arizona, Vol. 1, no. 4 (October), pp. 21-27, 48. Tucson, Progressive Arizona Publishing, Inc. [A Chamber-of-Commerce booster piece about Tucson, Arizona says that Father Kino established Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1692. A color photo of the mission is on the front cover and a black-and-white photo of the mission accompanies the article.]

Conklin, Enoch

    1878             Picturesque Arizona. New York, The Mining Record Printing Establishment. Map, illus. 380 pp. [There is a discussion concerning Papago Indians on pages 231-232. Mission San Xavier del Bac is discussed on pages 295-301, with a drawing of "The Mission of San Xavier del Bac, located nine miles south of Tucson," on page 297.]

Conley, William H., Jr.

    1985             Unravelling the Temacacury (sic) treasure. Conclusion. Treasure Search, Vol. 13, no. 4 (August), pp. 58-62. 29 Palms, California, Jess Publishing Co., Inc. [Mention is made of the Papago/Pima origin of the placename "Tubac" in this article about the so-called lost mine of Tumacacori and (an obviously fake) Spanish document relating to it.]

Connolly, Berard

    1989a           Celestine and Bac. Westfriars, Vol. 21, no. 6 (October), p. 6. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [Kieran R. McCarty and Bernard Fontana are quoted concerning the recently-deceased Celestine Chinn, O.F.M., and his tenure as superior of Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1989b           Home again. Westfriars, Vol. 21, no. 6 (October), p. 16. Tucson, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [This is an account of the funeral services and burial of Father Lambert Fremdling, O.F.M., at the village of Topawa on the Papago Indian Reservation. The funeral took place in 1989.]

    1990             San Xavier in the Northwest???? Dove of the Desert, no. 6 (Winter), pp. [2]-[3]. Tucson, San Xavier Mission Parish. [This article points out that Mission San Xavier del Bac, along with other missions founded by Father Eusebio Kino in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, was once part of a northwest New Spain and, later, northwest Mexico.]

    1992             The blessed doctor. Westfriars, Vol. 26, no. 3 (May), p. 7. Tucson, Franciscan Province of Saint Barbara. [A black-and-white photograph of the bulto of him accompanies a notice about John Dun Scotus and the figure found among the miscellaneous objects at Mission San Xavier del Bac. The figure of the Blessed Virgin emerges from the head of the figure of Scotus.]

    1993             San Xavier del Bac. Westfriars, Vol. 27, no. 1 (March), pp. 6-7. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [This is an update on the conservation program to be carried out in the west chapel inside the church; on the newly-completed friary; and on the offices being constructed on the east side of the mission complex.]

    1994a           From Wa:k. Westfriars, Vol. 28, no. 3 (April), p. 2. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [Mention of an article on the conservation project at Mission San Xavier del Bac that appeared in the March, 1994 issue of Tucson Lifestyle magazine.]

    1994b           The guardian of Wa:k and his animals. Westfriars, Vol. 28, no. 4 (May), pp. 6-7. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [About the many different animals represented in the decorations inside Mission San Xavier del Bac.]

    1994c                                   Simon Mamake, 1947-1994. Westfriars, Vol. 28, no. 8 (November), pp. 6-7. San Juan Bautista, California, Franciscan Province of St. Barbara. [An obituary of San Xavier Reservation-born Tohono O'odham Simon Mamake.]

Conrad, Harrison

    1907             Quivira. Boston, Richard G. Badger. Illus. [A collection of poems by Conrad includes one titled ASan Xavier del Bac@ (p. 46).]

Conrad, Rex D.

    1972             "Suicide among the Papago Indians." Master of Arts thesis, Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson. 79 pp. [This study concerns ten completed suicides between January 1, 1969 and December 31, 1971 among Papago Indians living on and off the reservation. Nine of the ten suicides were by males. There is some discussion concerning possible causes and recommendations are made concerning a suicide prevention program.]

    1974             "Papago children's intelligence scores as influenced by tester ethnicity, reinforcement, and cultural fairness." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson. Illus., bibl. 35 pp. [I.Q. tests were administered to 84 fifth grade Papago Indian children. The author examines the effects of reinforcement and tester ethnicity and discusses his results.]

Conrad, Rex D., and Marvin M. Kahn

    1973             An epidemiological study of suicide and suicide attempts among Papago Indians. Proceedings of the 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Vol. 8, pp. 449-450. s.l., American Psychological Association. [This pioneer study established the base rate for Papago suicides at 30/100,000 population, almost three times the national average of 10.3/100,000. Attempted suicide for Papagos was 34/100,000. The reasons for the figures are briefly discussed (quality of interpersonal relationships, etc.). This is the landmark study of Papago suicide.]

    1974             An epidemiological study of suicide and suicide attempts among Papago Indians. American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 131, no. 1 (January), pp. 69-72. Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Association. [The abstract: "An epidemiological study of suicide among the Papago Indians of the desert Southwest was conducted over a three-year period. Data gathered from several sources showed that this tribe's suicide rate exceeded that for the nation but was not as high as rates reported for other tribes. Most of the suicide victims were young men who had problems with alcohol. Papagos who lived on the reservation were found to complete suicide less often than their urban counterparts."]

Cook, Charles A.

    1973             The Hunter Claim: a colossal land scheme in the Papagueria. Arizona and the West, Vol. 15, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 213-244. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. [This is about the so-called Hunter Claim which included over 2,600,000 acres in Papago Indian country west of Tucson. Robert F. Hunter, a Washington, D.C. attorney created the claim in 1880 to protest an application for a mining patent in the Papagueria by counseling the Papagos to seek government recognition of their domain as a grant under Spanish and Mexican law. His fee was one half of the land, but the government refused to consider the matter. Also see Bowie 1963.]

Cook, James

    1981             New hope on the reservations. Forbes, Vol. 128, no. 10 (November 9), pp. 108-115. New York, Forbes, Inc. [This article about mineral exploration and mining on Indian reservations in the United States includes a map showing the Papago Reservation, one noting its mineral income from copper mining is $431,760. Papagos are described as Athat poverty-stricken tribe in the Arizona desert. The Papagos= mineral income is small, and they would like to expand it by moving forward with a copper development at a place called Garcia Strip. But the people don=t want it. >We listen to the people and their wishes,= says Vice Chairman Max Norris.

