 |
 |
 |
 |
|
|
|
 |
|
 The basic principle of
lithography, otherwise known as
offset printing, is based on the fact that
ink and water don't mix. Early lithographers etched images onto a plate or flat
stone, applied ink and transferred the image. Although there are
different types (e.g., sheetfed and webfed) and sizes of offset presses, the basic
configuration remains the same. When the printing
plate is exposed, an ink-receptive coating is activated, creating the
image area. On
the press, the plate is dampened, first by dampening rollers, then by ink
rollers. Ink adheres to the image area and fountain solution sticks to the
non-image area. As the cylinders rotate, the image is transferred to the
blanket. Paper or another substrate is then placed in contact with
the
blanket and the image is transferred.
While there are significant variations in the process, this etool attempts to
simplify the overall operation into three broad categories. First, pre-press
will include everything needed to develop an image from the idea stage to a
plate that can be used in a printing press. Second, the press stage will include both sheetfed and webfed processes and will include all tasks from loading raw
substrate (usually paper) into the press to the finished product being removed
from the press. Finally, finishing and binding will include those processes used
to further process the printed material into a finished item.
 Potential
hazards and possible solutions for the following tasks are covered
below.
Pre-press
|
|
|
In the modern printing business most pre-press work is
done via computer. Images are delivered, checked and edited. The hazards
associated with this type of activity are similar to those found in an office environment.
Potential Hazards
Workers in the prepress area may spend extensive amounts
of time at the computer workstation developing content. Workstations that are
not properly designed for computer work may cause stressful postures or motions.
- Prolonged periods of awkward body postures (i.e., tilting the
head back, down, or side-to-side) (Figure 1).
- Repeated motions (i.e., reaching to a mouse). (Figure 1).
- Contact trauma to the legs or arms from desk surfaces or chair fronts.
- Glare or monitor washout from poor placement of monitor in
relation to windows and other bright light sources (Figure 2).
|
Figure 1. Poor workstation setup. This person must reach up and away from his desk to operate the mouse.
Figure 2. Poor workstation setup due
to glare
from the window. |
|
Possible Solutions
- Establish a training program so that workers can learn how to set up and periodically adjust their workstations.
(Figure 3).
- Ensure keyboard and mouse are at proper height and position.
- Provide appropriate computer components and furniture.
|
Figure 3. Proper workstation setup and posture.
(Roll mouse over text in the image above to
highlight specific areas.) |
|
|
|
Platemaking is the process where images are transferred from the computer workstation
to a medium that can be used in the printing press. Work is primarily conducted
on a light table where designs are transferred to a plate. Finished plates are
manually transferred to the printing press.
Potential Hazards
- Frequent or constant bending and reaching over a large light table to strip film while standing
or sitting.
- Frequent or constant use of a small razor blade, using the thumb and fingers in a pinching grip, for cutting film and masking materials.
- Frequent or prolonged use of pinch grips or forceful hand gripping to load, carry, or handle film or plates.
(Figure 4 and 5).
- Prolonged periods of standing.
|
Figure 4. Example of pinching grip.
Notice
pressure on thumb and index finger.
Figure 5. Additional finger force needed
to control
and carry multiple plates.
|
|
Possible Solutions
- Adjust work surface height and angle to minimize forward bending and
reaching. Suggested modifications include: (Figure 6).
- Provide adjustable height and tilt workstations.
- If workstation is too short, add blocks under the table legs to raise the work surface.
- Where workstation
must be shared between multiple workers, adjust height to accommodate tallest
user and provide shorter users with platforms.
- If provided, seating should be height adjustable.
- Modify workstation to allow the worker the option to sit or stand or
sit/stand.
- Encourage workers to work while
standing up straight and with the elbows in close to the body.
- It is recommended that workers who
are working in a bending body posture for a prolonged period, take
frequent micro (one-minute) breaks to change body posture.
- Use a razor tool with an ergonomically designed handle for cutting film.
Handle should be bent to minimize wrist bending and should be large enough
(1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches in diameter) to facilitate maximum grip strength. Handle
should be coated or textured to reduce slippage in the hand.
- Design work layout to reduce the distances for hand-carrying
film and plates around the prepress area. This will reduce
the time and hand strength needed to carry these materials.
- Hold and carry plates using non-pinch grip postures, whenever possible.
(Figure 7).
