Table of contents for Umts network planning, optimization, and inter-operation with GSM / Moe Rahnema.
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PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of 3G Standards and WCDMA Releases
1.2 3G Challenges
1.3 Future Trends
CHAPTER 2: UMTS System and Air Interface Architecture
2.1 Network Architecture
2.1.1 The Access Stratum
2.1.2 The Non-Access Stratum and Core Network
2.1.3 UTRAN Architecture
2.1.4 Synchronization in the UTRAN
2.1.5 UE Power Classes
2.2 The Air Interface Modes of Operation
2.3 Spectrum Allocations
2.4 WCDMA and the Spreading Concept
2.4.1 Processing Gain and Impact on C/I Requirement
2.4.2 Resistivity to Narrowband Interference
2.4.3 Rake Reception of Multipath Signals and the Efficiency
2.4.4 Variable Spreading and Multi-Code Operation
2.5 Cell Isolation Mechanism and Scrambling Codes
2.6 Power Control Necessity
2.7 Soft/Softer Handover and the Benefits
2.8 Framing and Modulation
2.9 Channel Definitions
2.9.1 Physical Channels
2.9.1.1 Uplink Physical Channels
2.9.1.2 Downlink Physical Channels
2.9.2 Frame Timing Relationships
2.9.2.1 DPCCH and DPDCH on Uplink and Downlink
2.9.2.2 Uplink–Downlink Timing at UE
2.9.2.3 HS–SCCH/HS–PDSCH Timing Relationship
2.9.3 Transport Channels
2.9.4 Channel Mappings
2.9.5 Logical Channels
2.10 The Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
2.10.1 The RLC Sub-layer
2.10.2 The MAC Protocol Functions
2.10.3 RRC and Channel State Transitions
2.10.4 Packet Data Convergence Sub-layer (PDCP)
2.10.5 The Broadcast Multicast Control (BMC) Protocol
2.11 The Important Physical Layer Measurements
2.11.1 UE Link Performance Related Measurements
2.11.1.1 CPICH RSCP
2.11.1.2 UTRA Carrier RSSI
2.11.1.3 CPICH Ec/No
2.11.1.4 BLER
2.11.1.5 UE Transmitted Power on One Carrier
2.11.1.6 UE Transmission Power Headroom
2.11.2 UTRAN Link Performance Related Measurements
2.11.2.1 Received Total Wide Band Power
2.11.2.2 SIR
2.11.2.3 Transmitted Carrier Power
2.11.2.4 Transmitted Code Power
2.11.2.5 Transport Channel BER
2.11.2.6 Physical Channel BER
References
Chapter 3: Multipath and Path Loss Modeling
3.1 Multipath Reception
3.1.1 Delay Spread
3.1.2 Coherence Bandwidth
3.1.3 Doppler Effect
3.1.4 Small-scale Multipath Effects
3.1.5 Channel Coherence Time
3.2 3GPP Multipath Channel Models
3.3 ITU Multipath Channel Models
3.4 Large-Scale Distance Effects
3.4.1 Lognormal Fading
3.4.2 Path Loss Models
3.4.2.1 The Free-space Path Loss Model
3.4.2.2 The Two-ray Ground Reflection Path Loss Model
3.4.2.3 Okumura-Hata Path Loss Models
3.4.2.4 COST 231 Hata Model
3.4.2.5 Two-Slope Extension to Hata Path Loss Models
3.4.2.6 COST 231 Walfisch-Ikegami Path Loss Model
3.4.2.7 Ray Tracing Models
3.4.2.8 Indoor Path Loss Modeling
3.4.3 Model Tuning and Generalized Propagation Models
3.4.3.1 The Model Tuning Process
3.4.3.2 Map Data Requirement
3.4.3.3 Model Resolution Requirement
3.5 Far-Reach Propagation Through Ducting
References
Chapter 4: Formulation and Analysis of the Coverage-capacity and Multi-user Interference Parameters in UMTS
4.1 The Multi-user Interference
4.2 Interference Representation
4.2.1 Noise Rise
4.2.2 Load Factor
4.2.3 Geometric Factor
4.2.4 The f Factor
4.3 Dynamics of the Uplink Capacity
4.4 Downlink Power-capacity Interaction
4.4.1 The General Power-capacity Formula on Downlink
4.4.2 Downlink Effective Load Factor and Pole Capacity
4.4.3 Single Service Case and Generalization to Multi-service Classes
4.4.4 Implications of Downlink Power-capacity Analysis
4.5 Capacity Improvement Techniques
4.6 Remarks in Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Radio Site Planning, Dimensioning, and Optimization
5.1 Radio Site Locating
5.2 Site Engineering