                             A>You talk to these people,= says Michael R. Rios, director of Papago Research and Planning, >and they say, >if we agree on this mine, what will we live on? At San Xavier the land used to be beautiful. Now there are tailings, and it=s an open pit mine, a hole in the ground. And when the mine is gone, we have nothing, neither money nor the land. And there are other things we know will happen if you do these things. The people get money, and families are destroyed. You see a used car and drinking and breaking up a home.= If you develop, you=ve got to decide what=s going to happen to the people.=@]

Cook, James E.

    1993             Legends of the lost: searchers fail to uncover the Spanish gold beneath Montezuma's Head. Arizona Highways, Vol. 69, no. 6 (June), pp. 48-49. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [Cook repeats a story about Tohono O'odham's finding free gold from placer mines in Mexico and stashing it in a cave on Montezuma's Head in the western part of their reservation. "Montezuma himself climbed to the top of the mountain and turned to stone."]

Cook, Minnie

    1976             Apostle to the Pima Indians: the story of Charles H. Cook, the first missionary to the Pimas. Tiburon, California, Omega Books. Map, illus., bibl. 237 pp. [There are scattered references to Papagos throughout, including mention of the Tucson Indian School started by Dr. Billman and later headed by Frazier Herndon (pp. 175-177); Dr. F.J. Hart's service among Papagos (pp. 151-152); and the story of Indian Agent Roswell Wheeler's having his police conscript Papago men who were taking part in the annual saguaro wine ceremony in the Kwahadk's village in Papago country, using them as laborers on the agency's farm whose profits he was said to be skimming (p. 147).]

Cook, Sherburne F., and Cesare Marino

    1988             Roman Catholic missions in California and the Southwest. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by William C. Sturtevant, Vol. 4, History of Indian-White relations, edited by Wilcomb E. Washburn, pp. 472-480. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution. [Mention is made of Franciscan methods of indoctrination among the Papago and of Jesuit missions among the Papago during the Spanish viceregal period.]

Cooke, Ellen

    1975             History you can stomach. Arizona [supplement of the Arizona Republic], November 16, pp. 40, 42-47. Phoenix, The Arizona Republic. [Mention is made that, AThe cattle, swine, wheat, fruits and vegetables [Father Eusebio Kino] introduced to the Pima and Papago had a great effect.@]

Cooke, Ronald U., and Richard V. Reeves

    1976             Arroyos and environmental change in the American South-west. London, Oxford University Press. Maps, tables, bibl., index. xii + 213 pp. [Pages 47-55: a general discussion of the history and nature of arroyos in the Santa Cruz Valley, including a detailed section concerning arroyos and irrigation history along the Santa Cruz River on the San Xavier Indian Reservation. On pages 59-62 there is a discussion of the history of arroyos on the main part of the Papago Indian Reservation, including speculation concerning the causes of arroyo cutting here.]

Cooley, D.N.

    1865             Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Washington, Government Printing Office. 57 pp. [The report is dated October 31, 1865 and is addressed to James Harlan, Secretary of the Interior. Pages 13-14: Mr. M. Oliver Davidson has been designated by the late Superintendent Charles Poston as agent of the Papago Indians. Davidson's report indicates that the Papagos occupy villages in southwestern Arizona; San Xavier is the center for Papagos; total Papago population is 5,000; Papagos offer military aid to whites against Apaches; a teacher and agricultural implements are needed; and the Papagos would make good citizens.]

    1866             Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1866. Washington, Government Printing Office. 61 pp. [Dated October 22, 1866, the report is addressed to O.H. Browning, Secretary of the Interior. On page 28 it is indicated that Dr. Lord was left in charge early in the year of Papagos, Pimas, and Maricopas, but that Captain L. Ruggles has since been appointed agent to these tribes. Reference is made to a report by Lord.]

Coolidge, Calvin

    1929             Executive order dated June 28, 1926, extending the trust period of Papago allotments. In Indian affairs: laws and treaties, compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Vol. 4, p. 1011. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office. [The allotments are those on the San Xavier Reservation.]

Coolidge, Dane

    1939             Old California cowboys. New York, E.P. Dutton and Co. Illus. 158 pp. [Reprinted in 1985 in Tucson by the University of Arizona Press as California cowboys, this book has a section concerning ranching in the Altar or southern Avra Valley of Arizona ca. 1914. Discussed briefly are Leslie Wooddell ("Cabezon"), a cattle inspector who worked in the Papago Indian country (pp. 62-62); Papagos' theft of cattle (p. 62); Papago cowboys and their riding skills (pp. 75-76); Wooddell's searching for stolen stock in Papago country (pp. 82-83); Papago trail and hand signs (p. 83); the Papago "Torres" (sic; should be Toro, i.e., the Toros) brothers, wealthy cattle ranchers from San Miguel; and Coolidge's experiences in trying to photograph Papagos (pp. 84-84). A photo by Coolidge of a Papago Indian mounted on a horse faces p. 85.]

Coolidge, Dane, and Mary R. Coolidge

    1939             The last of the Seris. New York, E.P. Dutton. Illus., index. 264 pp. [This sometimes fanciful account includes Seri testimony concerning Papagos. It is said Papagos wore grass breechclouts and javelina hide sandals, and that Papagos and Seris battled at Tepoca over the latter's theft of a cache of Papago-gathered pitahaya fruit. More than 50 Seris and 120 Papagos were said to have been killed. There are additional stories concerning the hostilities between Papagos and Seris.]

    1971             The last of the Seris. Glorieta, New Mexico, The Río Grande Press. Maps, illus., index. 308 pp. [A reprint of Coolidge and Coolidge (1939), with the addition of a publisher's preface; a letter from Frederick Dockstader; a memoriam by Coit Coolidge, a nephew of Dane Coolidge; and a portfolio of 43 black-and-white photos of Seris and Seri country taken in the 1960s and '70s. The front end papers are adorned with color photos of Seris, and two maps of Seri country have been tipped in at the rear of the book.]

Coolidge, Mary R.

    1929             The rain-makers: Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps, illus., bibl. index. 326 pp. [There is a brief ethnographic overview of the Papago Indians on pages 297-300, with a note on page 299 indicating that "... 41,606 acres [of the San Xavier Reservation] have been allotted in severalty and is under irrigation."]

Cooper, Evelyn S.