- Use a mobile cart to transfer plates from prepress to the
press rather than carrying them. (Figure 8).
|
Figure 6. Table is at waist height.
Figure 7. Proper way to hold plates,
eliminating the use of pinch grip.
Figure 8. Plate cart for large plates
facilitates
transport without prolonged
use of pinch grip.
|
|
Press
|
|
A sheetfed press prints on individual sheets of paper. Stacks of sheets are
placed in a loading area at the front end of the press and are fed into the
press one sheet at a time. Bundles of paper are stored on pallets and delivered
to the machine with some sort of mechanical device. Workers generally manually
move material from supply pallets to the loading area of the press. Workers must use
extended reaches and bending to access raw materials for loading machines such as cutters, folders,
scoring machines and
printing presses. In addition to extending the arms, the worker must often
bend at the waist to access loading points.
Potential Hazards
- Extended reaches, especially with load in hand, increases the risk of
shoulder and back overexertion.
- Bending at the waist, with or without a load in hand, especially with
twisting greatly increases the risk of bending hazards. (Figure 9).
- Considerable finger force must be exerted to lift and control loads being
placed into machines. The hazard is greatly increased if the wrist is bent
either side-to-side or up-and-down.
|
Figure 9.
Extended reach with
torso
bending to load machine.
|
|
Possible Solutions
- Reduce bending and reaching by providing workers with tools or devices for
pushing and manipulating the materials.
- Reduce the force necessary for positioning materials on a horizontal work
surface by providing air lift tables. (Figure 10).
- Tables should be designed and positioned to reduce bending and extended
reaches.
- Add blocks under the table legs to raise the work surface. Where workstation
must be shared between multiple workers, adjust height to accommodate tallest
user and provide shorter users with platforms.
- Whenever possible, work surfaces should be no larger than necessary to
reduce extended reaches.
|
Figure 10.
Air lift table. |
- Provide adjustable height workstations.
- Minimize stack height manually moved at any given time to reduce finger stress.
- Investigate tilting work surface to minimize wrist bending and reaching.
|
|
|
|
A webfed press uses large rolls of paper as a feed stock. These are
usually stored in an area away from the press and must be transported to the
press area. With large rolls, the process is usually mechanized once the roll is
at the loading point.
Potential Hazards
- Physical strain associated with rolling and turning large rolls during
transfer from storage area to press. (Figure 11).
- Heavy lifting and carrying of the roll shafts
or smaller rolls.
- Forceful exertion required to insert the roll shafts into the core of the roll.
- Potential contact trauma (e.g., using hand as hammer) if shaft is forced
into core.
- Arm and hand force required to cut cardboard off of rolls with saw blade or utility knife.
|
Figure 11. Staging rolls by hand
requires physical
strength. Double-
wide rolls weigh up to
1,800 lbs. Most
injuries occur when
trying to turn
rolls or stop runaways.
|
|
Possible Solutions
- Reduce force needed to turn or redirect rolls by providing portable spinning disc or roll turner to position rolls.
- Always use a 2-person lift for shafts weighing more than 50 pounds if they
are to be handled manually. (Figures 12).
- Eliminate manual carrying of shafts from loading area to staging area by using
a 4-wheeled cart with an extended handle and gutter. (Figure 13).
- Use a roll jack, roll trolley or other mechanical assistance to move
rolls. (Figure 13 and 14).
- Whenever possible, reduce weight of shafts that must be handled manually.
For instance, substitute lighter aluminum shafts for steel shafts.
- Provide an ergonomically designed cutting tool.
Handle should be bent to minimize wrist bending and should be large enough
(1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches in diameter) to facilitate maximum grip strength. Handle
should be coated or textured to reduce slippage in the hand.
- Provide education and training for workers concerning when manual pushing, pulling, and lifting materials
is not appropriate (e.g., generally loads weighing about 50 pounds or push force
requiring about 70 pounds).
-
Applications
Manual for the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation.
US
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-110, (1994,
January).
-
Ergonomic Design for People at Work, Volume 2. Eastman Kodak Company,
(1986). Refer to page 380.
- Minimize manual handling of rolls by designing a track system on a turntable
platform on the floor or overhead crane system to mechanically move rolls within
facility. (Figure 15).
|
Figure 12. Using the buddy system for
handling roll shafts with rolls attached.
Figure 13. Using a roll cart with power
lift to
move rolls to press units.
