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1 Power Supplies in the UK 1
G.S. FINLAY
NETA 6
Voltage and frequency 6
System impedance and short-circuit levels 8
Loading effects on the system 9
Superimposed signals 11
Radio teleswitching 12
System and installation earthing 14
Protection 16
Reliability 17
Embedded generation 19
Supply arrangements 21
Intake arrangements 24
Consumers' substations 28
h.v. or l.v. supply 28
Metering 28
2 Substations and Control Rooms 33
D.M. BARR
Introduction 33
Substations 37
Enclosures 42
Substation cabling 45
Installation 55
Erection procedures 58
3 Site Distribution Systems 67
M.G. TWITCHETT
Intake arrangements 68
Site distribution networks 70
On-site generation 72
Switchgear 74
Cables 76
Cables installation 77
Provision for maintenance 77
System operation 79
Identification of substations and switchgear 79
Faults level 81
Testing and commissioning 83
4 Cable Management Systems 84
M.J. DYER
Introduction 84
Decision making 86
Definitions 86
Types of system 87
Underfloor systems 88
Cable tray and cable basket 90
Hybrid systems 91
Conduit and trunking 92
Overall considerations 94
Particular considerations 95
Segregation 96
5 Electricity on Construction Sites 98
G. STOKES
Equipment design and manufacture 99
Range of equipment 99
Design of system 107
Supply systems 110
Selection of equipment 112
Cable routing 117
Construction site lighting 119
Testing and inspection 120
Installation maintenance 121
6 Standby Power Supplies 122
G.M. MCDOWELL
Standby diesel generating sets 122
Batteries for static systems 138
d.c. standby systems 140
Alternating current systems 146
Composite standby systems 159
7 Ground Earthing 162
T.E. CHARLTON and J.R. WALES
Introduction 162
Soil resistivity 163
Resistivity surveying 164
Interpreting measurements 167
Resistance measurement of electrode systems 174
Types of earth electrodes 175
Installation 177
Standards applicable to earthing practice 179
8 Cathodic Protection 180
J.D. THIRKETTLE
Introduction 180
Principles of cathodic protection 183
Cathodic protection systems 186
Installation practice 188
Equipment 191
Monitoring, inspection and maintenance 193
Interaction 194
Protection of steel in concrete 194
Recent developments 195
Conclusions 195
Further information 195
9 Lightning Protection 197
J. SHERLOCK and P. WOODS
Introduction 197
Part 1. Protection of structures 197
Strike probability 199
Installation of lightning protection 218
Inspection and testing of a system 219
Part 2. Protecting electronic systems from lightning 219
10 Special Installations or Locations 248
L.D. MARKWELL
Locations containing a bath tub or a shower basin 249
Swimming pools 252
Hot air saunas 255
Construction site installations 256
Agricultural and horticultural premises 258
Equipment having high protective conductor currents 261
Caravans and motor caravans 261
Caravan site supply arrangements 263
Highway power supplies and street furniture 264
11 Electrical Safety 267
R.T.R. PILLING
Legislation 267
Safe design and installation 273
Maintenance 274
Training and systems of work 275
Tools 278
Buried cables 279
Overhead lines 280
Electric shock 281
Protection from electric shock 283
Burns 293
Fires 295
Explosions 296
Flammable atmospheres 298
Conclusion 303
12 Standards, Specifications and Codes of Practice 304
M.H. GRAHAM
British Electrotechnical Committee (BEC) 305
British Standards Institution (BSI) 305
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 308
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation
(CENELEC) 310
The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) 312
Standards and the law 313
European Union (EU) 315
Conclusion 316
13 Distribution iTansformers 318
K. FREWIN
Types of transformer 318
Performance 329
Tappings and connections 339
Cooling 343
Impulse withstand 345
Operation in tropical climates 346
Parallel operation 347
Packaged substations 347
Protection 348
Shipment of transformers 350
Installation 352
Cabling 353
Commissioning 354
Maintenance 354
14 Switchgear 358
A. HEADLEY and R.W. BLOWER
Definitions 358
Circuit-breaking 360
Medium voltage switchgear 360
Types of switching device 364
Comparison of circuit-breaker types 372
Specification and testing 372
High-voltage circuit-breaker switchboards 380
Erection of switchgear 386
Electrical testing and commissioning 390
15 Rotating Machines 394
G. WALTON
Motor types 394
Variable-speed drives 407
Motor application 413
Efficiency 417
Storage 418
Installation 418
Commissioning 422
Maintenance 423
16 HBC Fuses and Fusegear in Low Voltage Systems 427
P.G. NEWBERY
HBC fuselinks design and performance 428
Design of cartridge fuse-links 431
Overload characteristics 436
Fuse-holder 437
Application of HBC fuses 437
Discrimination and co-ordination 440
Fuses in high ambient temperatures 443
Protection against electric shock 443
Domestic fuse applications 446
Semiconductor fuse-links 447
Fuse-links for electricity authority networks 447
Compact fuses to BS 88: Part 6 448
Fuse switchgear 448
Thermal ratings 451
17 Motor Control Gear 453
T. FAIRHALL
Contactor 454
Contactor selection 456
Product standards for contactors 460
Overload protection 463
Starter types 466
Isolation 471
Enclosures 473
18 Lighting 475
H.R. KING
The nature of light 475
Units of light measurement 477
Electric lamps 477
Control gear and starting 484
Luminaires (lighting fittings) 485
Outdoor lighting equipment 489
Floodlighting calculations 490
Lighting design for interiors 491
Emergency lighting 499
19 Mains Cables 502
T.L. JOURNEAUX
Cable specifications 502
Cable conductors 504
Insulation 506
Cable construction 509
Installation 518
Jointing and terminating 521
Cable ratings 525
Testing and fault finding 527
20 Selection of Wiring Systems 529
M. COATES
Introduction 529
Wiring systems 531
Construction of wiring cables and flexibles 536
Cable enclosure and support systems 538
Temperature limits 540
Cable ratings 541
Factors affecting the selection of types of cable 564
Installation methods 578
21 Control and Protection of Low Voltage Installations 585
H.R. LOVEGROVE
Isolation and switching 585
Protection 590
22 Protective Systems 597
P.R. ROSEN
Protective system requirements 597
Unit and non-unit protection 599
Graded protection 603
Unit protection 608
Transformer protection 617
Rotating plant 623
Relay accommodation 628
Commissioning tests 631
23 Power Factor Correction and Tariffs 635
T. LONGLAND
Importance of power factor 635
Theory of power factor correction 636
Power factor improvement 636
Economic considerations 637
Calculation of capacitor size 638
Practical power factor improvement 639
Capacitor size related to tariff 644
Determination of load conditions 647
Reduced CO2 emissions 648
Methods of correction 648
Location of capacitors 652
Capacitors and harmonics 653
Installation of capacitors 654
Capacitor maintenance 657
Appendices
I Main Authoritative Documents 660
II IP Codes of Ingress Protection (BS EN 60947-1: 1998) 661
III British Standards 665
Index 669
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Electric wiring, Interior Handbooks, manuals, etc, Electric apparatus and appliances Installation Great Britain Handbooks, manuals, etc