    1995             The Buehman Studio. Tucson in focus. Tucson, Arizona Historical Society. Illus., index. 175 pp. [This is a very handsome catalogue of a small selection of black-and-white photographs taken by Tucson photographer Henry Buehman from ca. 1875 to ca. 1950. Included is a photo of the south-southeast elevation of the church and convento of Mission San Xavier del Bac taken in 1890 (page 25). There is also a photo of a Tohono O=odham woman and a child, ca. 1920, on a Tucson street. The woman is carrying a burden basket that holds at least one earthenware vessel (page 107).]

Cooper, Tom C.

    1978             An intimate book on Bac. Arizona Highways, Vol. 54, no. 1 (January), p. 1. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [With photographs of John P. Schaefer and Father Kieran R. McCarty, O.F.M., this is about their book on Mission San Xavier del Bac (Schaefer, Chinn, and McCarty 1977).]

Copeland, Harold E.

    2004             San Xavier artwork. Arizona Highways, Vol. 80, no. 3 (March), p. 2. Phoenix, Arizona Department of Transportation. [A letter to the editor praising the October, 2003 article by Bernard Fontana with photographs by Edward McCain concerning the art of Mission San Xavier del Bac as Athe best that you have ever printed.@ The writer says he started traveling in Arizona in the 1920s.]

Copus, James

    1987a           Other stone artifacts and bezoars. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 5], by Peter L. Steere and others, appendix D. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [ADuring the San Xavier Archaeological Project (SXAP), 15 whole and fragmentary stone bowls, palettes, pendants and other ornamental artifacts were recovered. Two bezoars also are present in the SXAP collections.@ This is a description of these finds within the boundaries of the San Xavier Reservation.]

    1987b           Shell artifacts. In The San Xavier Archaeological Project [Southwest Cultural Series, No. 1, Vol. 5], by Peter L. Steere and others, appendix E. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc. [AThe San Xavier Archaeological Project (SXAP) survey recovered 85 whole or fragmentary shell artifacts. ... Eleven genera of marine shell and one genus of fresh water mollusk were identified.@ Illustrated.]

Cordell, Linda S.

    1989             Durango to Durango: an overview of the Southwest heartland. In Columbian consequences. Volume 1. Archaeological and historical perspectives on the Spanish borderlands west, edited by David H. Thomas, pp. 1-40. Washington and London, Smithsonian Institution Press. [An overview of the history and historical archaeology of the Spanish colonial period for the entire Southwest includes mention of the Pima and Papago (O'odham) and of Father Eusebio Kino's missionary work among them.]

    1993                                     Charles C. Di Peso's Gran Chichimeca: comments in retrospect and prospect. In Culture and contact: Charles C. Di Peso's Gran Chichimeca, edited by Anne I. Woosley and John C. Ravesloot, pp. 219-226. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [Cordell objects to Di Peso's use of the concept "O'otam" to describe a prehistoric culture in southern Arizona upon which the Hohokam were intruded. She observes that the matter of Hohokam-O'odham continuity remains unresolved.]

Corle, Edwin

    1941             Desert country. New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce. Index. 357 pp. [Scattered references to Papagos are on pages 75 (Papagos at Ajo); 86 (Fray Marcos de Niza said to have passed through Papago country); 95 (Papagos refer to inhabitants of Casa Grande as Hohokam); 124 (Apache attitude toward Papagos); 130-131 (overview of the Qahatika {Kohatk}; 132-135 (ethnographic overview of Papago Indians, one emphasizing customs and beliefs connected with warfare with Apaches). Corle says of the younger generation of Papagos that they seem "to go in for soft drinks, cheap candy, cheaper perfume, cattle raising, truck driving, and venereal disease." Corle's superficial view of the O'odham is condescending at the very least.]

    1947             Arizona. Holiday, Vol. 2, no. 12 (December), front cover, pp. 26-32, 134, 136-137, 139-142. Philadelphia, Curtis Publishing Company. [A painted image of Mission San Xavier del Bac on the front cover by Susan Knight Yates and photographs by Alfred A. DéLardi of Mission Tumacacori and of "a Papago Indian father and his papoose" watching a rodeo near Tucson accompany this overview article about Arizona by Corle. Papagos are mentioned on page 137 in a listing of tribes in the southern part of the state.]

    1951             The Gila: river of the Southwest. New York and Toronto, Rinehart & Company, Inc. Map, illus., bibl., index. 402 pp. [Corle devotes a chapter of his book to the late 17^th and early 18th-century career of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino as a pioneer missionary in the Pimería Alta, including his founding of missions Pitiquito, Caborca, Oquitoa, Guevavi, Tumacacori, and above all, San Xavier del Bac, Aone of the most striking, beautiful, and famous missions in the United States. Somebody has called it the >white dove of the desert.=@ In subsequent chapters Corle summarizes the later Jesuit and Franciscan-period histories of southern Arizona (northern Pimería Alta). He asserts, without evidence and no doubt incorrectly, that Apaches destroyed the Jesuit church at San Xavier in 1768, leaving Anothing standing but the charred walls.@ Corle also mentions that the fruit of the saguaro cactus Ais a favorite food of the Papago Indians@ (p. 347).]

Cornett & Associates, with Tierra Madre Consultants

    1985             San Xavier planned community: biological survey and assessment. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix IV.

Cornwall, Claude C.

    1934             The wild horse roundup at Sells. Indians at Work, Vol. 2, no. 3 (September 15), pp. 29-31. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [A group of Papagos headed by Jose X. Pablo rounded up over 5,000 head of horses from May through August, 1934, on the Sells Reservation.]

    1935             Rehabilitation area at San Xavier. Indians at Work, Vol. 2, no. 15 (March 15), pp. 27-31. Washington, D.C. Office of Indian Affairs. [This illustrated article tells about the setting aside of 3,000 acres on the San Xavier Reservation for an erosion control and range rehabilitation program.]

    1936             "No agua." Indians at Work, Vol. 3, no. 22 (July 1), pp. 12-17. Washington, D.C., Office of Indian Affairs. [This article deals with the development of water resources on Indian reservations in Arizona by the ECW (Emergency Conservation Work). A well at Tecolote on the Papago Indian Reservation came in at 448' feet (p. 14). Three black-and-white photographs show charcos respectively at Coyote Village, Santa Rosa, and at the Sells Agency.]

