NASA 1988 SBIR Phase 1 Solicitation

Project Title:

Numerical Modelling of Turbulence and Combustion Processes

01.01-1515
Numerical Modelling of Turbulence and Combustion Processes
Cambridge Hydrodynamics, Inc.
P.O. Box 1403
Princeton
NJ
08542
A.
Yakhot
(609-683-1515)
LeRC

Abstract:

his project endeavors to develop a three-dimensional computer code based on renormalization-group
(RNG) differential transport models for turbulent, heat, mass, and momentum transfer
and combustion processes in strongly non-stationary, strongly separated, internal
flows. Preliminary results of applying these novel models to non-stationary and separated
flows, including flow over a backward-facing step, oscillatory pipe flow, and shock-induced
separation on an airfoil, suggest that the models will be very effective for this
class of difficult flows. In addition, recent extensions of the RNG method give a
description of turbulent combustion that promises significant advances in modelling
these complex problems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications would be in numerical modelling
of complex internal flows of propulsion systems.

Project Title:

Efficient Computation of Viscous Internal Flows

01.01-1708A
Efficient Computation of Viscous Internal Flows
Propulsion Research Associates
1017 Oakwood Drive
Westmont
IL
60559
S. P.
Vanka
(312-654-1708)
LeRC

Abstract:

umerical computation of detailed, multi-dimensional, fluid-flow processes is important
for design and understanding the performance of propulsion devices. The solution
of the time-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations governing elliptic fluid flows (with
recirculations) presents a challenging task and requires substantial amounts of computational
time. The innovation in this project is a new numerical tool based on a number of
novel computational techniques that hitherto have been applied to solve very simple
model problems. The techniques proposed are:  multi-grid cycling, coupled solvers,
local mesh refinement, and vectorization. This approach holds promise of obtaining
efficient and accurate numerical solutions that can be free of finite-difference
errors and yet be affordable from the viewpoint of computational costs.  Under Phase
I of the project, the applicability and benefits of these techniques will be demonstrated.
The development and validation of the computer program would be performed Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The savings possible for industries which would
use the proposed accurate, low-cost computer program for routine design calculations
of multidimensional flows translate into significant commercial potential.

Project Title:

Gas Turbine Combustor for Low Pattern Factor and Low NOx Emission

01.02-0731
Gas Turbine Combustor for Low Pattern Factor and Low NOx Emission
SOL-3 Resources, Inc.
76 Beaver Road
Reading
MA
01867
Jerry O.
Melconian
(617-942-0731)
LeRC

Abstract:

An innovative annular combustor configuration for aircraft and other gas turbine
engines is based on a variable-residence-time concept. The design allows large fuel
particles adequate time to completely burn in the circumferentially mixed primary
zone and has the potential of permitting higher turbine inlet temperature by reducing
the pattern factor and providing a major reduction in NOx emission.  High durability
of the combustor is achieved by use of the incoming air for dual functions. The experimental
and analytical efforts of this project are aimed at predicting the performance of
this novel combustor and comparing it with that of a state of the art combustor currently
being designed for an engine of 10 lb/sec air flow. A major gas turbine engine manufacturer
and a world renowned authority on combustion will support the design and development
efforts required for this project.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The combustor concept is applicable to all gas
turbine engines for commercial and military aircraft.

Project Title:

Fiber-Optic, Fluid-Flow Sensor

01.03-0690
Fiber-Optic, Fluid-Flow Sensor
Aurora Optics, Inc.
1777 Walton Road - Suite 408
Blue Bell
PA
19422
Laurence N.
Wesson
(215-646-0690)
LeRC

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to develop and demonstrate a fiber-optic, fluid-flow
sensor that will lead to all-optical, flight-data and engine-control instruments
for high performance aircraft. By mounting a photo-elastic pressure sensor on the
side of a vortex-swirl flow housing, pressure pulses may be sensed. The pressure-pulse
frequency is a linear function of flow rate in a vortex swirl meter. The pressure
sensor is a device partially developed under a 1986 NASA SBIR Phase I contract which
has been applied to vortex swirl flow measurements by the company's personnel. This
project, however, will create a passive optical device, addressed solely by optical
fibers, which will utilize the firm's existing generic electronic interface unit.
The resulting flow meter will be tested over a range of flow rates determined in
consultation by NASA and over a range of temperatures from -55 F to +150 F.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Commercial applications are in military or commercial
aircraft instrumentation for measurement of fuel-flow rate, air flow, and airspeed.

Project Title:

Silicon Carbide MOSFETs for High-Temperature, Small-Signal Amplifiers

01.03-5709A
Silicon Carbide MOSFETs for High-Temperature, Small-Signal Amplifiers
Cree Research, Inc.
2810 Meridian Parkway, Suite 176
Durham
NC
27713
John W.
Palmour
(919-361-5709)
LeRC

Abstract:

Silicon carbide possesses properties that allow operation of electronic devices at
high-temperatures: a theoretical maximum operating temperature of 925 C for cubic-SiC
(beta) and 1240 C for alpha-SiC (6H). Both forms, having high breakdown electric
fields (ten times that of Si and GaAs), allow high-power operation. Recent research
has demonstrated depletion-mode, metal-oxide-semiconductor, field-effect transistors
(MOSFETs) in -SiC with good characteristics at temperatures as high as 650 C, the
highest temperature ever reported for a solid-state transistor. These devices failed
at 700 C due to failure of the thin gate insulator and not the semiconductor. Process
research has also yielded 6H-SiC thin films having a much lower defect density than
-SiC films.
This project will fabricate MOSFETs in both the depletion- and inversion-mode using
the higher quality 6H-SiC thin film. It will investigate inversion-mode MOSFETs in
the -SiC for use in small signal amplification.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications would be where operation of small
signal amplifiers at high temperatures is required and where radiation resistance
is desirable.

Project Title:

Fast Optical Switch for Multi-Mode-Fiber-Optic-Based Control Systems

01.03-7070
Fast Optical Switch for Multi-Mode-Fiber-Optic-Based Control Systems
Geo-Centers, Inc.
7 Wells Avenue
Newton Centre
MA
02159
Bruce N.
Nelson
(617-964-7070)
LeRC

Abstract:

Optical switches will be an integral part of advanced aircraft control systems for
directing optical signals to and from control system nodes and from arrays of sensors
and actuators to electro-optic interfaces. Available optical switches for use with
multi-mode-fiber optics are limited in switching speed to approximately 10 ms. This
project is directed to the development of a fast optical switch which will be compatible
with multi-mode-fiber optics and have an activation time of less than 1 ms. This
switch will significantly increase the bandwidth capability of advanced aircraft
control systems using multi-mode optical fibers.
The Phase I effort will determine the feasibility of the optical switching technique
through laboratory experimentation. A two crystal, optical, single-pole-double-throw
switch will be designed, fabricated, and evaluated during the Phase I effort.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  An application for the proposed optical switch
could be use in the next generation of commercial aircraft control systems employing
multi-mode-fiber-optic cable.

Project Title:

H2O2 Three-Body Reaction Rates at High Temperatures

01.04-9030
H2O2 Three-Body Reaction Rates at High Temperatures 
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover
MA
01810
William J.
Marinelli
(508-475-9030)
LeRC

Abstract:

Scramjet propulsion requires efficient fuel burning at low static pressures and high
internal velocities. Calculations based on equilibrium chemistry are not valid under
these conditions because many of the bi-molecular propagation and ter-molecular recombination
reactions are slow. Modelling with finite-rate chemistry is hindered by poor knowledge
of many of the three-body rate coefficients. This project uses innovative laser-induced
fluorescence diagnostics in a unique facility to measure these rates at high temperatures.
Radical species of interest will be produced cleanly by laser flash photolysis of
parent compounds. 
In Phase I, system capability will be demonstrated by measuring one of the three-body
rates at a temperature of 1000 K and determining the sensitivity of the diagnostic
method. Phase II of the project would measure several three-body rate coefficients
as a function of temperature.
otential Commercial Applications:  The uses would be in the the development of single-stage-to-orbit
vehicles.

Project Title:

Conceptual Design of Ramfan Hypersonic Engine

01.05-0999
Conceptual Design of Ramfan Hypersonic Engine
CCS Associates
P.O. Box 563
Bethel Park
PA
15102
Calvin C.
Silverstein
(412-221-0999)
LeRC

Abstract:

The need exists for aircraft propulsion engines which can operate efficiently at
flight speeds above Mach 3. An innovative hypersonic cruise engine, called the ramfan
which incorporates both a ramjet and a fan, will be investigated. The project objectives
are: to establish the current status of critical ramfan technologies, to determine
the performance potential of the ramfan, and to assess the merits of the ramfan compared
to a ramjet. These objectives will be achieved through the performance of three tasks.
In Task 1, the critical ramfan technologies will be reviewed and their important
features identified. In Task 2, parametric studies of ramfan design and performance
characteristics will be conducted, and a preliminary conceptual design will be prepared.
In Task 3, the feasibility of the ramfan concept will be assessed, and R&D requirements
identified.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The ramfan engine is potentially applicable to
the propulsion of commercial transport aircraft at hypersonic speeds.

Project Title:

New Computational Method for Aeroelastic Problems in Turbomachines

01.06-9282
New Computational Method for Aeroelastic Problems in Turbomachines
Continuum Dynamics, Inc.
P.O. Box 3073
Princeton
NJ
08543
Oddvar O.
Bendiksen
(609-734-9282)
LeRC

Abstract:

This project will test a novel and fundamentally different approach to calculations
of aeroelastic and structural response of compressor and turbine engine rotors. The
first phase of this effort will attempt to demonstrate the feasibility of coupling
a finite-difference Euler code to a general purpose finite-element code using a mixed
Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation. Part of this work consists of demonstrating the
feasibility of carrying out time-accurate Euler calculations on a mixed-topology,
periodic, deformable, cascade mesh using a finite-volume scheme with adaptive dissipation.
This work includes establishing the necessary conformity relations at the fluid-structure
interface and showing that a consistent mixed finite-difference, finite-element discretization
can be achieved. Aeroelastic calculations for a prototype cascade problem will be
initiated in Phase I; this code would be developed into a research tool in Phase
II and a commercial code in Phase III.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Results from this project could increase the
capability of supercomputers for studies of fluid-structure interactions in all fields
of engineering and, specifically, for the turbojet industry.

Project Title:

Automated Application of Navier-Stokes Solutions to Mechanical Design

02.01-0333A
Automated Application of Navier-Stokes Solutions to Mechanical Design
Scientific Research Associates, Inc.
50 Nye Road, Box 1058
Glastonbury
CT
06033
Ralph
Levy
(203-659-0333)
MSFC

Abstract:

Ducts are currently designed through an iterative series of calculations and tests
to obtain a duct meeting the design criteria. The proposed innovation would provide
an easily utilized tool for design of a duct which is optimum for a specific application.
Because many modern CFD codes currently require specialized expertise in aerodynamics
and numerical methods, the design engineer who has the greatest need for these modern
computational tools is often unable personally to utilize them. The innovation of
the proposed effort is the combination of three elements:  1) existing robust computational
techniques for computing two-dimensional and three-dimensional turbulent flow, 2)
efficient, proven optimization techniques for multidimensional engineering problems,
and 3) a workstation-based interface that would allow modern CFD codes to be accessible
to many design engineers.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A powerful computational tool usable by a broad
range of design engineers could be the basis for a commercial venture by the firm.

Project Title:

Techniques for Determining Goodness of Computational Meshes

02.01-0618
Techniques for Determining Goodness of Computational Meshes
Computational Mechanics Company, Inc.
3701 North Lamar, Suite 201
Austin
TX
78705
Jon M.
Bass
(512-467-0618)
MSFC

Abstract:

In computational fluid dynamics, finite-difference or finite-element grids are often
generated using methods which can define fine meshes where required by detailed features
of the flow or provide, through adaptive schemes, smooth orthogonal meshes with minimal
distortion. Methods which predict the mesh goodness and the quality of the solution
do not exist. This project addresses these needs through study of several pre-and
post-processing techniques. In the pre-processor, guidelines for an acceptable mesh
will be provided via an a-posteriori estimation of the error potentially developed
with a given mesh. An adaptive technique will then pre-process the mesh before expensive
calculation is performed. Post-processing will use data from a computed solution
and rigorous a-posteriori error estimates to judge the overall quality of the solution
and, by using extraction and extrapolation routines, enhance the solutions of important
flow problems. Initial studies will focus on steady two-dimensional Euler and Navier-Stokes
equations.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The new meshes and codes will provide a package
of potentially great value to the aerospace industry.

Project Title:

Goodness-of-Grid Measures

02.01-4456
Goodness-of-Grid Measures
Program Development Corporation of Scarsdale, Inc.
300 Hamilton Ave., #409
White Plains
NY
10601
Peter R.
Eiseman
(914-761-1732)
ARC

Abstract:

Numerical grid generation is a critical link in the chain of events leading to numerical
solutions of partial differential equations of fluid mechanics. However, it is often
(if not always) very difficult to ascertain how "good" a given grid is, particularly
for three-dimensional configurations. This project is aimed at developing true, quantitative
measures of a "good" grid along with improvements in adaptive grid strategies. The
formulation of these measures will be based on the geometric characteristics of the
flow field region, the variations in solution behavior, and the numerical algorithm
under consideration. The method will offer an ability to select an "optimal" grid
associated with the application being addressed and will provide diagnostic tools
for grid systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Engineers and scientists performing design analyses
of complex systems may use the results of this project.

Project Title:

Three-Dimensional Interactive Grid Generation

02.01-5682
Three-Dimensional Interactive Grid Generation
Visual Computing, Inc.
883 North Shoreline Blvd., B-210
Mountain View
CA
94043
Jeffrey Q.
Cordova
(415-961-5682)
ARC

Abstract:

This project concerns the development of a three-dimensional interactive grid package.
The novel aspects include a universal algorithm for generating multiple-zone, structured
and unstructured grids and the design of a visually oriented user interface. Visually
integrated software produced from this effort would allow generation meshes for CFD
projects up to 100 times faster than is now possible. This speedup is comparable
to that afforded by the use of next generation computer hardware. 
Phase I will focus on developing a two-dimensional algorithm and exploring user interface
issues associated with the display of three-dimensional manifolds. Phase II of the
research will involve extending the two-dimensional algorithm to three-dimensions
and integrating it with the user interface. Phase II will also include the development
and use of new three-dimensional input devices.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The results of this project could be used in
CFD projects.

Project Title:

Microcomputer-Based Control of a Large Cryogenic Wind Tunnel

02.02-0794
Microcomputer-Based Control of a Large Cryogenic Wind Tunnel
Vigyan Research Associates, Inc.
30 Research Drive
Hampton
VA
23666
Sundareswara
Balakrishna
(804-865-1400)
LARC

Abstract:

The quality of data generated in a cryogenic tunnel such as the high-Reynolds-number,
National Transonic Facility (NTF) depends on the stability of the flow states. The
variation of the flow states is highly nonlinear and coupled to the tunnel control
inputs. The 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel at Langley Research Center, which
was the proof-of-concept demonstration for the NTF, has been operated under closed-loop
control for eight years. Recently, full microcomputer control has demonstrated temperature
stability within a range  0.15 K, Reynolds number within  0.03 million, and Mach
number within  0.002. The control system applies a lumped-parameter method and standard,
commercial, microcomputer hardware with flexible software written in a high-level,
real-time language. The aim of this project is to apply this approach to the control
system for the National Transonic Facility.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A software-dominant approach is expected to provide
an economical method
o control large, cryogenic wind tunnels.

Project Title:

Laser Velocimetry Processor for Hypersonic Flows

02.05-0056
Laser Velocimetry Processor for Hypersonic Flows
Physical Research, Inc.
25500 Hawthorne Boulevard - #2300
Torrance
CA
90505-6828
Dariush
Modarress
(213-378-0056)
ARC

Abstract:

Accurate and detailed experimental data such as velocity distributions in complex
flow fields at hypersonic speeds are required for validation of the analysis methods
of computational fluid dynamics. While laser velocimetry (LV) has been successfully
used in transonic and supersonic flows, its application to hypersonic flows requires
signal processors which are generally not available to date. The purpose of this
project is to develop LV signal processors which can accept and process signals from
small (0.2 to 0.3 micron) particles, analyze Doppler signals with frequencies of
100 MHz and higher, provide a wide dynamic range for the signal frequency and amplitude,
and operate in flows of short duration.
During Phase I of the project, the system design will be completed for a LV processor
capable of measuring three components of velocity for high-speed flows. The processor
will be based on 32-bit architecture and will be developed and delivered to NASA
during Phase II of the program.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The product would be a laser velocimetry signal
processor for research in three dimensional, hypersonic flows in short-duration wind
tunnels.

Project Title:

Mechanisms of Energy Accommodation on Catalytic Surfaces

02.05-1050A
Mechanisms of Energy Accommodation on Catalytic Surfaces
Chemical Dynamics Corporation
9560 Pennsylvania Avenue
Upper Marlboro
MD
20772
Bruce C.
Garrett
(301-599-1050)
ARC

Abstract:

The goal of this project is the development of innovative theoretical approaches
to gain an understanding of the microscopic mechanisms of gas-surface interactions,
chemical energy accommodation, and surface catalytic reactions. The complex process
of surface heating will be divided into its components and studied independently
without the complications of competing processes. These studies comprise two parts:
construction of realistic models of the interaction potentials as a function of internuclear
distances and dynamical calculations of the motion of the atoms using the potential
energy surfaces.
Phase I focusses on the rate of oxygen atom recombination reactions on a metal surface.
The specific objectives are the development of realistic interaction potentials to
describe reactive gas-surface interactions, the implementation of new dynamical methods
to calculate the rate of gas-surface processes, the establishment of the reliability
of the methods, and the identification of the features of the systems controlling
the recombination rates.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Understanding the mechanisms of surface heating
could lead to the development of a computer software package and associated services
for the aerospace industry.

Project Title:

Temperature-Dependent Energy Transfer Recombination on Surfaces

02.05-1050B
Temperature-Dependent Energy Transfer Recombination on Surfaces
Chemical Dynamics Corporation
9560 Pennsylvania Avenue
Upper Marlboro
MD
20772
Pazhayannur K.
Swaminathan
(301-599-1050)
JSC

Abstract:

Gas-surface interactions and recombination reactions, the key elementary processes
responsible for surface heating in hypersonic flows, will be computationally explored.
The innovative technology draws from the embedded atom and diatomic molecule methods,
the quasi-classical trajectory method, molecular dynamics simulations, and stochastic
heat-path modelling based on generalized Langevin equations.
Phase I will establish the basic technical feasibility of providing information for
one chosen system on the partitioning of energy accommodation from various sources:
translational, internal, and chemically released energy. This will be done while
modelling the effect of the received energy within the condensed phase which is known
to go beyond simple heating. Phase II will significantly enhance the body of knowledge
on various selected materials and processes and lead to a distilled physical picture
of the microscopic aspects of the surface heating problem that will be fundamentally
based.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications lie in many areas of chemical industry
(catalysis), the aerospace industry (NASP, AOTV, hypersonic reentry, etc.), and in
military technology.

Project Title:

An Oblique-Detonation-Wave, Ram-Accelerator-Driven Hypersonic Test Facility

02.05-8848
An Oblique-Detonation-Wave, Ram-Accelerator-Driven Hypersonic Test Facility
Advanced Projects Research International
5301 North Commerce Ave., Suite A
Moorpark
CA
93021
Joseph W.
Humphrey
(805-523-2585)
LaRC

Abstract:

Current wind tunnels are inadequate for the high stagnation temperature and pressure
conditions above Mach 8, and present ballistic technology cannot meet these requirements.
Concepts, therefore, are needed to provide the capability of accelerating masses
to six kilometers per second and above. This project will analyze and design a novel
oblique-detonation-wave (ODW), ram-accelerator-driven propulsion concept for the
acceleration of tube-launched projectiles to hypersonic velocities. Preliminary analysis
indicates that an ODW ram accelerator can be designed to use conventional gaseous
propellants for accelerating projectiles of practical size to velocities of six kilometers
per second and above.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The ram acceler-ator could be applied to research
on re-entry vehicles and hypersonic transports, to launch planetary probes, and as
a mass driver in Earth orbit.

Project Title:

Hypersonic Thermophysics Code

02.05-9030A
Hypersonic Thermophysics Code
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover
MA
01810
Hartmut H.
Legner
(508-457-9030)
LaRC

Abstract:

A hypersonic, aerothermodynamic flow-field computer program with emphasis on finite-rate
and real-gas effects will be developed. At planetary entry and earth return velocities,
dissociation and recombination of atmospheric molecules and radiative phenomena have
important effects on transport properties within the flow field, on heat transfer
to the vehicle, and on aerodynamic coefficients. The innovation is a fully implicit,
fully coupled, numerical integration method that provides reliable, stable, non-equilibrium
solutions over a wide range of conditions from very slow reactions to situations
arbitrarily close to equilibrium. A viscous shock layer formulation will be established
for shock structures in rarefied applications with radiation and ablation coupling
and surface chemistry effects. In Phase I, a non-equilibrium, boundary-layer code
with kinetics and transport properties appropriate to earth and Mars entry will be
developed. In Phase II, this will be extended to a viscous shock layer code with
the noted features.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Possible applications include improved design
of space vehicles for planetary, planetary-return, and earth missions.

Project Title:

Model Development for Exhaust Plume Effects on

02.06-2008A
Model Development for Exhaust Plume Effects on
Launch Stand Design
SECA, Inc.
3311 Bob Wallace Avenue - #203
Huntsville
AL
35805
S. D.
Smith
(205-534-2008)
MSFC

Abstract:

Existing computational models for determining pressure and thermal effects induced
by rocket plumes are too expensive for routine design of launch stands. For launch
stands at NASA-KSC, the design process included use of five different computer codes
that required a considerable amount of manual intervention for a single calculation.
A unified, design model will be developed to treat arbitrary launch stand geometries
with little or no user interaction from input of data to the output of impact pressure,
heating rate, and temperature distributions. The program will combine an inviscid
and viscous, two-dimensional, axisymetric flow code with a plume impingement model.
This model will include effects of real-gas properties, chemical reactions, two-phases,
and viscous-mixing. The output of this project will be a validated, efficient tool
for predicting pressure and thermal effects on launch stands produced by liquid-and
solid-rocket launch vehicles and missiles.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Uses could be in the design of launch stands
and engine test facilities for NASA, the Department of Defense, and commer-cial launch
operations.

Project Title:

Effects of Charge Separation in Hypersonic, Ionized Flows

02.07-8581
Effects of Charge Separation in Hypersonic, Ionized Flows
Remtech, Inc.
3304 Westmill Drive
Huntsville
AL
35805
Peter A.
Liver
(205-536-8581)
MSFC

Abstract:

The flow field around hypersonic vehicles is in chemical and thermal non-equilibrium
due to significant dissociation and ionization in the region of shock waves and surfaces.
Ambipolar diffusion of ions and electrons in these flow regions causes charge separation
and induces electric fields that affect thermophysical properties and flow dynamics
of multi-component gases. Since these effects are not included in current flow-field
analyses, this project will attempt to establish the theoretical and computational
procedure to include effects of charge separation into current
computer
programs and to assess the significance for future computational fluid dynamics models.
Phase I will define a set of species and fluid dynamics equations, a calculation
procedure fo
thermophysical
and
transport properties for multi-component gas mixtures, and an efficient procedure
to decouple
species
and
thermophysical calculations from fluid dynamics solutions. The analysis will be implemented
in the PARC
ier-Stokes codes in Phase II to assess the significance of the phenomenon of charge
separation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The results of the may contribute to improvements
in computational models for hypersonic vehicles.

Project Title:

Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations on Unstructured Grids Based on Adaptive Methods

02.08-0618
Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations on Unstructured Grids Based on Adaptive Methods
and Operator Splitting
Computational Mechanics Company, Inc.
3701 North Lamar, Suite 201
Austin
TX
78705
Jon M.
Bass
(512-467-0618)
ARC

Abstract:

  Today, the majority of CFD calculations apply standard fixed-grid, finite-difference
methods which cannot exploit current computing power nor deliver highly accurate
simulations of fine-scale, complex flows. To solve complex flow problems that are
not now treated satisfactorily, innovative computational procedures representing
a significant departure from conventional, finite-difference flow solvers must be
developed.  This project addresses two basic ideas for developing a new family of
CFD codes: operator-splitting techniques that provide special, high-order schemes
for the convection and diffusion steps in an unsteady, Navier-Stokes calculation
and special h-p adaptive schemes on unstructured grids.
Phase I focusses on operator-splitting methods for Euler equations on unstructured
grids giving particular attention to explicit methods that are second-order accurate
in time. Reliable a-posteriori error estimators will provide a basis for h-p adaptivity.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A new family of commercial CFD codes that are
crucial for the design of aerospace systems and other external flows could result.

Project Title:

Aerodynamic Control of NASP-Type Vehicles Through Vortex Manipulation

02.08-9316B
Aerodynamic Control of NASP-Type Vehicles Through Vortex Manipulation
Eidetics International, Inc.
3415 Lomita Boulevard
Torrance
CA
90505
Gerald N.
Malcolm
(213-326-8228)
ARC

Abstract:

It is well known that aircraft configurations with a high fineness ratio or highly
swept delta wings, can experience significant low-speed handling problems while operating
at angles-of-attack representative of take-off, approach, and landing. This project
aims to show that alternative methods of aerodynamic control, vortex control concepts,
can either augment or, to some degree, replace conventional control methods. New
concepts for low-speed control could enhance optimization of the airframe design
to meet hypersonic requirements.
Phase I will consist of water tunnel flow visual-ization experiments with proposed
National Aerospace Plane (NASP) configurations or an acceptable "generic" NASP configuration
to identify the most promising methods of controlling the critical vortices including
local surface blowing and minor geometric configuration changes that could be produced
by the controlled movement of small non-conventional control surfaces. Success in
the Phase I feasibility studies could lead to further development through wind tunnel
testing in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The results could apply to the design of high-performance
military and commercial aircraft.

Project Title:

Joined-Wing, Tilt-Rotor Aircraft Study

02.09-7121
Joined-Wing, Tilt-Rotor Aircraft Study
ACA Industries, Inc.
28603 Trailriders Drive
Rancho Palos Verdes
CA
90274
Julian
Wolkovitch
(213-539-7121)
ARC

Abstract:

The joined-wing airplane employs two sets of wings rigidly connected together to
form a triangulated, self-bracing structure. Structural analyses and wind-tunnel
tests have shown that, compared to cantilever-wing aircraft, joined-wing aircraft
are lighter and stiffer and have lower induced drag. The joined wing also permits
thinner airfoils to be used, thus increasing the Mach Number for drag divergence
and the maximum speed. Applied to tilt-rotor aircraft, in addition to the advantages
cited, the joined wing may reduce adverse downwash effects in hover. This project
will delineate joined-wing, tilt-rotor configurations that give maximum increases
in performance. It will compare the performance and aeroelastic characteristics of
joined-wing versus cantilever configurations and outline detailed analyses and tests
which will provide a data base for design of joined-wing, tilt-rotor aircraft.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This project may lead to performance improvements
for military and civil tilt-rotor aircraft which will combine the hover capability
of helicopters with the cruise speed of fixed-wing aircraft.

Project Title:

A Novel Potential- and Viscous-Flow Coupling Technique for Computing Helicopter Flow

02.09-9090
A Novel Potential- and Viscous-Flow Coupling Technique for Computing Helicopter Flow
Fields
Analytical Methods, Inc.
2133  152nd Avenue, N.E.
Redmond
WA
98052
J. Michael
Summa
(206-643-9090)
ARC

Abstract:

Because of the complexity of the helicopter flow field, a zonal method of analysis
of computational aerodynamics is required. In this project, a new procedure for coupling
potential-and viscous-flow calculation schemes by an overlapping, velocity-coupling
technique is to be developed. The unique feature is that potential-flow, surface-singularity
strengths are obtained directly from the Navier-Stokes solution at a smoother inner
fluid boundary. The closed-loop iteration method proceeds until the velocity field
is converged. This coupling should provide the means of more accurate viscous computations
of the near-body and rotor flow fields with resultant improved analysis of such important
performance parameters as helicopter fuselage drag and rotor air loads.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This work could apply to designing helicopters
with better lift and drag performance, reduced noise, and reduced vibrations.

Project Title:

Very High Temperature Fiber Sensors

02.11-0161
Very High Temperature Fiber Sensors
LaserGenics Corporation
Box 611330
San Jose
CA
95161-1330
Richard G.
Schlecht
(408-433-0161)
LaRC

Abstract:

Advanced wind tunnel instrumentation will require highly sensitive devices for measuring
temperatures in the range of 1800 C to 3000 C. In order to make accurate temperature
measurements in this extreme environment, new concepts in sensor design will have
to be employed, because available thermometry devices will not perform reliably in
this environment. Fiber optic sensors offer a possible solution but available fibers
of glass or silica cannot withstand this temperature range. This project addresses
the use of single-crystal, fiber optics which can be used at these extremely high
temperatures. A variety of high temperature refractory, single-crystal fibers will
be grown with different dopants in the tip of the fiber that will serve as a blackbody
radiation source. The emission from this source will then be detected and analyzed
to determine the tip temperature.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A number of uses may occur in process control
in the steel, chemical, semiconductor industries, in fossil fuel and nuclear power
generation plants, and in research in plasma physics, fusion, MHD, combustion, and
chemistry.

Project Title:

Non-Intrusive, Fast-Response Oxygen Monitoring

02.11-1322
Non-Intrusive, Fast-Response Oxygen Monitoring
System for High-Temperature Flows
Southwest Sciences, Inc.
1570 Pacheco Street - Suite E-11
Santa Fe
NM
87501
Alan C.
Stanton
(505-984-1322)
LaRC

Abstract:

This project addresses the need for fast-response measurement of molecular oxygen
concentrations in high-temperature flows for research on hypersonic air-breathing
engines as well as in combustion research and control. The innovation uses inexpensive,
room-temperature, laser diodes operating at near-infrared wavelengths and combined
with high-frequency, FM detection techniques. This approach should yield a non-intrusive
oxygen monitor with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, the capability for an extremely
fast response. In comparison with other optically based methods, the proposed approach
uses exceptionally reliable and inexpensive laser sources which can readily be combined
with fiber optics for multi-point monitoring. The feasibility of the technique will
be evaluated in Phase I by measurements in a room-temperature absorption cell and
in the post-flame gases of a methane-oxygen flame.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications may develop in monitoring or controlling
combustion processes,
ndustrial chemical plants, and toxic gas emissions.

Project Title:

Acousto-Fluidic Noise Generators for Aircraft

02.12-3077
Acousto-Fluidic Noise Generators for Aircraft
Component Structure Testing
Defense Research Technologies, Inc.
354 Hungerford Drive
Rockville
MD
20850
Allen B.
Holmes
(301-762-3077)
LaRC

Abstract:

Current noise generators now in use by the NASA-LaRC Acoustic Research Facility are
electro-mechanical devices which operate at low temperatures (70 F) and produce noise
evels up to 168 db. Since testing of advanced aircraft structures and materials to
noise levels up to 190 db at elevated temperatures is required, this project is examining
the technical feasibility of using fluidic oscillators to generate both narrow-band
(constant frequency) and broad-band noise using high temperature (1800 F) propellant
gas flows to generate noise in the 190 db power range. In the present state-of-the-art,
however, fluidic sound generators are miniature devices which have been operated
at low pressures and flow rates to produce sound pressure levels of approximately
130 db.
The Phase I effort will survey fluidic devices for use as hot-gas noise generators
in the Acoustic Research Facility. The results will be used to assess the feasibility
of scaling up oscillator designs to generate the desired noise power levels.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The applications could be in testing advanced
structures and materials for supersonic aircraft.