Figure 14. Trolley used to move rolls
from
staging area to press reel stand.
Figure 15. A roll turner on the floor to
turn and stage rolls.
The roll turner
can be a built-in turntable or just
a
piece of thin plywood. |
|
|
|
Finished product from the press can take several forms. It
may exit the press as a folded multiple sheet signature or as a single printed
sheet. The future use of these products may impact the hazards
associated with handling signatures or sheets. Both finished
products will be deposited or stacked by the machine at the end of the process.
From there they will generally be stacked on pallets or carts and moved to
another area for further processing or may be packaged for shipping to another
company or plant.
Potential Hazards
- Workers use extended reaching across
conveyors
or other obstacles at the end of the various machines. This hazard is
significantly worse if there is a load in the hand while reaching. (Figure 16).
- Workers exert force with the arms out and away from the body to push
bundles
down conveyors where they are staged for stacking.
- Workers may stack materials too high forcing them to use elevated and
extended reaches while holding finished product.
- As the height of materials (paper) lifted increases, the instability of the
load increases. This can lead to sudden changes or shifting of the load, which
can increase the risk of back or shoulder overexertion. (Figure 18).
- Reaching to elevated stacks may force workers to bend the wrist to the side
while exerting significant finger force.
- Workers exert considerable physical force often while bending the torso and
reaching out and away from the body to move heavy bundles of material from the
accumulation areas or conveyors to the carts or pallets.
- Workers use forceful, repetitive gripping with awkward hand posture to remove
bundles from the accumulation areas or conveyors. (Figure 17).
- Workers may lift heavy bundles of product by a securing strap. This can
create a contact trauma to the palm and fingers.
|
Figure 16. Notice the bending
and
overreaching to get signatures.
Figure 17. Notice size of signature
bundle -
more than can comfortably fit
within the palm of the hand.
Figure 18. Notice multiple pallets to elevate
signatures, but height of signature
piles may be too high for some
individuals.
|
|
Possible Solutions
-
Whenever possible, remove all
impediments between the worker and the load to be lifted. The load should be
close enough to be lifted while keeping the elbows in close to the torso.
-
During all lifting operations optimize bundle size and weight for 1-person lifting. Generally, bundled
packages should not weigh more than about 50 pounds. Pick up several lighter loads.
Avoid moving material over long distances. (Figure 19).
- Gloves
should be provided if bundles are to be lifted by straps or other securing
devices.
- If gloves are used, they should be appropriately sized. If too small,
gloves may constrict hand movement. If too large, excess material may
gather in the palm.
- Instruct
workers to lift bundles by placing the hands under the load instead of grabbing
securing straps.
-
Adjust the height of the loading area or provide a platform for the worker to stand on so the bundles are
slightly below waist height of the worker. This will provide optimal leverage
for the worker to lift and stage bundles. (Figure 20).
-
Use an overhead crane or hoist system to lift and stack bundles onto pallets.
(Figure 21).
-
Locate pallets adjacent to the
conveyor to minimize the distance of lifting and carrying bundles.
-
Position pallets on an
adjustable-height surface to allow for matching the height of the bundles on the
conveyor. This may allow bundles to slide directly onto the pallet with
minimal lifting and will reduce forward bending. (Figure 22).
- Add a turntable device for the pallet to be placed on. This will allow workers to
constantly turn and reposition the pallet to minimize extended reaches.
-
Consider
job rotation among employees to reduce lifting effort.
-
Provide training to employees
on proper lifting techniques. This includes:
-
Keeping the load close to
the body.
-
Bending the knees and
keeping the back straight.
-
Pivoting the feet and not
twisting the back.
- Only lifting an amount of product
that will allow workers to maintain comfortable hand posture and grip distances.
Wrists should be straight with no bending either up or down or to the side.
The hand should maintain the shape of a "C" with the thumb and fingers between
1.5 and 3 inches apart.
|
Figure 19. The worker can
decide how much to lift.
Figure 20. Using a pallet lift for
stacking signatures.
When full,
the pallet is released and rolls
down roll conveyor for pickup
by forklift.
Figure 21. Signature bundle hoist to
move
bundle from conveyor to pallet.
Figure 22. Pallet lift that automatically adjusts to the
correct height based on pallet weight. |
|
Finishing and Binding
|
|
Product that comes from the printing process must often be further processed
before it can proceed to the bindery for final assembly. This process generally
involves accessing material from a cart or pallet and manually lifting it to the
loading end of a machine such as a folder or cutting table.