    1938             The Papago Indian fair. Indians at Work, Vol. 5, no. 6 (February), pp. 35-36. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs. [This article, accompanied by a black-and-white photo, is about the second annual Papago Fair held at Sells on the Papago Indian Reservation.]

Cornyn, John W.

    1875             Report of the United States Indian agent for the Papago. In Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875, pp. 212-213. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Cornyn's first annual report, addressed to E.P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, is dated September 14, 1875, and was written in Tucson, Arizona. In it he discusses education; population; employment; stock-raising and agriculture; the need for a mechanical and industrial school; harvesting of wild fruits; agriculture and stock-raising techniques as being harmful to the land; school and school building; refutation of charges R.A. Wilbur (1874) made regarding problems caused by the Catholic Church; and discussion of and protest against a petition asking that the Papago tribe be consolidated with the Pima tribe.]

Corrigan, Francis V.

    1970             "A comparison of self concepts of American Indian students from public or federal school backgrounds." Ph.D. dissertation, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 187 pp. [This is a study of the affects of attendance at either public or federal elementary schools, 1st through 6th grade, on the self concepts of American Indian students. Further efforts were made to determine the affect of age, grade, tribe, and I.Q. on these students' self concepts, and a comparison was made between scores of Indian students and normative scores for the Tennessee Self Concept subscale. Papago students were among students in the seven tribes studied.]

Corrigan, Monica

    1997             Trek of the seven sisters. Diary of Sister Monica Corrigan. Tucson, Carondelet Health Network. Edited by Sister Alberta Cammack. Map, illus., appendices. [This is the diary of one of seven Catholic nuns of the Order of St. Joseph of Carondelet who in 1870 became the first nuns to serve in Arizona. An appendix notes (p. 40) that one of the nuns, Sister Maxime Croissat, was chosen in 1873 Ato open a school among (Papago) Indians at San Xavier.@ There is a photograph with her biographical sketch. She died in Tucson in 1882 when she was forty-two years old.]

Cosulich, Bernice

    1944             Old Pueblo authors and artists. Arizona Highways, Vol. 20, no. 1 (January), pp. 32-36. Phoenix, Arizona Highway Department. [In writing about the many writers and artists who had either visited Tucson or who lived there, Cosulich writes that A... memories rush back B flying with Dr. Oliver St. John Gogarty, that madcap Irish poet and senator, over Mission San Xavier del Bac, which is itself an art achievement ... . While in Tucson he flew a plane much larger than his own in Ireland and it was then, fascinated by San Xavier del Bac Mission, that he nearly killed his two passengers and scared nuns and priests who stared upward in panic as he circled the mission=s towers.@ She also writes of diarist Father Francisco Garcés, the Franciscan who accompanied Juan Bautista de Anza part of the way to San Francisco during Anza=s 1775-1776 colonizing expedition (and who was Mission San Xavier=s first Franciscan missionary). Additionally, ASan Xavier del Bac mission has preserved for today=s modern eyes time-dimmed, but beautiful murals within it. None of Tucson=s modern churches or public buildings has such decorative trimmings, despite the many resident artists.@]

    1953             Tucson. Tucson, Arizona Silhouettes. Map, illus, notes, glossary, bibl. xvii +310 pp. [This is a history of Tucson from 1692 to ca. 1900. An entire chapter is devoted to Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, pioneer Jesuit missionary among the Northern O=odham, another to Mission San Xavier del Bac, and a third to the mission visita of San Agustín del Tucson established in the 18^th century for Tucson=s Piman Indian community. These historic sketches, while flawed, reflect the knowledge of the day.]

Coult, Theodore A.

    1897a           [Letter to Lt. W.A. Thompson, 1^st Infantry, California Volunteers, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, District of Arizona, Mesilla, Arizona Territory, datelined Tucson, Arizona Territory, October 2, 1862.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, pp. 145-146. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Among other things, Coult writes, AWithin the past two months rich mines have been discovered at Fresnal (in Papago country), and reliable information has been received that there is now a foreign mining population of at least 500 persons at the place. I deem it highly important that at least one company of infantry and a detachment of cavalry should be stationed there to preserve order. Major Fergusson appointed a local judge for that place, but among the class of persons who usually congregate at these localities it will be impossible for him to administer justice without sufficient power to enforce his authority. I would also respectfully suggest to the colonel commanding that District of Arizona the propriety of assessing and collecting a foreign miners= tax at the Fresnal mines.@]

    1897b           [Letter to Capt. J.F. Bennett, Asst. Adj. Gen., Mesilla, N. Mex, datelined Hq. Tucson, Ariz. Ter., Feb. 4, 1864.]. In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 2, p. 740. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Coult writes of the January 17, 1864 arrival in Tucson of Captain S.A. Gorham, who Aescorted Col. Charles D. Poston, Indian agent; Hon. J. Ross Browne, special agent for the Department of the Interior; Maj. M.B Duffield, U.S. Marshall, and Mr,. Robert F. Greely, deputy Marshall for the Territory of Arizona. On the 19^th ultimo I detailed Lieutenant Arnold and thirty men of Company G, First Cavalry California Volunteers, to proceed with Colonel Poston and Mr. Browne in the discharge of their duties on a visit through the southern portion of the Territory.@

                             Although the letter does not say so, the group dispatched is possibly that seen in Browne=s rendering of the gathering in the plaza at Mission San Xavier del Bac (Browne 1951: 143). Browne wrote of Arnold=s men, A... a better set of men I never travelled with. They were good-humored, obliging, and sober, and not one of them stole a pig or a chicken during the entire trip@(p. 139). Also see N.H. Davis (1897).]

Coulter, Pearle P., and Margaret J, Brower

    1969             Parallel experience: an interview technique. American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 69, no. 5 (May), pp. 1028-1030. New York, American Journal of Nursing Company. [This is a discussion by two nurses of a successful health interview technique used with Papago Indians.]

Couts, Cave J.