Project Title:

Aircraft Icing Performance Measurement System

03.01-0533
Aircraft Icing Performance Measurement System
Innovative Dynamics
Cornell University Research Park - 244 Langmuir Laboratory
Ithaca
NY
14850-1296
Gail A.
Hickman
(607-257-0534)
ARC

Abstract:

This project deals with a unique solid-state, low-cost, rugged ice detection system
to reduce the hazards of aircraft icing. This system will sense an impending wing-stall
condition of an aircraft by directly measuring the intensity of turbulent airflow
induced by ice accretion. The key system components are piezoelectric transducers
for sensing boundary-layer pressure fluctuations and a microcomputer for digital
signal processing. The incorporation of a wireless data link will enable simple implementation
of a non-intrusive system easily retro-fitted on aerodynamic surfaces, engine inlets,
and fuel tanks. Flight tests will be performed on a Grumman AA-5 aircraft with simulated
leading edge ice to demonstrate system feasibility. If successful, this work will
lead to the development of an operational ice detection system during the Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The product could be a low-cost sensor for de-icing
systems of current and future aircraft fleets, both civilian and military.

Project Title:

Unstructured Triangular Mesh/Navier-Stokes Method for Aerodynamics of Aircraft with

03.01-9457
Unstructured Triangular Mesh/Navier-Stokes Method for Aerodynamics of Aircraft with
Ice
Accretion
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
510 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View
CA
94043-2287
Steven C.
Caruso
(415-968-9457)
LeRC

Abstract:

Ice accretion on fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft can cause aerodynamic penalties
such as increased drag, decreased lift, reduced stall angle, increased stall speed
and increased engine horsepower requirements. There is currently a need for effective
design methods for ice protection systems to be used for qualification and certification
of aircraft and for research into icing phenomena. Current icing analyses consist
of three basic components: water-droplet trajectory calculations, determination of
ice deposition and growth, and a flow-field analysis which is used both for the evaluation
of the droplet trajectories and of the aerodynamic penalties. This project concerns
the development of an innovative, flow-field prediction method in which the Navier-Stokes
equations are solved on an unstructured, triangular (tetrahedral in three dimensions)
mesh system. This method is intended to be used in an overall icing simulation scheme.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Improved under-standing of aircraft icing could
decrease development time and costs of ice protection systems and aid in the qualification
and certification of aircraft.

Project Title:

A Liquid Water Content Meter

03.02-9282
A Liquid Water Content Meter
Continuum Dynamics, Inc.
Box 3073
Princeton
NJ
08543
Alan J.
Bilanin
(609-734-9282)
LaRC

Abstract:

There is growing evidence that, under very heavy rainfall rates, airfoils will suffer
aerodynamic performance penalties. Rainfall rates and liquid water content (LWC)
are directly correlated. NASA testing planned for later this year will attempt to
quantify these penalties as a function of LWC to determine at what level LWC-induced
performance degradation presents a serious hazard. It is currently not known for
what period of time or at what altitude high LWCs in the atmosphere will be encountered,
since instrumentation to make these measurements has not yet been developed. This
project investigates the feasibility of developing an aircraft-mounted LWC probe
which will ascertain the LWC from measurements of water film thickness and determine
the probability of a hazard caused by heavy rainfall rates.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The LWC probe might become a standard warning
indicator in aircraft cockpits if research shows that high rainfall rates are hazardous
to aircraft operations, .

Project Title:

A Stochastic, Optimal, Feedforward and Feedback Control Methodology for Super-Agility

03.03-0371
A Stochastic, Optimal, Feedforward and Feedback Control Methodology for Super-Agility
Information & Control Systems, Inc.
28 Research Drive
Hampton
VA
23666
Nesim
Halyo
(804-865-0371)
LaRC

Abstract:

A new combined feedforward and feedback control design methodology will be investigated
for multi-input, multi-output dynamical systems such as the modern tactical aircraft.
In particular, the design of controllers for super-agility is addressed by an innovative
concept of determining the unconstrained stochastic, optimal, feed forward control
law to achieve high maneuverability within a greatly expanded flight envelope. The
approach is applicable to high-performance aircraft with static instability, numerous
control effectors, and thrust vectoring with requirements for integration of aerodynamic,
propulsive, and flexible modes. The structure of the optimal feedforward and feedback
controllers and algorithms to compute the required control parameters will be demonstrated
by simulation of a typical design problem.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could occur in the design of control
systems for military and commercial aircraft including supersonic transports and
aerospace planes.

Project Title:

Agility Management System for High-Performance Aircraft

03.03-9316A
Agility Management System for High-Performance Aircraft
Eidetics International, Inc.
3415 Lomita Boulevard
Torrance
CA
90505
John
Hodgkinson
(213-326-8228)
LaRC

Abstract:

An innovative approach is proposed which would add adaptive features to current angle-of-attack
and load-factor-limiter concepts to aid pilots in energy and agility management during
operation of high-performance aircraft. The agility management system would be scheduled
with aircraft motion quantities to give the pilot improved control and cuing of turn
rate and excess specific power. It would be applicable to any high-performance aircraft,
current or future, which has a flight control system with sufficient sensed quantities
available.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This innovation would be of interest to suppliers
of aircraft, flight control systems, and propulsion systems.

Project Title:

Multilevel Motion Processing for Autonomous Helicopters

03.04-7300
Multilevel Motion Processing for Autonomous Helicopters
Advanced Decision Systems
1500 Plymouth Street
Mountain View
CA
94043-1230
Daryl T.
Lawton
(415-960-7300)
ARC

Abstract:

A fundamental problem with automating nap-of-the-earth helicopter flight is the extraction
and representation of information about the rapidly changing relationship between
the helicopter and its environment. In this project, analysis of motion involves
several explicit levels of processing and representation for determining image motion
and building environmental inferences. The different levels, which constrain and
direct each other significantly, range from very local and simple descriptions of
temporal changes in image intensity to qualitative and potentially robust descriptions
of the relative depths of coherent environmental surfaces and occlusion boundaries.
This range of representation and constraints can effectively address problems associated
with the typically brittle environmental inferences associated with motion processing.
The results will supply NASA with an extensive set of algorithms that can be tested
and combined. This is particularly important since the exact use and nature of motion
processing for helicopter systems will vary based upon several evolving factors.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Analysis of dynamic visual information could
be applied to industrial inspection, surveillance, change detection, and robot guidance
and navigation.

Project Title:

Experimental Investigation on the Detection of Transitioning Flow-Fields

03.05-0533
Experimental Investigation on the Detection of Transitioning Flow-Fields
Innovative Dynamics
Cornell University Research Park - 244 Langmuir Laboratory
Ithaca
NY
14850-1296
Joseph J.
Gerardi
(607-257-0533)
ARC

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to develop a unique, aerodynamic flow sensor that
will passively sense laminar, transitional, and turbulent boundary-layer flow. This
innovation incorporates a thin, solid-state polymer film that senses both normal
and shear boundary layer forces. Preliminary tests on the wing of a Grumman AA-5
test plane yielded data that resembles the classical Tollmien-Schlichting waves that
occur in the boundary layer transition region. This technology will be extended to
produce the advanced, passive, boundary-layer transition detection system that can
operate non-intrusively and reliably throughout the subsonic flight envelope. Prototype
hardware will consist of a piezoelectric sensor array strip with an integrated data
telemetry link. A data processing and display unit will receive and process the data
and display the stream-wise boundary layer profile in a real-time or averaging mode.
During Phase I, the prototype will be installed on the NASA F-104/FTF for flight
test and calibration.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The boundary-layer transition detection system
could be used as a feedback sensor for an adaptive wing and for flow measurements
on wind tunnel models and flight test aircraft.

Project Title:

Applications of Transputers in Aircraft Flight Research

03.05-8161A
Applications of Transputers in Aircraft Flight Research
Sparta, Inc.
23041 Avenida de la Carlota - Suite 400
Laguna Hills
CA
92653
Marle D.
Hewett
(714-768-8161)
ARC

Abstract:

The innovative concept proposed herein involves a low-cost, high-performance, expandable,
highly reliable, airborne, auxiliary digital computer for conducting flight research
in high performance aircraft. This flight research computer would perform on-board
computations such as display generation, trajectory optimization, parameter identification,
and advanced control algorithms. It will be based on transputer technology which
is adaptable in size, shape, weight, performance (computer throughput), and tasks
(applications software) and can accommodate a wide range of flight research applications.
The algorithms will be research programs written in "C", Ada, and/or FORTRAN.
This innovation parallels a NASA in-house development of a transputer application
to data acquisition, pre-processing and filtering, compression, and telemetry. The
flight research computer, however, addresses on-board digital computation requirements
directly related to flight research and must interface with a larger variety of data
sources than the instrumentation computer.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The flight research computer has military, FAA,
NASA, and commercial applications and could be used by academic institutions which
conduct flight research.

Project Title:

Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Thermometry for Hypersonic Flight Research

03.06-0333
Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Thermometry for Hypersonic Flight Research
Scientific Research Associates, Inc.
50 Nye Road - Box 1058
Glastonbury
CT
06033
Brian E.
Thompson
(203-659-0333)
LaRC

Abstract:

This project will investigate two innovative instruments for flight research at Mach
numbers between 4 and 15. One is a steady-state spectro-fluorimeter, and the other,
a laser-induced-fluorescence thermometer for non-intrusive measurements in the middle
atmosphere. The spectro-fluorimeter would gather information about the fluorescence
characteristics of air which would then be applied to the design of a time-resolved,
laser-induced-fluorescence thermometer to obtain distributions of mean and fluctuating
temperatures in the boundary layer of hypersonic flight research vehicles. The innovative
time-resolved measurement can produce useful results at low fluorescence intensities
and provide quenching corrections needed for practical application of fluorescence
to flight research.
Phase I would assess both instruments by evaluating critical aspects of resolution
of fluorescence signals and fluorescence characteristics of the real gases at flight
conditions. Engineering design, research, and development in Phase II would provide
prototypes of the spectral fluorimeter and fluorescence thermometer for flight testing
during Phase III.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The could be in flight research on future Shuttle
generations, hypersonic reentry vehicles, planetary probes, and hypersonic transport
aircraft.

Project Title:

Sensors for Flight Research

03.06-5287
Sensors for Flight Research
Research Innovation Implementation, Inc.
2201 Donley
Austin
TX
78758
Jon M.
Schroeder
(512-832-5287)
ARC

Abstract:

Polymeric, printed-circuit board technology has permits resistors, capacitors, inductors,
and even diodes to be formed as micro-scale components while interconnecting integrated
circuits. This technology has been advanced by using computer-aided manufacture for
polymer-additive and subtraction methods for multi-layer chip interconnections. By
using this method, micro-scale devices, such as accelerometers, sensors, and motors,
can be fabricated. This project involves the design, development, and batch manufacturing
of a variety of active and passive devices which can be used as sensors, actuators,
and transducers for flight research. By using polymer materials and integrated circuit
techniques at the board level, a nearly finished, integrated-board system results.
A combination of methods will be used to produce custom sensors as well as production
parts. The process is extremely repeatable and will produce a wide variety of lightweight
electro-mechanical sensors and transducers with integrated electronics and photo-optical
links.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The commercial marketplace could benefit from
a light-weight, fast-response, reliable, and technically improved sensor with an
electronic interface that can be manufactured automatically at low cost.

Project Title:

Interferometric Imaging and Frequency Estimation of Surface Vibration Patterns

03.06-5649
Interferometric Imaging and Frequency Estimation of Surface Vibration Patterns
Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.
Box 1869
Ann Arbor
MI
48106
Keith A.
More
(313-769-5649)
ARC

Abstract:

The project investigates the feasibility for developing an instrument for measuring
surface vibration patterns using an innovative combination of laser illumination
and interferometric imaging coupled to a novel digital signal processor. The effort
will investigate the feasibility of optical heterodyne detection in terms of beam
alignment, stability, and noise to determine whether a heterodyne receiver can be
built. In addition, a significant part of the effort will be devoted to designing
a digital processor with sufficient speed to sample the high frequency data and to
mosaic pixels over larger surface areas. Successful completion of this project will
result in the preliminary design and performance prediction for a new instrument
to be used for the accurate measurement of vibration patterns of structural surfaces
for aeronautical and aerospace vehicles.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications are expected in the design of commercial
aircraft and other vehicles in which vibration of structural surfaces is a critical
design parameter.

Project Title:

Numerical Optimization of Single-Stage-to-Orbit Configuration with Inequality Constraints

03.07-1500
Numerical Optimization of Single-Stage-to-Orbit Configuration with Inequality Constraints
Integrated Systems, Inc.
2500 Mission College Boulevard
Santa Clara
CA
95054
M. Michael
Briggs
(408-980-1500)
LaRC

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to perform numerical optimization of hypersonic
body configurations applicable to single-stage-to-orbit aerospace plane configurations.
A new, interior quadratic programming procedure with rapid convergence, recently
developed by the firm, allows complex problems to be solved numerically by converting
the optimization process into a problem in nonlinear programming. The new algorithm
is embedded within an augmented Lagrangian approach for solving general, nonlinear
programming problems. This project will develop a general control-oriented method
for specifying the body optimization algorithm. The body geometry subroutine will
provide definition of the external shapes of hypersonic vehicles for the computational
fluid dynamics code that will be used to evaluate the performance index. Performance
indices (cost functions) will be constructed that reflect the principal measures
of merit, and inequality constraints will be applied to represent heating rate and
component packaging constraints at various levels. Optimization runs will be accomplished
to define the optimum body shapes for various flight conditions.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The resulting software package can be offered
as a commercial product that simplifies the application of modern numerical methods
to configuration optimization.

Project Title:

Intelligent Hypertext Systems for Aerospace Knowledge Representation

03.09-9915
Intelligent Hypertext Systems for Aerospace Knowledge Representation
Engineering Research and Consulting, Inc.
Box 417
Tullahoma
TN
37388
Z. George
Shi
(615-455-9915)
ARC

Abstract:

Knowledge about aerospace ground testing often consists of diffuse and dispersed
sets of information that is hard to collect and more difficult to understand and
master. This project is designed to utilize artificial intelligence technology for
assisting users to locate and understand technical information in manuals for planning
and conducting tests in wind tunnel and for increasing the efficiency of training
personnel in testing procedures. A computerized manual will be created in the form
of Hypertext and an advisory system which stores experts' knowledge and experience.
The combined Hypertext manual and advisory system is termed an Intelligent Hypertext
(IH) System.
Phase I of the project will implement a prototype IH-system for conducting transonic
wind tunnel testing. Phase II of the project will extend the concepts to encompass
aerodynamic testing knowledge in expanded domains including supersonic, hypersonic,
and low-speed V/STOL tunnels.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A general system for capturing and manipulating
aerospace engineering knowledge could become a commercial venture.

Project Title:

Expert Systems for Flight Control Systems Verification

03.10-8161
Expert Systems for Flight Control Systems Verification
Sparta, Inc.
23041 Avenida de la Carlota - Suite 400
Laguna Hills
CA
92653-1507
Pio
de Feo
(714-768-8161)
ARC

Abstract:

This innovation applies a knowledge-based system for automatic verification and optimization
of flight control systems (FCS). The major elements include: real-time simulation
of the aircraft's dynamics, the flight-control computers (FCC), and the test and
optimization manager (TOM). The TOM, thekey component, accepts high level test objectives
from the test engineer, translates them into sets of initial conditions for the aircraft
simulation and the FCC, controls execution, collects test outputs, and performs the
fine tuning of the control laws all automatically. It will be implemented using available
artificial intelligence software and hosted in a workstation. The benefits of this
approach are: increased confidence in the verification process through the use of
prior experience that may not exist within small teams of test engineers, effective
utilization of equipment which is typically in high demand, and rapid flight test
turnaround.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The results of this project could applied by
military and commercial airframe and avionic companies and for other real-time, critical
applications such as automated control of nuclear reactors.

Project Title:

Voice I/O for Flight Management Systems

03.11-2526
Voice I/O for Flight Management Systems
Emerson & Stern Associates, Inc.
10150 Sorrento Valley Road - Suite 210
San Diego
CA
92121
S. E.
Hutchins
(619-457-2526)
ARC

Abstract:

This effort will investigate the feasibility of a voice I/O (input/output) system
for commercial aircraft to facilitate interaction with a sophisticated flight management
system. The I/O system incorporates a speech recognizer with near natural language
capabilities and a speech synthesizer that is both easily understood and clearly
identifiable as "machine speech."   Development of these innovations rely on the
firm's existing voice I/O capabilities for real-time speech processing.
Work in Phase I includes collecting and analyzing voice interactions in the cockpit,
defining a command language for the sample application of database inquiry and response,
determining human performance on this command language at various noise levels, analyzing
supra-segmental data, developing appropriate "machine speech" with proprietary tools,
adapting the firm's speech algorithms to cockpit noise conditions, comparing recognizer
performance to human performance, and, finally, comparing the intelligibility of
human speech to "machine speech."

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Voice I/O could be useful in commercial airliners,
single-pilot craft, helicopters, and tactical aircraft. Other applications include
communications and dispatching centers, factory automation, and air traffic control.

Project Title:

EEG-Based Metric for Flight Deck Workload Assessment

03.11-3474
EEG-Based Metric for Flight Deck Workload Assessment
Charles River Analytics Inc.
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge
MA
02138
Greg L.
Zacharias
(617-491-3474)
LaRC

Abstract:

The Phase I effort will evaluate feasibility of an electroencephalographic (EEG),
real-time metric for use in flight deck workload assessment and future self-adaptive
automated cockpits. The approach will center on the use of the steady-state, visually
evoked response (ssVER) and involve active probing under a range of perceptual and
cognitive loading conditions. On-line measurements will be processed to yield workload-sensitive
ssVER model parameters which will be incorporated in a VER-based metric, for real-time
workload and mental state assessment. This metric will be validated via five tasks:
the current ssVER measurement system will be realized on a personal computer, a simulated
flight deck management task will be implemented, a validation experiment will be
conducted to demonstrate the proposed methodology, candidate metrics will be specified
and evaluated based on the experimental results, and the feasibility of prototype
development will be assessed and the Phase II program outlined.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Uses could occur in supervisory task and process
management situations, such as in rail traffic management, chemical plants, and power
generation. 

Project Title:

Software System for Predicting Engineering Properties of Polymer Matrix Resins

04.01-1049
Software System for Predicting Engineering Properties of Polymer Matrix Resins
Advanced Materials Design, Inc.
1291 East Cumberland Avenue
West Lafayette
IN
47906
Alok K.
Kulshreshtha
(317-497-1049)
LeRC

Abstract:

An integrated software package will be developed to predict the engineering properties
of polymers used as matrix resins in aerospace composites. The software is built
upon a nonlinear visco-elastic constitutive equation that acknowledges the fundamental
deformation processes. The constitutive equation predicts the complete stress-strain
behavior including yield for glassy polymers in arbitrary, time-dependent, three-dimensional
deformation fields. The objective of this project will be to develop an efficient,
robust, and user friendly code that can assist polymer scientists and engineers in
developing new resins for advanced aerospace applications.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The software will enable order of magnitude reduction
in the time and expense required to develop and/or evaluate new polymers for engineering
applications.

Project Title:

Improved CVD Silicon Carbide Fibers

04.01-2681
Improved CVD Silicon Carbide Fibers
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
520-B Danbury Road
New Milford
CT
06776
Ward C.
Stevens
(203-355-2681)
LeRC

Abstract:

Engines of high thrust-to-weight ratio and hypersonic vehicles require high-temperature
structural materials which depend on the availability of suitable fiber reinforcements.
Commercially available silicon carbide fibers formed by chemical vapor deposition
(CVD) suffer from poor creep resistance, a result of free silicon found at the grain
boundaries. This problem, a direct result of the fiber fabrication process, limits
their use to temperatures less than 1000 C. A unique source reagent for CVD has been
developed for the electronics community which enables the reproducible growth of
stoichiometric, single-crystal, silicon carbide for high power electronic devices.
This reagent should enable the fabrication of a silicon-free, silicon carbide fiber,
which should be creep resistant to 1550 C.
Phase I will determine the physical properties and the high-temperature mechanical
properties of monofilament silicon carbide made by CVD using this innovative, "molecular-source"
reagent. Phase II will more fully develop the properties of the fiber and develop
a manufacturing process for its production.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The applications would be in hot sections of
high-temperature turbofan and turbojet engines and structures on hypersonic vehicles.

Project Title:

Continuous, On-Board, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Degradation of Fiber Composites

04.02-3779
Continuous, On-Board, Non-Destructive Monitoring of Degradation of Fiber Composites
Technology Integration and Development Group, Inc.
One Progress Road
Billerica
MA
01821
Gino A
Pinto
(508-667-3779)
LeRC

Abstract:

Composite materials are being introduced into a variety of critical aerospace applications.
Damage develops in these composites due to fatigue and environmental effects. Monitoring
the condition of these composites is, therefore, needed in order to assess the composite's
structural reliability. This project addresses the feasibility of an in-service,
microsensor-based, health monitoring system in order to determine degradation in
the composite's stiffness and strength properties and predict the composite's useful
remaining service life. In situ analysis techniques will be used to determine degradation
in composite structural stiffness properties. Strength degradation will be determined
through a recently developed correlation between degradation of stiffness and strength.
Microsensors and microactuators will be considered as low-cost, low-weight candidates
for an in-service system. Implementation schemes devised for the proper implementation
of the sensors into the composites will also be considered in Phase I.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could occur in all industries which
manufacture or utilize composite structures.

Project Title:

Prepregging for High-Temperature Thermoplastics

04.03-3200A
Prepregging for High-Temperature Thermoplastics
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham
MA
02254
Richard W.
Lusignea
(617-890-3200)
LaRC

Abstract:

The development of high-quality, producible, high-temperature, thermoplastic carbon
composites is being sought by the aerospace industry. New thermoplastic composites
will meet the required high specific performance of all classes of advanced aircraft,
will reduce fabrication and life-cycle cost, and will greatly simplify maintainability.
One of the major obstacles to high-temperature, thermoplastic carbon composites has
been the inability to produce continuously a uniform, void-free prepreg, the first
step in composite fabrication. This project will evaluate a novel prepregging method
using high-shear strain-rates to reduce melt viscosity of the polymer and provide
very complete wetting and distribution of the fibers. The method will provide improvements
over current resin composites, including elimination of voids, uniform fiber distribution,
and high volume percent (over 60%) of fiber. Prepregged material will be fabricated
into composite test samples for mechanical testing and microscopic analysis.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The process could be applied in producing primary
and secondary structures of commercial aerospace vehicles, high-temperature electronics,
and light-weight, impact-resistant structures for automobiles.

Project Title:

Thermally Stable, Low Dielectric Films for Aerospace Applications

04.03-5224
Thermally Stable, Low Dielectric Films for Aerospace Applications
Maxdem Inc.
267 South Fair Oaks Avenue
Pasadena
CA
91105
Neil H.
Hendricks
(818-793-5224)
LaRC

Abstract:

The goal of this project is to prepare new thermoplastic polyquinolines with excellent
combinations of thermo
oxidative stability and desirable electrical properties. Samples of the new polymers
will be cast into film
and provided to the Polymeric Materials Division at NASA-LaRC evaluation of mechanical
and electrical properties. The aromatic polyquinolines are characterized by very
high glass
ransition temperatures (Tg) and good retention of properties below Tg. In addition,
the dielectric properties of one derivative are reported to be excellent. Tough,
transparent polyquinoline films may be cast from solution and may require no post-cure
stages. This suggests that polyquinolines may be useful as films and coatings in
aerospace applications. Tailoring of the polyquinoline structure to optimize performance
characteristics will be based on structure-property relationships observed in polyimide
chemistry.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Polyquinolines may replace existing polymers
that are currently used for wire coatings, capacitors, etc. at the extremes of required
use temperatures.

Project Title:

Thermal Control Coatings for Composite Structures

04.03-7356R
Thermal Control Coatings for Composite Structures
DSET Laboratories, Inc.
Box 1850 Black Canyon Stage I
Phoenix
AZ
85029
John E.
Bruzuskiewicz
(602-465-7356)
LaRC

Abstract:

This project addresses the development of a thermal-control coating to maintain advanced
composite materials within a specified temperature range. The principal effort will
be devoted to formulating a manufacturable, atomic-oxygen-resistant spacecraft coating
having both the requisite s/ ratio (= 0.8) and stability in the ultraviolet environment
in space. Emphasis will be given to tailoring s/ employing metal and metal-flake
pigments with and without additional pigments in low-outgassing binder systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Commercial applications could occur in the aerospace
industry for years to come.

Project Title:

Synthesis of High-Purity Refractory Beryllides

04.04-7648
Synthesis of High-Purity Refractory Beryllides
MSNW, Inc.
P.O. Box 865
San Marcos
CA
92069
George H.
Reynolds
(619-744-7648)
LaRC

Abstract:

This project will examine alternative methods for synthesis of high-purity refractory
beryllides in either powder, foil, or bulk form. Analytical efforts and process modeling
will focus on those methods which are capable of producing two-component, intermetallic
compounds of the required stoichiometry while simultaneously reducing the contamination
levels or increasing the purity of product materials relative to the starting materials
used. The Phase I effort will result in the process design of one or more systems
for pilot-scale production of high-purity refractory beryllide powders, foils, or
bulk materials in Phase II. 

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The refractory beryllides could be useful in
flight-weight structures for missile components, turbine engine compressor blading,
and truss elements for space structures.

Project Title:

Hydrogen Collectors for Space Flight Applications

04.06-0236
Hydrogen Collectors for Space Flight Applications
Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima
CA
91331
Richard B.
Kaplan
(818-899-0236)
GSFC

Abstract:

In order to avoid over-board venting of the hydrogen gas used in various ways in
space, a high-performance, light-weight, and simple system is required to collect
and store hydrogen. This project will investigate the feasibility of infiltrating
a carbon foam with a hydrogen-absorbing, intermetallic compound by a variation of
the chemical vapor deposition process. The resultant composite foam structure will
meet the requirements of being lightweight, having a high surface area with which
to capture hydrogen, and being simple in design and use.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The material developed in this project could
be used for collecting and retaining hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium for nuclear
energy applications or for upper atmosphere testing.

Project Title:

Erosion- and Oxidation-Resistant Protective Coating for Polyimide Sheeting

04.07-2260
Erosion- and Oxidation-Resistant Protective Coating for Polyimide Sheeting
Midwest Research Microscopy, Inc.
5510 West Florist Avenue
Milwaukee
WI
53218
Norman A.
Draeger
(414-527-2260)
JSC

Abstract:

Polymide materials, notably Kapton, find use in the outer coverings of space vehicles
for purposes such as thermal insulation. While exposed to the energetic atomic oxygen
present in a low-earth orbital environment, the Kapton undergoes a degradation process.
It has already been found that a coating of silicon oxide or aluminum oxide over
the Kapton greatly extends its service life during this exposure to oxygen. However,
the oxide coatings are brittle and subject to cracking. The purpose of this project
is to develop a coating with the desirable protective properties of the earlier films
but with much more resistance to cracking. Secondarily, it would also be desirable
for this new film to be UV-opaque, since UV radiation also causes a chemical degradation
of Kapton.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The coating may be used to protect Kapton surfaces
used in microelectronic applications exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. The production-scale
coating technique could have a number of commercial uses.

Project Title:

Perfluoropolyether Copolymers Containing Tetrafluoroethylene Oxide

04.07-3812
Perfluoropolyether Copolymers Containing Tetrafluoroethylene Oxide
Exfluor Research Corporation
Box 7807
Austin
TX
78713-7807
Timothy J.
Juhlke
(512-454-3812)
LeRC

Abstract:

The goal of this project is to prepare a series of substituted methylene oxides containing
perfluoroether compounds. The fluids prepared are intended to model high-molecular-weight
perfluoropolyethers which will have similar structural features. The model compounds
will be prepared using newly developed direct fluorination techniques which convert
hydrocarbons of appropriate structure directly to perfluorocarbons. The perfluoroethers
produced will be used in surface studies as well as in aggressive environments where
their comparative stabilities will be measured. Upon identifying structures with
exceptional properties, perfluoropolyether fluids and elastomers based on those structures
will be developed. All of the polymers modeled by the proposed structures are accessible
using our technology and each is expected to give fluid with low pour points and
high oxidative stabilities as well as oxidatively stable elastomers with very low
glass-transition temperatures (-60 to -90 C).

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: (None specifically identified by the firm.)  

Project Title:

Titanium Carbide Used to Protect Carbon Composites

04.07-6410
Titanium Carbide Used to Protect Carbon Composites
Tracer Technologies, Inc.
20 Assemble Square Drive
Somerville
MA
02145
Fraser
Walsh
(617-776-6410)
JSC

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of increasing
the thermal tolerance and metal wettability of carbon composite materials through
the application of a titanium-carbide ceramic to their surface. The application process
will be laser-based and will result in the covalent bonding of the ceramic to the
carbon substrate surface. The ceramic-layered carbon composite will be protected
from thermal damage by the ceramic layer and from the stresses of thermal cycling
by the covalent bond between the layer and the carbon surfaces. The ceramic layer
will increase the wettability of the carbon substrate to molten metals and thus enhance
its use in the manufacture of graphite-reinforced, metal-matrix composites. Titanium-carbide-protected
carbon composites will be formed and stressed at high temperature to demonstrate
thermal tolerance and oxidation resistance. Metal wettability will also be demonstrated.
Ceramic layer physical and chemical characteristics will be determined using scanning
electron microscope and Auger profile analysis.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The ceramic-layered carbom composite could be
used as the external surface of heat exchangers of hypersonic airplanes, in space
structures, and as the matrix material in aircraft brake disks.

Project Title:

Conditions for Thermal-Cycle Testing of Long-Life Radiator Coatings

04.07-9399
Conditions for Thermal-Cycle Testing of Long-Life Radiator Coatings
Boundary Technologies, Inc.
366 Lexington Drive
Buffalo Grove
IL
60089
Robert S.
Alwitt
(312-537-9399)
JSC

Abstract:

An anodic aluminum oxide coating has been recommended for the Space Station crew
systems radiator. Cracking by thermal fatigue is its probable long-term failure mechanism,
but it is not clear how to perform accelerated thermal-cycle tests to get a reliable
prediction of lifetime. This project will measure the stress and the temperature
dependence of stress of anodic coatings. A thermal strain parameter is defined in
terms of a temperature of zero stress, To. Coatings prepared to have a wide range
of To are expected to also have a wide range of lifetimes. In Phase I, the extreme
values for To will be determined experimentally as well as To values for two particular
coatings for which accelerated thermal cycle test data are available. If it seems
feasible to use the To criterion as a guide in preparing cycle test specimens, this
will be done in Phase II. The cycle test data can then be extrapolated to predict
lifetime of operational coatings for known To. In Phase II, some particular questions
will be examined regarding stability of these coatings in zero-humidity space environment
and the possibility of preparing coatings with a structure that improves fracture
toughness.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The concepts developed in this work will be of
value to those working on improved anodic oxide coatings for aircraft.

Project Title:

Non-Linear Optical Properties of Polyphenylenes

04.08-5224
Non-Linear Optical Properties of Polyphenylenes
Maxdem, Inc.
267 S. Fairoaks Avenue
Pasadena
CA
91105
Neil H.
Hendricks
(818-793-5224)
JPL

Abstract:

Several novel polyphenylene polymers will be prepared and their nonlinear susceptibilities
measured. These polymers offer a unique combination of synthetic versatility and
electronic properties.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: Polymers with high third-order susceptibilities
are expected to lead to practical applications in optical data processing, communications,
and computation.