Potential Hazards
- Workers bend at the waist to access items. Raw materials often arrive on pallets
which are typically a few inches
above the floor or machine access or discharge areas may be too low. (Figures 23, 24 & 25).
Figure 23.
Bending to
retrieve raw materials. |
Figure 24.
Bending to
retrieve raw materials. |
Figure 25. Notice the need to bend over to collect
and stack folded product. |
|
- As the amount of materials (paper) increases, the worker's grip span also
must increase. This causes gripping of the materials to be more difficult. An increased grip span is a risk factor for
hand overexertion.
- Workers who have the option to lift as much or as little material as they
desire may lift heavier loads than necessary, particularly if they are under
tight time constraints.
|
- "Fanning" the raw, stock paper requires the use of awkward hand and wrist
postures, such as wrist bending and forearm rotation, while exerting significant
finger force. This task is needed to help separate sheets and to realign the
leading edge of stacked material to facilitate orderly feeding into subsequent
processes. This task increases the risk of overexertion of the muscles and tendons of the hand, wrist and forearm.
(Figure 26, 27 and 28).
- Small, repetitive manipulations are required continuously through the feeding
process to ensure that all stock is properly aligned. Small tools used for this
process can require wrist
bending and forceful pinch grips with the fingers. This task increases the risk
of developing injuries to the muscles and tendons of the hand, and wrist.
(Figure 29 and 30).
|
Figure 26. Fanning paper
for folding. |
Figure 27. Worker grasping
paper with finger force to fan it. |
Figure 28. Worker rolling or
fanning paper with wide grip
span and bent wrist.
|
Figure 29.
Tool to assist in
positioning/aligning feed stock. |
Figure 30. Worker aligning
feed stock with homemade tool. |
|
|
Possible Solutions
- Determine how much material (paper) can be safely and effectively handled at
one time.
This will change depending on the type, weight, and size of paper used. The
following will provide some guidance when making these determinations.
- Maintain hand postures that provide maximal finger force. Generally, the hand span should be about 1.75 to 2.25 inches for
maximum finger exertion and the hand should be in the shape of a "C".
(Figure 31).
- Limit the amount of product that is lifted at one time to reduce the finger force exerted.
Some recommendations for repetitive tasks that require pinch grips and that include
force should be limited to about 2 to 4 pounds of force. Note: It takes about 2 pounds
of force to
hold a 12 oz. soda can and about 5 pounds of force to fully open a small binder
clip. (Figure 32).
-
Ergonomic Design for People at Work, Volume 2. Eastman Kodak Company,
(1986). Refer to page 255.
- Ensure that the hand is maintained in a neutral posture where it is not bent
either up or down or to either side. Bending the wrist reduces the amount of
force that can be safely exerted by the fingers.
- Provide a height- and tilt- adjustable table so employees can maintain
neutral
body posture while performing this task.
- Educate all employees about the risks associated with performing tasks using
awkward postures and forceful finger exertions. Supervisors must be educated in
these principles since they need to ensure that workers perform tasks in the proper
manner and they must evaluate proposed solutions to ensure that they do not introduce
other risks on the job.
- Whenever possible, elevate the pallets to minimize bending:
- This can be achieved by simply placing loaded pallets on top of several empty pallets to
raise the height of the raw materials. Secure the pallets to reduce the risk of
falling materials. Do not stack above shoulder height. (Figure 33).
- A height-adjustable lift table or cart could be used to keep the load close
to waist level. This is particularly effective when the materials are stacked so
high that most lifts cannot be performed with the arms in close to the torso.
-
Minimize reaching by keeping the load in close to the body.
Some height-adjustable tables also rotate. This allows the load
to be positioned close to the body by simply turning the pallet. (Figure 34).
- Train employees in proper lifting techniques (Figure 35), such as:
- Do not bend forward at the waist.
- Keep the arms in close to the body.
- Do not twist the torso while lifting.
- Determine how much material (paper) can be safely and effectively moved at
one time. Develop guidelines for employees and include these with job-specific
ergonomic training for this task. A visual guide, such as a small red ruler
placed next to the stack of raw materials will provide a visual check to remind
employees not to grasp too much material at one time.
- Provide a ramp-up period for new and returning employees so that they can
gradually condition themselves to full operational production.
|
Figure 31.