    1961             Hepah California! The journal of Cave Johnson Couts. Edited and annotated by Henry F. Dobyns. Tucson, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. Maps, illus., bibl., index. 113 pp. [Couts passed through southern Arizona in 1848. In his journal, he describes Mission San Xavier in some detail (pp. 61-62), noting that it's taken care of by the "Pimas." Dobyns' notes observe that in 1848 Tumacacori was a Pima-Papago village (p. 75); that Mission San Xavier was completed in 1797 under the tutelage of Fr. Juan Baptista Llorens, and that the village had been re-populated by Papagos to replace native Pimas who had died in repeated epidemics (pp. 75-76); Papagos and Pimas speak dialects of the same language (p. 77); and "Sand Papagos" were possibly those growing corn near Gila Bend in 1848 (p. 77).]

Covey, Cyclone

    1975             Calalus. A Roman Jewish colony in America from the time of Charlemagne through Alfred the Great. New York, Vantage Press, Inc. [This is about the alleged "Roman" led swords and other led artifacts excavated near Tucson, Arizona, in the mid 1920s. Covey makes occasional mention of the Pimas and Papagos and their possible relationship to the Hohokam and, by extension, to the presumed colony of Roman Jews who made their way to southern Arizona in prehistoric times.]

Cowgill, Pete

    1972             Climb to the top of Babo. Outdoor Arizona, Vol. 44, no. 3 (March), pp. 16-18, 25. Phoenix, Phoenix Publishing, Inc. [About climbing to the top of Baboquivari Peak, half of which is on the Papago Indian Reservation. The article includes a thumbnail sketch of the history of climbing the peak, one presumably scaled for the first time in 1898 by Robert H. Forbes.]

    1990             The Pinacates. "Life's tough but its home." In National parks of northern Mexico, by Richard D. Fisher, unpaged. Tucson, Sunracer Publications. [In writing about the Pinacates, Cowgill says, "The Areneros, or Sand People, scratched out a living in the area. Tucson anthropologist Julian Hayden has explored the Pinacates for more than 50 years. He says humans have left their mark for more than 10,000 years. They ate tubers and they dry-farmed corn and beans out on the sand flats. The last native, an old man named Caravajales, lived in a cave near Papago Tanks and died in 1912."]

    1994             The Pinacates. "Life's tough but its home." In National parks of northern Mexico, by Richard D. Fisher, revised edition, unpaged. Tucson, Sunracer Publications. [Identical with Cowgill (1990).]

Cox, C.C.

    1925             From Texas to California in 1849. Edited by Mabelle E. Martin. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 29, no. 2 (October), pp. 128-146. Austin, Texas State Historical Association. [Page 143: On September 3, 1849, the party of which Cox was a member passed a mission they called San Gabriel, actually Mission San Xavier del Bac, a place said by Cox to be occupied by Mexicans and Indians (O'odham). The "...Elacia (iglesia) was really a splendid looking building, the interior of which presented a solemn and imposing scene."]

Coy, Owen C.

    1931             The great trek. San Francisco, Powell publishing Company. 349 pp. [Coy summarizes and quotes from various accounts left by emigrants moving from the eastern part of the United States to the West in the mid-nineteenth century. He includes a brief section concerning those who traveled north along the Santa Cruz River Valley in southern Arizona. Missions Guevavi, Tumacácori, and San Xavier del Bac are included in the discussion (pp. 247-249). Included are quotes from the accounts of Cornelius C. Cox and Judge Benjamin Hayes.]

Cozzens, Samuel W.

    1876             The marvelous country: or three years in Arizona and New Mexico. Boston, Lee and Shepard. Map, illus. 548 pp. [A discussion of Mission San Xavier del Bac and a brief reference to the Papagos living in the village of Bac are on pages 154-161 and 185. A drawing of the church of San Xavier faces page 156.]

    1988             Explorations and adventures in Arizona & New Mexico. Secaucus, New Jersey, Castle. Illus. 532 pp. [Reprint of Cozzens (1876).]

Cramer, Rebecca

    1998             Mission to Sonora. Sun Lakes, Arizona, Book World, Inc. 297 pp. [This is a novel about Linda Bluenight, a teacher in the parochial school at San Xavier del Bac, whose life Ais shattered when her son finds the murdered corpse of a millionaire at the center of a controversy over his role in the destruction of the Sonoran Desert.@]

    2000             The view from Frog Mountain. Sun Lakes, Arizona, Book World, Inc. 279 pp. [This is Abook two@in the Linda Bluenight series, and while the setting is principally the Catalina Mountains next to Tucson, O=odham and San Xavier figure in the story as well.]

Crane, Barbara

    1981             Barbara Crane. Photographs 1948-1980. With essays by Estelle Jussim and Paul Vanderbilt. [Tucson], Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona. Illus. 124 pp. [This is a catalogue of black-and-white and color photography by Barbara Crane, one which includes four color photos taken by her of the Papago cemetery at San Xavier del Bac.]

Cranston, George. See Dinges, Bruce J., editor (1985)

Crawford, Joan

    1992             [Two photographs of Mission San Xavier del Bac, one from the front, east-southeast elevation, and another of a group seated around the fountain in the patio.] Past Times, Vol. 4, no. 1 (March/April), pp. 1, 2. Phoenix, Arizona Preservation Foundation. [The photographs were taken during a February, 1992 visit to the mission by members of the Arizona Preservation Foundation.]

Crawford, Oswald (pseud.)

    1908             By path and trail. [Salt Lake City], The Press of the "Intermountain Catholic." Illus. xi + 225 pp. [This edition, except for the pseudonym, is virtually identical to Harris, William R. (1908), q.v.]

Crawford, Suzanne

    1991             Men with the long eyes. Tucson Guide Quarterly, Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 54-57. Tucson, Madden Publishing Inc. [This about Kitt Peak National Observatory. Its location on the Papago Indian Reservation and the lease from the Tohono O'odham by the astronomers for the 2,400 acres on which the observatory stands are given particular emphasis.]

Crespo, Francisco Antonio. See Bolton, translator and editor (1930n)

Croix, Teodoro de. See Thomas, Alfred B., translator and editor (1941)

Cronk, Leslie M.

    1938             "Indian education in terms of pupil and community need." Master's thesis, Department of Education, University of Arizona, Tucson. 111 pp. [Cronk, who was employed at the Tucson Indian Training School, includes scattered data regarding the incidence of tuberculosis among Papagos, ideal Papago house plans, and Papago recipes for flour tortillas and saguaro cactus syrup. The latter are taken from an "Indian Cook Book" developed by 6th grade students at the Tucson Indian Boarding School.]