Project Title:

Differential Phase Acoustic Microscopy for Micro-NDE

04.09-6425A
Differential Phase Acoustic Microscopy for Micro-NDE
Bio-Imaging Research, Inc.
425 Barclay Avenue
Lincolnshire
IL
60069
M.
Nikoonahadd
(312-634-6425)
LaRC

Abstract:

The goal of this project is to demonstrate an acoustic differential-phase microscope.
This device, the acoustic counterpart of the Nomarski differential-phase-contrast
optical microscope, would be useful for NDE imaging and for characterizing minute
variations in the elastic properties of specimens with high lateral resolution, for
example, the stress patterns in solids, ion-implanted semiconductors, titanium-titanium
diffusion bonds, grains in solids, and composites. A dual-beam acoustic lens provides
two adjacent acoustic foci; the phase difference between the signals received from
these two foci will result in the image contrast. The Phase I tasks are to identify
the samples of interest to NASA, fabricate two dual-beam lenses for surface and subsurface
imaging, develop the electronics for driving the dual-beam lenses and for phase sensitive
detection, and perform surface and subsurface differential phase imaging at 50 MHz
(resolution of 30 um).
During Phase II the frequency will be extended to 300 MHz for an expected lateral
resolution of 5 um. For Phase III we intend to seek funding from commercial manufacturers
of acoustic microscopes for a 1 GHz system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  In terms of commercialization, this microscope
provides a sensitive means for probing the elastic properties of specimens with high
lateral resolution.

Project Title:

NDE Methods for Micro-Structural Characterization of Metal-Matrix Composites

04.09-7780
NDE Methods for Micro-Structural Characterization of Metal-Matrix Composites
Advanced Research & Applications Corp.
425 Lakeside Drive
Sunnyvale
CA
94086
Robert N.
Yancey
(408-733-7780)
LaRC

Abstract:

Metal-matrix composite materials, the use of which has grown significantly in the
past decade, are being considered for critical components such as turbine engines
and primary aircraft structures. Ensuring the integrity of metal-matrix composites
is crucial to their use in these critical applications. The strength and lifetime
of these materials are determined by the fiber-matrix interface reaction zone and
the residual stress state, two parameters which are difficult to measure. Dual-energy
microtomography is an innovative method to investigate non-destructively the fiber-matrix
region. This project will review current understanding of the characteristics of
the fiber-matrix interface and the residual stress state of metal-matrix composites,
and experimentally evaluate the feasibilitiy of dual-energy microtomography to measure
these characteristics. Design specifications and a conceptual design will also be
compiled for a complete non-destructive tomographic, microstructural imaging system
for metal-matrix composites for future Phase II development.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A microstructural imaging system could apply
to commercial development of new materials and aide in the non-destructive inspection
of existing structures.

Project Title:

Superconducting Fibers of Bi(Pb)-Ca-Sr-Cu-O

04.10-0161
Superconducting Fibers of Bi(Pb)-Ca-Sr-Cu-O
LaserGenics Corporation
P.O. Box 611330
San Jose
CA
95161-1330
Richard
Schlecht
(408-433-0161)
LeRC

Abstract:

High temperature superconductivity has recently become the subject of intense scientific
investigation. Present materials are prepared by sintering the oxide powder components
and pressing into pellets. This results in a microcrystalline structure that has
many disadvantages:  the contact between the microcrystals increases the resistance,
the composition is not stable, the material cannot be readily formed into useful
geometries, and the material lacks strength. This project will investigate the growth
of the new high temperature superconducting material, lead doped Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O, using
the laser-heated, pedestal-growth technique. This technique has a great deal of flexibility
and results in fibers that are as pure as the starting material. By controlling the
growth atmosphere and growth temperature, the composition and the crystal phase can
be controlled.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could ensue for motors, generators,
computers, electronics, electromagnets, research, and power transmission.

Project Title:

Atomic Oxygen Source for Superconducting Thin-Film Fabrication

04.10-1691
Atomic Oxygen Source for Superconducting Thin-Film Fabrication
Ionwerks
2215 Addison
Houston
TX
77030
J. Albert
Schultz
(713-667-1691)
JPL

Abstract:

The possibility of fabricating superconducting material using a low-energy, high-flux,
atomic oxygen source will be explored. The goal will be both to improve the epitaxial
growth of superconducting thin films on substrates and to remove the need for harsh
annealing in an oxygen environment.

Potential Commercial Application:  The commercial benefits of this work would be
a technique for the fabrication of superconductors on heat-sensitive substrates such
as gallium-arsenide

Project Title:

The Stability of High-Temperature Superconducting Materials in Low-Earth Orbits

04.10-6410A
The Stability of High-Temperature Superconducting Materials in Low-Earth Orbits
Physical Sciences Inc.
635 Slaters Lane, Suite G101
Alexandria
VA
22314
J. T.
Schriempf
(703-548-6410)
LeRC

Abstract:

The new high temperature superconducting materials attractive for use aboard spacecraft
because components utilizing such materials would require minimal refrigeration.
Whether these materials can be used in space depends, in part, on their resistance
to the deleterious conditions encountered in the space environment. This project
focuses on determining the effects of the atomic oxygen found in low earth orbits
(LEO) upon the material, YBa2Cu3Ox, which has a critical temperature, Tc, as high
as 92 K and can be prepared as a thin or thick film by various techniques.
The approach is to prepare films of YBa2Cu3Ox with different initial concentrations
of oxygen and to expose these to atomic oxygen bombardment simulating that encountered
in LEO. The principal objective will be to correlate damage with oxygen content (in
Phase I) to optimize the formulation of the candidate films which will be radiation-hardened
for application in the LEO environment (in Phase II).

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  These results could aid in the use of superconducting
materials on the surfaces of spacecraft for free-space communications from LEO.

Project Title:

Laser Technique in Superconducting Film Deposition

04.10-9030
Laser Technique in Superconducting Film Deposition
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover
MA
01810
Christopher J.
Rollins
(508-477-9030)
JPL

Abstract:

A fabrication method is proposed for deposition of wide-area, homogenous thin films
of high-Tc, oxide superconductor using a double-pulse, laser-driven, detonation-wave
thruster as the deposition source. The device will use laser ablation of bulk superconductors
followed by detonation-wave processing and hypersonic nozzle expansion of resulting
gases to generate a homogenous atom beam. Films will be deposited on substrates of
sapphire, yttrium-stabilized zirconia, and magnesium oxide. Samples will be characterized
by structural and chemical analysis, DC resistance and magnetoresistance versus temperature,
and AC magnetic susceptibility, using standard techniques.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The outcome could be far-infrared detectors and
microwave circuits such as low loss transmission lines and filters having significant
value in communications applications, both military and industrial, as well as in
scientific research.

Project Title:

Magnetic Beneficiation of Lunar Soil

04.11-4415
Magnetic Beneficiation of Lunar Soil
Exportech Company Inc.
P.O. Box 588
New Kensington
PA
15068
Robin R.
Oder
(412-337-4415)
JSC

Abstract:

This project addresses magnetic recovery from lunar soil of ilmenite (source of helium-3,
oxygen, titanium, iron, and sulfur), agglutinates (source of elemental iron), glassy
components (source of refractory materials), and anorthite (feedstock for electro-chemical
production of valuable elements such as oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and calcium).
 Measurements will be made of the magnetic susceptibility and particle size dependencies
of the distribution of material recovered from the minus-150-micron-size fractions
of five lunar highland and mare samples by dry magnetic separation methods.
In Phase I, a preliminary design will be prepared for a ParaTrap magnetic separator
which would be used in Phase II.  The separator will be designed for continuous dry
beneficiation of feebly magnetic and finely sized lunar soils under conditions simulating
the lunar environment.  In addition, preliminary designs will be prepared in Phase
I for simulants for lunar soils suited for the work of Phase II. 

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The ParaTrap Method could be applied in beneficiation
of pulverized coals, recovery of metals from steel processing wastes, and minerals
processing.  The lunar soil simulants could be used by NASA contractors for lunar
engineering studies.

Project Title:

Production of Oxygen and Other Products by Pyrolysis of Lunar Materials

04.11-9030
Production of Oxygen and Other Products by Pyrolysis of Lunar Materials
PSI Technology
20 New England Business Center
Andover
NA
01810
Constance L.
Senior
(508-475-9030)
JSC

Abstract:

The innovation investigated in this project is the production of oxygen by pyrolysis
of common lunar minerals using concentrated solar radiation. Oxygen production is
possible via pyrolysis of metal oxides because of the formation of gaseous suboxides
(or metal vapor) that can be condensed without re-oxidation. This project represents
the first attempt to test the pyrolysis concept on simulated lunar material and the
first experiment to use concentrated solar radiation as an energy source for vaporization
of minerals. In Phase I, the effort will address vaporizing two feedstocks available
on the moon (ilmenite and anorthite) with the intent of maximizing the amount of
oxygen produced. The experimental program will be complemented by a thermodynamic
analysis of the vaporization and condensation phenomena. If successful, Phase I will
have demonstrated the feasibility of the pyrolysis of minerals common to the lunar
regolith and will have developed guidelines for identifying materials that are most
attractive for pyrolysis.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The obvious application of this work is to manufacturing
in space or in a lunar environment.

Project Title:

Sintering of Advanced Ceramic Materials with a Tunable Microwave Cavity

04.12-2010
Sintering of Advanced Ceramic Materials with a Tunable Microwave Cavity
Wavemat, Inc.
44780 Helm Street
Plymouth
MI
48170
Raymond F.
Decker
(313-454-0020)
LeRC

Abstract:

An existing single-mode, microwave applicator will be employed to investigate ceramic
sintering. The applicator design is unique in coupling efficiency and offers internal
tuning for single-mode or controlled multi-mode operation. The project will define
a large sample matrix in which the sintering parameters are systematically varied.
The microstructure of the sintered ceramics will be evaluated and reported. These
data will be an important contribution to the literature and an invaluable aid to
the design of advanced microwave process equipment and sintering of advanced ceramic-based
materials. This will be a cooperative effort with personnel at Michigan State University
who will serve as technical consultants on the project and will provide the support
to evaluate the sintered ceramics.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Ceramic materials having improved properties
could have applications for armor, superconductors, structures, and health care products.

Project Title:

Improvements to the Laser Float-Zone Process

04.12-8476
Improvements to the Laser Float-Zone Process
Penn Laboratories, Inc.
83 Mountain Ridge Road
Cartersville
GA
30120
Wayne
Penn
(404-974-8476)
LeRC

Abstract:

The float-zone method offers the opportunities for advancing materials technology
by producing single-crystal fibers for metal-matrix and intermetallic-matrix composite
materials for use in aerospace structures. This project addresses improved processing
methods for the production of fibers having low density, high-temperature strength,
and high elastic modulus that match the thermal coefficients of and are chemically
compatible with metallic and intermetallic matrices. The company, with its investment
in the laser float-zone technique and its experience with lasers and controlled processes,
is prepared to develop innovations for the production of crystal fibers.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Continuous, single-crystal, multiple fibers has
applications for aerospace and commercial manufacturing of metal-matrix composite
materials.

Project Title:

Kinematics Development Tool for Manipulators with Redundant Degrees of Freedom

05.01-0300A
Kinematics Development Tool for Manipulators with Redundant Degrees of Freedom
Odetics Inc.
1515 S. Manchester Avenue
Anaheim
CA
92805
John Forrest
Hawk
(714-758-0300)
JPL

Abstract:

While several software packages exist for modeling and generating dynamic simulations
of general manipulators, no software package simply and automatically provides forward
and inverse kinematics which can be used in both real-time controllers and general-purpose
simulations. The construction of such a tool is the objective of this project. This
tool will provide a simple, reliable means of generating the forward kinematics,
Jacobian, and inverse kinematics code for manipulators with any number of redundant
degrees of freedom.
Phase I will define the algorithms, the inputs and outputs, the internal language,
and the simplification rules used by the kinematics development tool. The tool will
be coded and further developed in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  As a symbolic control system code generator,
this tool's value will be recognized by the aerospace, nuclear, military, and industrial
sectors.

Project Title:

Dual-Arm Collision Avoidance Algorithm

05.01-0300B
Dual-Arm Collision Avoidance Algorithm
Odetics Inc.
1515 S. Manchester Avenue
Anaheim
CA
92805
Timothy
Larson
(714-758-0300)
JPL

Abstract:

The challenge of making multiple robotic arm systems work synchronously in a common
workspace requires resolution of control issues encompassing collision avoidance,
compensation for dynamic forces induced on the payload carried by the arms, and cooperative
manipulation of a payload. This project will to undertake the definition, development
and testing of an algorithm which will determine when collisions are imminent for
two robotic manipulators moving in the same workspace. This will enable the manipulators
to slow down or stop before a collision occurs. The collision avoidance algorithm
will consist of two subsidiary algorithms:  the collision feasibility algorithm and
the collision detection algorithm. The proposed technique is innovative because the
collision avoidance calculations are computationally simple, permitting rapid execution
and allowing real-time operation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications consist of military systems maintenance
and ordnance preparation, in hazardous materials handling, and for maintenance and
repair in high-risk situations.

Project Title:

Discrete Adaptive Control and Adaptive Neural Networks for Robot Manipulators

05.01-1225
Discrete Adaptive Control and Adaptive Neural Networks for Robot Manipulators
Netrologic, Inc.
5080 Shoreham Place, Suite 201
San Diego
CA
92122
Dan
Greenwood
(619-587-0970)
JPL

Abstract:

Robot controllers have concentrated on the use of digital computers with continuous-time,
centralized control schemes. Continuous-time operation can lead to degraded performance
and instabilities. Centralized control requires extensive computer memory and time
to process information from all joints, and it is not fail-safe. The main objective
of this project is to develop a discrete-time, decentralized, adaptive control scheme
for real-time, digital control of high performance robot manipulators and to demonstrate
its performance. Decentralized (independent joint) control is suitable for parallel
processing within a distributed computer architecture. This project will also investigate
the applicability of neural network concepts to adaptive control of robot manipulators.
Phase I will be devoted to the development of control schemes, computer simulation,
and a feasibility study of adaptive neural network for robot control. Phase II could
see the implementation of the control schemes on a PUMA 562 arm and demonstration
of its performance.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This project could introduce robust robotic controllers
for commercial applications, especially in hazardous environments where sensors are
expected to fail.

Project Title:

Reaction Compensation System for Microgravity Tele-Robots

05.01-5200
Reaction Compensation System for Microgravity Tele-Robots
Sparta, Inc.
4901 Corporate Drive
Huntsville
AL
35805-6201
William
Teoh
(205-837-5282)
MSFC

Abstract:

A novel reaction compensation system is an answer to the needs of designing robitic
systems that are reactionless. Any robotic system for use in the space station must
be reactionless so as not to disturb the acceleration environment it is in. The feasibility
of designing and subsequently building a reaction compensation system (RCS) will
be investigated. Personnel at the company have developed several preliminary concepts.
These concepts will be further studied, culminating in the selection of a single
design that is cost effective and meets the above-mentioned needs.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Reactionless robots would apply to microgravity
experiments, manufacturing, and space industrialization.

Project Title:

A Visual Language, Telerobotic Operator Interface for Rapid Implementation of Autonomous

05.01-5600
A Visual Language, Telerobotic Operator Interface for Rapid Implementation of Autonomous
Tasks
TeleRobotics International, Inc.
8410 Oak Ridge Highway
Knoxville
TN
37931
H. Lee
Martin
(615-690-5600)
LaRC

Abstract:

Space construction and satellite servicing activities require machines that can perform
human manipulation without the actual presence of an astronaut. Advanced manipulation
would benefit from incorporating the human thought process into the autonomous procedures
used by robotic systems. This project addresses the use of visual language communications
to enhance the interface between the human operator and the manipulator. This visual
language will allow the rapid modeling and integration of manipulation,  sensing,
and decision making by creating a flowchart of the activities and the decision process.
The integrated software system accomplishes the rest by writing coded instructions.
Phase I applies the company's previous visual language developments including the
demonstrated ability to control multiple manipulator arms. This innovation will incorporate
sensory systems to aid in the autonomous decision making for telerobotic applications.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A visual language interface for real-time process
control has unlimited commercial prospects as indicated by the market for the company's
commercial visual language now used in 22 countries as an interface for computer-based
training (in French, Nordic, and Japanese versions). 

Project Title:

A Perception System for Object Recognition, Acquisition, and Tracking in Cluttered

05.01-8024
A Perception System for Object Recognition, Acquisition, and Tracking in Cluttered
Environments
Intelligent Recognition Systems
6925 Canoga Ave., Suite 102
Canoga Park
CA
91303
Jerry A.
Burman
(818-702-4762)
MSFC

Abstract:

The use of human resources in space can be made more efficient with the aid intelligent
systems which can perform intricate or mundane tasks with minimal human interaction
through a flexible man-machine interface. This project will develop a sophisticated
perception system that can be integrated with a variety of imaging sensors and is
capable of autonomously recognizing objects from arbitrary, three-dimensional perspectives.
In addition, the system will be capable of autonomous or operator designated object
acquisition and tracking in cluttered environments against stationary or moving objects.
Phase I effort will establish the preliminary requirements for the system and concentrate
on critical elements of the perception system: object recognition, acquisition, tracking,
and operator interface. A simulation will be developed to demonstrate the key aspects
of the system using artificially generated image data. The simulation should validate
the basic building blocks of the system and bound its overall performance.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Uses could include quality control inspection
systems for manufacturing, robotic control for product assembly, and automated security
systems.

Project Title:

A Single-View, Three-Dimensional Object Recognition System

05.01-8500
A Single-View, Three-Dimensional Object Recognition System
KMS Fusion, Inc.
3853 Research Park Drive - Box 1567
Ann Arbor
MI
48106-1567
Theodore B.
Ladewski
(313-769-8500)
LaRC

Abstract:

NASA needs robust, accurate, and efficient three-dimensional vision systems for Space
Station construction, maintenance, and operations. These vision systems must be able
to operate reliably in cluttered environments having poor natural illumination and
containing potentially many different objects which may be in relative motion. Existing
vision systems using cameras are too inflexible and slow. Similarly, systems employing
laser range finders are slow and suffer from severe signal-to-noise problems. To
address these needs, a state-of-the-art object recognition system will be developed
which: determines object type, location, and orientation from a single view; operates
in poorly lit environments cluttered with many occluding objects; can detect a wide
range of objects stored in its database; is fast enough to track object movement
between frames; and can use rugged, reliable hardware.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Industrial applications include automatic inspection,
assembly, maintenance, and obstacle avoidance.

Project Title:

Centerline Imaging System for End-Effector Tools

05.03-0718
Centerline Imaging System for End-Effector Tools
Olis Engineering
Box 408
Sedalia, C

80135
Carter K.
Lord
(303-688-0718)
MSFC

Abstract:

The purpose of this project is to develop a true centerline imaging system for use
with end-effector tools. The need for this type of imaging system was identified
during the course of a previous study to develop inflatable end effectors for handling
delicate composite structural components. An inflatable end-effector tools shows
promise for the addition of a centerline imaging system with minimum redesign of
the end-effector tool. This project will design a centerline imaging system for that
end-effector tool, fabricate a prototype of the end-effector tool with the centerline
imaging system, and test the system at NASA facility that is compatible with the
proposed innovation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This system could apply to the use of teleoperators
for military systems, space construction and servicing, marine exploration, hazardous
material handling, and salvage operations.

Project Title:

A Parallel Processor for Simulating Manipulators and Other Mechanical Systems

05.03-1100
A Parallel Processor for Simulating Manipulators and Other Mechanical Systems
Electronic Associates, Inc.
185 Monmouth Parkway
West Long Branch
NJ
07764
George
Hannauer
(201-229-1100)
GSFC

Abstract:

As mechanical systems such as manipulators and actuators become more complex, the
computational burden makes it increasingly difficult to maintain a real-time solution
for simulation in design or real-time control. This project deals with an innovative,
parallel-computer architecture for simulation of mechanical systems that has evolved
from analog rather than von Neumann digital computers. As such, it offers a considerable
improvement in speed; preliminary estimates indicate it is 10 to 100 times faster
than conventional architectures. The design has been validated for a small version
of the architecture consisting of a single module (a small number of tightly-coupled
processors). In Phase I, a version with several modules will be evaluated. Solution
speed would be increased by modifying the scheduling algorithms. The extended architecture
will be investigated by programming several applications to obtain detailed speed
comparisons with conventional architectures. The principal Phase II effort is to
construct a prototype to verify the Phase I timing assumptions.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A method for rapid, low-cost  simulation of mechanical
systems could have uses for the design of automobiles, aircraft, missiles, power
generators, and many other products.

Project Title:

Torque-Balanced Drives for Space Station Applications

05.03-1391
Torque-Balanced Drives for Space Station Applications
Nastec, Inc./Transmission Research, Inc.
10823 Magnolia Drive
Cleveland OH, 44106


William J.
Anderson
(216-231-6570)
LeRC

Abstract:

To eliminate dynamic disturbances to the Space Station and its on-board experiments,
it would be desirable to provide actuator drives and drives for dynamic experiments
which have a zero net output torque. This can be accomplished by utilizing drives
with dual, counter-rotating, torque-balanced outputs. The innovation is a planetary
traction drive with dual, roller clusters each feeding an output. The two outputs
are at equal speed and torque and opposite rotation. A specific drive ratio, torque
requirement, and speed will be studied in Phase I. Drive kinematics, size, life,
and expected performance will be defined. A final design and manufacturing drawings
will be completed. A test program for Phase II will be delineated.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Uses could be for torque-balanced drives for
scientific instruments and dual drives for propulsion systems.

Project Title:

Lightweight, Permanent-Magnet Actuators and Manipulators

05.03-5649
Lightweight, Permanent-Magnet Actuators and Manipulators
Advanced Materials Corporation (c/o Mellon Institute)
4400 Fifth Avenue
Pittsburgh
PA
15213-2683
E. B.
Boltich
(412-268-5651)
MSFC

Abstract:

Permanent magnets based on Nd2Fe14B and Pr2Fe14B exhibit very high magnetic-energy-products

at room temperature. Slight modifications of these compositions by adding cobalt
and aluminum have extended their utility over a wide temperature range. For example,
a Pr-Fe-B magnet recently produced in the firm's laboratory exhibited a high energy-product
which translates into a higher torque-to-weight ratio for many electro-mechanical
systems. Phase I includes design studies and development of prototypes of limited-displacement
actuators and reluctance position sensors equipped with Pr-Fe-B permanent magnets.
These devices are expected to function smoothly and reliably over a wide temperature
range in electro-mechanical systems for telerobots. In view of their high torque-to-weight
ratio, they are expected to reduce the mass required for certain space applications.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Low-weight, permanent magnets could be used for
robot motors, instrumentation for medical applications, automobile parts, and electro-hydraulic
actuators in aircraft.

Project Title:

Composite, Six-Axis Force Sensor with Embedded Optical Sensors

05.03-7070
Composite, Six-Axis Force Sensor with Embedded Optical Sensors
Geo-Centers, Inc.
7 Wells Avenue
Newton Centre
MA
02159
Bruce N.
Nelson
(617-964-7070)
GSFC

Abstract:

Sensory feedback is required to allow robots to perform complex tasks in unstructured
environments. Six-axis force sensors are used to monitor the forces acting between
a robotic gripper, tooling bit or other device, and the robot arm. Electronic sensors
are limited in dynamic sensing range and are sensitive to the adverse effects of
electromagnetic interference. Additionally, strain gauges sensors can separate from
their supporting structure and render the six-axis force sensor useless. This project
investigates the feasibility of an optical, six-axis force sensor fabricated from
composite materials (fiber-reinforced, organic matrix) with embedded optical sensors
for strain sensing. This novel technique will circumvent many of the difficulties
associated with electronic sensors.
The Phase I effort will determine the effect of composite material cross-section,
the composite material, and the optical-strain-gauge configuration on the performance
capabilities of single-axis force sensors. An optically based six-axis force sensor
will be designed, fabricated, and evaluated as part of the Phase I program.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Six-axis force sensors for robots could find
commercial applications in the automotive, aerospace, and general manufacturing industries.

Project Title:

Cableless Power and Signal Transfer for Robot End-Effector with Integrated Sensor

05.03-8822
Cableless Power and Signal Transfer for Robot End-Effector with Integrated Sensor
System
Automated Dynamics Corporation
105 Jordan Road
Troy
NY
12180
David
Hauber
(518-283-8822
LaRC

Abstract:

Cables used for both power and signal transfer across the wrist joints of robotic
end effectors can limit rotation of the wrist, decrease reliability, and interfere
with arm motion. It should be feasible to transmit signals along with power on two
wires through the wrist joint without physical contact by means of a rotary transformer.
The effective bandwidth can be extended by placing "intelligent" functions on the
end effector and transmitting only high-level command and control sequences providing
that the sensors and actuators on the robot end-effector are fully integrated. This
project involves designing the transformer for optimal data transfer in terms of
bandwidth and error detection and correction, developing a compact, rugged controller
for the end-effector, and integrating end-effector functions with the controller.
After demonstrating the cableless end effector-control in Phase I, Phase II would
focus on miniaturizing, ruggedizing, and extending the available functions and would
bring the system to market for government and industrial applications.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications are those that require reliable
data acquisition and control capabilities on continuously rotating systems such as
turrets, rolling mills, and turbines.

Project Title:

Parallel Implementation of Algorithms for Robotic Sensory Fusion

05.03-9200
Parallel Implementation of Algorithms for Robotic Sensory Fusion
Perceptics Corporation
725 Pellissippi Parkway
Knoxville
TN
37933-0991
R. C.
Gonzalez
(615-966-9200)
GSFC

Abstract:

This project focusses on the parallel implementation of algorithms for robotic sensory
fusion involving the use of multiple sensors such as video, range, proximity, touch,
force, and torque. The innovation in this project is the parallel multi-sensing as
well as the parallel processing of sensory cues to allow fast identification of objects
in realistic work spaces in order to perform authentic robotic tasks. The need for
this sensory and computer technology cuts across the board of NASA activities including
deployment, maintenance, and repair missions. The equipment necessary for the execution
of this project is in place. The firm has recently integrated one of the largest
massively parallel computers in the nation: a 1024-processor NCUBE hypercube. A versatile
and complete robotic workstation equipped with all the sensors necessary for this
project is available at the University of Tennessee. As a result, the chances of
technical success and likelihood of commercialization of the outcome are high.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could result from implementation
of specific sensory algorithms in a hypercube computer, a principal architecture
in the field of massively parallel machines.

Project Title:

Robotic Adaptive Grasping with a Capacitance-Array Tactile Sensing System

05.04-5900
Robotic Adaptive Grasping with a Capacitance-Array Tactile Sensing System
Extrude Hone Corporation
8075 Pennsylvania Avenue
Irwin
PA
15642
Donald G.
Risko
(412-863-5900)
JSC

Abstract:

Adaptive grasping of various objects by a single end-effector is required for robots
designed to operate in space. A sensor system that can be integrated with a flexible
end-effector to provide target recognition and controlled gripping is the focus of
this project. Basic research conducted by the proposer on capacitance sensor technology
indicates that capacitance between a sensor and a target can produce tactile information.
Furthermore, capacitance sensors are light weight and robust thereby making them
excellent candidates for space robotic systems.
Phase I will investigate the applicability and environmental suitability of a capacitance
sensing system to space robots. An adaptive-control philosophy and limitations will
be established. Phase II would establish and demonstrate an adaptive grasping system
with the objective of obtaining the maximum of information from a single sensor (or
array of sensors) with minimal reliance on sensor fusion schemes in order to reduce
the complexity of hardware and software.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Intelligent machine applications via real-time
sensor feedback could be applied to sophisticated tasks, such as assembly.

Project Title:

Sensor-Based, Whole-Arm Manipulation for Adaptive Grasping

05.04-8622
Sensor-Based, Whole-Arm Manipulation for Adaptive Grasping
Intelligent Automation Systems, Inc.
300 Bent Street, Suite 200
Cambridge
MA
02141
Steven J.
Gordon
(617-354-3830)
JSC

Abstract:

This project involves the design of a novel manipulation system which can control
contacts with objects along all surfaces of its links. This whole-arm manipulation
(WAM) system is capable of grasping and manipulating a varied set of objects far
larger than the set which may be manipulated by a conventional arm using an attached
gripper. Recently developed tactile sensing technology and joint-torque sensing will
allow the WAM manipulator to control multiple contacts stably anywhere along its
links. The objectives for Phase I are to determine important space and terrestrial
based tasks for an autonomous or telerobotic hand-arm system, assess the state of
the art in WAM and tactile-sensing technology, perform analyses and an experiment
on an existing WAM manipulator to determine the accuracy of integrating joint-torque
and tactile sensor information to control a WAM arm, and propose specifications for
a WAM system design.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Uses consist of performing tasks in hazardous
and unstructured environments, assembling parts, maintaining underwater systems,
and emulating human limbs.

Project Title:

An Automated Wire Guide for Robotic Welding Applications

05.05-2200
An Automated Wire Guide for Robotic Welding Applications
General Digital Industries, Inc.
6705 Odyssey Drive
Huntsville
AL
35806
Troy D.
Manley
(205-837-2200)
MSFC

Abstract:

While much effort has been expended recently in automatic control of processes for
robotic welding of space structures, the positioning of the weld wire remains dependent
on a human operator. Because misalignment of the weld wire can result in defects
that are difficult to detect, the process is subject to the vagaries of all human-controlled
operations: inattention, varying experience level among operators, and failure to
take timely action. An automated weld wire guide is proposed to position the wire
as the arc is established and maintain proper position in spite of varying cast of
the wire, height of the surface, departures from seam center, and other changes in
situation that now require human intervention. 
The Phase I effort will determine the functions and requirements for an automated
wire guide for robotic welding of the berthing ports of the space station. It will
determine the feasibility ofimplementing a guide using available sensors, process
and motion control algorithms, and artificial intelligence technology.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications would be in automated welding equipment
for reasons of productivity or quality control.

Project Title:

An Artificial Intelligence System for Process Monitoring, Situation Assessment, and

05.05-4502
An Artificial Intelligence System for Process Monitoring, Situation Assessment, and
Response Planning
Seer Systems, Inc.
119 Cardiff Road
Pittsburgh
PA
15237
Harry E.
Pople, Jr.
(412-366-4502)
JSC

Abstract:

The innovation being addressed in this project is a new architecture for artificial
intelligence systems called Eagol. Unlike typical artificial intelligence shells,
this system incorporates a strong reasoning model derived from detailed cognitive
studies of decision making in a variety of arenas, including internal medicine diagnosis,
operations of nuclear power plants, and intelligence analysis. Principal features
of the language include capabilities for situation assessment, generation and tracking
of expectations-based experiential knowledge (cast in the form of scenarios), as
well as first-principles cause and effect reasoning. Applications developed within
the Eagol framework can incorporate strategies for response planning and closed-loop
disturbance management. The principal objective in this investigation will be to
discover whether the innovation represented by Eagol can be employed usefully in
applications of interest to NASA.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could be found in process diagnosis
and intervention and in decision support systems.

Project Title:

An Automatic Scheduling Assistant for the NASA Space Station

05.05-4917
An Automatic Scheduling Assistant for the NASA Space Station
Innovative Research, Inc.
6735 East Sixth Avenue
Denver
CO
80220
Mohsen
Pazirandeh
(303-321-4917)
JSC

Abstract:

Since the initial phases of automation for the proposed NASA Space Station will be
centered around teleoperated robots, the crew will play an integral part and will
have to schedule activities subject to the constraints of material and labor resources.
The subject of this project is an automatic scheduling assistant based on a hierarchy
of activities in which the activities of high criticality are scheduled prior to
those of lower criticality. Furthermore, each criticality level is considered to
be a potentially different class of scheduling problem with an associated set of
scheduling rules. To assess the feasibility of this approach, Phase I will attempt
to show that there exist goal-directed approaches for selecting a criticality hierarchy
for scheduling Space Station activities and for classifying scheduling problems at
each level and that there is a corresponding set of scheduling rules for each class.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The automatic scheduling assistant could schedule
activities aboard Space Station so that experiments and manufacturing processes will
be conducted with minimum cost.