5.2.1 Pilot and Common Channel Power Settings
5.2.2 Pilot Coverage Verification
5.2.3 RACH Coverage Planning
5.2.4 Site Sectorisation
5.2.5 Controlling Site Overlap and Interference
5.3 Link Budgeting for Dimensioning
5.3.1 Uplink Link Budgeting and Static Analysis
5.3.1.1 Uplink Load Factor Formulation
5.3.1.2 Base Station Sensitivity Estimation
5.3.1.3 Soft Handover Gain Estimation
5.3.1.4 The Uplink Link Budgeting Formulation
5.3.2 Downlink Load and Transmit Power Checking
5.3.3 Downlink Link Budgeting for the Pilot Channel (P-CPICH)
5.3.4 HS-PDSCH Link Budget Analysis
5.3.5 Setting Interference Parameters
5.4 Simulation-based Detailed Planning
5.4.1 Uplink Simulation Iterations
5.4.2 Downlink Simulation Iterations
5.4.3 Area Coverage Probabilities
5.5 Primary CPICH Coverage Analysis
5.6 Primary and Secondary CCPCH Coverage Analysis
5.7 Uplink DCH Coverage Analysis
5.8 Pre-launch Optimization
5.9 Defining the Service Strategy
5.10 Defining Service Requirements and Traffic Modeling
5.11 Scrambling Codes and Planning Requirements
5.12 Inter-operator Interference Protection Measures
5.12.1 The Characterizing Parameters
5.12.2 Effects on Downlink and Uplink
5.12.3 The Avoidance Measures
References
Chapter 6: The Layered and Multi-carrier Radio Access Design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Service Interaction Analysis
6.3 Layered Cell Architectures
6.3.1 Carrier Sharing
6.3.2 Multi-carrier Design
References
Chapter 7: Utilization of GSM Measurements for UMTS Site Overlay
7.1 Introductory Considerations
7.2 Using GSM Measurements to Characterize Path Losses in UMTS
7.2.1 Local Cumulative Path Loss Distribution
7.2.2 Model Tuning
7.3 Neighbor-Cell Overlap and Soft Handover Overhead Measurement
7.4 Interference and Pilot Pollution Detection
References
Chapter 8: Power Control and Handover Procedures and Optimization
8.1 Power Control
8.1.1 Open Loop Power Control
8.1.1.1 Uplink Open Loop Power Control
8.1.1.2 Downlink Open Loop Power Control
8.1.2 Fast Closed Loop Power Control (Inner-loop PC)
8.1.2.1 Closed Loop Fast Power Control Specifics on Uplink
8.1.2.2 Closed Loop Fast Power Control Specifics on Downlink
8.1.3 Outer-Loop Power Control
8.1.3.1 Estimating the Received Quality
8.1.3.2 Settings of the Maximum and Average Target Eb/N0
8.1.3.3 Power Control in Compressed Mode
8.1.4 Power Control Optimization
8.2 Handover Procedures and Control
8.2.1 Neighbor Cell Search and Measurement Reporting
8.2.1.1 Intra-frequency HO Measurements
8.2.1.2 Inter-frequency and Inter-system HO Measurements
8.2.1.3 UE Internal Measurements
8.2.1.4 BTS Measurements
8.2.2 Hard Handover
8.2.3 Soft (and Softer) Handovers
8.2.3.1 WCDMA SHO Algorithm and Procedures
8.2.3.2 Measurement Reporting in Support of SHO
8.2.3.3 SHO Gains
8.2.3.4 SHO Performance Optimization
References
Chapter 9: Radio Resource and Performance Management
9.1 Admission Control
9.1.1 Processing Admission Control
9.1.2 Radio Admission Control
9.1.2.1 Uplink Radio Admission
9.1.2.2 Downlink Radio Admission
9.2 Congestion Control
9.2.1 Congestion Detection Mechanisms
9.2.2 Congestion Resolving Actions
9.3 Channel Switching and Bearer Reconfiguration
9.4 Code Resource Allocation
9.4.1 Code Allocation on the Uplink
9.4.2 Code Allocation on the Downlink
9.5 Packet Scheduling
9.5.1 Time Scheduling
9.5.2 Code Division Scheduling
9.5.3 Scheduling on the HS-DSCH Channel
9.5.4 Integration with Load Control
References
Chapter 10: Means to Enhance Radio Coverage and Capacity
10.1 Coverage Improvement and the Impact
10.2 Capacity Improvement and the Impact
10.3 HSDPA Deployment
10.4 Transmitter Diversity
10.4.1 Transmit Diversity Benefits and Gains
10.4.2 Mobile Terminal Requirements
10.5 Mast Head Amplifiers
10.5.1 MHA Benefit on System Coverage