Crosby, Anthony

    1985             Historic structure report. Tumacacori National Monument, Arizona. Denver, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Illus., plans, elevations, bibl. x + 210 pp. [This is a detailed study of the structure of the church of Mission San José de Tumacácori in southern Arizona, a structure built in the early 19^th century under Franciscan tutelage for the O=odham villagers. The emphasis in the study, which includes a capsule history of the mission, is on long-term preservation of the historic fabric of the building.]

Cross, Jack L.; Elizabeth H. Shaw, and Kathleen Scheifele, editors

    1960             Arizona: its people and resources. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Maps, illus., bibl. v + 385 pp. [There are thirty-four chapters in this compilation of articles by as many or more scholars, each chapter written anonymously, although all the authors names are listed as contributors to the book. There is scattered mention of Papagos throughout, and at least one author of one chapter is the same as he whose essay appeared in the 1972 revised edition of this book. See Haury (1972).]

Crosswhite, Frank S.

    1980             The annual saguaro harvest and crop cycle of the Papago, with reference to ecology and symbolism. Desert Plants, Vol. 2, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 2-61. Superior, Arizona, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Arboretum. [This thoroughgoing description and analysis of the knowledge of and use by Papagos of the giant saguaro cactus is the bedrock report on which subsequent accounts will have to be based. What is lacking is a description from a Papago point of view, an etic analysis based on a knowledge of the native language. Thirty-four black-and-white photos accompany the text.]

    1981                                     Desert plants, habitat and agriculture in relation to the major pattern of cultural differentiation in the O'odham people of the Sonoran Desert. Desert Plants, Vol. 3, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 47-76. Tucson, The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Arboretum. [This article concerns the biological adaptation of Homo sapiens, both prehistoric peoples and the northern Pimans (including Papagos), to the Sonoran Desert. Crosswhite takes the position that the O'odham were the aboriginal dwellers of the Sonoran Desert, having been present at least since 800 B.C. He sees the Hohokam and Salado as later intruders, and suggests that the O'odham began differentiating into Tohono O'odham, Akimel O'odham, and Hiach-eD O'odham beginning in A.D. 500.]

Crosswhite, Frank S., and Carol D. Crosswhite

    1982             The Sonoran Desert. In Reference handbook on the deserts of North America, edited by Gordon L. Bender, pp. 163-320. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press. [There is a detailed discussion of O'odham cultural adaptations to sub-environments within the Sonoran Desert on pages 250-266. Hiach-eD (HiaCed), Tohono, and Akimel O'odham receive separate consideration.]

Crouse, Cornelius W.

    1890             Report of Pima Agency. In Fifty-ninth annual report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1890, pp. 4-9. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Dated August 18, 1890, the report was written in Sacaton, Arizona, at the Pima Agency and is addressed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs T.J. Morgan. Concerning Papagos, Crouse gives census data (p. 4), estimating a total population of 3,363, including 1,763 males, 1,600 females, and 593 people ages 6-20; sixteen English speakers; and twenty English readers. Some 3,363 Papagos are said to have no reservation, and 363 have allotments at San Xavier. He writes (p. 5) that Papagos make a very poor living; that they were formerly cattle raisers; that saguaro fruit and mesquite beans are principal foods for months; Papagos assist Pimas during wheat harvest, being paid in wheat; Papago women are ingenious potters; hay is harvested at San Xavier; and Papagos follow the teachings of the Catholic Church. San Xavier is described (p. 7) with reference to wild hay and mesquite forests and to fenced pastures. Papagos have 24.5 miles of 5-strand barbed wire fence at San Xavier (p.8). It is recommended (p. 9) that 130,000 acres of the Pima and Maricopa reservations on the Gila and Salt rivers be purchased for homeless (i.e., people without a reservation) Papagos.]

    1891             Report of Pima Agency. In Annual report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1891, pp. 213-218. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Report is dated September 30, 1891 and was written from Sacaton, Arizona addressed to T.J. Morgan, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. References to Papagos are on pages 214 (Papago population estimates, difficult to make: 2,500 males, 2,500 females, 500 school-age children of whom 80 speak English and 50 read English) and 218 (Papagos bury their dead in coffins; it is recommended by Crouse that all but two sections of the Gila Bend Reservation be sold, the remaining two sections being allotted in severalty to Papago Indians with proceeds from the sale being used to irrigate the resulting 1,220 acres of allotted land).]

    1893             Report of Pima Agency. In Sixty-second annual report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1893, pp. 114-117. Washington, Government Printing Office. [The report is dated July 1, 1893, and is written at the Pima Agency, Sacaton, Arizona addressed to D.M. Browning, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. References to Papagos found on pages 114 (principal occupation of the Papago is cattle raising; San Xavier Reservation was allotted to 363 Papagos; nine-tenths of the Papagos own no land at all; the Gila Bend Reservation should be allotted at once to Papago children attending school; no more than forty Papagos live on the Gila Bend Reservation; six sections of good farm land on the Gila Bend Reservation should be allotted to Papagos); 116 (all Papago men and boys have short hair and follow the teachings of the early Catholic missionaries); and 117 (request that the Gila Bend Reservation be allotted to Papago school children and any Papagos who agree to farm the land allotted to them).]

    1894             Report. In Reports of Special Agency Stephen Whited on the Indians of the Gila River, Salt River, and the Papago reservations, Pima Agency, Arizona. In Report of Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska) at the eleventh census: 1890, Vol. 7, p. 137. Washington, Department of the Interior, Census Office, Government Printing Office. ["The Papagos inhabited the southern third portion of Arizona and the northern part of Sonora, Mexico, when Europeans first met them in 1539-40. They usually have a little better homes than the Pimas. Their teachers have generally been Catholics, but they are not making equal progress with the Pimas, excepting those who are in government schools."]

Crowell, Ann

    1981             The tongues of angels. In Service of celebration for the 75th anniversary of Southside United Presbyterian Church, May 9 & 10, 1981. Tucson, John M. Fife. 15 pp. [This history of the Southside Presbyterian Church in Tucson, Arizona, details the considerable involvement of Papago Indians in the history of the church and in the Protestant mission movement among their own people. Excellent summary.]