Project Title:

Compiling Knowledge-Based Systems Specified in KEE to Ada

05.05-5500
Compiling Knowledge-Based Systems Specified in KEE to Ada
IntelliCorp Inc.
1975 El Camino Real West
Mountain View
CA
94040
Robert E.
Filman
(415-965-5500)
MSFC

Abstract:

Artificial intelligence techniques have become important for the solution of some
of the most difficult programming tasks. The dominant approach for developing such
applications is to work in a multi-mechanism, integrated, knowledge-based system,
development environment, such as KEE or ART. Unfortunately, systems developed in
environments such as these are inappropriate for regular use in many applications,
particularly those germane to space systems. They are not real-time, they carry the
baggage of the entire Lisp environment, and they are not written in Ada. This project
will perform innovative work on compiling dynamic, symbolic structures to conventional
environments and on creating the appropriate interfaces and environments to aid in
the translation and maintenance of Lisp-defined and Ada-executed systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Expert system applications  developed in KEE
and delivered in conventional environments such as Ada could satisfy strong commercial
and governmental demands.

Project Title:

The Space Station as Robot: A Reactive Planning Approach to OMS Problems.

05.05-7300
The Space Station as Robot:  A Reactive Planning Approach to OMS Problems.
Advanced Decision Systems
1500 Plymouth Street
Mountain View
CA
94043-1230
Daniel G.
Shapiro
(415-960-7557)
JSC

Abstract:

The Operations Management System (OMS) for the Space Station possesses many of the
attributes of a robot; it has sensors, effectors which command station subsystems,
and a plan. As with a robot, the OMS must adapt to changing circumstances, identify
responses to fault conditions, and represent plans in a manner that allows for adaptivity.
The OMS must also assess the consequences of possible actions. The purpose of this
project is to address these OMS problems and provide a prototype of a solution based
on three technologies being  developed by the company: an architecture for reactive
plan execution, a plan representation which implements response modes with limited
sensing and action authority, and an impact assessment technique which operates by
heuristic simulation of the plan.
In Phase I, the relevance of these reactive planning techniques to the OMS problem
will be assessed and high-level prototype design will be provided. In Phase II we
will build a prototype that solves key portions of the OMS problem.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This project could provide key components of
Space Station Operations Management System.

Project Title:

Expert Assistant for Integrated Timing and Reliability Design Analysis

06.02-4242A
Expert Assistant for Integrated Timing and Reliability Design Analysis
Advanced System Technologies Inc.
12200 E. Briarwood Avenue, Suite 265
Englewood
CO
80112
Robert
Goettge
(303-790-4242)
GSFC
 NAS5-30502
Timing and reliability performance characteristics, critical characteristics of embedded-computer
system software, involve complex tradeoffs during design to ensure that systems will
satisfy stringent performance requirements. This project will investigate an expert-system-based,
automated tool to analyze complex software systems for timing and reliability performance.
Heuristic or self-educating aspects of the tool's knowledge base will address the
complexity of design analysis. Coupled with a performance modeling component, the
expert system will assess compliance with requirements, identify performance problems,
and recommend design changes. An open knowledge base will permit easy enhancement
by experts. 
Phase I will structure the body of knowledge about software timing and reliability
performance and will define the expert system utilities required to support the concept
of an open knowledge base. Previous research with integrated timing and reliability
modeling and with expert system applications for timing analysis will provide a base
for the open, integrated expert assistant.

Abstract:

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The results could aid the development of complex,
time-critical computer systems by government agencies and commercial groups conducting
on-line transaction processing.

Project Title:

Reusable Software Base Development--Source Code Tailoring

06.02-7910
Reusable Software Base Development--Source Code Tailoring
AKM Associates Inc.
625 Mariner's Island Boulevard, #205
San Mateo
CA
94404
Carl
Ponder
(415-571-7910)
GSFC

Abstract:

One of the most promising software engineering concepts to increase programmer productivity
is reuse of existing, proven software. A general program, the archetype source, can
be adapted to a broad spectrum of specific situations. An example is a program for
multi-sensor integration, which can be adapted to various combinations of sensors.
Ada and other high-level languages offer abstractions for writing general forms of
programs for adaptation on a case-by-case basis. In this project, a tailoring system
utilizing abstractions in a metanotation for describing
an archetype source and its specific forms will be shown to be quite powerful in
the context of the derivation of
application-specific actual sources from the general program.  The Phase I approach
will be to define an archetype-source version of an existing application-specific
software that the firm built for NASA-JPL to develop the metanotation for generating
the actual source. The project could lead to better understanding of automated program
generation, abstract program constructs, program reuse, and adaptability.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could occur where several platforms
or equipments perform a common set of functions with variations in regard to sensors
and communication interfaces.

Project Title:

Enhanced Condition Tables for Verification of Fault-Tolerant Software

06.03-2595
Enhanced Condition Tables for Verification of Fault-Tolerant Software
SoHaR Inc.
8500 Wilshire Boulevard, #1027
Beverly Hills
CA
90211
Herbert
Hecht
(213-855-2595)
LaRC

Abstract:

The goal of this project is to develop a feasible, credible, economical, and thorough
verification methodology for fault-tolerant software. While it could be assumed that
existing verification techniques could be adopted, fault-tolerant software poses
a unique verification problem of ensuring that the hard core is error-free under
all anticipated execution states. The hard core is that portion of the fault-tolerant
software which is not redundant and which must execute properly each time it is invoked.
The acceptance test in a recovery block is an example.
The firm has developed a verification technique for hard cores called the enhanced
condition table (ECT). The project will investigate the feasibility of the ECT for
larger development efforts by exercising it on a portion of a fault-tolerant, distributed,
nuclear reactor control system now being developed by the company. Tools running
under UNIX with a graphical interface will be developed during Phase II based on
the prototypes developed in Phase I. The effort should be of interest to all NASA
space missions.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  These tools can be sold to all developers of
real-time control systems with life-critical applications.

Project Title:

Reliable Specification for Ada Software

06.03-3370
Reliable Specification for Ada Software
Software Productivity Solutions Inc.
PO Box 361697
Melbourne
FL
32936-1697
Andres
Rudmik
(407-984-3370)
LaRC

Abstract:

This innovation focuses on techniques and tools that will dramatically improve software
reliability through a systematic approach for fault avoidance. The approach is based
upon a reliable specification technique that supports the formal, incremental, and
humanly verifiable description of system behavior; a systematic set of transformations
of the specification to implementations of object-oriented Ada software systems that
are highly reliable; and the integration of this new reliable development process
with existing advanced verification, validation, and testing approaches.
The proposed Phase I effort will define a comprehensive fault-avoidance methodology.
A sophisticated, automated tool-set, to be developed as a prototype during Phase
II, will support the efficient development of highly reliable Ada software.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  An fault-avoidance methodology and automated
tool-set could be used for mission-critical software and for nuclear power control,
commercial airlines, and certain processes that have stringent reliability requirements.

Project Title:

Applied Research of KBS Technologies for Advanced Decision Support Systems

06.04-6364
Applied Research of KBS Technologies for Advanced Decision Support Systems
ECON Inc.
4020 Moorpark Avenue, Suite 216
San Jose
CA
95117
John P.
Skratt
(408-249-6364)
ARC

Abstract:

In a process analogous to applied research, this innovation applies knowledge engineering
technology in order to develop an advanced decision support system. By combining
the company's knowledge of current NASA requirements and expertise, this project
will extend applied knowledge engineering in the areas of global understanding, representation,
and control of multiple, domain-independent knowledge bases; integrated data bases
for distributed knowledge bases; hierarchical control architectures for distributed
knowledge bases; and system relationships that are understandable and accessible
to humans at a high level of communication.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  An advanced decision support system could support
NASA in a variety of assessments currently facing the Agency.

Project Title:

Design Knowledge Capture

06.05-3370
Design Knowledge Capture
Software Productivity Solutions Inc.
PO Box 361697
Melbourne
FL
32936-1697
Vincent J.
Kovarik
(407-984-3370)
MSFC

Abstract:

The capture of design knowledge is currently a human-intensive paper-process that
offers little or no automated assistance to the developer. The innovation represented
by this project is a software-development, design-knowledge server. This server functions
as a persistent object base, retaining not only the products of a development effort,
such as the documentation, reports, and code, but also the rationale behind the decisions
within the development process and the domain knowledge that supports the decision.
This provides a continuum of knowledge as reasoning that may be utilized by subsequent
developers, maintenance personnel, and management.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications would derive from the inclusion
of this technology into software developments of government contractors, government
agencies, and commercial groups.

Project Title:

SimTool--An Integrated Graphics and On-Orbit Vehicle Dynamics Simulation Tool

06.06-1625B
SimTool--An Integrated Graphics and On-Orbit Vehicle Dynamics Simulation Tool
LinCom Corporation
1020 Bay Area Blvd., Suite 200
Houston, T

77058
Randall D.
Barnette
(713-488-5700)
JSC

Abstract:

There is a demand for improved graphics capabilities for real-time, vehicle-dynamics
simulation. However, no system exists which integrates the capabilities of a state-of-the-art
graphics interface with a state-of-the-art vehicle simulation tool into a single
engineering and flight operations tool. The innovation, SimTool, will integrate existing
state-of-the-art graphics and vehicle-dynamics simulation architectures via automatic
code generation and integration resulting in an advanced engineering workstation
with applications for real-time flight trainers, human factors research, engineering
analysis, flight planning and operations, and on-board expert systems. SimTool will
allow a user to configure, in a single process, a customized, multiple, active, vehicle
simulation with real-time graphics and high-fidelity dynamics without programming
a single line of source code.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could be in multi-vehicle traffic
control, MIL training and performance, high-fidelity dynamics control and performance,
and on-board expert systems.

Project Title:

A Cognitive Neurocomputer for Mission Planning and Control

06.06-4570
A Cognitive Neurocomputer for Mission Planning and Control
Martingale Research Corp.
100 Allentown Parkway, Suite 211
Allen
TX
75002
Robert L.
Dawes
(214-422-4570)
JSC

Abstract:

This project utilizes a neural network to implement an identification and control
computer for nonlinear dynamical systems. This neurocomputer, called the Parametric
Avalanche, will integrate sensor data from arbitrary arrays of sensors, detect space-time
patterns, and synthesize actuator responses to those patterns consistent with mission
objectives and system survivability. The proposed design implements a generalized
Kalman filter on signals of large dimensionality representing nonlinear dynamical
systems in non-Gaussian noise--a feat which is computationally intractable on the
most powerful non-neuromorphic computers. It is also capable of environmental control
interactions which exhibit the properties of true machine cognition.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This product could be applicable to parallel
signal processing and adaptive problems such as collision avoidance, control of articulated
structures, semi-autonomous vehicle guidance, and industrial process control.

Project Title:

Optical Drum for Space and Ground Applications

06.07-1467
Optical Drum for Space and Ground Applications
Systolic Technology Inc.
883-A North Shoreline Blvd.
Mountain View
CA
94043-1940
John R.
Wilson
(415-962-1467)
ARC

Abstract:

This project seeks to define the design envelope for an optical-drum-storage device
utilizing phase-change optical media. Whereas media development has progressed satisfactorily,
a feasible mechanical design of a drum employing this media remains to be established
and is the goal of Phase I. An engineering model would be constructed in a subsequent
phase. The unique mechanical design proposed for the drum has many benefits, including
stability, compactness, and ruggedness necessary to support use of the device in
either ground-based or spacecraft applications. The proposed configuration will have
a maximum capacity of 53 Gigabytes and an access time below 6 milliseconds. The projected
physical volume of the proposed device is about one cubic foot. This effort is expected
to result in the creation of a new class of high-performance storage devices using
low-cost optical media.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could be for large, temporary storage
buffers with high transfer rates for use with supercomputers, for archival storage
of large quantities of scientific, engineering, and satellite imagery data, and for
large, complex software systems.

Project Title:

A System Library Facility for Parallel Computers

06.07-3200
A System Library Facility for Parallel Computers
Expert-Ease Systems Inc.
1301 Shoreway Road, Suite 420
Belmont
CA
94002
John
O'Reilly
(415-593-3200)
ARC

Abstract:

This innovation addresses the design, development, and implementation of MathCOMMAND,
a set of systems software routines to aid the efficient execution of large-scale
scientific and engineering computations on parallel computers. The goal of this project
is to determine methods of making the raw computing power of parallel computers available
to physicists and engineers. The system software will consist of a library of highly
parallel software routines together with a specialized programming environment tailored
to specific applications domains.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This software could facilitate the use of parallel
computers and may have a wide market in it providing additional computing power to
scientists and engineers.

Project Title:

VME Rollback Hardware Modules for Time-Warp Microprocessor Systems

06.08-4448
VME Rollback Hardware Modules for Time-Warp Microprocessor Systems
Integrated Parallel Technology Inc.
PO Box 908
Campbell
CA
95009
Calvin
Buzzell
(408-866-4448)
JPL

Abstract:

The purpose of this Phase I effort is to develop and demonstrate innovative hardware
to implement specific rollback and timing functions required for efficient queue
management and precision time keeping in multi-processor, discrete-event simulation.
In order to support simulations of large-scale discrete events, the approach will
be to form a breadboard of multiple, custom VME boards, referred to as queueing elements,
and a global virtual time module. A test stand will demonstrate the feasibility of
implementing a rollback, very-low-overhead, state-saving mechanism on integrated,
VME modules for application with a hypercube multi-processor.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Commercial applications could be in the design
of work stations and large-scale simulations.

Project Title:

KBS/DSP Image-Coding System

07.01-5000
KBS/DSP Image-Coding System
Odetics Inc.
1515 S. Manchester Avenue
Anaheim
CA
92805
George B.
Westrom
(714-744-5000)
LaRC

Abstract:

An intelligent, image-coding system for data compression involving a knowledge-based
system (KBS) and digital signal processing (DSP) will have wide application in space,
military surveillance, and commercial systems. This project is specifically directed
at the needs for monitoring micro-gravity experiments where the massive amount of
data generated far exceeds storage and transmission capabilities. The objective is
to combine KBS and DSP technology so as to extract and transmit the important data
in a timely manner. The work conducted will demonstrate feasibility both with an
analysis of specific DSP performance and demonstration of a prototype KBS. A number
of coding methods will be used including loss-less coding, transform coding, and
feature extraction. Phase II would see the development of a KBS/DSP Coding System
which will be used to evaluate Space Station and other application areas.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This work could apply to image communication
systems, factory robotics and processes, and security systems.

Project Title:

Polarimetry-Based, SAR Shape from Shading for Terrain Reconstruction

07.02-0094
Polarimetry-Based, SAR Shape from Shading for Terrain Reconstruction
Vexcel Corporation
2905 Wilderness Place
Boulder
CO
80301
Franz W.
Leberl
(303-444-0094)
GSFC

Abstract:

This project is directed toward the development of algorithms and software which
incorporate polarization data into techniques for terrain reconstruction using shape-from-shading
in multiple-image, synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR), quadpole data. This represents
an innovative approach to the problem of resolving the ambiguities inherent in attributing
the changes in SAR-image shading to either actual changes in terrain slope or to
changes in scattering cross section. This solution will combine complex polarization
data with spatial data to achieve higher resolution terrain reconstruction from SAR
data than can be obtained by radar stereo techniques alone.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could be in high resolution terrain
mapping to support geophysical prospecting.

Project Title:

Adaptive Image Encoding and Classification Using Neural Networks

07.02-1225
Adaptive Image Encoding and Classification Using Neural Networks
Netrologic Inc.
5080 Shoreham Place, Suite 201
San Diego
CA
92122
Richard S.
Cigledy
(619-587-0970)
GSFC

Abstract:

The viability of neural networks is explored for image compression and pattern classification
in an integrated system. This new approach to image compression that has several
advantages over standard approaches. So far, research indicates that neural networks
are comparable to standard techniques for the task of image compression. A three-layer,
back-propagation network with essentially no tuning has demonstrated levels of compression
on the order of 1 bit per pixel (bpp). This project will attempt to achieve compression
rates below 1 bpp and investigate its usefulness in NASA applications. If the algorithm
can be embedded in hardware, the potential advantages for space-based applications
are a compression device that adapts to the current environmental and hardware conditions,
operates in real time with reduced sensitivity to channel errors, and is a reconfigurable
pattern classifier that can be trained in situ.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  An adaptive image processor could be applied
in medical pattern recognition devices for such uses as detecting tumors in chest
radiographs and counting blood cells in blood samples.

Project Title:

A Neural Network Approach for Unsupervised Image Classification

07.02-3503
A Neural Network Approach for Unsupervised Image Classification
Multisignal Technology Corp.
4662 Katella Avenue, Suite J
Los Alamitos
CA
90720
Thinh V.
Nguyen
(213-431-3503)
SSC

Abstract:

Unsupervised image classification and clustering could benefit remote sensing of
earth resources and land use and landing site analysis in  space exploration. This
Phase I project investigates this opportunity using neural network technology. The
objectives include the development of feature extraction techniques, neural network
learning and clustering procedures, and proof-of-concept simulation. The image features
are first extracted to become the input patterns to the neural network. The learning
procedure is iterative and based on the back-propagation paradigm. The clustering
process is carried out by merging regions based on a minimum error criterion. The
classifier and the learning algorithms developed in this Phase I will be used for
many image-analysis tasks especially in image clustering and segmentation. The Phase
II efforts will be more comprehensive and thorough including the development of algorithms
to utilize multi-spectral and spatial image contents, the design of a generic neural
network classifier, and the construction of a complete image analyzer.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The results of this project could apply to scene
analysis and target recognition and tracking for military operations and to localization
and identification of parts in industrial robotics.

Project Title:

Statistical Tools for Spatial Processes

07.03-8707
Statistical Tools for Spatial Processes
Statistical Sciences Inc.
PO Box 85625
Seattle
WA
98145-1625
Stephen P.
Kaluzny
(206-322-8707)
SSC

Abstract:

During the last few years there has emerged a clear perception of the pervasive importance
of spatial statistics throughout many scientific and engineering fields having considerable
national interest. For example, spatial statistics play a crucial role in such diverse
fields as remote sensing, image processing, mining, multiple target detection and
tracking, etc. At the same time, many of the major contributions to the foundations
of spatial statistics have been made outside the U.S. This project focuses on three
specific topics within the field of spatial statistics: modeling and estimating spatio-temporal
stochastic processes; jackknifing and bootstrapping; and smoothing spatial data and
computing linear parts of two-dimensional, robust smoothers. In addition, the methodologies
will be embedded into the interactive statistical language and system, S-PLUS. Initial
studies will be carried out on the development of powerful, graphical display techniques
for analyzing spatial processes in the S-PLUS environment.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Projected uses are in automatic tracking, inspection
and identification, surveillance, remote sensing, and medical imaging.

Project Title:

A Natural Language Interface to a Geographical Information System

07.04-1225
A Natural Language Interface to a Geographical Information System
Netrologic Inc.
5080 Shoreham Place, Suite 201
San Diego
CA
92122
Rachel
Adar
(619-587-0970)
SSC

Abstract:

Phase I will develop a preliminary design of a natural language interface to a geographical
information system (GIS). The design will be based on state-of-the-art, artificial
intelligence, natural language, and dialogue modeling. Phase I will study of a number
of different GISs and their users by focusing on the relation, if any, between a
requisite natural language interface and the underlying architecture of a GIS and
by surveying the functionalities of the systems to determine an appropriate knowledge
base which the natural language interface will span. The natural language interface
work will also focus on establishing clear delineations between the inferencing to
be handled by the language module and that to be left in the hands of an underlying
GIS. Architectural decisions for the natural language module and its interface to
the GIS will be included in the design. The language module will also include a dialogue
system for extended human-machine problem solving using a GIS. Most of the details
of the dialogue system and any implementation will be left for Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A natural language interface could apply, with
minor modification, to a number of geographical information systems.

Project Title:

A Multichannel, Acoustic-Optic Bragg Cell RF Spectrum Analyzer System

07.05-0300
A Multichannel, Acoustic-Optic Bragg Cell RF Spectrum Analyzer System
Newport Electro-Optics System Inc.
4451-B Enterprise Court
Melbourne
FL
32935
Eddie
Young
(407-254-0300)
GSFC

Abstract:

A multichannel, acousto-optic, Bragg cell spectrum analyzer offers a solution to
the processing of wide-bandwidth RF spectral information. Acousto-optic spectrum
analyzers are used in military EW and elint applications. The extension of this technology
to a two-dimensional, N-channel, Bragg cell processor gives an N-fold increase in
bandwidth capability, which is necessary for NASA's application. The objectives of
this project are to demonstrate the multichannel, acousto-optic, Bragg cell spectrum
analyzer concept and demonstrate the long integration time required for NASA's applications.
Once this system is successfully demonstrated, it is possible to address other NASA
ground and space-borne applications that can utilize this acousto-optic spectrum
analyzer system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The outgrowth of this technology could be applicable
to optical computing and image processing.

Project Title:

Fiber-Optic Interconnection Networks for Spacecraft

07.05-4429
Fiber-Optic Interconnection Networks for Spacecraft
Optivision Inc.
744 San Antonio Road, Suite 10
Palo Alto
CA
94303
Antonio R.
Dias
(415-852-9931)
GSFC

Abstract:

Fiber-optic devices have great advantages in reducing weight, size, power requirements,
and electromagnetic interference effects when used to interconnect sensors, processing
modules, and communication, control, and storage devices in spacecraft or space platforms.
Optical fiber systems can integrate these devices in a flexible, dynamic network
which can operate in vacuum and a high-radiation environment with a signal bandwidth
exceeding 1 GHz. This project investigates several optical fiber network concepts,
ranging from point-to-point signal distribution networks and processor bus extenders
implemented with optical fibers to a fiber-bus network using an all-optical crossbar
switch as the center hub interconnecting many processors and devices. The crossbar
switch is capable of 5 microsecond reconfiguration time, wide bandwidth (>1 GHz),
and the transmission of either analog or digital data. The Phase I study will consider
network architectures, multiplexing hardware and formats, protocols, switching and
reconfiguration requirements, and interfacing to sensors and signal processing devices
in present and future spacecraft and space platforms.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Optical fiber networks could be applied in military
aircraft for fusion of imaging radar, tracking, sensor data; in medical image data
collection and distribution; and for local and wide-area networks for image processing.

Project Title:

An Interactive Algorithm Design Tool for Embedded Multiprocessor Systems

07.06-0040
An Interactive Algorithm Design Tool for Embedded Multiprocessor Systems
Advanced System Technologies
5113 Leesburg Pike, Suite 514
Falls Church
VA
22041
Duane R.
Ball
(703-845-0040)
LaRC

Abstract:

This project addresses an interactive algorithm design tool for embedded multiprocessor
systems. Designers will specify algorithm structure as a directed graph of interconnected
nodes. The tool automatically partitions these graphs into tasks and then assigns
these tasks to processors in an optimal manner based on the target multiprocessor
system characteristics. The optimized tasks will be translated into an Ada template
to support algorithm implementation on a target multiprocessor system. The innovation
in this project is the unique combination and integration of graphics, optimization,
algorithm evaluation, and code generation technologies which decouple algorithm functionality
and computational complexity issues from implementation level performance decisions.
By automating much of the design process, producing optimal graphs, and ensuring
that the code is traceable to the design, the software development process will be
less costly, more timely, and more reliable. In order to show technical feasibility,
this project has three technical objectives which are: to develop a graphical algorithm
specification language, to devise a technique to generate target optimal implementations
of parallel algorithms, and to design an automatic technique to translate optimized
graphs into Ada code templates.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Principal beneficiaries of this work will be
agencies and industries which have requirements for high performance, fault tolerant,
embedded systems.

Project Title:

Magnetic Spindle Bearing for an Optical-Disk Buffer

07.06-0540
Magnetic Spindle Bearing for an Optical-Disk Buffer
SatCon Technology Corp.
71 Rogers Street
Cambridge
MA
02142
Richard L.
Hockney
(617-661-8942)
LaRC

Abstract:

The advent of optical-disk recording technology has made possible a family of high-data-rate,
high-capability memory devices. Bearings are an enabling technology area; that is,
improvements are required to allow these systems to be utilized in space applications.
Air bearings, utilized in ground-based systems, are impractical in space. Experience
with rolling element bearings has been limited and unsatisfactory. With proper development,
magnetic bearings represent an ideal candidate for the rotating spindle of these
devices. They combine low noise, excellent positioning accuracy, with zero wear and
no lubrication requirement. The project will examine the feasibility of developing
magnetic bearings for the spindle of a high-performance, optical-disk buffer. The
effort will include definition of the magnetic bearing specifications, design of
the actuator configuration, determination of the controller characteristics, design
of the position sensor, and definition of the electronic circuitry requirements.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This technology could pertain to a wide range
of high-performance commercial applications including optical-disk buffers.

Project Title:

Intelligent Information Management with Xy Imaging

07.09-3221
Intelligent Information Management with Xy Imaging
Spectrum Management Group Inc.
12500 San Pedro Avenue, #445
San Antonio
TX
78216
Michael R.
Thomas
(512-496-3221)
JPL

Abstract:

This project has the purpose of developing an innovative data structure that has
the ability to capture, store, and retrieve information based on it semantic content.
This should be possible through the use of a newly developed technique called "Xy-imaging".
Based on mathematical transforms, this technique captures the content of information
items in a multi-dimensional, phase-space image. In contrast, existing data structures
allow only for the storage and retrieval of data based on the address of the data.
The innovation considered in this project allows users to store information by providing
data in any format and retrieving it in the same fashion, that is, without knowing
the address of the data. With such a capability as this, textual and graphical data
can be stored and manipulated from individual systems or a broad network of data
bases and computers into meaningful information units. In addition, by its nature,
this technique can provide an extremely user-friendly and intuitive man-machine interface.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This project could lead to a new class of software
products for addressing multimedia information based on semantic meaning rather than
a string of characters.

Project Title:

An Extensible Shell for Information Access in Heterogeneous Environments

07.10-4651
An Extensible Shell for Information Access in Heterogeneous Environments
HSA Inc.
3806 Springhill Lane
Sugar Land
TX
77479
Poonam
Salona
(713-980-4651)
GSFC

Abstract:

The innovation described here is the development of a software tool, InfoShell, that
addresses the problem of assisting users to locate and access multimedia information
resident in heterogeneous, distributed environments. InfoShell embodies a novel approach
which merges the state-of-the-art in user interface technology with proven concepts
of the library paradigm to provide an icon-driven, integrated, extensible, user-friendly,
and portable front-end for information access.
In Phase I, a detailed design of the InfoShell software will be developed. The applicability
and merit of the software tool will be demonstrated by developing a prototype. The
thrust of Phase II will be the implementation of the InfoShell design developed in
Phase I and its integration with NASA's Distributed Access View Integrated Database
(DAVID) system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  InfoShell could become a necessity for dissemination
of large amounts of
nformation or information fragmented in heterogeneous distributed environments to
a diverse user community. 

Project Title:

Heterostructure Infrared Detectors for Use at Wavelengths Longer than 14 Microns

08.01-0888
Heterostructure Infrared Detectors for Use at Wavelengths Longer than 14 Microns
Microtonics Associates Inc.
4516 Henry Street, Suite 403
Pittsburgh
PA
15213-3728
Darryl D.
Coon
(412-681-0888)
JPL

Abstract:

Heterostructure, infrared detectors (super-lattice devices operating in the photovoltaic
mode) are proposed for use at wavelengths greater than 14 microns and operating temperatures
between 40 K and 80 K. Since these detectors rely on intraband transitions, they
can use wide-band-gap materials which pose fewer problems than intrinsic, narrow-band-gap
materials such as HgCdTe. The heterostructure approach permits the parameters controlling
detector response and operating temperature to be continuously adjusted and optimized
in a way which is not possible with extrinsic detectors.
Phase I will model and calculate responsivity, dark current, noise, and detectivity
as functions of the heterostructure device parameters. Trade-offs between operating
temperature and useful detector response will be analyzed. In Phase II, prototype
AlGaAs/GaAs devices and arrays will be fabricated using molecular-beam epitaxy and
then tested. Test data will be compared with the results of Phase I analyses. 

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A Phase II subcontract with the Westinghouse
Company could facilitate the use of the products of this project into imaging and
image processing systems.

Project Title:

High-Gain Avalanche Photodiode Arrays for Long-Wavelength Applications

08.01-1188
High-Gain Avalanche Photodiode Arrays for Long-Wavelength Applications
Epitaxx Inc.
3490 US Route One
Princeton
NJ
08540
Gregory H.
Olsen
(609-452-1188)
JPL

Abstract:

This project aims to develop high-performance arrays of indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs)
avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for fiber-optic remote sensing and spectroscopy in the
1.0 -1.7 micron spectral band. Its goal is to increase array sensitivity a factor
of ten over conventional pin detectors. The innovation combines a novel doping and
thickness profiling technique with modifications to the vapor-phase epitaxy, crystal-growth
system to provide unprecedented uniformity in thickness and doping, two parameters
which dramatically affect APD performance. The APD structure chosen is a simple,
planar, floating guard-ring structure recently demonstrated by the company to operate
at room temperature.
In Phase I, InP/InGaAs layers will be grown and their doping-thickness profiles measured
by non-destructive means.  The plan is to fabricate 60 m diameter APD devices and
correlate the profiles with yield. Plans for Phase II include development of a ten-element
linear APD array with associated read-out schemes and control circuits having a gain
of ten and a NEP (noise equivalent power) below 10-13 Watts per Hertz at room temperature.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications
include astronomy, remote sensing, satellite imaging, spectroscopy, and photoluminescence.

Project Title:

Silicon Bolometer Arrays for Helium-3 Detector System

08.01-7074
Silicon Bolometer Arrays for Helium-3 Detector System
Infrared Laboratories Inc.
1808 E. 17th Street
Tucson
AZ
85719
W. M.
Poteet
(602-622-7074)
JPL

Abstract:

This project investigates the feasibility of fabricating building blocks for large-scale,
cryogenic, infrared, bolometer arrays for remote sensing for planetary exploration
and earth observations. Silicon bolometer arrays offer the possibility of substantial
improvements in performance over other IR detectors for many background levels in
the wavelength range of 2.5 to 500 micrometers. Successful operation, however, requires
that each pixel be thermally isolated. The approach will be to develop techniques
for fabricating modular, linear arrays of eight detectors which can then be stacked
to form eight-by-eight arrays or joined into linear arrays of 64 or more detectors.
Multiplexers and cold amplifiers for array read-out as well as warm electronics will
be designed. Feasibility demonstration testing will use the eight-element bolometer
array.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could include sensing in the thermal-infrared
region for chemical spectroscopy and medical imaging.

Project Title:

Improved Cavity Radiometer for Radiance Measurements

08.02-1020
Improved Cavity Radiometer for Radiance Measurements
The Eppley Laboratory Inc.
12 Sheffield Avenue
Newport
RI
02840
John R.
Hickey
(401-847-1020)
GSFC

Abstract:

This project seeks improvement of self-calibrating, thermopile-based, cavity radiometers
for use in radiance measurements from earth-viewing satellite instruments. The primary
thrust is to improve the response of the device and minimize possible thermal offset
signals within the sensor. The approach involves redesign of the thermal impedance
of the thermopile element and optimization of the plating technique for the junctions.
In addition, the effects of reducing the thermal transients in the heat sink and
the baffle-aperture assembly to a minimum will be studied. The design will consider
allowing the sensors to be employed in a contiguous array for use in a non-scanning
earth radiance instrument.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A self-calibrating radiation detector for the
infrared and visible regions could complement the firm's present line of precision
radiation instruments supplied to worldwide markets.

Project Title:

Rain-Rate Instrument for Deployment at Sea

08.02-1982
Rain-Rate Instrument for Deployment at Sea
FWG Associates Inc.
217 Lakewood Drive
Tullahoma
TN
37388
Shad
Arman
(615-455-1982)
MSFC

Abstract:

Effective prediction of global phenomena requires detailed knowledge of temperatures,
rainfall rates, and particle size distributions. To gain an understanding of the
effects of tropical latent heating on global atmospheric circulation, satellite measurements
of tropical precipitation patterns have been proposed using sensitive, sophisticated,
infrared and microwave systems. To obtain surface truth data at sea, instruments
must be flown aloft in order to reduce ship interference, sea spray contamination
of data, etc. No single commercially available device can meet all the needs for
at-sea rainfall measurements. The innovation is to monitor particle sizes through
the use of multiple instruments such that the merging of data from the instruments
is statistically tractable. This project will investigate an optical sizing technique,
fiber-optics data transfer, and data reduction algorithms which can be combined into
a highly portable instrument for measuring a broad, particle-size spectrum and rainfall
rates while carried aloft by a remote, tethered vehicle.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could occur in testing aircraft
for meteorological effects.