10.5.2 MHA Impact on System Capacity
10.6 Remote Radio Heads (RRH)
10.6.1 RRH Benefits
10.7 Higher Order Receiver Diversity
10.7.1 Operation and Observed Benefits
10.7.2 Impact to Downlink Capacity
10.7.3 Diversity Reception at Mobile Terminal
10.8 Fixed Beam and Adaptive Beam Forming
10.8.1 Implementation Considerations and Issues
10.8.2 Gains of Beam Forming
10.9 Repeaters
10.9.1 Operating Characteristics
10.9.2 Repeater Isolation Requirements
10.9.3 Repeater Coverage and Capacity Evaluation
10.9.4 Impact on System Capacity
10.10 Additional Scrambling Codes
10.11 Self-Organizing Networks
References
Chapter 11: Co-planning and Inter-operation with GSM
11.1 GSM Co-location Guidelines
11.1.1 The Isolation Requirements
11.1.2 Isolation Mechanisms
11.1.3 Inter-modulation Problems and Counter-measures
11.1.4 Antenna Configuration Scenarios
11.2 Ambient Noise Considerations
11.3 Inter-operation with GSM
11.3.1 Handover between the Operator’s GSM and UMTS Networks
11.3.2 Handover with other UMTS Operators
References
Chapter 12: AMR Speech Codecs: Operation and Performance
12.1 AMR Speech Codec Characteristics and Modes
12.2 AMR Implementation Strategies
12.2.1 AMR Network Based Adaptation
12.2.2 AMR Source Controlled Rate Adaptation
12.3 Tradeoffs between AMR Source Rate and System Capacity in WCDMA
12.4 AMR Performance under Clean Speech Conditions
12.5 AMR Performance under Background Noise and Error Conditions
12.6 Codec Mode Parameters
12.6.1 Compression Handover Threshold
12.6.2 AMR Adaptation Parameters
12.7 The AMR-Wideband (WB)
12.8 AMR Bearer QoS Requirements
References
Chapter 13: The Terrestrial Radio Access Network Design
13.1 RNC Planning and Dimensioning
13.2 Node Interconnect Transmission
13.2.1 Node B to RNC
13.2.1.1 Using ATM Virtual Paths
13.2.1.2 Using Microwave Links
13.2.1.3 Using Leased Lines
13.2.1.4 Sharing GSM Transmission Facilities
13.2.2 RNC to Core Network Nodes
13.3 Link Dimensioning
13.3.1 Protocol Overhead
13.3.2 Dimensioning of Node B–RNC Link (Iub)
13.3.2.1 Sizing the Voice Links
13.3.2.2 Sizing Data Links
13.3.3 RNC–MSC Link Dimensioning
13.3.4 RNC to SGSN Link Dimensioning
13.3.5 SGSN to RNC Link Dimensioning
13.3.5.1 No Service Priorities Implemented
13.3.5.2 Service Priorities Implemented
References
Chapter 14: The Core Network Technologies, Design, and Dimensioning
14.1 The Core Network Function
14.2 The IP Core Network Architecture
14.2.1 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
14.2.1.1 SGSN Node Architectures
14.2.2 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
14.2.3 The HLR
14.2.3.1 HLR Implementation Architecture
14.2.4 The Core Network Protocol Architecture in GPRS
14.2.5 SS7 Over IP Transport Option (SS7oIP)
14.3 Mobility Management in GPRS
14.3.1 Location and Routing Area Concepts
14.3.2 User States in Mobility Management
14.3.3 MS Modes of Operation
14.4 IP Address Allocation
14.5 Core Network in WCDMA
14.6 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
14.7 Roaming in Mobile Networks
14.7.1 Mobility Handling Mechanisms in Roaming
14.8 Soft Switching
14.8.1 Benefits of Soft Switching
14.8.2 Transition to Soft Switching
14.9 Core Network Design and Dimensioning
14.9.1 Traffic Model
14.9.2 The No Traffic Information Scenario
14.9.3 Dimensioning of SGSN, GGSN, and the Interfaces
14.9.4 Active PDP Contexts and Impact of Call Mix on Dimensioning
14.9.5 Signaling Traffic and Link Dimensioning Guidelines
14.9.5.1 Signaling between SGSNs and GGSNs
14.9.5.2 Signaling between SGSN and HLR
14.9.5.3 Signaling between SGSN and MSC/VLR
14.9.5.4 Signaling between GGSN and HLR
14.9.6 Protocol Overheads
14.10 Core Network Transport Technologies
14.10.1 Dedicated Private Lines
