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CHAPTER 1 REINFORCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The ACI Code 2 1.3 Concrete Ingredients 3 Portland Cement 4 Fine and Coarse Aggregates 5 Water and Air 6 Admixtures 8 1.4 Curing 10 1.5 Testing Concrete 10 Slump Test 11 Cylinder Test 12 Core-Cylinder Test and In Situ Tests 14 1.6 Mechanical Behavior of Concrete 15 Concrete in Compression 15 Concrete in Tension 18 1.7 Volume Changes in Concrete 21 Temperature Change 21 Concrete Shrinkage 22 Creep of Concrete 25 1.8 Reinforcing Steel 26 Behavior of Steel Under Stress 26 Problems 31 Self-Experiments 31 CHAPTER 2 RECTANGULAR BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete 33 2.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete 34 2.4 On the Nature of the Design Process 34 2.5 Live Load Reduction Factors 37 2.6 Continuity in Reinforced Concrete Construction 39 2.7 Propagation of Internal Forces 41 2.8 On the Fickleness of Live Loads 44 2.9 The ACI Code Moment and Shear Coefficients 48 2.10 The Concept of Strength Design 49 2.11 Design (Ultimate) Strength 50 2.12 Assumptions for the Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 53 2.13 Different Failure Modes 59 2.14 The Equivalent Stress Block 60 2.15 The Steel Ratio ()62 2.16 The Balanced Steel Ratio 62 2.17 Elaboration on the Net Tensile Strain in Steel (t)64 2.18 The Location of the Neutral Axis and Limit Positions 67 2.19 Relationship Between and dt/c 68 2.20 Limitations on the Steel Percentage for Flexural Members 68 2.21 Minimum Steel Ratio (min) for Reinforced Concrete Beams 70 2.22 Analysis of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Sections 71 MR Calculation: Method I 71 MR Calculation: Method II 77 2.23 Selection of Appropriate Dimensions for Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs 82 Selection of Depth 82 Selection of Width 84 2.24 Crack Control in Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs 85 2.25 Design of Beams 87 b, h known, As unknown 88 b, h, As unknown 93 2.26 Slabs 100 2.27 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Slabs under Loads 102 2.28 Reinforcement in One-Way Slabs 104 Main Reinforcement 104 Shrinkage and Temperature (S & T) Reinforcement 104 Minimum Reinforcements for One-Way Slabs 106 2.29 Areas of Reinforcing Bars in Slabs 108 2.30 Analysis of Reinforced Concrete One-Way Slabs 108 2.31 Design of Reinforced Concrete One-Way Slabs 118 Problems 124 Self-Experiments 131 CHAPTER 3 SPECIAL TOPICS IN FLEXURE 135 3.1 T-Beams 135 Introduction 135 Effective Flange Width (beff) 137 Minimum Steel for T-beams 139 Analysis of T-beams 139 Design of T-beams 148 3.2 Doubly-Reinforced Beams 158 Introduction 158 Analysis of Doubly-Reinforced Concrete Beams 158 Design of Doubly-Reinforced Concrete Beams 170 Lateral Support for Compression Steel 179 3.3 Deflection of Reinforced Concrete Beams 179 Introduction 179 The Effective Moment of Inertia (Ie) 181 Cracked Section Moment of Inertia (Icr) 183 Applications 190 Comments on the Effective Moment of Inertia (Ie) 192 Long-Term Deflections 192 3.4 Reinforcement Development and Splices 194 Bond Stresses 194 Development Length for Bars in Tension 195 Tension Bars Terminated in Hooks 197 Development Length for Bars in Compression 200 Splices of Reinforcement 201 Problems 202 Self-Experiments 207 CHAPTER 4 SHEAR IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS 210 4.1 Introduction 210 4.2 Shear in Beams 210 4.3 The Design of Shear Reinforcement 216 Zone 1 (Vu Vc/2) 218 Zone 2 (Vc/2 Vu Vc) 218 Zone 3 (Vc Vu) 219 4.4 Additional Requirements for the Design of Shear Reinforcing 222 4.5 Stirrup Design Procedure 224 4.6 Additional Formulas to Calculate the Shear Strength