A "C" shaped posture
between the fingers and the thumb.
Figure 32. Fanning paper for folding. Notice
the thin stack being fanned.
Figure 33. Notice multiple pallets
to elevate signatures. Care must be
taken to limit the height of signature
piles to about shoulder height.
Figure 34.
Spring-loaded
rotating pallet.
Figure 35. Hazard: lifting from low location.
See a short demonstration
video
on proper lifting techniques.
[570KB
Windows Media Application].
Accessibility Assistance:
Contact the Directorate of Cooperative and State Programs, Outreach Services and
Alliances at 202-693-2340 for assistance accessing OSHA Windows Media materials.
|
|
|
|
Signatures must be manually loaded in collating
machines for assembly into a finished product. Signatures will be lifted from a
pallet or cart and placed into a feed pocket.
Potential Hazards
- Twisting and bending at the same time to lift signatures from pallets or
carts.
- Excessive hand and finger exertion to fan signatures.
- Extended and elevated reaches and forward bending to place the signatures
into the pocket. (Figure 36).
- Wrist bending while exerting finger force to hold and place stack of signatures into
the pocket.
|
Figure 36. Worker inserting
signatures into pocket.
|
|
Possible Solutions
- Locate pallets so that they are accessible from all sides so that horizontal
reaching beyond 15 inches is minimized.
- Elevate loads by placing pallets on platforms or palletizers to minimize bending
to retrieve signatures. (Figure 37).
- Provide training to employees on proper lifting techniques.
This includes:
- Keeping the load close to the body. Pull bundles close to the body before
lifting them. (Figure 38).
- Bending the knees and keeping the back straight.
- Pivoting the feet to face the load and not twisting the back when lifting.
- Install platform for shorter workers so that they can work at elbow height.
- Consider
job rotation to reduce exposure time to tasks that require
repetitive lifting.
- Provide a stream feeder to load signatures in pockets. These devices load
material in a vertical alignment that minimizes wrist bending. Additionally, the
loading height is lower so that elevated reach postures are minimized.
|
Figure 37. Pallet lift that automatically adjusts to the
correct height based on pallet weight.
Figure 38. Signatures
are stacked at
a comfortable level.
|
|
|
|
Some small jobs or rework jobs will be hand collated.
This task involves placing all signatures in stacks around the worker. The worker
then assembles the document by manually selecting each item from the appropriate
pile. The finished document is then prepared for further processing.
Potential Hazards
- Repeated reaching to stacks to access individual signatures. (Figure 39).
- Repeated elevated reaches to access stacks of materials if the table height
is too high.
- Repeated pinching with the thumb and fingers to pick up papers.
- Standing for a prolonged period of time.
- Neck and torso bending to view materials and reach stacks if tables are too
low.
|
Figure 39. Notice awkward position,
reaching
hand-over-hand to collate.
|
|
Possible Solutions
- Wear a rubber tip on the end of the finger picking up papers for easy
retrieval and reduced finger force. Use an office product that coats the finger
with a sticky substance for ease in retrieving papers.
- Provide a mat for the worker to stand on or have the worker wear shoe
insoles to improve comfort when standing or walking.
- Stack of materials should be placed within the employee's reach. Stacks
should be arranged within easy reach; workers should be able to reach stacks
without fully pulling the arm away from the body. (Figure 40, 41 and 42).
- Adjust the work height to minimize neck and torso bending. A fully
adjustable table will allow workers to change work surface heights easily as the
heights of the stacks are reduced. Workers should adjust workstation height so
that they can stand straight and keep the elbows close to the body while
performing the task. (Figure 40).
- Consider the option of a sit/stand stool to allow the worker the ability to
change postures.
- Provide a footrest when standing in one place to allow the worker the
ability to alternate feet and thereby improve blood circulation.
- Consider job modification or rotation to reduce the exposure time to this
task.
- Automate collating tasks whenever possible.
|
Figure 40. Cart height is at the waist for easy
transferring to the table and wheels allow facilitate
proper positioning to minimize reaching.
Figure 41. Signatures within easy
reach for collating.
Figure 42. Reach distance illustration. |
|
|
|
Paper may be purchased that is bigger than what is needed for a particular job
or a finished job may need to be trimmed before it is processed further. These
tasks are performed on a cutting table and will involve loading, aligning, and
removing product as well as replacing blades.