Project Title:

Diode-Pumped Laser Altimeter

08.02-2299
Diode-Pumped Laser Altimeter
Schwartz Electro-Optics
45 Winthrop Street
Concord
MA
01742
Peter F.
Moulton
(508-371-2299)
GSFC

Abstract:

Diode-pumped, solid-state lasers are compact, relatively efficient, long-lifetime
sources of coherent radiation and are well-suited to a number of NASA space-based,
active remote-sensing systems. This innovation combines the use of a diode-array-pumped
neodymium (Nd) laser with pulse-transmission-mode, Q-switching to generate the one-nanosecond-duration
pulses required for one particular sensing application, high-precision laser altimetry.
This combination has, to our knowledge, not yet been implemented in diode-pumped
lasers but is more favorable for nanosecond pulse generation than more conventional
Q-switching techniques. Also, the overall efficiency of transverse-pumped, single-transverse-mode
Nd lasers will be improved over current levels by the use of innovative pumping and
laser-cavity geometries. Improvements in efficiency and consequent reduction in both
electrical power consumption and heat generation are of major importance in space-based
systems and other remote-sensing applications.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Uses could occur in high-reliability, compact
optical range-finders exhibiting long lifetime and high range-resolution.

Project Title:

A Compact Optical Rain Droplet Distrometer for Unattended Field Operation

08.02-6070
A Compact Optical Rain Droplet Distrometer for Unattended Field Operation
Scientific Technology Inc.
2 Research Place
Rockville
MD
20850
Ting-I
Wang
(301-948-6070)
GSFC

Abstract:

Data on precipitation parameters are critically needed for global-scale climate monitoring.
The major source of data will be estimates of rainfall amount derived from geostationary
satellite observations. Since these are indirect measurements, validation through
ground-based measurements is required. This project concerns development of an instrument
for in-situ measurements of instantaneous droplet size distributions and rain rates
using optical scintillations. The instrument will be compact and permit unattended
weather observations.
In Phase I, the firm will conduct a theoretical and empirical study to obtain the
optimum design parameters for a prototype sensor. The design will address the important
engineering and operational issues and will contain sufficient detail to make an
assessment of the resources required for Phase II development.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A compact instrument for unattended field operation
could have domestic and international commercial applications for obtaining rain
data.

Project Title:

Multi-Spectral High Resolution Remote Sensor

08.03-0204
Multi-Spectral High Resolution Remote Sensor
SSG Inc.
150 Bear Hill Road
Waltham
MA
02154
Harold A.
Graham
(617-890-0204)
SSC

Abstract:

This Phase I project will study the requirements, conceptual design, and cost trade-offs
and then demonstrate optics feasibility for a multi-spectral, high-resolution, low-cost
remote sensor capable of a real-time display. In order to achieve a low cost design,
the sensor uses production components. The optics system is a high-quality, all-reflective
system to provide broad wavelength coverage and high resolution. It uses multi-element
arrays of cryogenically cooled IR detectors for high sensitivity and high speed response.
The system will be sized for a variety of platforms, e.g., light aircraft or balloons.
Optical performance will be demonstrated by a breadboard. The output of the sensor
will be calibrated on a frame by frame basis by reference to a blackbody emitter.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The product could be applied for pollution monitoring,
energy conservation, oceanography, and mineral exploration.

Project Title:

Improved Pulsed-Discharge TE Laser

08.04-2206
Improved Pulsed-Discharge TE Laser
QSource, Inc.
151 Deercliff Road
Avon
CT
06001
Peter P.
Chenausky
(203-677-2206)
MSFC

Abstract:

A sensor system such as NASA's LAWS system could be improved if CO2 laser transmitters
could provide the required pulse widths and output energies. The innovation simplifies
a pulsed, transverse electric (TE) discharge, CO2 laser transmitter by eliminating
pre-ionization electrodes and the high-power switch in the main discharge circuit.
These features allow for arc-free operation up to pulse-repetition-frequencies of
several hundred hertz in a completely sealed, non-recirculating, non-catalyzed medium.
Phase I will extend testing of an existing laser having an active medium of 1x1x17
cc to a pressure of 375 torr, an input energy of 0.25 joule, and an output efficiency
10%. Phase II would extend testing to another existing TE laser (1.5x1.5x155 cc active-medium)
to 3.8 joules per pulse, 15% efficiency, and sealed, non-recirculating repetition
rate of 10 hz. A future version could contain fewer than six intra-vacuum components,
and have an operating lifetime of years.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The innovation could apply to all pulsed, TE
discharge lasers for use in marking, scribing, cutting, medicine, remote sensing,
and numerous scientific applications.

Project Title:

Auto-Aligned Fourier Transform Ultraviolet Spectrometer

08.05-7670
Auto-Aligned Fourier Transform Ultraviolet Spectrometer
Optra Inc.
66 Cherry Hill Drive
Beverly
MA
01915
Geert
Wyntjes
(508-535-7670)
JPL

Abstract:

The purpose of this project is the demonstration of a technique to stabilize actively
the optical alignment of a Michelson interferometer spectrometer for operation in
the ultraviolet region. The technique involves the application of a metrology system
based upon a two-frequency laser to measure and generate feedback signals for active
control of the interferometer mirror. The project will proceed in two phases. The
first phase involves the demonstration of the ability of the proposed technique to
maintain interferometer alignment for path lengths consistent with 0.25 wave-number
resolution at 300 nanometers using the commercially available OPTRALITE two-frequency
laser develop by the firm. The second phase would replace the two-frequency gas laser
with a chirped diode laser to provide essentially the same reference signals that
are available with the gas laser.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The robust, inexpensive device that may result
from this project could be deployed in the field for scientific investigations and
in commercial applications of spectrometry.

Project Title:

Short Wavelength AlGaAs Diode Lasers

08.06-3409
Short Wavelength AlGaAs Diode Lasers
Northeast Semiconductor Inc.
95 Brown Road, #141
Ithaca
NY
14850
Colin E. C.
Wood
(607-257-8827)
GSFC

Abstract:

This project investigates the fabrication of efficient, semiconductor, diode lasers
which operate at wavelengths from 680 nm to 790 nm. These lasers will be constructed
from AlGaAs quantum wells grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). A special 850-nm,
quantum-well-laser, superlattice structure developed by this company for growth by
MBE will be adapted for shorter wavelength operation. Also, new structures will be
developed for laser wavelengths as short as 680 nm. The laser structures will be
optimized to obtain low-threshold, high-efficiency operation. Attention will be given
to reproducibility of specific wavelengths within the above wavelength range.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Diode lasers in the 680 - 790 nm range could
be employed in a wide range of consumer products including high density optical disks,
laser printers, and bar code readers.

Project Title:

Tunable, Single-Frequency, Solid-State Laser Transmitter

08.07-0755
Tunable, Single-Frequency, Solid-State Laser Transmitter
Lightwave Electronics Corp.
1161 San Antonio Road
Mountain View
CA
94043
Richard W.
Wallace
(415-962-0755)
LaRC

Abstract:

The recent demonstration at Stanford University of nonlinear conversion efficiencies
greater than 50% using a continuous-wave (cw), single-frequency laser encourages
a fresh look at optical parametric oscillators. Two key breakthroughs contributed
to these significant results: the development of a single-frequency, diode-pumped,
solid-state laser and the development of nonlinear crystals having very good optical
quality. The single-frequency laser and the low-loss crystal make it straightforward
to use the technique of external resonant enhancement to obtain high conversion efficiencies
even at very low cw power levels. The innovation is to apply these external, resonant-enhancement
techniques in an all-solid-state, single-frequency, tunable laser source.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications range from LIDAR and spectroscopy
studies to color-multiplexed, high-capacity communication systems.

Project Title:

2.1 Micrometer Lidar Detector

08.07-6000
2.1 Micrometer Lidar Detector
Spire Corporation
Patriots Park
Bedford
MA
01730
Kurt J.
Linden
(617-275-6000)
LaRC

Abstract:

This project addresses a photovoltaic LIDAR detector with a spectral response peak
in the 2.1 m spectral region needed to match the emission from high performance Ho:YAG
solid-state lasers. Two semiconductor materials are promising for yielding high performance
2.1 m photovoltaic detectors: HgCdTe and InGaAs. The former material is extremely
difficult to work with and very expensive. The latter is metallurgically better behaved,
is in wide use in the 1.3 and 1.55 m spectral regions, and can be made to have a
spectral response peak at 2.1 m.
InGaAs, prepared in one step by the metallo-organic CVD growth process, holds the
promise of leading to low-cost, high performance photodiodes with a 2.1 m spectral
peak. The proposed work is compatible with present, in-house programs for growing
InP-based materials.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  LIDARs that could be carried on aircraft would
allow real-time monitoring of atmospheric turbulence, wind-shear, and micro-bursts
over the three-mile range required to assure safe landings. The market for such systems
numbers tens of thousands, worldwide.

Project Title:

SIS Detector in the 100-Micron-Wavelength Region Fabricated with a Thin Film Superconductor

08.07-7067D
SIS Detector in the 100-Micron-Wavelength Region Fabricated with a Thin Film Superconductor
Excel Technology Inc.
140-20 Keyland Court
Bohemia
NY
11716
Rama
Rao
(516-563-7067)
LaRC

Abstract:

This project examines the feasibility of an SIS detector (Josephson junction) for
the 100-micron-wavelength region based on the Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O superconductor with a
transition temperature of 110 K. The use of this material eliminates the need for
rare earth elements to achieve superconductivity. Bulk samples of BCSCO will be prepared
by the solid-state reaction method. Then, superconducting films of 3-5 micron thickness
will be deposited on a suitable substrate (MgO) by the laser-induced deposition technique.
To form the Josephson junction, a part of the substrate surface will be ground down
or etched to form a groove of about 5 microns deep prior to the deposition. Detector
responsiveness and minimum detectable power level will be determined using a modulated,
black-body source. The responsivity of the proposed SIS detector is estimated to
be 104 V/W, which is several orders (4-5) of magnitude higher than the presently
available detectors. Response time of the detector will be investigated in Phase
II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could be in the area of far-infrared
spectrometry, astronomy, radiometry, night vision, and communications.

Project Title:

Feasibility of Modifying a Thermal Scanner to Measure Lava Flow Characteristics

08.08-5649A
Feasibility of Modifying a Thermal Scanner to Measure Lava Flow Characteristics
Daedalus Enterprises Inc.
PO Box 1869
Ann Arbor
MI
48106
James P.
Lehotsky
(313-769-5649)
JPL
- NAS7-1054
This project will investigate the modification of the existing Thermal Infrared Multispectral
Scanner (TIMS) to measure lava flow characteristics. It addresses a critical need
for an instrument to make accurate measurements from aircraft of the temperature
of the surface of lava flows to support the NASA Geology Program in the study of
the composition and dynamics of high-temperature lava flows. The activity involves
the analysis of several spectrometer and scan-head modifications which could be implemented
using TIMS optical components. In addition, the project will examine the signal processing
electronics for changes required to improve the dynamic range of the system. Alternative
designs will be evaluated for their compatibility with the existing system. Successful
completion of this project will result in an instrument capable of making temperature
measurements of hot surfaces with the option of conversion to the standard TIMS configuration
with improved dynamic range.

Abstract:

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The instrument could be used in research and
operations dealing with wild fires.

Project Title:

Tunable BBO and AgGaSe2 Optical Parametric Oscillator System

08.08-6100
Tunable BBO and AgGaSe2 Optical Parametric Oscillator System
Cleveland Crystals Inc.
19306 Redwood Avenue
Cleveland
OH
44110
Gary C.
Catella
(216-461-1384)
JPL

Abstract:

In order to provide efficient, tunable, broad-band sources of coherent radiation,
this project will investigate the feasibility of compact, solid-state optical parametric
oscillators (OPOs) using BBO and AgGaSe2 with a common laser pump to cover the wavelength
region from 0.19 to 11. A Nd:YAG laser operating at 1.064 is the best common pump.
The fourth harmonic of this line will pump the BBO OPO. A parametrically doubled
wave length will serve for the AgGaSe2 OPO. The Phase I effort will determine the
basic performance of these OPOs and measure the efficiency of the pump and the three-wave
mixing steps necessary in the use of a common laser pump. The generation of short
and long wavelength pumping will be optimized, and a system using a common laser
pump and dual OPOs will be demonstrated in the laboratory. Overall system efficiency
will be calculated and compared with experimental data.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could include spectro-photometry,
nonlinear spectroscopy, wavelength-selective surgery, materials processing, laser
photochemistry, and optical communications.

Project Title:

Towable Advanced Bio-Optical Sensor System

08.09-1315
Towable Advanced Bio-Optical Sensor System
Biospherical Instruments Inc.
4901 Morena Blvd., Suite 1003
San Diego
CA
92117
Charles R.
Booth
(619-270-1315)
JPL

Abstract:

This project addresses the need for cost-effective instrumentation to obtain data
at the surface for validation of future ocean-color sensors such as the pending SeaWiFS
satellite and planned MODIS and HIRIS high-resolution scanning sensors. The approach
couples optical fibers with the technology of high-resolution spectrometers to yield
small optical sensor head that can deployed in various modes including being towed
behind ships. The innovation has two parts: a deployable, passive, optical-fiber
collector assembly to bring the signals to a detector on ship-board and a modern
array spectrometer with a spectral resolution comparable to the anticipated EOS-based
remote sensing systems of the 1990s.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This instrument could be applied for global studies,
activities related to anti-submarine warfare, and commercial fisheries.

Project Title:

Ion Mobility Sensing of Extraterrestrial Volatiles from Gas Chromatography

08.10-0507
Ion Mobility Sensing of Extraterrestrial Volatiles from Gas Chromatography
PCP, Inc.
2155 Indian Road
West Palm Beach
FL
33409
R. F.
Wernlund
(407-683-0507)
ARC

Abstract:

The goal of this project is a miniature, specialized, flight-qualified, ion mobility
spectrometer (IMS) to identify and quantify organic volatile effluents from a gas
chromatograph (GC) at concentrations of 10-14 moles per second.
In Phase I, a combined IMS and quadrapole mass spectrometer will be modeled to determine
optimum structural parameters. Alternate ion sources, including alpha and beta emitters,
ultraviolet lamps, and corona discharge will be considered. A demonstration of an
IMS feasibility model using a laboratory GC will be made. The Phase I report will
contain preliminary design recommendations for the flight-qualified IMS sensor. In
Phase II, the IMS design will be perfected for optimum performance, a prototype built
and tested, and a few units delivered. Concurrently, a data base will be prepared
for selected gas chemistry and pertinent volatile compounds.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Products of this work could be a pocket-sized,
personal IMS sensor of toxic organic volatiles and, in combination with a portable
GC, a monitor for environmental and industrial volatile matter.

Project Title:

AOTF Enhancements for Space-Based Spectro-Polarimeter

08.11-5435A
AOTF Enhancements for Space-Based Spectro-Polarimeter
AOTF Technology Inc.
540 Weddell Drive, Suite 6
Sunnyvale
CA
94089
Patrick
Katzka
(408-734-5435)
JPL

Abstract:

The objective of this program is to develop technology for a space-borne imaging
spectropolarimeter utilizing acoustic-optic tunable filters (AOTFs). The major significant
innovation of this proposed program is to develop an observational scheme to return
high quality I, Q and U Stokes parameters utilizing the performance advantages of
AOTFs. 
Specific innovations include: extended AOTF spectral coverage with a minimum of devices;
development of innovative transducer and/or AOTF designs to provide flexible choices
of passband shape and positions; and the use of new materials to develop AOTFs and
polarizers capable of efficient operation to 2000 angstroms, where performance has
been limited the development of AOTF-specific optical designs. In addition to device
innovations, novel data reduction and compression techniques will be addressed.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Uses could occur in geological, oceanographic,
and agricultural fields and for survey of resources.

Project Title:

Joule-Thomson Cryo-Refrigerator for Spacecraft Sensors and Stored Cryogens

08.12-1856
Joule-Thomson Cryo-Refrigerator for Spacecraft Sensors and Stored Cryogens
General Pneumatics Corporation 
7662 E. Gray Road, Suite 107
Scottsdale
AZ
85260
Ernest E.
Atkins
(602-998-1856)
ARC

Abstract:

A long-life, high-reliability helium liquefier for providing cryogenic refrigeration
to spaceborne instrumentation and cryogenic storage dewars will be developed. The
proposed cryo-refrigerator is a triple-fluid, cascaded Joule-Thomson (J-T) system
which uses argon, neon, and helium as the working fluids. The system incorporates
major innovations in sealed, high-pressure compressor design, non-clogging, temperature-regulated
J-T cryostats, an intermediate valveless expander to increase liquefaction yield,
and the use of neon to avoid the safety problems of hydrogen use. The component improvements
derived will be generally applicable to other J-T cryo-refrigeration systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The subject cryocooler could be applied in numerous
research, medical, and commercial applications such as infrared sensors, magnetic
resonance imagers, superconductors, and materials research. It would also make possible
practical, safe, on-site helium reliquefaction.

Project Title:

A Thermally Effective Regenerator for Low-Temperature Cryocoolers

08.12-3800
A Thermally Effective Regenerator for Low-Temperature Cryocoolers
Creare Inc.
PO Box 71
Hanover
NH
03755
W. Dodd
Stacy
(603-643-3800)
JPL

Abstract:

Small Stirling cryocoolers are limited in the attainment of very low temperatures
by the adverse trend in the ratio of volumetric heat capacity between gaseous helium
and regenerator matrix materials below about 40 K. The proposed concept for a thermally
effective regenerator overcomes this limitation by providing a dynamic helium matrix.
The objective of the Phase I project is to demonstrate experimentally the relative
thermal storage effectiveness of this regenerator configuration and a more conventional
regenerator between 4.2 K and 77 K. The effort includes design, fabrication and testing
of an innovative regenerator over a range of mass flows, pressures, and operating
frequencies.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Small Stirling cryocoolers (2-4 K temperature)
could support the operation of various superconducting devices useful in communication,
medicine, laboratory research, and small-scale condensing of helium for laboratory
use.

Project Title:

GaAs Analog Preprocessing Electronics for Infrared Astronomical Applications

08.12-5925
GaAs Analog Preprocessing Electronics for Infrared Astronomical Applications
Top-Vu Technology
2650 - 14th Street N.W.
New Brighton
MN
55112
Ngoc-Chi N.
Vu
(612-633-5952)
ARC

Abstract:

Gallium arsenide analog preprocessing electronics (GAPE) are proposed for spaceborne
infrared astronomical telescope projects. Linear GaAs integrated circuits will be
used for detector readout and signal conditioning/processing in order to provide
reliable operation at cryogenic temperatures with regard to freeze-out and radiation
hardness. The success of the GAPE concept will improve the performance of spaceborne
IR telescopes at cryogenic temperatures.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A chip-based GAPE system could serve in high-performance
infrared data acquisition systems and high-speed signal processors in the industry.

Project Title:

Composite High Tc Superconducting Bolometer

08.13-2681
Composite High Tc Superconducting Bolometer
Advanced Technology Materials Inc.
520-B Danbury Road
New Milford
CT
06776
Charles P. Beetz,
Jr.
(203-355-2681)
GSFC

Abstract:

Present detector technology for the submillimeter wave region consists of low-sensitivity,
room-temperature detectors and high-sensitivity, low-temperature detectors. While
the latter detectors have low noise, they are inconvenient to use because they operate
at temperatures less than 1.5 K. The use of high-Tc, superconducting thin films and
low-thermal-mass, low-refractive-index diamond films now makes it possible to construct
a composite bolometer operating in the temperature range 95-125 K with a potential
NEP of about 10-13 W/Hz1/2. The purpose of Phase I is to demonstrate that high-Tc,
superconducting thin films can be deposited on diamond films and that a narrow superconducting
transition can be obtained. Phase II will develop a prototype composite bolometer
for evaluation as a submillimeter wave detector.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The project could lead to the commercialization
of high temperature superconducting bolometer infrared detectors.

Project Title:

Cryogenically-Cooled InSb JFET

08.13-3666
Cryogenically-Cooled InSb JFET
Electro-Optek Corporation
3152 Kashiwa Street
Torrance
CA
90505
William S.
Chan
(213-534-3666)
GSFC

Abstract:

Many microelectronic circuits used in high-performance infrared systems are required
to operate at cryogenic temperatures and be low noise at the same time. For these
applications, this project investigates a new and innovative technology for InSb
junction-field-effect transistor (JFET) devices and circuits. It is based on molecular
beam epitaxy (MBE) of InSb layers on InSb and sapphire substrates. The n- and p-layers
can be made by in-situ doping; thus, the JFET structure can be fabricated readily
by MBE. The resultant InSb JFET devices can be operated at a temperature below 2
K and are capable of extremely low noise (under a nanovolt per Hz1/2), two highly
desirable characteristics for electronics for infrared (IR) sensors in the long wavelength
IR (LWIR) spectral region. The aim of Phase I is to establish the low-temperature
model for InSb JFETs and to define the MBE processes and requirements to fabricate
the multiple layer structure.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could arise in low-noise microcircuits
for high-density and high-speed microelectronics.

Project Title:

Manufacturing Large-Area, High-Gain Microchannel Plates

08.13-5411
Manufacturing Large-Area, High-Gain Microchannel Plates
Detector Technology Inc.
PO Box K-300
Brookfield
MA
01506
Thomas J.
Loretz
(508-867-5411)
GSFC

Abstract:

A prototype of a revolutionary new instrument design has been developed as a manufacturing
means for both large- and small-format, high-gain microchannel plates (MCP's). The
method used for manufacture has been called the shear method. Considerable research
is needed to address the many parameters which govern the successful application
of this instrument to the task of fabricating a "sheared" MCP blank. This project
will test and evaluate all aspects of the instrument design theory for 25 mm and
40 mm wafer shears and provide the foundation for future research into 75 mm plates.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A variety of applications could exist in the
fields of particle physics, space physics, analytical chemistry, and nuclear chemistry.

Project Title:

Fiber Optic Loop Antenna for the Measurement of Electric Currents in Space

08.13-7670
Fiber Optic Loop Antenna for the Measurement of Electric Currents in Space
Optra Inc.
66 Cherry Hill Drive
Peabody
MA
01915
Geert
Wyntjes
(508-535-7670)
GSFC

Abstract:

A technique to measure electric currents in space based upon sensing of the circular
birefringence induced by a magnetic field in a single-mode optical fiber is the goal
of this project. A low-loss, single-mode optical fiber in a closed loop is an antenna
with a high degree of immunity to stray magnetic fields. Sensitivity is further enhanced
through use of a coherent, heterodyne optical receiver based on the two-frequency
HeNe laser developed by the firm. In addition, the use of a complex, homodyne receiver
with a low-power diode laser as a source will be explored. Both of these techniques
allow for a large signal bandwidth with the final, post-detection bandwidth limited
only by the averaging time constant chosen. The low weight and stowage volume of
the antenna suit it to deployment from manned and unmanned space craft. While the
technique will only be demonstrated for a single axis, the concept can be readily
expanded to measure vectors.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The results this project could be applied to
the measurement of displacement currents near power lines and in the study of lightning.

Project Title:

Reversible Oxide Chemical Compressor for Sensor Cryocooling

08.14-7972
Reversible Oxide Chemical Compressor for Sensor Cryocooling
Hydrogen Consultants Inc.
12420 N. Dumont Way
Littleton
CO
80125
John R.
Riter
(303-791-7972)
JPL

Abstract:

A vibration-free, long-lived refrigerator is desired to produce cooling for spacecraft
sensors in the 65-80 K range. A chemical oxygen compressor and Joule-Thomson expansion
is an appealing way to provide such cooling, but chemical compressors are limited
by a low oxygen content of current materials, e.g., PrCdO with 1.5 weight-percent
of oxygen. The goal of this project is to formulate long-life materials with the
correct physical and chemical properties to compress oxygen. A large surface areas
for both the unoxidized and oxidized materials is the critical physical property;
whereas, the most important chemical property is good reversibility of the oxidation
process. The chief improvements expected are an order of magnitude increase in the
weight-percent of oxygen over PrCdO and a lower maximum operating temperature. Phase
I will investigate of the sorption thermodynamics and kinetics of candidate oxygen
storage materials to determine their operating parameters. Construction and testing
of a working oxygen compressor would occur in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Safe, high density solid state oxygen storage
materials and sorption refrigeration devices could have both terrestrial and aerospace
applications.

Project Title:

Ultrasonic Transducers: Deployment and Signal Processing Means for Cryogens

08.15-2719
Ultrasonic Transducers: Deployment and Signal Processing Means for Cryogens
Panametrics Inc.
221 Crescent Street
Waltham
MA
02254
Lawrence C.
Lynnworth
(617-899-2719)
LeRC

Abstract:

Ultrasonic instrumentation for cryogenic fluid aboard orbiting spacecraft faces problems
in at least three areas:  transducers must withstand temperatures as low as 20 K;
location of transducers must be minimally-invasive and permit measurement of desired
parameters;  and the signal processor must compute flow parameters while neglecting
noise. In Phase I, analysis and experiments will concentrate the first two problems.
To solve the thermal problems, novel, slender transducers will be constructed using
materials of nearly-matched expansion coefficients and with point-contact coupling.
Novel deployment includes acoustically-isolated, point-source flowmeter transducers
and a modified H2-slush density sensor of 1x3 mm cross section for mass gaging and
mass-flow metering. A commercial unit will be applied in processing signals for feasibility
demonstrations in water and in cryogens. A method of reducing coherent noise will
be investigated which could improve the accuracy of non-invasive ultrasonic measurements
by a factor of ten.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A need exists for a non-invasive flowmeter for
low-density hydrocarbon fluids, some gases (including steam), and two-phase fluids
at temperature extremes or in a malevolent environment.

Project Title:

Wideband Acousto-Optic Spectrometer

08.16-8181
Wideband Acousto-Optic Spectrometer
Photonic Systems Inc.
1900 S. Harbor City Blvd.
Melbourne
FL
32901
Dennis R.
Pape
(407-984-8181)
JPL

Abstract:

An acousto-optic spectrometer for spaceborne astronomical and scientific applications
will be developed. In addition to meeting environmental and lifetime requirements,
it will be highly stable and have a 1 GHz bandwidth, 1 MHz resolution, and 50 dB
dynamic range packaged. Current developments of wideband, acousto-optic spectrometers
for airborne electronic warfare applications involving short-pulse detection cannot
meet these requirements. The approach of this project utilizes a laser diode, an
innovative wideband Bragg cell design, and a high-dynamic-range, self-scanned, integrating
photodetector array all assembled in a mechanically and thermally stabilized package
to meet the stability and environmental requirements of spaceborne applications.
Phase I will include the development of the spectrometer design, including component
analysis and selection, Bragg cell design, and optical and mechanical design and
analysis.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A low-cost wideband parallel spectrometer could
find a market in the evaluation of electromagnetic emissions from electronic equipment.

Project Title:

Technique to Evaluate UV-Induced Degradation of Space Optics

08.17-1520
Technique to Evaluate UV-Induced Degradation of Space Optics
Deacon Research
900 Welch Road, Suite 203
Palo Alto
CA
94304
Mira H.
Bakshi
(415-326-1520)
GSFC

Abstract:

Contamination of optical surfaces in space reduces their performance and occurs as
a result of UV-induced photolysis of organic molecules from the spacecraft's contamination
cloud. However, more must be known about the chemistry of this process to counteract
it by avoiding certain materials or by removing the accumulated material. To provide
increased understanding, chemistry of the contamination process will be simulated
at a synchrotron radiation facility in an existing surface analysis chamber. The
capability will be added for detecting neutral fragments which emerge from the photon
induced reaction, and reaction channels for the photochemical processes will be determined.
This will identify the molecular subgroups which are the principal cause of the contamination
of space optics.
Phase I will address the feasibility of this approach by analyzing the alternative
methods for ionization and detection of the neutral reaction fragments. Phase II
would involve construction of the apparatus; performance of photolysis measurements;
and interpretation of the data on the complex lubricant and solvent molecules and
their isolated subgroups.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A service to the space industry could develop
for materials testing in relation to the contamination of optical surfaces.

Project Title:

Three-Axis, All-Rotary-Motion, Numerically Controlled Optical Component Generator

08.17-7885
Three-Axis, All-Rotary-Motion, Numerically Controlled Optical Component Generator
Breault Research Organization Inc.
4601 E. First Street
Tucson
AZ
85711
Robert
Parks
(602-795-7885)
GSFC

Abstract:

An innovative, low-cost, 3-axis, numerically-controlled optical generator suitable
for use in grinding glass or ceramic parts as well as for machining metals to optical
tolerances will be developed. This design uses rotary bearings on all three axes
to achieve high accuracy and low cost. It will have the capacity to generate either
rotationally symmetric or asymmetric optical components 12" in diameter with a sagittal
focus of up to 1". However, the design concept should permit generation of components
of either larger diameter or a deeper sagittal focus. To keep cost low, the  generator
will use commercial components including a PC-based control system. To obtain surface
finishes suitable for direct optical polishing, a dynamic tool balancing and dressing
station will be built into the instrument.
The Phase I effort will layout the overall generator, identify suitable components,
and predict the instrument's performance. Also, the Phase II prototype fabrication
cost and Phase III commercial instrument costs will be estimated.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This device could prepare ceramic molds for replication
of aspheric glass components and generation of exotic surface figures in virtually
any material (glass, tungsten carbide, silicon, silicon carbide, stainless steel).

Project Title:

Digital Image Profilers for Detecting Faint Sources Which Have Bright Companions

08.18-0700
Digital Image Profilers for Detecting Faint Sources Which Have Bright Companions
Laser Power Corporation
12777 High Bluff Drive
San Diego
CA
92130
Graham
Flint
(619-755-0700)
JPL

Abstract:

An image processing system capable of detecting extremely faint optical sources located
in close proximity to bright companion sources will be developed. When used with
a space-based, one-meter telescope, the system should permit the detection of 14th,
17th, and 18th magnitude stellar objects having angular displacements from a 4th
magnitude object of 0.05, 0.25, and 0.5 arc seconds, respectively. Novel features
are that it does not require extraordinary measures to be taken to minimize diffraction
and scatter of the optical elements and that does not require detectors possessing
either extreme uniformity in sensitivity or extreme temporal stability. Furthermore,
the system can readily be calibrated by testing against an unresolved singular stellar
source, and the performance of the system should approach the theoretical limit of
photon statistics.
Phase I includes the design, construction, and testing of a single channel breadboard
image profiler. It also includes the analysis and preliminary design of a multichannel,
brassboard system to be constructed during Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A specialized commercial market could be in the
detection of faint optical sources via ground based telescopes.

Project Title:

Innovative Shear Layer Control Methods for Large-Scale Airborne Telescopes

08.19-5094
Innovative Shear Layer Control Methods for Large-Scale Airborne Telescopes
Rose Engineering & Research Inc.
PO Box 5146
Incline Village
NV
89450
William C.
Rose
(702-831-5094)
ARC

Abstract:

The overall goal of this project is to determine the effectiveness of the cavity
resonance suppression characteristics of the forward fairing and ramp combination
on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO). In addition, the improvement in optical
"seeing" characteristics of the flow field over the open cavity will be measured.
While the effort is to be conducted during full-scale flight tests on the KAO, it
is to be done in a timely manner such that experience learned in the Phase I effort
will be available for carry-over into a Phase II effort which will impact the design
of the cavity resonance suppression system on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared
Astronomy (SOFIA). 
During Phase I, the design of a novel open cavity anti-resonance technique will be
performed using an innovative shear layer control fairing in conjunction with an
already-designed, contoured aft ramp system of the KAO. Detailed design and fabrication
of the aircraft modifications will be carried out by the government. When the aircraft
modifications are installed, the contractor will conduct a full-scale flight experiment.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The applications would be on airborne installations
for surveillance and astronomical observations.