of a Beam Section 234 Beams Subject to Flexure and Shear Only 234 Members Subject to Axial Compression 234 Members Subject to Significant Axial Tension 235 4.7 Corbels and Brackets 236 Problems 241 Self-Experiments 245 CHAPTER 5 COLUMNS 247 5.1 Introduction 247 5.2 Types of Columns 247 Based on Reinforcement 248 Based on Shape 250 Based on Loading 250 Based on Structural System 254 Based on Length 254 5.3 Behavior of Short Columns with Small Eccentricity under Load 255 5.4 General ACI Code Requirements for Columns 255 5.5 Some Considerations on the Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns 262 Column Size 262 High-Strength Material Use 263 5.6 Analysis of Short Columns with Small Eccentricity 263 5.7 Design of Short Columns with Small Eccentricity 269 Ag Known, Ast Unknown 270 Ag and Ast Unknown 275 5.8 Behavior of Short Columns under Eccentric Loads 283 5.9 ACI Column Interaction Diagrams 296 5.10 Design Axial Load Strength (Pn), and Moment Capacity (Mn) 299 5.11 Analysis of Short Columns with Large Eccentricity Using Interaction Diagrams 302 Analysis of Columns with Compression-Controlled Behavior 302 Analysis of Non-Compression-Controlled Columns 305 5.12 Design of Short Columns with Large Eccentricity 310 Design of Columns with Compression-Controlled Behavior 311 Design of Non-Compression Controlled Columns 313 5.13 Slender Columns, 321 Column Buckling and Slenderness Ratio 321 P- Effects 324 Problems 327 Self-Experiments 331 CHAPTER 6 FLOOR SYSTEMS 332 6.1 Introduction 332 6.2 Flat Slabs and Plates 333 6.3 Shears in Flat Slabs and Plates 335 6.4 Flexure in Flat Slabs and Plates 340 6.5 Flat Slabs and the Use of Drop Panels 350 6.6 Waffle Slab Structures 351 6.7 One-Way Joists 355 6.8 Beams and One-Way Slabs 357 6.9 Two-Way Slabs on Beams 358 6.10 Two-Way Joists with Slab Band Beams 359 Problems 360 Self-Experiments 361 CHAPTER 7 FOUNDATIONS AND EARTH SUPPORTING WALLS 362 7.1 Introduction 362 7.2 Types of Soil 362 7.3 Soil Classification 363 7.4 Test Borings and the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 364 7.5 Soil Failure under Footings 365 7.6 Pressure Distribution under Footing and Soil Settlement 367 7.7 Allowable Bearing Soil Pressure 369 7.8 Types of Foundations 370 Shallow Foundations 370 Deep Foundations 373 Considerations for the Placement of Foundations 376 7.9 Distribution of Soil Pressure under Footings 379 7.10 Design of Wall Footings 380 Plain Concrete Wall Footings 380 Reinforced Concrete Wall Footings 386 7.11 Reinforced Concrete Square Spread Footing Design 394 7.12 Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Footing 413 7.13 Earth Supporting Walls 426 Lateral Earth Pressure 426 Basement Walls 431 Retaining Walls 444 Problems 459 Self-Experiments 463 CHAPTER 8 OVERVIEW OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 465 8.1 Introduction 465 8.2 Advantages of Prestressed Concrete Structures 468 8.3 Types of Prestressing 469 Pretensioning 469 Posttensioning 472 8.4 Prestressed Concrete Materials 474 Concrete 474 Prestressing Steel 474 8.5 Loss of Prestressing 475 Elastic Shortening of Concrete 475 Shrinkage of Concrete 475 Creep of Concrete 476 Relaxation of the Prestressing Steel 476 Friction Losses in Curved Tendons 476 Total Losses 477 8.6 Ultimate Strength 478 8.7 The Concept of Load Balancing 479 Problems 483 Self-Experiments 484 CHAPTER 9 METRIC SYSTEM IN REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 486 9.1 Introduction 486 9.2 Brief History of Metric System Adoption in the United States 486 9.3 Conversion to SI Units 487 Problems 497 APPENDIX A Tables and Diagrams 501 B Standard ACI Notations 548 Index 553
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Concrete construction.