Crowley, Kate

    1989             The mission trail. In The sky islands of southeast Arizona, by Kate Crowley and Mike Link, pp. 32-35. Stillwater, Minnesota, Voyager Press, Inc. [Photos of missions San Xavier del Bac and Tumacácori accompany this brief text concerning southern Arizona=s mission history, a history that here emphasizes the role of pioneer missionary Eusebio Kino, S.J. Mission San Xavier is briefly described.]

Crown, Patricia

    1985             Morphology and function of Hohokam small structures. Kiva, Vol. 50, nos. 2-3 (Winter/Spring), pp. 75-94. Tucson, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. [In her effort to interpret the uses of architecturally small structures found in prehistoric Hohokam sites, Crown draws on ethnographic analogies among traditional Papago uses of such structures.]

    1991             The role of exchange and interaction in Salt-Gila Basin Hohokam prehistory. In Exploring the Hohokam, edited George J. Gumerman, pp. 383-415. Dragoon, Arizona, Amerind Foundation; Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. [Mention is made (p. 399) of the practice among Papagos of keeping supernaturally-acquired items in hiding away from villages.]

Crumal, Joyce

    1972             Recipes from the first Americans. In Look to the mountaintop, edited by Robert L. Iacopi, Bernard L. Fontana, and Charles Jones, pp. 115-117. San Jose, California, Gousha Publications. [Included here is a black-and-white photo of a Papago woman harvesting fruit from a saguaro cactus.]

Crumrine, N. Ross

    1983             Indian cultures of northern Mexico. In Borderland sourcebook, edited by Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, pp. 278-284. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. [Passing mention is made of Papagos living in Sonora, citing the works of Kroeber (1939: Map 6) and Hinton (1969, 1979).]

Cudel, Evelyne

    1994             "High incidence of diabetes in the O'odham: community approach in prevention and control for a Native American tribe." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Riverside. Maps, illus., refs. 182 pp. (AAT 9522251) [This is a study of diabetes type II among the Pima and Papago residents of the Ak-Chin Reservation and their knowledge of the history and etiology of the disease. It discusses community-based projects begun to cope with the problem.]

Culin, Stewart

    1898             Chess and card playing. In Annual report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896, report of the U.S. National Museum, pp. 665-942. Washington, Government Printing Office. [There is a detailed description here (pp. 738-740) of the Papago game of "ghing-skoot," with illustrations of objects collected by W J McGee and William Dinwiddie in 1894. A Dinwiddie black-and-white photo of "Papago striking staves in the air playing ghing-skoot" appears in Plate 8 facing page 738.]

    1903             Games of American Indians. Outing, Vol. 42, no. 2 (May), pp. 222-229. New York, The Outing Publishing Company. [There are black-and-white photos showing "Papago football players" (p. 227) and "Papago Indians play guessing game" (p. 228), and Culin notes that Papagos used a wooden ball in playing a ball race game (p. 229).]

    1907             Games of the North American Indians. Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1902-1903, Vol. 24. Washington, Government Printing Office. [Papago games and gaming implements are described and illustrated on pages 146-148 (ghingskoot, quince, and tanwan); 336 (hidden ball game; no illustration); 353-355 (two types of hidden ball games, wahpetah and wapetaikhgut); 648 (double ball game; no illustration); 659-660 (double ball game, "toakata"); 666 (wooden ball used in kick ball race; no illustration); 670-671 (wooden kick ball used in kick ball race; William Dinwiddie photo of Papago kicking-ball racers); 673 (William Dinwiddie photo of kicking-ball player); and 674 (drawings of kicking-ball players in a race taken from William Dinwiddie photos).]

Culnan, Catherine

    1930?           Indian sketches. New York, The Board of National Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. 12 pp. [Included here (pp. 2-5) is a story about Achsah Cachora, a Papago Indian girl going to school at the Tucson Indian Training School.]

Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc.

    1986             Cultural resource inventory and assessment, San Xavier/Tucson planned community. Draft environmental impact statement (EIS): proposed lease of Papago community lands, (San Xavier District), facilitating development of the San Xavier/Tucson planned community along Interstate 19, Pima County, Arizona, Appendix XXVIII. Tucson, Cultural & Environmental Systems, Inc.

Cummings, Malcom

    1926             Around interesting southern Arizona. Progressive Arizona, Vol. 3, no. 4 (October), pp. 26-28. Tucson, Automobile Club of Arizona. [A tourist survey of southern Arizona that includes information concerning Mission San Xavier del Bac, Mission Tumacacori, Mission Guevavi, and Papago Indians. A photograph on page 26 of a potter, a woman surrounded by her pots and between the adobe walls of two houses, is probably that of a Papago potter.]

Cunningham, Bob

    1993             Double-edged Bill Oury, frontier question mark. The Smoke Signal, no. 59 (Spring), pp. 157-164. Tucson, Tucson Corral of the Westerners. [Briefly alluded to here is Oury's involvement with Francisco and ninety-two Papagos in the 1871 massacre of Apache Indians at Camp Grant.]

Curley, Archie

    [1967]          "Survey of income and employment, Papago Reservation, calendar year 1966." s.l., s.n. 37 pp. [This is an economic survey of the Papago Reservation for 1966. It was written and compiled by the community development specialist for the Papago Agency, Sells, Arizona.]

Curtin, L.S.M.

    1949             By the prophet of the earth. Foreword by Odd S. Halseth. Santa Fe, San Vicente Foundation, Inc. Illus., bibl., index. 158 pp. [This ethnobotany of the Gila River Pimas makes occasional references to Papago uses of plants, the data being drawn from published studies by Ruth Underhill and others. See, for example, pages 51 (Rumex), 54 (saguaro), 63 (creosote bush), 71 (saltbush), 77 (a lichen), 79 (yerba del manso), 82 (milkweed), 91 (ratany), 102 (brittlebush), 103 (bursage), 107 (devil's claw), and 116 (Agave fiber traded to Pimas).]

    1984             By the prophet of the earth. Ethnobotany of the Pima. Foreword by Gary P. Nabhan. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press. Illus., bibl., index. 156 pp. [A reprint of Curtin (1949), with Nabhan's foreword substituted for that of Halseth and with some photographic illustrations added.]

Curtis, Edward S.