Project Title:

Trace Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide Sensor

08.22-4770
Trace Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide Sensor
Spectral Sciences Inc.
99 S. Bedford Street, #7
Burlington
MA
01803-5169
Lawrence S.
Bernstein
(617-273-4770)
MSFC

Abstract:

Carbon monoxide, an odorless, colorless, toxic gas, may be found in closed environments
such as the space station and long-duration manned spacecraft. This project will
build a real-time, trace atmospheric CO sensor with a sensitivity to less than 10
ppm. The major objectives of Phase I are to demonstrate experimentally a novel infrared
light source, to build a laboratory breadboard detector, and to develop a preliminary
design for a CO gas monitor which would be built and tested in Phase II. This innovative
CO emission light source can significantly increase the sensitivity of CO gas absorption
measurements over the use of more conventional black body infrared source technology.
In addition, use of this source would result in an instrument which is compact, responds
in real-time, is species-selective for CO gas, and consumes little power.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This monitor could be useful for industrial applications
such as combustion exhaust and air pollution monitoring and in industries with controlled
atmospheres.

Project Title:

Diagnostic Contamination Measurement for Space

08.23-0204
Diagnostic Contamination Measurement for Space
SSG Inc.
150 Bear Hill Road
Waltham
MA
02154
Andrew A.
Mastandrea
(617-890-0204)
GSFC

Abstract:

This project addresses the problem of validating relevant spaceborne diagnostic hardware
by measuring and quantifying contaminants and their impacts on the performance of
a cryogenic, high-stray-light-rejection telescope. Phase I will address the contamination
problem on the ground using methods such as internal and external BRDF (bi-directional
reflectance distribution function) measurements, and TGA QCM (thermal gravimetric
quartz crystal microbalance) analysis and absorption spectroscopy measurements. All
of these techniques are applicable to a space environment, which is the goal of a
Phase II flight experiment.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The research will be used in cryogenic sensors
used for atmospheric research, infrared astronomy, and SDIO programs.

Project Title:

Time-Of-Flight Mass-Spectrometer Leak Detectors

08.24-9040
Time-Of-Flight Mass-Spectrometer Leak Detectors
Schmidt Instruments
24276 Bolsover, Suite 234
Houston
TX
77005
Howard K.
Schmidt
(713-529-9040)
LeRC

Abstract:

A novel time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) system for detection of working
fluid leaks aboard space craft in flight will be developed. Expected sensitivity
of the proposed device is significantly better than that of quadrupole, residual
gas analyzers (RGAs). Benefits to NASA would derive from a sensitive and robust detector
of working fluid and atmospheric leaks aboard space craft or in large vacuum systems.
Extremely simple in construction, these TOF devices will provide high performance
leak detection with compact, reliable, and low power hardware. Control and data acquisition
will be performed by a small electronics package using designs and custom VLSI components
developed by the company specifically for TOF-MS applications. This combination of
attributes makes the proposed device reliable enough for stand alone passive leak
detection, yet portable enough for actively "sniffing" out leak locations.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications include general purpose gas analysis
for leak detection and process control.

Project Title:

Detailed Visualization of Protein Crystal Growth

08.25-7513
Detailed Visualization of Protein Crystal Growth
System Specialists
3125 E. 47th Street
Tucson
AZ
85713
Wade M.
Poteet
(602-622-7513)
MSFC

Abstract:

This project is developing an instrument for liquid-drop protein crystal growth conducted
in both terrestrial and microgravity environments. Visualization and recording of
parameters characteristic of growth in high-quality protein crystals is important
for biomedical research and processing. A low-cost technique which allows quantitative,
non-invasive observation of crystal nucleation, uniformity of growth, and accretion
processes will be studied. This optical technique, known as color schlieren, can
provide high-quality images of crystals from the onset of nucleation through completed
growth, and detailed data are generated which can be modeled for both terrestrial
and microgravity environments. One type of color schlieren instrument is currently
in use by the investigators for studies involving growth and accretion of chains
in biological samples and crystal growth in metal models. Both studies are being
carried out in the terrestrial environment as well as in microgravity experiments
aboard the NASA KC-135, low-gravity-simulation aircraft

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Visualization of protein crystal growth is important
to biomedical research and processing and development of new drugs.

Project Title:

Robust Adaptive Control of Large Space Structures

09.01-1500
Robust Adaptive Control of Large Space Structures
Integrated Systems Inc.
2500 Mission College Blvd.
Santa Clara
CA
95054
Robert L.
Kosut
(408-980-1500)
LaRC

Abstract:

The stringent performance demands imposed upon large space structures (LSS) in tracking
accuracy, response time, and active suppression of structural vibrations require
the use of robust, adaptive control based upon on-board system identification. The
objective of this project is the development of efficient techniques for system identification
and adaptive control which are quite different from the conventional adaptive schemes
in that the identification process provides information about modeling uncertainty
in the format that is anticipated by the robust control design rule. With such an
estimate in hand, the controller can be redesigned to provide robustness with respect
to model uncertainty.
The study will address the feasibility of performing on-board plant uncertainty estimation
and robust control design by using on-line input-output data. On-board uncertainty
estimation and on-board robust control design methods will be studied. The proposed
adaptive scheme will be tested on a simulation model of a representative LSS system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Commercial and government applications would
involve control systems for use in aerospace.

Project Title:

Development of a Compact, Six-Degree-of-Freedom, Force-Reflecting Hand Controller

09.03-2567A
Development of a Compact, Six-Degree-of-Freedom, Force-Reflecting Hand Controller
Charles Systems Corp.
820 Heatherway
Ann Arbor
MI
48104
Charles J.
Jacobus
(313-668-2567)
JSC

Abstract:

Tele-autonomous control of manipulator(s) presupposes some type of physically actuated
controller at the human interface. This project addresses the design and fabrication
of a prototype six-degree-of-freedom, Cartesian-coordinate, hand controller. The
device is an X-Y-Z stage to which a three-roll wrist and handgrip is affixed. The
six degrees of freedom are measured and communicated to the servo electronics of
the manipulator. To aid the operator in achieving tele-presence, the device will
provide force reflection appropriately scaled and with a small time delay. An inverse-dynamics,
robot control methodology will be employed in the hand controller to resolve the
hand controller's actuating torques and forces such that the resultant force and
torque at the operator's hand is a scaled version of those required to put the manipulator
through the desired movements regardless of manipulator pose and load inertia.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could arise in underwater activities
and manipulation of objects in hazardous nuclear, biological, chemical environments.

Project Title:

Multicolor Flat-Panel Display using Tunable Bi-Refringence Filters

09.03-8933
Multicolor Flat-Panel Display using Tunable Bi-Refringence Filters
Displaytech Inc.
220 Central Avenue
Boulder
CO
80301
Mark A.
Handschy
(303-449-8933)
JSC

Abstract:

A multicolor, flat-panel, information display will be developed by combining a monochrome,
high-information-content panel with an electrically tunable color filter. Multicolor
images are provided by sequentially presenting monochrome images in the three primary
colors while simultaneously tuning the filter for the correct illumination color.
The novel tunable color filters will be made from ferro-electric liquid crystals
(FLCs), whose fast, low-power switching permits filter programming well within the
10 ms allowed for three primary colors at video frame rate (30 Hz). This electro-optic
filter could be combined with any broad-spectrum display to give multicolor images.
FLCs can also be used to make the information-containing flat panel itself; the resulting
display's fast switching capability makes it especially well suited to the frame-sequential
color concept. The project will develop the color filter during Phase I and integrate
filters with monochrome flat panels into full-scale displays during Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Economical, low-power, multicolor, flat-panel
displays could replace CRTs in many applications where small thickness and low power
consumption would be advantageous .

Project Title:

A Lightweight Non-Metallic Heat Pipe Radiator

09.05-3200
A Lightweight Non-Metallic Heat Pipe Radiator
Foster-Miller Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham
MA
02254
John
McCoy
(617-890-3200)
JSC

Abstract:

This project investigates the feasibility of building a non-metallic heat pipe radiator
(NMHPR) for space applications. The concept to be evaluated builds upon a hybrid,
coupled, heat-rejection concept but improves on it by increasing the modularity of
the system and the possibility for post-launch assembly and in-place repair. The
principal purpose for utilizing lightweight, non-metallic radiator elements is an
estimated 80% savings in radiating fin weight over current systems. The radiator
will be made of either a stiff, tough, high-strength polymer, carbon-epoxy bonded
compound or other material. The Phase I effort will concentrate on mechanical and
thermal design of the NMHPR, as well as an investigation of compatibility of materials
and working fluids in a space environment. It will be augmented by experiments on
radiator element manufacturing techniques and heat transfer characteristics across
a solid interface where the radiator elements attach to the thermal transport leg.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  These radiator elements may reduce per unit price
for use in space. Other commercial applications are not envisioned.

Project Title:

Binary Mixtures for Spacecraft Heat Transport

09.06-3200
Binary Mixtures for Spacecraft Heat Transport
Foster-Miller Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham
MA
02254
Glen I.
Deming
(617-890-3200)
MSFC

Abstract:

The concept addressed in this project is a novel heat transport loop for heat rejection
from space vehicles for thermal management. Waste heat rejection techniques currently
being considered use a single-phase, liquid-water loop for removing heat generated
inside the space vehicle. The internal loop interfaces with an external, single-phase,
liquid heat transport loop which carries the waste heat to body mounted radiators
for rejection to space. The proposed concept is to replace the external single-phase
liquid working fluid with a nonazeotropic, binary mixture utilizing a two-phase pump.
Advantages gained through the use of a two-phase, binary mixture working fluid are:
a non-isothermal phase change, high heat transfer coefficients, high heat of vaporization,
low fluid flow rates, and temperature and capacity control via composition shifting.
These properties lead to potential reductions in both pumping power consumption and
system weight.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The potential improvements in cycle efficiency,
capacity, and capacity modulation in heat pumps and refrigerators could increase
market size. Several systems have been commercially marketed with limited success.

Project Title:

Vented Nozzle Concept for Optimum Performance of Launch Vehicles

09.06-6576A
Vented Nozzle Concept for Optimum Performance of Launch Vehicles
CFD Research Corporation
3313 Bob Wallace Avene, Suite 205
Huntsville
AL
35805
Andrzej J.
Przekwas
(205-536-6576)
MSFC

Abstract:

The vented nozzle is an innovative concept to modulate the nozzle flow area during
flight of a launch vehicle and improve the nozzle performance. The nozzle walls are
vented through a series of spring loaded check valves to allow continuous and passive
adjustment of exhaust to ambient pressures and to reduce the transient start loads
on the nozzle. In Phase I, an existing CFD code will be used to examine the feasibility
of the concept. A spacecraft nozzle, such as the SSME nozzle, will be analyzed with
several vent configurations. Performance parameters and flow distributions will be
studied for several pressure ratios to simulate operation at various altitudes. Effects
of protrusions in the flow, introduced upstream of check valves to enhance the reliability
of their operation, will also be analyzed. In Phase II, operational questions such
as side loads due to failed valves would be analyzed and an optimum nozzle design
would be developed and tested. The adapted CFD code may also serve as a valuable
design tool.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications would only be in the design of rocket
nozzles for launch vehicles.

Project Title:

Stirling Cryocooler for Unmanned Space Applications

09.07-4000
Stirling Cryocooler for Unmanned Space Applications
Stirling Technology Co.
2952 George Washington Way
Richland
WA
99352
Peter
Riggle
(509-375-4000)
GSFC

Abstract:

The goal of this project is developing and testing a technology demonstration model
(TDM) of a long-life, virtually vibration-free Stirling cryocooler for cooling sensors
to the 65 - 80 K temperature range. Flexural bearings and gas clearance seals provide
the potential for 10- to 15-year life. Vibration will be reduced to trace levels
by counter-oscillating components, complete symmetry, and matching of the magnetic,
mechanical, and electrical impedances of the opposed components. Design studies will
determine the ability of drive circuit arrangements to reduce residual vibration
to a minimum. A high coefficient-of-performance will result from thermodynamic optimization
and use of high-efficiency mechanical components, linear electric motors, and drive
circuitry.
The Phase I objective is completion of the TDM conceptual design. This includes component
sizing, establishing the physical parameters and electrical circuits to achieve low
vibration, preparation of a conceptual layout, and a summary of the expected performance.
Phase II would culminate in the delivery of one TDM to NASA for bench testing.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could be in cooling sensors for
night vision units, small cryocooled computers, cryosurgery, and small vacuum pumps.

Project Title:

Novel Cryocooler Regenerator Designs

09.07-4942B
Novel Cryocooler Regenerator Designs
Frederick A. Costello Inc.
12864 Tewksbury Drive
Herndon
VA
22071
Frederick A.
Costello
(703-620-4942)
GSFC

Abstract:

Three novel regenerator concepts that have the potential for significantly improving
the coefficient-of-performance of Stirling-cycle cryocoolers at temperatures below
20 K will be designed and evaluated. The innovations consist of two types of active
regenerators and a novel combination of materials that yield a high specific heat
even at low temperatures. The active regenerators act as if they have an infinite
specific heat. The three concepts are important to NASA's various missions. Many
NASA payloads depend on cooling infra-red sensors to temperatures on the order of
2 K. Such temperatures can currently be attained only with refrigeration that uses
liquid helium as the working medium. The proposed concepts can reduce significantly
the cost of liquid helium in space. For example, the cost of producing liquid helium
on earth would be decreased. More importantly, helium cryocoolers may become practical
in space, whereas currently they are so impractical that helium must be re-supplied
from earth.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The results could be used by companies that supply
cryocoolers and helium and in terrestrial cryogenic applications such as superconducting
magnets for fusion reactors.

Project Title:

Computing Radiant Interchange Among Real Surfaces

09.07-4942C
Computing Radiant Interchange Among Real Surfaces
Frederick A. Costello Inc.
12864 Tewksbury Drive
Herndon
VA
22071
Frederick A.
Costello
(703-620-4942)
GSFC

Abstract:

A computer program to determine the thermal radiant interchange factors among real,
non-diffuse, non-specular surfaces will apply an innovative, one-step procedure which
yields an exact solution to the computational problem. Since current programs based
on ray-tracing, Monte Carlo simulations, and stray light methods are costly, cumbersome,
and inaccurate for non-ideal surfaces, spacecraft designers usually apply simple
pure-diffuse/pure-specular models which incur unknowable inaccuracies and uncertainties
in design adequacy. The computer program, to be completed in Phase II, could provide
a valuable radiator design tool for NASA missions. For example, a radiator on the
moon that uses non-diffuse reflectors to divert sunlight could achieve sink temperatures
of -16 C; whereas, today's flat-plate radiator designs can achieve only 35 C -- so
high that heat pump would be needed. Similar improvements are possible with non-diffuse
reflectors for radiators operating at 80 K.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This program would be sold via the firm's catalog
of sophisticated computer programs to thermal engineers for design of space radiators
and precision optical systems.

Project Title:

Modular Chemical-Mechanical Heat Pump for Spacecraft Thermal Bus Applications

09.07-7003
Modular Chemical-Mechanical Heat Pump for Spacecraft Thermal Bus Applications
Mainstream Engineering Corp.
200 Yellow Place
Rockledge, F

32955
Robert P.
Scaringe
(407-631-3550)
GSFC

Abstract:

The intent of this project is to demonstrate an innovative, high-efficiency, high-reliability
heat pump for spacecraft heat-rejection applications. This heat pump would allow
equipment to operate at a temperature close to but different from the saturation
temperature of a two-phase thermal bus. The proposed heat pump applies a hybrid,
chemical-mechanical concept and is applicable to either thermally driven or electrically
driven applications. As a starting point, the electrically driven design has been
proposed for this project. Previous efforts by the company have identified a series
of working fluids that are superior to existing working fluids in terms of thermodynamic
performance and stability. Phase I will address the design of this innovative heat
pump. The subsequent Phase II effort will address the final design, construction,
and testing (in normal gravity and reduced gravity) of this innovative, modular,
chemical-mechanical heat pump.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  (None suggested by the company.)

Project Title:

Surface Acoustic Wave Device for Wide Angle Laser Scanning

09.09-4995
Surface Acoustic Wave Device for Wide Angle Laser Scanning
APA Optics Inc.
2950 - 84th Lane, NE
Blaine
MN
55432
Steven M.
Arnold
(612-784-4995)
JSC

Abstract:

An advanced, integrated, acousto-optic laser scanner to support terminal rendezvous,
station-keeping, and docking in space is being developed in order to overcome the
limitations of acousto-optic Bragg cells. The new scanner introduces several innovations:
use of GHz surface acoustic waves (SAWs) on piezoelectric thin-film waveguides with
broadband Bragg phase matching to increase the field-of-view and improve the overlap
between acoustic- and optical-guided waves; cascading of SAW gratings to increase
further the field of view; and a phase-locked, diode laser array to provide watts
of power without a prism coupler or waveguide collimating lens. The use of high-spatial-frequency
SAW gratings may permit deflecting light out of the plane and result in true two-dimensional
scanning. Phase I consists of analysis of the scanner concept and tests to determine
acoustic power requirements for efficient deflection of a laser beam.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Examples are: non-impact printing, color imaging
and digitizing, range finding, laser radar, bar code reading, character recognition,
robotic vision, and optical inspection.

Project Title:

A High-Precision Sun-Tolerant LIDAR

09.09-8050
A High-Precision Sun-Tolerant LIDAR
Holometrix Inc.
99 Erie Street
Cambridge
MA
02139
P. G.
DeBaryshe
(617-868-8050)
JSC

Abstract:

A pulsed, laser-diode LIDAR system is expected to have the following potential: single-pulse,
sub-centimeter range accuracy; immunity to solar background; target discrimination;
adaptive windowing; eye safety at the aperture; multi-thousand-per-second pulse rate
for accurate velocity determination; and extendibility to video-rate, three-dimensional
tracking. The major innovation is in achieving accuracy needed by several applications
such as: rendezvous and docking with a range-controlled wide field-of-view for scannerless
attitude control; short range maneuvering and station keeping; tracking and imaging
for Space Robot Rescue and Retrieval Mission; and work site positioning and robotic
arm control. Continuous wave LIDARs cannot simultaneously satisfy these needs; existing
pulsed laser rangers are insufficiently accurate. A single control unit applicable
to most pulsed sources, laser or radar, will be developed. Timing improvements will
be made to near-standard ranging equipment to achieve 5 mm-to-1 cm single pulse accuracy.
This will provide a baseline system which is well adapted to a variety of NASA mission
requirements.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could occur in high-data-rate velocity
measurements, water surface profile measurements, mapping and profiling, and very
long baseline surveying.

Project Title:

Worldwide Differential GPS for Space Shuttle Landing Operations

09.09-9191
Worldwide Differential GPS for Space Shuttle Landing Operations
TAU Corporation
485 Alberto Way, Building D
Los Gatos
CA
95031
Peter V. W.
Loomis
(408-395-9191)
JSC

Abstract:

The use of GPS (Global Positioning System) aboard the Space Shuttle in order to permit
autonomous navigation would result in the ability to land in an emergency at any
suitable airstrip. However, there will be no assurance that the chosen airstrip will
have good visibility. Another concern is that the operation of GPS in a stand-alone
mode offers no protection against a malfunctioning GPS satellite causing incorrect
navigation. The innovation pursued in this project addresses these two concerns.
It will provide differential GPS to the Shuttle on a real-time, global basis. This
will improve Shuttle's navigation accuracy and, in consequence, minimize the landing
risk during periods of low visibility. The innovation will additionally provide integrity
monitoring and management of the GPS systems concurrent with providing differential
GPS correction terms. This will prevent the Shuttle receiver from using GPS satellites
which are malfunctioning but have not been so identified.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications: The largest user groups of this system would be
the worldwide aviation and maritime communities and companies that could use it in
oil and gas exploration.

Project Title:

Autonomous Integrated GPS/INS Navigation Experiment for OMV

09.10-8100
Autonomous Integrated GPS/INS Navigation Experiment for OMV
Mayflower Communications Company Inc.
80 Main Street
Reading
MA
01867
Triveni N.
Upadhyay
(617-942-2666)
MSFC

Abstract:

The focus of this project is the development of an autonomous, integrated Global
Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System (GPS/INS) that can be readily implemented
in real-time, on onboard computers to improve the total navigation performance of
advanced Space Transportation Systems (STS). The GPS/INS concept combines the GPS
interferometric carrier phase processing with the GPS inertial navigation filter
processing to obtain accurate, continuous position, velocity, and attitude data for
spacecraft. The continuous GPS tracking of advanced STSs will minimize ground tracking
requirements and will provide flexibility in mission planning. This project will
target the GPS inertial navigation filter development for the Orbital Maneuvering
Vehicle (OMV). The rationale for selecting the OMV as the demonstration platform
for this experiment is that the OMV will have onboard GPS receivers, two GPS antennae,
and the receiver measurements will be available as an output for processing by the
proposed navigation filter algorithms.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Commercial applications currently exist for surveying,
off-shore exploration, and maritime navigation.

Project Title:

Tethered Satellite Video Monitoring System

09.11-8600
Tethered Satellite Video Monitoring System
Applied Research Inc.
PO Box 11220
Huntsville
AL
35814-1220
Scott
Davis
(205-837-8600)
MSFC

Abstract:

This project will design a video monitoring system for the measurement of tether
dynamics in flight. This system will monitor satellite deployment and tether shape
and will meet power, weight and temperature constraints of the spacecraft environment.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This work could provides a basis for low cost,
low power remote surveillance applications.

Project Title:

A Low-Cost, CCD Solid-State Star Tracker

09.12-8442
A Low-Cost, CCD Solid-State Star Tracker
Applied Research Corporation
8201 Corporate Drive, Suite 920
Landover
MD
20785
Siegfried
Auer
(301-459-8442)
GSFC

Abstract:

This project will develop a solid-state star tracker that can be reproduced at low
cost. The design combines components and circuits developed for the video camera
market with data processing and calibration methods developed for high-performance
star trackers. The immediate application of this design is to provide users of space-borne
payloads with an affordable, moderate- to high-performance star tracker.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications would be in pointing payloads of
sounding rockets, balloons, Spartan, the Space Shuttle, and Scout-class explorers.

Project Title:

Fiber-Optic Sensor Technology for High Altitude Balloons

09.13-7070
Fiber-Optic Sensor Technology for High Altitude Balloons
Geo Centers Inc.
7 Wells Avenue
Newton Centre
MA
02159
Ian
Aeby
(617-964-7070)
GSFC

Abstract:

Improvements in reliability of high-altitude balloon envelopes, which would increase
their acceptance as equipment platforms, requires a thorough understanding of their
failure mechanisms. The focus of this project is the use of fiber-optic strain sensors
embedded into the envelope materials to provide a light-weight, cost-effective diagnostic
system for monitoring strains within the envelope structure. Embedded strain sensors
offer improved data accuracy over adhesively bonded sensors, and the small size of
optical fibers produce a minimal impact on the mechanical properties and weight of
the envelope. This project will develop the fiber-optic sensors and the methodologies
for their application to the flexible, laminated polymer films of high altitude balloons.
Existing and novel fiber-optic sensors will be laminated into balloon materials and
tested. The results of these tests will then be used to develop strategies for integrating
a distributed fiber optic sensor network into an envelope to create an integrity
monitoring system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Fiber-optic sensors could be applied to monitoring
strains in tires used in aircraft and mass transportation vehicles and in flexible
containers of flammable materials such as bladders in commercial aircraft fuel tanks.

Project Title:

Novel Fabrication of Superconducting Antenna Structures for Space

09.14-2974
Novel Fabrication of Superconducting Antenna Structures for Space
Monolithic Superconductors Inc.
PO Box 1654
Lake Oswego
OR
97035-9998
Lawrence E.
Murr
(504-684-2974)
GSFC

Abstract:

Using explosive (shock-wave) fabrication techniques, this project will develop and
fabricate simple monolithic, planar, sandwich arrays of superconducting YBa2Cu3O7
powder or powder mixture in a copper matrix. These bulk, superconducting arrays will,
in Phase I, serve as prototypes for simple antennas for microwave communications.
Evaluations of array feasibility will be based on surface resistance measurements
at 77 K over a frequency range of 0.5 to 5 GHz. The effect of mixing metal powders
such as copper or silver on the superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 surface resistance will
also be evaluated as a means to engineer superconducting applications. These superconducting
sandwich arrays will demonstrate scale-up potential to be pursued in Phase II and
serve as practical precursors for significant improvements in the efficiency and
operation of superconducting single-beam antenna configurations and related space
applications of bulk superconductors.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Superconducting sandwich arrays in a metal matrix
or light-weight alloys could have applications such as magnetic field shielding.

Project Title:

A Test Rig for Measuring Thermal Performance of Stirling Cycle Regenerators

10.01-2221
A Test Rig for Measuring Thermal Performance of Stirling Cycle Regenerators
Sunpower Inc.
6 Byard Street
Athens
OH
45701
Gary
Koester
(614-594-2221)
LeRC

Abstract:

Design, data reduction analysis, fabrication, and initial testing will be performed
for a Stirling-cycle test rig capable of measuring thermal flux across regenerators
under oscillating flow conditions similar to those encountered in modern Stirling
machines. This will be achieved by the addition of a heat-transfer subassembly to
an existing pressure-drop test rig. Both the rig and the data reduction procedure
are innovative. The rig will be particularly simple and straight-forward, and the
data reduction process will enable, for the first time, both gas-to-matrix heat transfer
and apparent axial conductivity to be measured simultaneously.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Accurate regenerator-heat-transfer design correlations
could improve Stirling machines for all applications and apply to other fields where
oscillating-flow heat transfer in porous materials is important.

Project Title:

Improved Thermal Energy Storage System for Solar-Dynamic, Space-Power Generation

10.01-3200A
Improved Thermal Energy Storage System for Solar-Dynamic, Space-Power Generation
Foster-Miller Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham
MA
02254
Philip
Stark
(617-890-3200)
LeRC

Abstract:

The use of high-temperature, phase-change materials (PCM) for transient thermal storage
in space solar power plants encounters the major technical issue of containment of
the PCM. This project will study a new, promising approach for PCM containment that
offers potentially significant advantages over other containment systems. The innovation
is to incorporate a metallic PCM into thin, highly porous sheets of carbon-carbon
composite by hot isostatic pressing. The carbon-carbon sheets containing the PCM
are then encapsulated in a thin, compatible coating of Si3N4. For Phase I, with germanium
selected as the metallic PCM, the project will evaluate the feasibility of incorporating
a high-temperature PCM into carbon-carbon. In addition, the Si3N4-encapsulated, germanium,
carbon-carbon composite heat-storage system will be evaluated in terms of its thermal
characteristics and its mechanical and chemical stability under freeze-thaw cycling.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Immediate applications could be aboard high-power
spacecraft for military missions. In the longer-term, with the eventual commercialization
of space, the technology could be applied by the private sector.

Project Title:

A Technique for Fabrication of Low-Cost Epitaxial Indium Phosphide Solar Cells

10.01-6696
A Technique for Fabrication of Low-Cost Epitaxial Indium Phosphide Solar Cells
Kopin Corporation
695 Myles Standish Blvd.
Taunton
MA
02780
M. B.
Spitzer
(508-824-6696)
LeRC

Abstract:

This project addresses the development of an indium-phosphide solar cell yielding
high radiation resistance, low weight, and low fabrication cost. The approach combines
the use of a concentrator design with films formed by the cleavage-of-lateral-epitaxial-films-for-transfer
(CLEFT) process to obtain high efficiency, low weight, and recovery of the substrate.
In Phase I, the feasibility of the concentrator and CLEFT approach will be tested.
In Phase II, in-depth research will be carried out to develop the CLEFT techniques
and to improve the concentrator cell design.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The proposed innovation would be useful for space
satellite power systems requiring radiation-resistant photovoltaic cells.

Project Title:

Cathode Catalyst Support Materials for High Temperature Alkaline Fuel Cells

10.01-7270A
Cathode Catalyst Support Materials for High Temperature Alkaline Fuel Cells
Giner Inc.
14 Spring Street
Waltham
MA
02254-9147
S.
Sarangapani
(617-899-7270)
LeRC

Abstract:

This project aims to develop nickel-oxide-based catalyst supports to be used in Teflon-bonded,
oxygen cathodes of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells capable of operating at temperatures
of 150 C and higher. In contrast, present-day space fuel cells operate at temperature
of less than 90 C. The higher temperatures increase the overall efficiency of the
fuel cell system by reducing over-voltage (mostly of the oxygen electrode) and the
iR drop. Techniques to prepare lithiated nickel oxide of adequate surface area and
conductivity along with procedures for adding catalysts will be developed. Porous,
Teflon-bonded electrodes will be fabricated using this material, and their electrochemical
performance evaluated. At the end of the Phase I program, the feasibility of nickel-oxide-based
material as cathode catalyst support for high-temperature fuel cells may be established.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Increased efficiency of alkaline fuel cells may
find applications in transportation and on-site power units fueled with hydrogen.

Project Title:

Long Cycle Life Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

10.02-9450
Long Cycle Life Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
EIC Laboratories Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood
MA
02062
K. M.
Abraham
(617-769-9450)
JPL

Abstract:

New strategies will be explored to significantly improve the cycle life of ambient-temperature,
rechargeable lithium cells. Experimental studies of representative cell systems to
demonstrate feasibility of the approaches will be carried out in Phase I. The principal
aspect of the new strategies is concerned with the use of alternative anodes, instead
of pure lithium-metal anodes, in ambient-temperature, rechargeable, lithium batteries.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Potential uses could be in communication devices,
robots, hand-held tools and, ultimately, electric vehicle propulsion.

Project Title:

Fabrication of Photovoltaic Laser Energy Converter by MBE

10.04-3666
Fabrication of Photovoltaic Laser Energy Converter by MBE
Electro-Optek Corporation
3152 Kashiwa Street
Torrance
CA
90505
William S.
Chan
(213-434-3666)
LaRC

Abstract:

An innovative approach will be applied for fabricating series-connected, multiple,
vertical p-n junctions on silicon by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for converting
a high-intensity laser beam (one kilowatt per square centimeter) to electrical power
in space-based laser power transmission. This approach involves precisely controlling
the epitaxy of alternating layers of cobalt-silicide, p-doped Si, and n-doped Si
to form a single-crystal structure containing 500 to 1000 p-n junctions per cm connected
in series. Special E-beam-assisted, heated Knudsen sources will be used to perform
the multilayer epitaxy to minimize the occurrence of pinholes in the silicide layers
and to achieve abrupt p-n junction growth over a long MBE growth period. The cobalt
silicide thus formed will have an ultra-low resistance of less than a milli-ohm necessary
for high conversion efficiency.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could include laser power converters,
radiation detectors, and microelectronics.

Project Title:

Fault Tolerant Space Power Control Algorithms Using Neural Networks

10.05-1319
Fault Tolerant Space Power Control Algorithms Using Neural Networks
Systematix Inc.
5029 Edmondson Pike
Nashville
TN
37211
Steven W.
Welch
(615-834-1319)
MSFC

Abstract:

The application of neural computing to the design of highly reliable, space-power
systems is addressed by using neural network techniques to implement a set of conventional
control algorithms. This set will include the classical PID (proportional integral
derivative) control algorithm, latching and non-latching alarm blocks, and current-time
functions. Conceptually the neural-based control system building blocks will perform
like their traditional counterparts which are well-understood and commonly used by
system designers. The underlying implementation, however, will be founded on highly
distributed neural networks designed to run as software in a network of microprocessors
with the potential for adaptation to dedicated neural processors. The ultimate goal
is the integration of highly developed and well-understood power control techniques
with neural systems, whose inherent fault tolerance, speed, and light weight are
advantageous in space applications.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications could include  power distribution
networks, power plants, chemical processing, environmental systems, security systems,
traffic control, aircraft power units, medical life support, and automated manufacturing.