Potential Hazards
- Frequent wrist bending and fingering to fan the paper or signature for
inserting.
- Repeated use of awkward hand and arm postures with finger force to jog and
fan product prior to placing it in the cutter.
- Awkward hand and arm postures with finger force if inappropriate tools are
used to align stacks as they are fed into the cutter.
- Bending and reaching to lift while handling heavy
cutting blades which can weigh up to 50 lbs. (Figure 43).
|
Figure 43. Cutting blades weigh 50 lbs. Handling them alone can be an ergonomic
issue. Notice the pinch grip with the thumb and fingers.
|
|
Possible Solutions
- Elevate pallets of materials to minimize the amount of forward bending. This
could be accomplished by:
- Adjustable height palletizers.
- Using carts with raised beds to transport materials to the cutter.
- Placing pallets of materials on a stack of empty pallets.
- Minimize the amount of finger force by using a trifold technique to move
large sheets of stock from supply areas to the cutter. This allows the stock to
be carried using a open hand cradling posture rather than pinch grips. (Figure
44).
- Utilize an automated air assist table to reduce the force needed to slide
stacks of stock around the cutting table. The material rides on a sheet of air
similar to an air hockey, table greatly reducing the force needed to push stock.
- Provide an automated jogging table to minimize hand manipulations.
- Develop a clean and wax policy for the cutting table to ensure that the working
surface is clear of scraps and dirt and that the surface is properly waxed to
decrease the force required to move product around the machine by reducing the
coefficient of friction. This essentially makes the horizontal surface slicker
so that it is easier to push materials from place to place.
|
Figure 44. Worker using the trifold technique for lifting large sheets of paper.
Figure 45. A push block is used to set the paper stack instead of using the palm
of the hand. |
- Use a blocking tool with a handle that allows the worker to maintain a straight wrist
while pushing paper into
position beneath the blade. (Figure 45).
- Minimize the amount of reaching and lifting to remove scrap by placing the
scrap bins adjacent to the cutter. Placing the bins on wheels will also
minimize the amount of pushing and lifting which must be performed.
- Use a 2-person lift when changing the blades to reduce the amount of weight
lifted.
- Avoid postures such as bending and
reaching when handling heavy blades. Bending and reaching allows leverage to
increase the hazard created by lifting heavy objects.
- Consider using an elevator and knife stand to eliminate manually lifting and
maneuvering heavy knives. This kind of stand can be positioned to support the
weight while the blade is being detached from the rest of the apparatus and then
can be used to mechanically lower the blade for replacement or maintenance. The
reverse of this operation will allow for mechanical support during installation.
|
|
|
|
Products are generally palletized at the conclusion of
the printing or collating process. They are stacked and often secured (either
plastic wrapped, boxed, or bound with strapping) and then manually moved from
the end of the press or collating machine to a pallet. This process is usually
performed even if the materials are to be used within the same plant.
Potential Hazards
- Workers reach out in front of the body to access and pull heavy materials
from stackers or conveyors and to place heavy materials at the far side of
pallets.
- Workers often bend and twist to place finished materials onto pallets located at
floor height. The height of material on the bottom of the pallet is typically
only a few inches above the floor. (Figure 46).
- Product is often packaged in volumes that create a significant hazard due to
their weight (>50 pounds).
|
Figure 46.
Pallet with
material
close to the floor. |
|
Possible Solutions
- Whenever possible, elevate the pallets used for receiving processed
materials to minimize bending.
- The loading pallet can be placed on top of several empty pallets to raise the
loading height. Secure the pallets to improve the stability of this
arrangement and take care to ensure that palletized material is not stacked
above about mid-chest height if this method is used.
- Use height-adjustable lift tables to keep the load close to waist level.
Some height-adjustable tables also rotate (Figure 47). This enables the worker
to position the load close to the body by turning the pallet.
|
Figure 47.
Spring-loaded
rotating pallet. |
- Ensure that there is sufficient room around the pallet so that workers do not
need to reach across the pallet to place loads.
- Restrict the size of loads that are banded or packaged to limit the weight.
Generally, loads should be limited to no more than about 40 to 50 pounds.
- Reduce the number of lifts by using take-away conveyors (roller or powered)
to move finished materials to the next processing station instead of palletizing
and then depalletizing the load.
|
|
|
Home |
Lithography |
Flexography |
Screen Printing | Glossary
|
 |
 |
 |
|
|
|
Back to Top