    1908a           The North American Indian. Vol. 2. Edited by Frederick Webb Hodge; foreword by Theodore Roosevelt. Cambridge, Massachusetts, The University Press. Illus., index. 142 pp. [An ethnographic outline of Papago culture is on pages 27-37, including a description of Mission San Xavier del Bac on pages 27-31. There are scattered references to Papagos on pages xii, 3, 42, 74, 110, 111-112, 114, 116, and 118-123. Curtis photos of Papagos appear facing pages 30 (Hokak - Papago {male}); 32 (Kího {burden basket} carrier - Qahátika {female}); 34 (Papago burial); 36 (Papago matron). Between pages 37 and 41 are photos entitled "Papago potter" and "Papago primitive house." A photo of Mission San Xavier faces page 28.]

    1908b           The North American Indian: large plates supplementing Volume II. Vol. 2, supplement. Cambridge, Massachusetts, The University Press. Illus. [Papagos appear in plates numbered 48 (Papago girl); 49 (Gathering hánamh {cholla buds} - Papago); 50 (Carlos Rios - Papago chief); 51 (Façade - San Xavier del Bac Mission); 52 (Portal - San Xavier del Bac Mission); and 53 (Lúzi - Papago).

    1909             Village tribes of the desert. Scribner's Magazine, Vol. 45, no. 3 (March), pp. 275-287. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. [Based on field work done in 1907, Papagos are discussed on pages 284-285. Mission San Xavier del Bac is referred to as the sedentary Papagos' home in the Santa Cruz Valley and is briefly described (pp. 284-285). Curtis photos include those of "The cactus gatherer" (p. 274); "A Papago maiden" (p. 279); "In the land of the giant cactus" (p. 281); and "Gathering the cactus fruit" (p. 282). The main doorway of Mission San Xavier is on page 276 and the interior of the church is shown on page 277.]

    1997             The North American Indian. The complete portfolios. Köln, Lisboa, London [etc. etc.], Taschen. Map, illus., bibl. 768 pp. [Curtis photos -- including his captions -- of Papagos and Kohatk ("Qahátika" in Curtis) are on pages 86 ("Qahátika water girl," a girl with an olla on her head); 87 (Lúzi - Papago" and "Papago girl"); 100 ("Carlos Rios - Papago chief"); 106 ("Papago potter"); 107 ("Gathering hánamh {cholla buds} - Papago"); 108 ("Resting in the {saguaro} harvest field - Qahátika"); 113 ("Kího {burden basket} carrier - Qahátika"); and 115 ("Qahátika girl"). The ": Façade - San Xavier del Bac Mission" and "Portal - San Xavier del Bac Mission" are on pages 118 and 119 respectively.]

Curtis, Michael

    1992             Indian water rights and settlements. In Understanding and protecting your water rights, pp. 2-20. Vienna, Virginia, The Cambridge Institute. [Mention is made of the Southern Arizona Water Rights Settlement Act of 1982 and that fact that the allottees on the San Xavier Reservation had not agreed to its terms.]

Cusack, Euna

    1923             A young Catholic teacher. Indian Sentinel, Vol. 3, no. 4 (October), pp. 168-169. Washington, D.C., Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions. [This is about women who in 1923 were serving as missionary teachers on the Papago Reservation at Cowlic, Ajo, Topawa, and San Miguel. Included is a photo of one of the teachers and the author of the article, Euna Cusack.]

C[utak], L[adislaus]

    1939             Sacred tree of the Papago Indians. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin, Vol. 27, no. 10 (December), pp. 196-201. St. Louis, Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. [The "sacred tree" is the saguaro cactus. Included here is a summary of the Papago saguaro fruit harvest and preparation of the fruit for syrup. Mention is also made of saguaro fruit wine and the annual rain ceremony involving its consumption.]

Cuthill, Hazel, compiler and editor

    1946             Voices from the desert. By the Sixth Grade Class. Tucson, Tucson Indian Training School. Illus. 42 pp. [This is a compilation of largely traditional stories told by students at the Presbyterian-operated Tucson Indian Training Center. They include a mix of Papago and Pima stories, but primarily the former.]

Cutler, Benjamin C.

    1897             [Letter to Major E.A Rigg, commanding at Ft. Yuma, written at Los Angeles, March 15, 1862.] In The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, Vol. 50, part 1, pp. 928-931. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. [Cutler, who was the acting assistant adjutant general for the Union troops in California, instructs Major Rigg to take whatever steps are necessary to protect the wheat mill being operated on the Gila River by Ammi White and to construct a temporary fort where wheat and other food that might be procured can be stored.. He suggests Indians can help in construction of this temporary post and can be recruited as spies to check on the Confederates in Tucson. ABy having a good understanding with the Pimas and Papagos this work cannot be surprised.@]

Cutter, Donald, and Iris Engstrand

    1996             Quest for empire. Spanish settlement in the Southwest. Golden, Colorado, Fulcrum publishing. Maps, illus., glossary, bibl., index. viii + 358 pp. [This history of the Spanish-period Southwest includes the Spanish-period history of the Pimería Alta. Consult the index under AKeller, Ignacio Xavier, S.J.,@ AKino, Eusebio Francisco, S.J.,@ APapagos (O=odham),@ APima Revolt,@ APimería Alta,@ ASan Agustín de Oiaur,@ ASan Ignacio (Mission),@ ASan Xavier del Bac (Mission),@ ASobaipuri,@ and ATucson, San Agustín de.@]

Czaplicki, Jon S.

    1986             Mitigation plan. In A class III archaeological survey of the Phase B corridor, Tucson Aqueduct, Central Arizona Project, by Christian Downum, Adrienne G. Rankin, and Jon S. Czaplicki [Archaeological Series, no. 168], pp. 223-230. Tucson, Cultural Resource Management Division, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona. [Three presumed "Sobaipuri" (Piman) sites in southern Arizona's Avra Valley are mentioned (p. 225), with the conclusion that overall research potential concerning them "appears to be limited."]

Czaplicki, Jon; John C. Ravesloot, and Lynn S. Teague

    1986             A research design for Tucson Aqueduct, Phase B data recovery. Tucson, University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, Cultural Resource Management Division. Maps, appendices, refs. 38 + 12 + 4 + 12 pp. [This plan for archaeology in the path of a proposed route for an aqueduct for water being carried in the Central Arizona Project includes consideration of work on the San Xavier Reservation as well as plans for Papago involvement in field work.]