Project Title:

Control of Resonance in a 20 kHz Space Power System

10.05-9685
Control of Resonance in a 20 kHz Space Power System
P. C. Krause & Associates Inc.
1414 Ravinia Road
West Lafayette
IN
47906
Paul C.
Krause
(317-463-9685)
MSFC

Abstract:

The 20 kHz power systems, currently being considered for the Space Station and advanced
spacecraft, can produce harmonic resonances which, in some cases, may cause component
damage and electromagnetic interference. Controlled suppression of these harmonic
resonance frequencies is the purpose of this project which will investigate methods
of filtering the harmonic frequencies by using either passive or active filtering
at the load and/or source interface. Phase I will provide the means for filter design
and set the stage for Phase II. This Phase would develop detailed models of typical
spacecraft power systems in order to establish a simulated test bed for designing
and evaluating autonomous systems before committing to hardware. A second aspect
of Phase II would be development and verification of reduced order models of the
power system components for use in a digital simulation of the overall system. 

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This could have application in any group, federal
or commercial, interested in the design and operation of a 20 kHz power system for
aircraft of any type.

Project Title:

Fabrication of Multifilament Conductors: CVD Processing of High Tc Superconducting

10.06-2681
Fabrication of Multifilament Conductors: CVD Processing of High Tc Superconducting
Composite Fibers
Advanced Technology Materials Inc.
520-B Danbury Road
New Milford
CT
06776
Peter S.
Kirlin
(203-355-2681)
MSFC

Abstract:

A suitable manufacturing technology for bulk superconductors is crucial for their
use in aerospace power and propulsion applications. State-of-the-art processing of
bulk, high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) gives a brittle material with low current-carry
capacities; whereas, HTSC thin films show current densities exceeding 106 amps/cm2.
The innovation is to utilize a thin film deposition technique to fabricate the superconducting
component of a bulk conductor. This will be achieved by depositing high-quality BiSrCaCuO
films by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on platinum-coated tungsten fibers.
The current carrying capacity of the superconducting layer should approach that achievable
in thin films and the mechanical properties of the composite fibers will be dominated
by the high strength of the tungsten core. In Phase II, continuous processing will
be developed and the resulting fibers used to fabricate a multifilament conductor
with electrical and mechanical properties suitable for aerospace applications.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This project could lead to the application of
high temperature superconductors in large magnetic fields.

Project Title:

Preparation of Superconducting Wire

10.06-6000
Preparation of Superconducting Wire
Spire Corporation
Patriots Park
Bedford
MA
01730
Anton C.
Greenwald
(617-275-6000)
MSFC

Abstract:

Chemical vapor deposition of YBa2Cu3Ox, or similar material, on a coated tungsten
filament is an innovative technique for fabrication of ceramic superconducting wire.
Metal-organic sources for the metals will be deposited in an atmosphere containing
oxygen so that unwanted species will be volatilized, e.g., as CO2, and the final
film may not require sintering. The filament, coated to prevent oxidation and to
maintain electrical contact to the 10 -20 micron thick film, will be uniformly heated
by passing a current through it. The Phase I objective is to demonstrate deposition
of YBa2Cu3Ox on a stationary wire with the correct ratio of metals and to test for
superconducting properties. Phase II objectives would be to continuously coat a wire
moving through the reactor with a layer having a transition temperature over 93 K
and a critical current density over 105 A/cm2 at 77 K. Filaments thus produced would
be twisted into larger diameter wire for use in magnets and other end products.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Superconducting wire with a high critical current
density at 77 K in a 10 Tesla magnetic field would be useful in generators, motors,
energy storage systems, and magnets.

Project Title:

Electromagnetic Insulators

10.06-7241
Electromagnetic Insulators
Magnetic Concepts
10313 Ridgemoor Drive
Silver Spring
MD
20901
Philip A.
Studer
(301-593-7241)
LeRC

Abstract:

This innovation is based on the Meissner effect to improve the performance and reduce
the weight, size, and power of spacecraft power and propulsion equipment by greatly
reducing magnetic flux leakage in motors, actuators and other electromagnetic devices.
It will utilize the most advanced form of high-Tc superconductors--thin films. The
objectives are to demonstrate the feasibility of passive flux containment, provide
design data, and to evaluate expected device performance improvements. Cooperative
efforts with NASA engineers are suggested to apply techniques to hardware of current
interest so that immediate results will be available from a Phase II effort.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Application may occur in cryogenic liquefaction
machinery, in-vacuum process systems, and in high efficiency motors and alternators.

Project Title:

Current Leads for Superconducting Magnets

10.06-8629
Current Leads for Superconducting Magnets
Alabama Cryogenic Engineering Inc.
P.O. Box 2470
Huntsville
AL
35804
John B.
Hendricks
(205-536-8629)
JPL

Abstract:

The new high Tc superconducting materials can be used to construct current leads
for conventional superconducting magnets. This is a relatively simple system, that
will not place large demands on the material or on the fabrication process. However,
the use of superconducting leads can result in substantial improvements in heat leaks.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The innovation could have applications in systems
that use superconducting magnets.

Project Title:

High Temperature Superconducting Composites

10.06-9450
High Temperature Superconducting Composites
EIC Laboratories Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood
MA
02062
Stuart F.
Cogan
(617-769-9450)
GSFC

Abstract:

A high-Tc composite with the superconducting performance and mechanical properties
necessary for practical spaceborne applications is the goal of this project. A process
will be developed for fabricating continuous filament high-Tc and high-Jc composites
stabilized with an aluminum matrix through crystallographic texturing developed from
molecular-level sol chemistry. To achieve useful current densities, the microstructure
of the superconducting filaments will be tailored to accommodate the crystallographic
orientation dependence of Jc, superconductivity across grain boundaries, magnetic
field dependence of Jc, and the stabilization requirements of the superconducting
state. High-Jc filaments will be produced by low-temperature extrusion of a highly
oriented precursor polymer followed by a reaction heat treatment to form the high-Tc
phase. Thermally and mechanically stabilized composites will be formed by liquid
metal infiltration of multifilament bundles. The Phase I program seeks to demonstrate
the production of crystallographically oriented high-Jc filaments of YBa2Cu3O7-x.
Multifilament production and composite fabrication would be undertaken in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Anticipated uses include plasma confinement,
energy storage rings, transmission of electrical power, superconducting generators,
and related electrical machinery. 

Project Title:

Generalized Failure Criteria for Laminated Carbon-Carbon

11.01-8900B
Generalized Failure Criteria for Laminated Carbon-Carbon
PDA Engineering
2975 Redhill Avenue
Costa Mesa
CA
92626
Douglas A.
Marx
(714-540-8900)
MSFC

Abstract:

The WESTAR/PALAPA satellite launch, in which two-dimensional, carbon-carbon (C-C)
rocket nozzle exit cones failed and caused a loss of mission, points to the need
for a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of two-dimensional C-C materials.
This project will address this need by evolving a physically based failure criterion.
Establishment of a physical basis is the key which will make the results useful in
all facets of the mechanical engineering of two-dimensional C-C materials including
processing, inspection, and testing. Much of the test data on two-dimensional C-C
materials needed for this project are available, but past activities have only begun
to illuminate the physical factors influencing stress-state interactions and material
strength variability. This project study existing data and conduct the additional
work to develop a methodology which will lead to the desired level of confidence
in solid rocket motor reliability.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A failure criterion for laminated C-C materials
could be applied in a commercial product used by NASA and its contractors.

Project Title:

Liquid Rocket Atomization: An Innovative Numerical and Experimental Simulation

11.03-0688
Liquid Rocket Atomization: An Innovative Numerical and Experimental Simulation
MetroLaser
18006 Skypark Circle, #108
Irvine
CA
92714-6428
Cecil F.
Hess
(714-553-0688)
MSFC

Abstract:

This project is a theoretical and experimental investigation of the fluid dynamics
of interacting liquid jets in liquid-fueled rocket engines. The theoretical model,
based on a vortex-dynamics algorithm, takes advantage of the fact that, in many flows,
vorticity is concentrated in a small sub-domain of the flow field. By portraying
the actual vorticity distribution as discrete vortex elements and then following
the evolution of the vorticity field, one may obtain a complete flow description
limited only by the accuracy of the discreting process. This model will be extended
during Phase I to investigate two co-flowing, shearing planar liquid jets and two
impinging, opposed, planar liquid jets. The experiments conducted during Phase I
will attempt validation of the numerical model with holographic instrumentation.
This work, if carried through Phase II, will result in numerical and experimental
tools which will lead to more efficient atomizers, and a better understanding of
atomization and mixing.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This work could be applied in diesel fuel atomization,
gas turbine nozzles, agricultural sprays, and rapid solidification processes.

Project Title:

The Chemical Kinetics of LOx/Hydrocarbon Combustion

11.03-1966
The Chemical Kinetics of LOx/Hydrocarbon Combustion
Software and Engineering Associates Inc.
1000 E. William Street, Suite 200
Carson City, N

89701
Gary R.
Nickerson
(702-882-1966)
MSFC

Abstract:

Analytical methods and computer software will be developed for characterizing the
chemical kinetic mechanisms that control LOx-hydrocarbon combustion in rocket engines.
An innovative and highly general method will be applied to model combustion as it
occurs in gas generators for pump fed engines. The method will then be extended to
model other non-equilibrium processes, for example, the injection of gas generator
exhaust into the primary nozzle boundary layer and its effect on performance and
wall cooling. Other areas to be examined are:  sooting, ignition, oxygen-rich combustion,
and the relationship between kinetics and mixing. A generalized chemistry package
coupled to an implicit, stable numerical integration package will be used. The Phase
I effort will provide a "proof-of-concept" and a study plan for Phase II that should
result in a valuable design tool for the development of large liquid rocket engines.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:   The results of this project may allow substantial
cost savings in the development of liquid rocket engines.

Project Title:

Finite Element Code for Combustion Analysis of Advanced Propulsion Systems

11.03-8122
Finite Element Code for Combustion Analysis of Advanced Propulsion Systems
Huntsville Sciences Corp.
3313 Bob Wallace Avenue, Suite 201
Huntsville
AL
35805
Lawrence W.
Spradley
(205-536-8122)
MSFC

Abstract:

An advanced computational tool will be developed for analysis and design of advanced
space propulsion systems by modelling the turbulent, finite-rate, reacting, two-phase
flow in thrust chambers. Start-up and shutdown transients will be modeled with the
time-accurate algorithm. Finite elements will be used with a flux-vector-split technique
to provide a characteristic-based, upwind, fully implicit solution. The solution
domain will include the subsonic, transonic, and supersonic nozzle flow and the exhaust
plume.
The Phase I code will developed for axially symmetric flow of a single-phase gas
with a finite-rate kinetics package for hydrogen and oxygen and a two-equation, turbulent,
kinetic-energy closure model. In Phase II, the code will be extended to three dimensions,
arbitrary kinetics, and multi-phase flow. The development will use an existing finite-element,
flux-corrected transport code as a point of departure. The resulting code will provide
a modern and efficient tool to analyze and to design or modify existing and future
space propulsion systems.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:   Commercial supersonic airplane development could
use these computational codes to provide propulsion data, to reduce test costs, and
to verify experimental measurements and design changes.

Project Title:

CAGD: Computer-Aided Grid Design

11.04-4456
CAGD:  Computer-Aided Grid Design
Program Development Corp.
300 Hamilton Avenue, #409
White Plains
NY
10601
Bharat K.
Soni
(914-761-1732)
MSFC

Abstract:

As the trend continues towards exploiting the capabilities of the current generation
of super computers to model complex, three-dimensional flow fields, there is need
for advances in geometry modeling and grid generation technology to keep pace with
advances in Navier-Stokes algorithms. The proposed Computer Aided Grid Design (CAGD)
package is a step in that direction. The CAGD package will be developed on a scientific
workstation by coupling a CAD graphics system and the existing grid generation codes
with appropriate strategies. CAGD will offer a fast, efficient, and economical approach
to geometrical preparation. It will allow upgrading of the basic geometry in a step-by-step
fashion interactively and under permanent visual control. It will minimize the differences
between actual hardware surface descriptions and corresponding numerical analog.
Along with geometry-grid definition for a typical CFD application, CAGD will also
offer automatic boundary condition set-up for selected widely used Navier-Stokes
algorithms utilized in internal flow configurations.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The result could be a workstation-based, grid
generation tool for design problems involving complex geometries.

Project Title:

CFD Methods for Fast Flow Transients Encountered in Non-Linear Combustion Instability

11.04-6576A
CFD Methods for Fast Flow Transients Encountered in Non-Linear Combustion Instability
Problems
CFD Research Corporation
3325-D Triangle Boulevard
Huntsville
AL
35805
Andrzej J.
Przekwas
(205-5536-6576)
MSFC

Abstract:

Rocket thrust chambers often experience combustion instabilities which may result
in reduced performance, increased structural loads, and, ultimately, catastrophic
failure. Existing analytical methods are generally limited to linear-combustion instabilities.
Relatively little has been achieved to understand nonlinear combustion instabilities
primarily because of lack of an urate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology.
This project will concentrate on developing fast, time- and space-accurate CFD methods
for exact analysis of the nonlinear combustion instabilities. The proposed innovative
time-accurate method will be compared with best existing numerical models. The technique
will be evaluated on one-dimensional acoustic and combustion instability problems.
Results will be compared with analytical solutions and available experimental data.
In Phase II, the best technique will be incorporated in a CFD computer code to be
used as a base for incorporating physical models of two-phase spray combustion models.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Accurate prediction of nonlinear combustion instabilities
could be used by all rocket manufacturers.

Project Title:

Regenerable Biocide Delivery Unit

12.01-5201A
Regenerable Biocide Delivery Unit
Umpqua Research Co.
PO Box 791
Myrtle Creek
OR
97457
Gerald V.
Colombo
(503-863-5201)
JSC

Abstract:

The potable water system on the Space Shuttle uses a biocide generator as a microbial
check valve (MCV). The MCV is a replaceable cartridge that is packed with a special
iodinated ion-exchange resin which releases iodine into the water as it passes through
the resin at a level essentially independent of flow rate and without need of instrumentation
or controls. The present design capacity of the Shuttle MCV is approximately 30 days
for a crew of seven.
The Space Station and other long-term missions will use reclaimed water to reduce
the need for resupply. Investigations using the MCV on water representative of that
produced by water recovery systems show that the MCV is capable of iodinating the
water produced by these systems. In addition, feasibility tests have shown that the
resin is capable of being regenerated in situ. A regenerable MCV would be a simple
and reliable biocide dispenser that would not require frequent replacement of MCV
cartridges.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Regenerable iodinators could be useful to disinfect
drinking water in remote campgrounds. 

Project Title:

Development and Application of Liquid Membrane Emulsions in Cell Culture

12.01-8610
Development and Application of Liquid Membrane Emulsions in Cell Culture
BioChem Technology Inc.
66 Great Valley Parkway
Malvern
PA
19355
Lu-Kwang
Ju
(215-647-8610)
JSC

Abstract:

The importance of cell culture is clearly indicated as new products derived from
mammalian cells are introduced and the markets for these products grow. Since animal
cells must be cultivated in low-shear environments, there is a serious problem to
pH control in cultures of high cell concentrations. Lactic acid is mainly responsible
for the problem. In perfusion culture systems, concentrations of lactic acid and
other toxins or inhibitors can be kept at acceptably low levels. This, however, is
not an efficient use of nutrients which usually are not depleted.
This project aims to develop stable liquid membrane emulsions (LMEs) which can be
applied to cell culture for pH control, lactic acid and other toxic or inhibitory
material removal, and slow nutrient release to cells. Formation of LMEs will be studied
by three different approaches: emulsification, oil-phase gelation or crosslinking,
and encapsulation by coating around external/membrane phase interface. Application
of LMEs will lead to more efficient cell cultures with high cell concentrations.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This technology could be used in pharmaceutical
and biotechnology industries involved in cell culture where separation processes
must be conducted under low-shear conditions.

Project Title:

A Whole Body Calorimeter for Space Station Astronauts

12.01-9396
A Whole Body Calorimeter for Space Station Astronauts
Geoscience Limited
410 S. Cedros Avenue
Solana Beach
CA
92075
Heinz F.
Poppendiek
(619-755-9396)
JSC

Abstract:

A suitable direct calorimeter system for the measurement of metabolic outputs from
astronauts in orbital laboratories would allow better understanding of such processes
as changes in bone mineral content, muscle status, and the immune system as a result
of weightlessness. The metabolic terms, that can be accurately measured with a direct
calorimeter, would quantify the controlling processes being studied by NASA medical
scientists.
This project includes preliminary design of two calorimeter systems, one with a rigid
envelope and one with a non-rigid or disassemblable envelope, both designed to conserve
space. The concepts would be analyzed mathematically and evaluated by some laboratory
verification experiments. Final designs with back-up documentation would be delivered
to NASA describing the system performances.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The value of direct calorimetry in biomedical
research at the earth's surface has been amply demonstrated in the last ten years.

Project Title:

Organic Removal Module for Ultra-Pure Water Recycle Systems

12.02-2009
Organic Removal Module for Ultra-Pure Water Recycle Systems
Sievers Research Inc.
1930 Central Avenue, Suite C
Boulder
CO
80301
Richard D.
Godec
(303-444-2009)
MSFC

Abstract:

The development of a system for the removal of organic compounds from a high purity
water recycle system based on semiconductor catalyzed photo-oxidation will be conducted.
The combination of a semiconductor-catalyzed photo-oxidation and ion-exchange resin
will permit the development of a simple, compact organic removal module which provides
higher removal efficiencies (sub-parts per billion total organic carbon), lower maintenance,
and substantially smaller size than existing systems using absorption on charcoal,
other sorbents, or reverse osmosis. The proposed system will be particularly effective
in the destruction and removal of low-molecular-weight organic compounds which are
not efficiently removed using existing technologies. The organic removal module could
be an integral component of a complete high-purity water recycle system for use in
the Process Materials Management Systems in future space-based facilities.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This approach for removal of organic compounds
in high-purity water systems could be employed in electronics, pharmaceutical, and
biotechnology industries.

Project Title:

Catalytic Methods Using Molecular Oxygen for Treatment of Waste Streams

12.02-5201
Catalytic Methods Using Molecular Oxygen for Treatment of Waste Streams
Umpqua Research Co.
PO Box 791
Myrtle Creek
OR
97457
Gerald V.
Colombo
(503-863-5201)
MSFC

Abstract:

Current treatment methods such as phase change, sorption and membrane separation
techniques do not remove low-molecular-weight, polar organic molecules such as alcohols,
ketones, and amides. A catalytic oxidation method using molecular oxygen is proposed
that will oxidize these types of molecules to species that can be removed by existing
treatment methods. The proposed catalytic oxidation method eliminates most of the
disadvantages of other oxidizing schemes that have been investigated such as UV/ozone
and supercritical oxidation.
The objective of this project is to develop a method using O2 in conjunction with
a catalyst to effect the oxidation of a wide variety of organic contaminants. Catalysts
and conditions will be identified in Phase I which will lead to a Phase II effort
resulting in a breadboard system for waste water treatment.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This project could provide simpler, safer technology
for condensate polishing and trace organic removal systems which are widely utilized
in industry.

Project Title:

A Liquid-Sorbent/Membrane-Contactor Subsystem for CO2 Removal

12.03-4100
A Liquid-Sorbent/Membrane-Contactor Subsystem for CO2 Removal
Bend Research Inc.
64550 Research Road
Bend
OR
97701-8599
Scott B.
McCray
(503-382-4100)
JSC

Abstract:

Large crew numbers, long-duration missions, and severe launch and resupply penalties
make the development of regenerative Environmental Control and Life Support Systems
(ECLSS) a necessity for bases on the moon or Mars as well as for deep-space flights.
The purpose of this project is to provide a subsystem of an ECLSS for continuous
removal of carbon dioxide by means of a novel, membrane-based system. Instead of
a polymeric membrane, this subsystem will use a microporous membrane (in a "membrane
contactor" configuration) in combination with a liquid sorbent for selectively removing
CO2 from air. This novel combination represents a lightweight, energy-efficient alternative
to the current systems being developed by NASA--a significant advance in the state
of the art. The Phase I effort will be the preliminary development of the CO2 removal
process.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The technology to be developed in this project
could be applied to extravehicular mobility units (EMU) and in submarines, military
command centers, and high-altitude aircraft.

Project Title:

A "Diet Expert Subsystem" Program for the Controlled Ecological Life Support System

12.04-6780
A "Diet Expert Subsystem" Program for the  Controlled Ecological Life Support System
Applied Sciences Consultants
621 River Oaks Parkway
San Jose
CA
95134
Ahmed
Waleh
(408-434-6780)
ARC

Abstract:

Regenerative life support systems require reliable, stable means for recycling biological
residues and regenerating the life-sustaining elements within a closed habitat. Prominent
issues are dynamic control and prevention of instabilities caused by chaotic system
behavior. An important, but unexplored, control problem in the Controlled Ecological
Life Support System (CELSS) program is in meeting the crew's dietary needs considering
both the overall system stability and subsystem instabilities that could become a
health threat. Dietary planning, therefore, involves more than an optimization of
food-values and requires a well-characterized expert subsystem that can be integrated
with other subsystems of a "closed ecosystem."
Phase I will define an expert computer program that, if successful, can interface
with other CELSS subsystems and determine, schedule, modify, control, and project
both the daily and overall dietary needs according to a set of acquired rules from
a cumulative data base. This expert system is a program that attempts to simulate
the reasoning of a human expert given the same set of conditions.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This project's results could be integrated into
the CELSS for extended space missions.

Project Title:

Applications of an Automatic Inventory and Personnel Tracking System

12.05-5801
Applications of an Automatic Inventory and Personnel Tracking System
Direct Current Light
15116 Gerkin
Lawndale
CA
90260
Stephen Dale
Smith
(213-973-5801)
JSC

Abstract:

Astronauts, when in space, face many housekeeping chores, for example, tracking and
control of inventories of equipment and food. Misplacement of items could prove fatal
in crisis situations. Technology exists in the form of a 'proof-of-concept' breadboard
system able to identify many different radio frequency (RF) tags within a specified
area. This project will investigate the applications of the RF-tag technology towards
a fully automated inventory tracking system to be used aboard the Space Station.
In addition to material, the system could also monitor and locate astronauts within
the Space Station. 
The approach will be to design and construct a working breadboard to be tested under
simulated conditions. Interference from equipment and space craft materials will
be investigated. Benefits including ease of use of the system will be determined.
Phase I research will provide the information to design a fully functional system
in Phase II. Applications of this system extend to any situation where critical items
must be tracked and located.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The commercial applications include manufacturing
and transportation industries and the military for any situations requiring tracking
of critical inventory or personnel.

Project Title:

Vibration Isolation of Exercise Treadmill in Microgravity

12.05-8148
Vibration Isolation of Exercise Treadmill in Microgravity
Triangle R&D Corporation
PO Box 12696
Research Triangle Park
NC
27709
Amit L.
Patra
(919-781-8148)
JSC

Abstract:

This Phase I project will investigate the technical feasibility of a means for vibration
isolation of the treadmill aboard the Space Station which will allow astronauts to
exercise in order to avoid or minimize calcium loss. At the present time, the treadmills
used in space are man-operated to supply the requirement for daily exercise. Preliminary
analysis, however, has indicated that the present system can transmit the vibration
of running to the structure of the space ship and introduce undesirable vibrations
or oscillations that could negatively impact sensitive onboard experiments. The solution
will be the development of an active isolation system (shock absorbers) based upon
superior damping characteristics of electro-rheological fluids. These shock absorbers
could be placed beneath the exercise platform and isolate the vibration and noise
from the floor of the space ship.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Improved vibration and acoustic isolation could
be applied in sensitive equipment such as used in optical, microelectronic and precision
manufacturing.

Project Title:

Single Phase Space Laundry

12.06-5201B
Single Phase Space Laundry
Umpqua Research Co.
PO Box 791
Myrtle Creek
OR
97457
Gerald V.
Colombo
(503-863-5201)
JSC

Abstract:

The baseline design of NASA's Space Station includes a clothes laundry facility.
Foaming and air entrainment in the microgravity of space cause serious materials
handling problems. Anti-foaming agents add contaminants that must be removed in the
water reclamation system. Phase separators add additional weight and power. To alleviate
the requirements for phase separation and the problems associated with foaming, this
project will pursue the development of a single phase laundering apparatus.
Clothes drying should be also accomplished in the same unit to minimize weight and
space requirements of the laundering facility. Therefore, the laundering apparatus
will include a clothes drying capability. The drying cycle will use microwave energy
transfer to the wet clothing. Microwave drying offers several advantages: low power
consumption, low lint production, and sterilization of clothes.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Microwave drying could result in significant
power savings, clothing sterilization, lower shrinkage, and low limit production.

Project Title:

A Multiple-Read SAW Tag Inventory System Development

12.06-9200
A Multiple-Read SAW Tag Inventory System Development
Digital Signal Corporation
8003 Forbes Place
Springfield
VA
22151
John P.
Cater
(703-321-9200)
JSC

Abstract:

Tracking of on-board space station and shuttle materials such as tools, food, clothes,
pharmaceuticals and other expendables must be improved beyond bar code identification
methods. This project proposes to create a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW), passive-transponder,
inventory tracking system with unique capability of simultaneous, multiple-tag read
capability for reading up to 50 to 100 co-located tags. The small, lightweight and
battery-less SAW transponder tags are ideally suited for automated inventory and
tracking systems, but until now they have been limited to single tag-at-a-time read
constraints. Phase I will investigate the feasibility of creating multiple-read tag
systems so that items such as food containers can be accurately tracked in parallel
or simultaneous fashion. The result of the project will be a feasibility, or proof-of-concept,
working model of a multiple-read, SAW-tag automated inventory and tracking system.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This technology could replace bar code inventory
systems, making inventory and tracking systems automated and hands-free. Instantaneous
grocery market checkout counters could be an early commercial market.

Project Title:

Spacesuit Glove-Liner with Enhanced Thermal Properties for Improved Comfort

12.07-8148
Spacesuit Glove-Liner with Enhanced Thermal Properties for Improved Comfort
Triangle R&D Corporation
PO Box 12696
Research Triangle Park
NC
27709
Yvonne G.
Bryant
(919-781-8148)
JSC

Abstract:

This Phase I project will investigate fabricating an insulating material with enhanced
thermal properties for improved thermal comfort of astronaut hands during extra-vehicular
activity (EVA) in space. The approach involves incorporating phase change materials
(PCMs) within a synthetic fiber matrix for later conversion into test fabric. At
the phase change temperature, PCMs absorb and hold a high quantity of heat during
the heating cycle which must be removed from the PCM before its temperature can begin
to change. Thus, a glove insert fashioned from this material could significantly
improve thermal comfort by preventing astronauts' hands from experiencing temperatures
too much above or below the perceived thermal comfort zone improving, thereby, EVA
performance. This material could also be applied to the manufacture of articles of
clothing without the development of new technology. Phase I would investigate the
technical feasibility for producing such a unique material and evaluate it in comparison
to a control fabric.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Insulating materials with enhanced thermal properties
could be used in harsh
nvironments where improved thermal comfort is needed.

Project Title:

A New Method For Respiratory Monitoring During Space Flight

12.08-8141
A New Method For Respiratory Monitoring During Space Flight
Northwest Research Associates Inc.
PO Box 3027
Bellevue
WA
98009
Robert B.
Fraser
(206-453-8141)
ARC

Abstract:

Since it allows non-invasive assessment of both pulmonary and cardiovascular health,
respiratory gas analysis is a vital component of physiological monitoring of both
humans and animals during extended space flight. This project addresses an innovative
method of rapid multi-gas analysis which will lead to a rugged and compact respiratory
monitor. The technique is based on the measurement of the intensity of the emission
of selected spectral lines from a glow discharge.
Phase I technical objectives are to develop a suitable glow discharge tube and to
build and test a prototype gas analyzer with this discharge tube as its basic transducer.
The discharge tube designs will include various geometries and cathode materials
selected to minimize cathode sputtering. The testing of the complete prototype analyzer
will include measurement of range, linearity, signal strength, noise, repeatability,
and response time. In Phase II, the addition of a flow module and display monitor,
along with appropriate miniaturization, will lead to a complete and compact respiratory
monitoring package.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:   Applications include hospital bedside monitoring,
mobile stress and exercise testing, environmental monitoring, and process control.

Project Title:

Variable-G Facility for LIFESAT

12.08-9339
Variable-G Facility for LIFESAT
Micro-G Research Inc.
3401 Market Street, Suite 345
Philadelphia
PA
19104-3323
David G.
Heathcote
(215-387-9339)
ARC

Abstract:

Opportunities have been created recently for conducting biology research aboard free-flying
satellites launched from expendable vehicles. This project is directed towards developing
a centrifuge facility that can be accommodated within the LIFESAT free-flyer and
that can satisfy a wide range of experimental needs of space biologists. The centrifuge
facility will provide at least two independently-controlled rotors capable of providing
g-force environments within the range of zero to somewhat above one while supplying
simultaneous 1 g control data. The facility will have the ability to record video
images of test specimens on the rotors together with other experimental and housekeeping
data.
Specifications will be derived in Phase I from the scientific community and satellite
interface requirements and used to prepare a preliminary design. A hardware development
plan will be completed to provide an overview of how an engineering prototype version
of the centrifuge facility could be fabricated and tested during Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The centrifuge facilities would supply the background
data required for the development of practical techniques for the production of food
plants in space.

Project Title:

Remote Monitoring Indicators of Plant Stress

12.10-4569
Remote Monitoring Indicators of Plant Stress
Agave Analytics
8726D S. Sepulveda, Suite B71
Los Angeles
CA
90045
Robert M.
Woodhouse
(213-840-4569)
KSC

Abstract:

In space, where all resources including space and labor are scarce, it is essential
that crop production be constantly and efficiently managed and that the health of
the crop is determined quickly and accurately. The evaluation of crop health today
depends largely on visual observations, judgments, and periodic destructive sampling.
Remote sensing techniques, which are beginning to be used to examine crop growth,
have difficulties in distinguishing multiple stresses. In order to use recently available
sensors having high spectral resolution to distinguish individual stresses, it is
necessary to develop algorithms which characterize individual stresses.
This project will utilize existing spectral data from controlled experiments to determine
the feasibility of developing algorithms for evaluating crop health. With these algorithms,
it will be possible to determine the health status of plants in real time. Knowing
health status in real time from spectral algorithms makes efficient management possible
with the potential of full automation of crop production.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Commercial users could include greenhouse and
growth chamber manufacturers and operators, environmental resource and consulting
firms, investment and economic analysis companies involved with agricultural products,
and farming or other agricultural enterprises.

Project Title:

Optrode Development for Environmental pH Monitoring

12.10-7070
Optrode Development for Environmental pH Monitoring
Geo Centers Inc.
7 Wells Avenue
Newton Centre
MA
02159
Mary Elizabeth
Tabacco
(617-964-7070)
KSC

Abstract:

This project will develop a unique fiber-optic sensor for remotely monitoring environmental
pH to NASA's Biological Science Operations both on earth and in space. Fiber optic
methods allow continuous, real-time, in-situ monitoring of vapors and are readily
extended to work in liquid media.
Phase I will design and demonstrate, in the laboratory, a fiber-optic optrode capable
of determining pH in an aquatic or physiological medium as may be required by developmental
bio-reactors. Specific technical tasks are to: construct and evaluate porous-glass,
fiber-optic sensors over a broad pH range (pH = 2-12); optimize the sensor for a
specific pH range and determine indicator lifetime; develop methodology for chemical
attachment; assess multiplexing methods and applicability to sensing of salinity
and cations; and provide a preliminary design recommendation suitable for Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This sensor could be used to monitor groundwater
contaminants such as PCBs, dioxins, and toxic vapors as required by OSHA and NIOSH.
It could also be applied by hemical and pharmaceutical manufacturers in research,
engineering, and process control.