14.10.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Lines
14.10.1.2 Sizing Criteria for Private Lines
14.10.2 ATM Virtual Circuits
14.10.2.1 ATM Advantages and Disadvantages Compared to Private Lines
14.10.2.2 Sizing Parameters and Issues
14.10.3 Frame Relay
14.10.3.1 Frame Relay Advantages and Disadvantages Compared to ATM [26]
14.10.3.2 Sizing Parameters and Issues
14.10.4 IP Transport
14.10.5 Transport Technology Selection for Core Network
References
Chapter 15: UMTS QoS Classes, Parameters, and Inter-workings
15.1 The QoS Concept and its Importance
15.2 QoS Fundamental Concepts
15.3 QoS Monitoring Process
15.4 QoS Categories in UMTS
15.4.1 Conversational Traffic
15.4.2 Streaming Traffic
15.4.2.1 Streaming Packet Switched QoS
15.4.3 Interactive Traffic
15.4.4 Background Traffic
15.5 Instant Messaging
15.6 UMTS Bearer Service Attributes
15.6.1 Ranges of UMTS Bearer Service Attributes
15.6.2 Ranges of Radio Access Bearer Service Attributes
15.7 UMTS QoS Mechanisms
15.8 UMTS QoS Signaling
15.9 UMTS–Internet QoS Inter-working/Mapping
15.10 End-to-End QoS Delay Analysis
15.11 ATM QoS Classes
15.12 More on QoS Mechanisms in IP Networks
15.13 IP Precedence to ATM Class of Service Mapping
15.14 Web Traffic Classification for QoS
15.15 QoS Levels of Agreement
References
Chapter 16: The TCP Protocols, Issues, and Performance Tuning over Wireless Links
16.1 The TCP Fundamentals
16.1.1 TCP Connection Set Up and Termination
16.1.2 Congestion and Flow Control
16.1.2.1 Slow Start Congestion Control Phase
16.1.2.2 Congestion Avoidance Phase
16.1.2.3 TCP Congestion Algorithm Bottlenecks in Wireless Networks
16.1.3 TCP RTO Estimation
16.1.4 Bandwidth-Delay Product
16.2 TCP Enhanced Lost Recovery Options
16.2.1 Fast Retransmit
16.2.2 Fast Recovery
16.2.3 Selective Acknowledgement (SACK)
16.2.4 The Timestamp Option
16.3 TCP Variations as used on Fixed Networks
16.3.1 TCP Tahoe
16.3.2 TCP Reno
16.3.3 TCP New Reno
16.3.4 TCP SACK
16.4 Characteristics of Wireless Networks and Particularly 3G
16.4.1 BLER, Delays, and Delay Variations
16.4.2 Delay Spikes
16.4.3 Dynamic Variable Bit Rate
16.4.4 Asymmetry
16.5 TCP Solutions Proposed for Wireless Networks
16.5.1 Link Layer Solutions
16.5.1.1 The RLC Solution for TCP Connections
16.5.2 TCP Parameter Tuning
16.5.2.1 TCP Rxwnd tuning
16.5.2.2 TCP Maximum Segment Sizing (MSS)
16.5.2.3 Initial Transmission Window
16.5.3 Selecting the Proper TCP Options
16.5.3.1 TCP SACK Option for Wireless
16.5.3.2 TCP Timestamp Option
16.5.3.3 Fast Retransmit and Recovery
16.5.4 Conventional TCP Implementation Options
16.5.5 Split TCP Solutions
16.5.6 Indirect TCP (I-TCP)
16.5.7 Mobile TCP Protocol
16.5.8 Mobile-End Transport Protocol
16.5.9 The Proxy Solutions
16.5.10 TCP End-to-End Solutions
16.5.10.1 Probing TCP
16.5.10.2 TCP Santa Cruz
16.5.10.3 Wireless TCP (WTCP99)
16.6 Application Level Optimization
References
Chapter 17: RAN Performance Root Cause Analysis and Trending Techniques for Effective Troubleshooting and Optimization
17.1 RAN KPIs
17.2 Measurement Guidelines
17.2.1 Live Network Traffic
17.2.2 Drive Testing
17.3 Correlation Based Root Cause Analysis
17.3.1 Correlative Analysis Based on a priori Knowledge
17.3.2 Correlation Analysis Based on Data Clustering
17.3.2.1 Data Reduction and Clusterization Based on Self-organized Maps (SOM)
17.3.2.2 Clustering of SOM Data Based on the K-means Algorithm
17.4 Applications to Network Troubleshooting and Performance Optimization
17.4.1 Formation of Vector PIs
17.4.2. Data Scaling
17.4.3 Clustering of Performance Data (Building Performance Spectrum)
17.4.4 Clustering Cells into Behavioral Classes
Appendix
References
Abbreviations
Index
Library of Congress subject headings for this publication:
Global system for mobile communications.