Project Title:

Energy-Modulated Toxic Vapor Detector

13.01-1336A
Energy-Modulated Toxic Vapor Detector
Transducer Research Inc.
1228 Olympus Drive
Naperville
IL
60540
Joseph R.
Stetter
(312-974-2107)
KSC

Abstract:

Modulation of the concentration of a toxic vapor generates in a detection device
a time-dependent signal which usually is ignored and only steady-state or equilibrium
detector values are used. However, this time-dependent signal contains very useful
information about the identity and concentration of the toxic vapor. In this Phase
I work, a prototype detector that operates using transient signals will be designed,
constructed, and tested for analysis of monomethylhydrazine (MMH), hydrogen, and
hydrochloric acid vapors, and its sensitivity, specificity, and stability will be
evaluated. Since this technique is spectroscopic in nature and utilizes a differential
measurement, the new detector is expected to be more stable and both reduce and simplify
the maintenance and repair required of field instrumentation for toxic vapor detection.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  There need for highly selective and sensitive
(ppb-level) detectors in medical monitoring, analytical instrumentation, environmental,
industrial hygiene, and safety markets.

Project Title:

Real-time Hydrazine Monitoring with Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

13.01-9450A
Real-time Hydrazine Monitoring with Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
EIC Laboratories Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood
MA
02062
Martin W.
Rupich
(617-769-9450)
KSC

Abstract:

Leakage of hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide, used in large quantities in space operations,
can present significant safety hazards to ground and flight crews. Because of their
toxicity, concentrations of these materials must be monitored at the parts-per-billion
level. The goal of this project is the development of a sensitive, "real-time" sensor
for hypergolic gases based on Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). The SERS
signal, which corresponds to the vibrational spectrum of a molecule adsorbed on specific
metal or metal oxide surfaces, is obtained from the Raman scattering of a visible
laser source. The SERS technique can be used for the qualitative and quantitative
analysis of numerous components in both gaseous and liquid environments. 
The goal of the Phase I program is to demonstrate the feasibility of a sensor based
on SERS for the "real-time" detection of hydrazine and monomethylhydrazine. The design
and testing of actual instruments would occur in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A gas phase sensor for detection and monitoring
of hydrazine and its derivatives could be applied in the manufacture and commercial
use of these toxic substances.

Project Title:

An Improved Quick Disconnect for Aerospace Fluid Systems

13.02-2664
An Improved Quick Disconnect for Aerospace Fluid Systems
Micro Craft Inc.
PO Box 370
Tullahoma
TN
37388
Glenn
Hardin
(615-455-2612)
KSC

Abstract:

To avoid unacceptable leakage in quick disconnect (QD) couplings used in aerospace
fluid systems, this project will develop a method to verify remotely that proper
sealing has been achieved in order to insure the safety of personnel and flight hardware.
This system would verify sealing of the QD prior to initiating fluid flow and, then,
both the ground- and flight-half poppet seals prior to disconnect. The innovation
for verifying sealing utilizes inherent features of current connector designs. Because
QD connection and operation involves volume displacements, the concept is to monitor
the associated pressure changes and employ this information to verify seal integrity.
The objectives of this effort are to quantify the magnitude and repeatability of
the pressure changes associated with QD operations and to expand the applications
of the concept. These objectives will be accomplished by: performing experiments
to obtain additional data on the pressure change characteristics of QD operations;
improving QD operations; developing a closed-loop system for fail safe operation;
developing unique transducers; and evaluating the concept for other connectors.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Applications range from the ground servicing
of flight systems to on-orbit robotic satellite servicing.

Project Title:

Improved System for SCAPE Suit Heating

13.02-7003B
Improved System for SCAPE Suit Heating
Mainstream Engineering Corp.
200 Yellow Place
Rockledge
FL
32955
Robert P.
Scaringe
(407-631-3550)
KSC

Abstract:

Aerospace fuel and propellant handling during cold weather at Kennedy Space Center
has resulted in lower than optimal temperatures inside propellant handlers' protective
suits (SCAPE suit). The intent of this project is to demonstrate experimentally a
prototype lightweight, non-contaminating, non-toxic, portable heat source that can
be worn inside the suit without affecting mobility. This innovative SCAPE suit heating
concept will interface with existing liquid air Environmental Control Units (ECU).
The heating unit has been designed to attach easily within the SCAPE suit and will
only be attached during cold weather operations. This innovation will provide a comfortable
suit environment so that workers will be able to perform critical tasks in an already
stressful situation without the additional handicap of being too cold.
Phase I will result in the preliminary design of a lightweight, easily attachable
SCAPE suit heating system for cold weather operations which will reduce SCAPE suit
user fatigue and improve performance. The preliminary design will allow for two hours
of automated operation.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  (None suggested by the company.)

Project Title:

Investigation of the Triggering of Lightning by Launch Vehicles During Ascent

13.03-0070A
Investigation of the Triggering of Lightning by Launch Vehicles During Ascent
Electro Magnetic Applications Inc.
PO Box 260263
Denver
CO
80226-0263
Rodney A.
Perala
(303-980-0700)
KSC

Abstract:

The specific objective of this project is to develop a triggered lightning model
which has the ability to ascertain reliably the electrical threat to ascending launch
vehicles. This will be accomplished through a series of specific tasks which examine
all important aspects of the triggering phenomenon individually. These tasks will
investigate: the microphysics of the discharge process; the effect of thunderstorm
particles; the effect of global and local variations in air pressure; the effect
of a rocket plume; and the conditions under which arc formation occurs rather than
simple electrical corona. The results of the specific tasks will be integrated into
a single triggered lightning model. This model, given the flight environment, will
be able to predict whether triggered lightning can occur for a specific launch vehicle
and will also be able to predict the effect on the vehicle if triggered lightning
does occur.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Prediction of triggered lightning potential when
thunderstorms cannot be avoided will be of great interest to aviation industry.

Project Title:

A Mesoscale Statistical Thunderstorm Prediction System

13.03-7800
A Mesoscale Statistical Thunderstorm Prediction System
MESO Inc.
28 Research Drive
Hampton
VA
23666-1325
Michael L.
Kaplan
(804-865-7800)
KSC

Abstract:

A Mesoscale Statistical Thunderstorm Prediction System (MSTPS) for Kennedy Space
Center will be developed to estimate the probability of thunderstorms during a specified
two-hour period within a 10 km square area centered on KSC.  The system will permit
updated forecasts to be prepared from 24 hours to one-half hour in advance of the
specified period. Thunderstorm probability will be determined through the use of
a multivariable discriminant function with predictors selected according to their
relative predictive power. Separate discriminant functions will be developed for
each forecast time so that a gradual shift between the model and observational predictors
can be achieved as one approaches the specified time. This project uses the Mesoscale
Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS) dynamical model. It will be initialized with
a mesoscale three-dimensional analysis and run for a 24-hour period to produce model
predictors. Observational predictors include standard surface weather reports and
conventional radar echoes as well as data from systems such as VHF Doppler wind profilers,
the NEXRAD Doppler radar network, automated surface observations, satellite imagery,
and satellite soundings.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Accurate, short-term prediction of thunderstorms
and convection phenomena could improve operations and safety in aviation, land and
sea transportation, agriculture, recreation, and construction. It could aid in planning
scientific field studies, military exercises, missile launches, and military air
base operations.

Project Title:

Thermal Tile Bond Inspection

13.04-6000
Thermal Tile Bond Inspection 
Spire Corporation
Patriots Park
Bedford
MA
01730
Charles C.
Blatchley
(617-275-6000)
KSC

Abstract:

During adhesive bonding of specially machined insulating tiles to Space Shuttle Orbiter,
the adhesive may crack, form voids, or simply fail to bond tightly to the surface.
The goal of this project is to provide a reliable, nondestructive technique to determine
the existence or size of bonding defects by applying gamma-ray scatter counting used
widely to measure thickness and composition of thin-film coatings. Unlike conventional
radiography or radiometry, gamma-ray scattering requires access to just one surface
and, through proper collimation, can be made to ignore surface features and sense
only defects in a layer deep under the surface. The apparatus for scanning these
deep layers can be made extremely rugged and lightweight; detectors and electronics
similar to those required for a hand-held inspection unit have been successfully
boosted into space.
In Phase I, a breadboard gamma scatter unit will be tested for capability of characterizing
condition of a layer of adhesive material. A prototype inspection device will be
developed in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This approach for non-destructive inspection
may also apply to industrial manufacturing, assembly, and operational inspections
for other laminated configurations.

Project Title:

Air Mass Measurement Indicator for Portable Liquid Air Dewar

13.06-7000
Air Mass Measurement Indicator for Portable Liquid Air Dewar
SRS Technologies
990 Explorer Boulevard, NW
Huntsville
AL
35806
Joe C.
Cody
(205-895-7000)
KSC

Abstract:

A measuring system capable of real-time display of the amount of air remaining in
a liquid-air-respirator storage dewar, regardless of dewar orientation or use rate,
will significantly enhance utilization and reduce unnecessary down-time for recharging.
The measuring system consists of four instrumented tank supports providing signals
to a microprocessor which converts the signals to forces and moments and resolves
these into the total gravity force on the tank from which the amount of air can be
determined. Additional pressure and temperature measurements will allow the determination
of the liquid and vapor mass. Low friction materials such as teflon and anti-friction
bearings may be used to minimize friction between the instrumented supports and supporting
structure to improve system sensitivity.
In Phase I, the project will develop concepts for the instrumented beams, develop
software to convert the measurements to weight of gaseous and liquid air, and define
requirements for the microprocessor and display. This information will be integrated
to provide an overall conceptual design of the system with supporting data to demonstrate
feasibility.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This development could be used for any life support
breathing equipment used in hazardous environments.

Project Title:

Conducting Organic Polymer Environmental Sensor

13.08-4770
Conducting Organic Polymer Environmental Sensor
Spectral Sciences Inc.
99 S. Bedford Street, #7
Burlington
MA
01803-5128
Mitchell
Zakin
(617-273-4770)
JSC

Abstract:

A sensing device is required for the detection of toxic, hypergolic propellants (hydrazine,
monomethylhydrazine, ammonia, and nitrogen tetroxide) on the surface of astronaut
spacesuits and equipment in vacuum. A toxic vapor detector will be developed applying
reagent-induced modification of the conductivity of doped, conducting polyaniline.
The goal is an inexpensive, micro-sized device that can sensitively and selectively
detect toxic hypergolic propellants. The COPES instrument would consist of two complementary
modules: a supported polymer sample with appropriate electrical connections and an
electrical measurement and data analysis unit. The basic operational principle is
that exposure of doped, conducting polyaniline to specific chemical reagents produces
changes in conductivity which are proportional to both reagent concentration and
length of exposure. Phase I will provide a laboratory proof-of-concept demonstration
of the COPES sensor and establish the design parameters for a breadboard COPES instrument
to be constructed in Phase II.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The sensor could be adapted for widespread use
in the industrial sector for monitoring atmospheric pollutants and detecting chemical
agents.

Project Title:

Hybrid Projection Coding for the CCSDS Standard

14.01-0760B
Hybrid Projection Coding for the CCSDS Standard
SCS Telecom Inc.
107 Haven Avenue
Port Washington
NY
11050
Gary
Lomp
(516-883-0760)
JSC

Abstract:

Design and software implementation of a new error correction coding technique is
based on an extension of majority logic coding. The code has an algebraic structure
that permits a hybrid code design and employs cyclic coding in a natural fashion
within the basic code. The resulting hybrid code has increased random error correction
capability while retaining the burst error correction capability. Decoding is accomplished
by a simple iterative scheme wherein the number of errors is reduced significantly
with each iteration. This project will extend the binary projection code theory pioneered
by the firm into a hybrid code which has a code rate exceeding 0.9, a block size
of 10,000 bits, and can reduce an input bit error rate of 10-5 to an output bit error
rate of less than 10-15. The code will be designed so that it can be built to operate
at 300 Mb/s using commercially available logic cell array chips.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This project may produce a result that could
have numerous applications including broadband ISDN, packet data switching, and satellite
and meteor burst transmission systems.

Project Title:

Multiple-Access Communication Hybrid Simulation

14.01-1112
Multiple-Access Communication Hybrid Simulation
Q-DOT Inc.
1069 Elkton Drive
Colorado Springs
CO
80907-3579
David E.
Reed
(719-590-1112)
JSC

Abstract:

An innovative technique will be developed to simulate the performance of multiple-access
communication systems. A unique combination of Monte Carlo simulation and statistical
bounding techniques are used to increase the efficiency of multiple-access models.
Use of known statistics in the simulation model reduces the computational burden.
When closed-form expressions for probability functions are not available, a recently
developed bounding technique is used. This technique is extended to a larger class
of problem giving greater flexibility than any other hybrid simulator.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  A general-purpose, multiple-access, communication
system simulator could be useful in system performance predictions for many modern
commercial systems.

Project Title:

Integrated EVA Antenna Module for Space Station Multiple Access Communication

14.01-4341
Integrated EVA Antenna Module for Space Station Multiple Access Communication
Shason Microwave Corp.
1730 NASA Road 1, Suite 101
Houston
TX
77058
Roland W.
Shaw
(713-333-1950)
JSC

Abstract:

The development of an integrated antenna module applicable for use on an extra-vehicular-activity
(EVA), multiple-access communication system is being pursued. The innovative solution
to this problem lies in the ability to merge the three key functions of circuitry,
feed network, and antenna element into a common design capable of being mounted on
the EVA backpack as a module plug-in component. The module utilizes an antipodal
finline and balun to feed a balanced antenna element and still allow the active circuits
to be implemented in MMIC (monolithic-microwave-integrated-circuit) technology. The
manufacture of this miniature transmit-receive module will incorporate the use of
new high dielectric materials with improved electrical and mechanical stability over
temperature extremes. The use of high frequency plug-in connectors will also be implemented
in the realization of the module.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The manufacturing processes used on this project
could apply to other phased array antenna systems. In addition, the frequency scalability
of the design could make it applicable to "man-pack" systems.

Project Title:

Coherent Communication Link Using Diode-Pumped Lasers

14.02-0755
Coherent Communication Link Using Diode-Pumped Lasers
Lightwave Electronics Corp.
1161 San Antonio Road
Mountain View
CA
94043
Thomas J.
Kane
(415-962-0755)
GSFC

Abstract:

Optical communication links between geosynchronous satellites or between deep space
probes and a space station would have the advantage of small antennas, low power
consumption, and improved bandwidth and security compared to microwave links with
similar capacity. Diode-pumped, solid-state lasers have the power, efficiency, and
quality needed for these links and, in commercial efforts by the company, have been
shown to have the characteristics required for use of coherent communication techniques
such as heterodyne detection. This project will develop a 1.32-micron, single-frequency
laser with an output of several hundred milliwatts. It will coupled into a commercially
available, guided-wave, phase modulator with a bandwith of 3 GHz. The modulated output
will be heterodyne-detected using a five-milliwatt, single-frequency, quickly tunable
laser which has been developed and phase-locked at the company. The problem of long-term
frequency stabilization, which is a consideration determining system robustness,
would be studied.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The large power and improved detector sensitivity,
made possible by diode-pumped, narrow-line-width lasers, could be valuable for applications
such as undersea cables.

Project Title:

Multi-Access Free-Space Laser Communication System Design

14.02-2250
Multi-Access Free-Space Laser Communication System Design
Laser Data Technology Inc.
1244 Dielman Industrial Park
St. Louis
MO
63132
Monte
Ross
(314-997-2250)
GSFC

Abstract:

This project will design of multi-access, optical communication systems with small-size,
light-weight terminals for use on GEO and LEO satellites. Incorporating advancing
technology in high-power, coherent, gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser diodes and diode
arrays, these designs will be simple, low-cost systems capable of gimbal-only tracking
and direct detection. Laser transmitters will be designed using multi-watt laser
diodes with efficiencies up to 50% to permit simultaneous transmissions from a number
satellite in LEO to a GEO satellite at data rates of 1 Mbps. The light-weight terminals
will incorporate acquisition, tracking, and communications. Multi-access for the
GEO satellite will rely on one large-aperture, wide-field-of-view gimballed system
terminal or on a number of two-inch-aperture, independently gimballed terminals.
LEO terminals will use two-inch apertures and weigh thirty pounds. System and component
specifications will be given and a risk assessment provided for the selected, balanced
design concept.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Low-cost small, light weight optical communication
terminals could be applied in commercial satellites and in open-beam, line-of-sight
communications from tower-to-tower or building-to-building.

Project Title:

Large Deviation Linear Phase Shifter

14.04-8000
Large Deviation Linear Phase Shifter
Pacific Monolithics Inc.
245 Santa Ana Court
Sunnyvale
CA
94086
Stephen P.
MacCabe
(408-732-8000)
JPL

Abstract:

There is a requirement for large-deviation, linear, phase shifter circuits with QPSK
and BPSK capability for use on-board in new spacecraft communication systems. A gallium-arsenide
integrated circuit will be studied for this purpose. A circuit configuration will
be defined for an X-band chip, and supporting circuitry and specifications necessary
for the development of the chip during a follow-on phase will be defined. Circuit
implications and design options for extending the work to Ka-Band region will be
studied. Included in this effort will be a study of using HEMT circuits to form essentially
the same circuit at higher frequency.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  High data-rate communication systems, telecommunications,
and telemetry, both military and commercial, will benefit from the development of
a chip featuring linear phase control, along with QPSK and BPSK capability.

Project Title:

Quartz/Fused Silica Chip Carriers

14.05-4114
Quartz/Fused Silica Chip Carriers
Holz Industries Inc.
5450 Complex Street, Suite 301
San Diego
CA
92123
Gary L.
Holz
(619-268-4114)
LeRC

Abstract:

The rapidly growing use of GaAs MMICs (microwave monolithic integrated circuits)
in space, defense, and commercial applications has created the need for packaging
technology to maintain pace with semi-conductor technology. Currently produced chip
carriers are not capable of operating at the high frequencies (Ka band and above)
demanded by many systems under development. A chip carrier manufactured from quartz/fused
silica potentially offers many technological advantages over those of ceramic and
metal. The objective of the proposed project is twofold: to prove the manufacturability
of a quartz/silica package and to prove the thesis that these packages exceed the
performance capabilities of today's products. The work will consist of: testing the
raw material; experimenting with methods of fabrication; producing prototypes in
currently used package configurations; electrically and mechanically testing these
prototypes.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The anticipated result is a new generation of
high speed packages, which could apply to supercomputers and space and military communications
systems.

Project Title:

Innovative Pulse Compressors for Satellite Communications

14.05-9388
Innovative Pulse Compressors for Satellite Communications
Amerasia Technology Inc.
620-1 Hampshire Road
Westlake Village
CA
91361
Edward J.
Staples
(805-495-9388)
LeRC

Abstract:

A chirp, Fourier-transform, compressive receiver employing new, innovative hyperbolic
transducers and a single reflective array for pulse compression will be studied as
an efficient, low-power means of demodulation for frequency-shift-keyed (FSK) satellite
communications. The successful development of hyperbolic, in-line, reflective-array
compressor filters will provide a breakthrough in compressive receivers which would
be small, require low-power, and could be manufactured at 1/10 the cost of present
systems.
A prototype satellite communications system will be designed to serve 250 channels
simultaneously using 4-ary (1000 tones) with a tone separation of 50 kHz and covering
a total bandwidth of 50 MHz. Each tone or chirp will have a maximum duration of 40
microseconds. The advantage of the proposed architecture is that it allows large-time-bandwidth
signal processing to decode real-time communications of many simultaneous users with
maximum efficiency and minimum size, power, and weight.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The pulse compression system could be applied
in earth-to-satellite frequency multiplexed communications for television, banking,
and business or private links. A truly low-cost system would make satellite communications
sets available to large numbers of users.

Project Title:

Low Temperature Electrolytes for Emergency Locator Transmitter

14.07-6901
Low Temperature Electrolytes for Emergency Locator Transmitter
Wilson Greatbatch Ltd.
10000 Wehrle Drive
Clarence
NY
14031
Esther S.
Takeuchi
(716-659-6901)
GSFC

Abstract:

The anticipated result of Phase I is the development of an electrolyte for the lithium/silver-vanadium-oxide
(Li/SVO) system that would provide cell performance at -40 C as demanded by Emergency
Locator Transmitters (ELTs) and Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs).
The Li/SVO chemistry was chosen due to its high volumetric energy density, good high-rate
performance, low self-discharge, state of charge indication, excellent safety characteristics,
and abuse resistance. Implementation of this chemistry would provide cells containing
non-noxious electrolytes with the performance and safety characteristics desired
for the applications mentioned. Phase II would involve the development of moderately
priced, spirally wound cells suitable for assembly into battery packs for ELT and
EPIRB use.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  These cells could be used in space applications,
buoys, weapons systems, and other applications requiring high rates over wide temperature
ranges.

Project Title:

Pulsed Solid State Power Amplifiers for 30/20 GHz Satcom Terminal Up-Link Transmitter

14.08-7111
Pulsed Solid State Power Amplifiers for 30/20 GHz Satcom Terminal Up-Link Transmitter
LNR Communications Inc.
180 Marcus Boulevard
Hauppauge
NY
11788
Johannes
deGruyl
(516-273-7111)
LeRC

Abstract:

The Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) and the associated, dispersed
30/20 GHz ground terminals now under development are the prototypes and precursors
of future 30/20 GHz SATCOM systems. In order to fully exploit these evolving large-scale
communications capabilities, it is imperative that earth-station 30 GHz transmitters
be simple, reliable, inexpensive, and with sufficient RF power, typically 8-16 W,
for time-domain, multiple-access (TDMA) burst rates of 13.75-27.5 Mbps. Since the
average burst duty cycle for the up-link is about 0.025, a pulsed, solid-state power
amplifier (SSPA) built from high-peak-power IMPATTs might be developed into a simple,
low-cost, 30-GHz transmitter.
Phase I will investigate the suitability of a pulsed IMPATT amplifier, including
its intrapulse, gain-phase and transient characteristics, to handle TDMA traffic
without degradation. A pulsed 30 GHZ IMPATT SSPA design will be generated which could
be the basis of a Phase II hardware development program.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This development could provide low-cost, high-performance,
pulsed 30 GHz IMPATT SSPAs suitable for the entire gamut of next-generation, commercial
30/20 GHz terminals.

Project Title:

High Tc Films for Microwave Applications

14.09-2550
High Tc Films for Microwave Applications
CVC Products Inc.
PO Box 1886
Rochester
NY
14603
James
Argana
(716-454-8255)
JPL

Abstract:

Building on its collaboration with the University of Rochester, the company intends
to develop thin-film, high-Tc superconductors, such as YBa2Cu3O7, for application
to passive microwave circuits. The primary technique will be rf magnetron sputtering
of reacted oxides from a large target for uniform deposition across two-inch substrates.
This process has produced high-quality superconducting films following high-temperature
annealing and, more recently, at a medium-temperature (630 C). The devices will employ
a reaction-barrier layer before depositing the high-Tc films on substrates such as
Al2O3, Si, and GaAs; thin-film silver pads for low-loss contacts; and a protective,
sputter-deposited dielectric overlayer. The films will be patterned into transmission
lines and strip-line resonators using standard photolithography and etching. The
Q of the resonators (and thus rf surface resistance) will be measured at frequencies
up to 20 GHz, over a wide range of temperature, and compared to that of conventional
copper lines. These microwave properties will be corrected with dc electrical measurements
and materials properties.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Reliable high-Tc superconducting films for microwave
circuit elements, MMIC's, antennas, and high-Q resonators could serve in communications
systems and radar in space and ground-based systems.

Project Title:

Magnetic Float Zone Microgravity Crystal Growth: Application to Silicon Carbide

15.01-0333
Magnetic Float Zone Microgravity Crystal Growth: Application to Silicon Carbide
Scientific Research Associates Inc.
PO Box 1058
Glastonbury
CT
06033
Y. T.
Chan
(205-659-0333)
MSFC

Abstract:

By applying an axial DC magnetic field to a floating zone crystal growth process
it may be possible to improve the quality of materials grown by this technique under
microgravity conditions. The purpose of the magnetic field is to suppress the undesirable
surface-tension-driven convection caused surface temperature and dopant variations.
In Phase I, the concept will be verified through numerical magnetohydrodynamic and
heat transfer simulations of a realistic floating zone system. A parametric study
will be performed in Phase II to compile a knowledge base for designing a commercial
apparatus with automated feedback control of the growing process. The entire system
will be self-contained and require minimum human control. Realistic parameters will
be used for simulating growth of titanium carbide crystals for use as substrates
in the epitaxial growth of silicon carbide. The design studies of Phase II would
be carried out for both earth gravity and microgravity conditions, and an orbital
reactor would also be designed.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Results of this work could meet the need of the
semiconductor industry for high quality crystals of various compounds.

Project Title:

Growth of III-V Ternary Crystals by Liquid-Phase Electro-Epitaxy

15.01-5544
Growth of III-V Ternary Crystals by Liquid-Phase Electro-Epitaxy
Microgravity Research Associates
PO Box 10505
Midland
TX
79702
Tadeusz
Bryskiewicz
(915-684-5544)
LeRC

Abstract:

Through sponsorship of four years of research at MIT on growing of high-quality crystals
using Liquid Phase Electroepitaxy (LPEE), the company can produce bulk GaAs crystals
approaching 25 mm in diameter and 5 mm in thickness with a purity, structural perfection,
homogeneity, and luminescence efficiency far superior to melt grown material. This
process will be extended to grow high-efficiency (in terms of luminescence intensity),
bulk ternary crystals that are compositionally uniform with epitaxial quality and
approaching 25 mm in diameter and 5 mm in thickness. These crystals, not achievable
by other growth techniques, would be a new class of the highest quality substrate
materials for optoelectronic and microwave devices.
Phase I will study which ternary compounds are in greatest demand and what characteristics
are desired for devices. This will set priorities and pinpoint the necessary resources.
Phase II will see the research, development, and production of the crystal leading
to Phase III commercial deployment.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Ternary III-V substrate materials can be used
in fabricating photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, semiconductor lasers, cascade
solar cells, phototransistors, bipolar transistors, and high-frequency FET's and
HEMT's.

Project Title:

Physical Vapor Transport and Crystal Growth of Tellurium: A Novel Acousto-Optic Material

15.01-5800
Physical Vapor Transport and Crystal Growth of Tellurium: A Novel Acousto-Optic Material
Brimrose Corporation of America
5020 Campbell Blvd., Bldg. 1
Baltimore
MD
21236
S. B.
Trivedi
(301-529-5800)
LeRC

Abstract:

Improved understanding of vapor transport and crystal growth in microgravity requires
systematic design and optimization of ground-based experiments. Past experimental
work on compounds (i.e. HgI2, GeSe-GeI4, GeSe-Xe) has involved chemical complexities
in vapor and solid phases that caused difficulties in understanding the results.
A simple, scientifically strong experimental system using tellurium as a model material
will be defined to overcome these difficulties. Tellurium, a group VI element, is
chemically simple and is free of complex vapor-phase reactions. It has a relatively
low melting point (450 C) and a vapor pressure high enough for transport and growth
by sublimation. Applications exist for tellurium crystals in 10.6-m laser beam modulation
and steering. 
The study will address the effects on crystal growth of ampoule size and geometry,
orientation with respect to gravity and temperature gradient, and vapor transport
rates. Experimental rates will be compared with theoretical models. Vapor-grown crystals
will be characterized with respect to structural and electrical properties.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This work could help grow crystals of good quality
and reasonable size under ground based conditions. Moreover, good quality tellurium
single crystals have a potential as novel acousto-optic material.

Project Title:

Microgravity Sonic Pump Levitator Furnace

15.01-6684
Microgravity Sonic Pump Levitator Furnace
Orbital Technologies Corp.
402 Gammon Place, #10
Madison
WI
53719
Eric E.
Rice
(608-833-1992)
MSFC

Abstract:

This project will advance the state-of-the-art in microgravity, containerless materials
processing for production and research. The Microgravity Sonic Pump Furnace (MSPF)
concept is based upon the sonic pump levitator principle that provides rapid position
control at modest accelerations for samples up to 4 cm in diameter while the sample
is being heated and melted under controlled conditions. Specific sensor systems will
be used to monitor the state condition of the sample as it undergoes processing.
The MSPF systems can be flown on the KC-135 or Lear aircraft, the Space Shuttle,
the Space Station, commercially developed space facility, or other future systems.
The Phase I effort will review the applicability of the technology in microgravity
research, will improve the theory and engineering analysis models, and develop a
preliminary design concept.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  This project may provide microgravity equipment
which can assist scientific research and space commercial production of new electronic
materials, metal alloys, glasses, ceramics, and electro-optical materials. 

Project Title:

Numerical Simulation of Crystal Growth Processes

15.02-0200
Numerical Simulation of Crystal Growth Processes
Fluid Dynamics International Inc.
1600 Orrington Avenue
Evanston
IL
60201
Simon
Rosenblat
(312-491-0200)
LeRC

Abstract:

A computer software program will be developed that will enable the numerical simulation
of crystal growth from a melt, including heat and mass transfer, transport of solute,
tracking of the solidification front, and meniscus effects. The program will be based
on the finite-element method and will allow both steady-state and transient simulations.
The work will comprise development, testing, and implementation of new capabilities
related to the existing commercial, finite-element program, FIDAP. Aspects of the
crystal growth process under conditions of microgravity will be specially emphasized.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The results of this project could permit numerical
simulation of float-zone, Czochralski, and Bridgman crystal growth processes. 

Project Title:

Chemical Vapor Deposition Fluid Flow Simulation Modelling Tool

15.03-5777
Chemical Vapor Deposition Fluid Flow Simulation Modelling Tool
Nektonics Inc.
400 Fifth Avenue
Waltham
MA
02154
Edward T.
Bullister
(617-290-5750)
LaRC

Abstract:

In order to improve the simulation of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes in
closed and open systems, this project will enhance the commercial NEKTON code which
is used to solve the unsteady three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations.
This program employs user-friendly menus and graphics-based pre- and post-processors.
Phase I will extend NEKTON to provide: simultaneous solutions of three-dimensional
unsteady momentum, energy, and multi-species conservation equations in dilute systems;
temporal tracking of reacting species in the gas and on the reacting surfaces; and
a coupled solution of conduction-convection equations in complex three-dimensional
geometries with rotating boundaries. Phase II will develop solutions of the transport
equations in non-dilute systems and include thermal diffusion in the gas and time-dependent
gravitational acceleration with complex surface reaction mechanisms in three-dimensional
geometries with multi-reacting surfaces.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  The process could be applied to growth of different
layers for digital, integrated circuits, in compound semi-conductor hetero-structures
and for structured, layered materials.

Project Title:

Low-Cost Space Power Generation

15.04-8200
Low-Cost Space Power Generation
Chronos Research Laboratories
41866 Sorrento Valley Blvd., Suite H
San Diego
CA
92121
Randall B.
Olsen
(619-455-8200)
LeRC

Abstract:

Low-cost space power is a key technology for the exploration and commercialization
of space. Pyroelectric conversion is likely to be dominant in space electrical power
generation for two reasons: its low mass will make it the least expensive to place
in orbit, and the materials and system costs of pyroelectric converters are expected
to be far lower than photovoltaic, nuclear, and chemical approaches. Electric propulsion
powered by ultra-lightweight, pyroelectric converters may also make higher orbits
economically accessible because of the low mass of the power plant, its radiation
resistance, and its high-voltage output which matches well with the requirements
of the propulsion unit.
The objective of the Phase I effort is to determine the long-term stability of the
characteristics of a pyroelectric polymer which has recently been shown to have substantial
energy conversion capability. The properties of the material will be followed for
extended time periods as it is subjected to the thermal and electrical cycling conditions
which will exist in pyroelectric energy converters.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  On earth, pyroelectric converters will operate
on industrial waste heat to produce low-cost electrical power.