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NOAA-NMFS-NWFSC TM-33: Sockeye Salmon Status Review (cont)
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Artificial propagation of sockeye salmon
has been conducted since before 1900 throughout the Pacific Rim.
Efforts at sockeye salmon supplementation in Asia began as a
small-scale operation in the 1870s on Hokkaido Island using local
stocks, probably kokanee, and then later using sockeye salmon eggs
from Alaska (Moberly and Lium 1977). Recent releases of O.
nerka (sockeye salmon and kokanee) have continued to be a
minor part of overall Pacific salmon artificial propagation efforts
in Japan (Kobayashi 1980).
The first salmon hatcheries in the Republic of Korea were not built until the 1960s, and chum salmon were the principal species reared (Atkinson 1976). In Russia, experimental sockeye salmon hatcheries were constructed around 1910 on the Kamchatka Peninsula, and large-scale sockeye salmon fish-rearing facilities were constructed in 1928, also in Kamchatka (Konovalov 1980). The number of sockeye salmon released from Russian hatcheries is small compared to the numbers of artificially reared pink and chum salmon (Roukhlov 1982, Knapp and Johnson 1995). There are hatcheries on the Kamchatka Peninsula producing sockeye salmon (Knapp and Johnson 1995), and Folsom et al. (1992) stated that about 80% of Russia's total hatchery production of sockeye salmon occurs on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Long-term plans formulated by Russian authorities in the 1970s called for the annual release of approximately 80 million juvenile sockeye salmon by the year 2000 (Konovalov 1980).
However, Knapp and Johnson (1995) reported
that in 1993, approximately 1,880,000 and 500,000 sockeye salmon
were released from "enhanced production" and "fed
fry only" programs, respectively, in the Russian Far East
(Kamchatka and Magadan Provinces).
Because sockeye salmon have always been
an extremely valuable commercial species in Alaska, artificial
propagation of sockeye salmon was initiated there before the turn
of the century (Roppel 1982). During this period, two federal
hatcheries were the most important sockeye salmon facilities:
Afognak Hatchery (located on Afognak Island, northeast of Kodiak
Island) and Yes Bay Hatchery (at Yes Bay, off Behm Canal north
of Ketchikan). These facilities took millions of eggs per year,
and not only planted sockeye salmon from the facilities, but transferred
eggs to hatcheries in the contiguous United States, sometimes
even to Atlantic coast states such as Maine (see Appendix Table
D-1).
Catastrophic problems with IHN in ADFG
production-scale sockeye salmon hatcheries in Alaska limited sockeye
salmon enhancement through the 1970s in Alaska. In 1980, new
sockeye salmon culture policies of IHN containment have served
to minimize the effects of each outbreak (Burke 1996).
Currently, the Alaska Department of Fish
and Game has sockeye salmon smolt production facilities at Snettisham
Hatchery near Juneau; Main Bay Hatchery in Prince William Sound;
Kitoi Bay Hatchery on Afognak Island; and Trail Lakes, Kasilof
and Eklutna Hatcheries in Cook Inlet. Several of these hatcheries
have large fry and pre-smolt production programs, as do Beaver
Falls Hatchery in Ketchikan, English Bay Hatchery in Cook Inlet,
Gulkana Hatchery in the Copper River Basin, and Pillar Creek Hatchery
on Kodiak Island. In addition, some of the above fry and pre-smolt
facilities are associated with lake enrichment programs (Burke
1996).
Eleven sockeye salmon hatcheries were
constructed in British Columbia between 1894 and 1917, all of
which were situated near healthy natural populations of sockeye
salmon (Foerster 1968). No consistent benefits were evident as
a result of the operation of these facilities (e.g., increases
in sockeye salmon stocks and/or expansions of commercial fisheries),
and it was concluded that artificial propagation in British Columbia
did not result in a significant increase in efficiency over natural
production in areas where there was a reasonable expectation of
successful natural propagation. As a consequence, most of these
turn-of-the-century facilities are no longer in operation (Foerster
1968). However, in recent years, artificial propagation programs
for sockeye salmon in British Columbia (especially methods using
natural rearing strategies and indigenous broodstocks (Miller
et al. 1990)) have received renewed attention.
Spawning channels, lake fertilization,
barrier removal, and habitat improvement are the primary enhancement
methods used for sockeye salmon in British Columbia (Miller et
al. 1990). On the lower Fraser River below Hope, B. C., a hatchery
on the Pitt River has been releasing sockeye salmon since 1961,
and the Weaver Creek and Seabird spawning channels have been in
operation since 1966 and 1985, respectively. The Gates, Nadina,
Adams, and Horsefly sockeye salmon spawning channels have operated
in the upper Fraser River Basin since 1969, 1974, 1981, and 1990,
respectively (NRC 1995). The Fulton River and Pinkut Creek spawning
channels have operated in the Skeena River system from the mid-1960s
to the present. Vancouver Island artificial propagation facilities
releasing sockeye salmon were established in 1981 on the Nimpkish
River, which empties into Johnstone Strait. In 1989, similar
programs were established on Hobiton, Cheewhat, and Nitinat Lakes
on the southwest section of the island.
Artificial propagation of sockeye salmon
in the contiguous United States began in 1896 at Baker Lake Station
in the Skagit River Basin of Washington State. This hatchery
remained in operation until its closure in 1933 (Kemmerich 1945).
The Birdsview Station on Grandy Creek, also in the Skagit River
drainage, reared sockeye salmon from 1908 to 1945. This facility
also provided stock for many attempts at establishing populations
of sockeye salmon in various watersheds throughout western Washington,
with the most notable success being the introduction of a self-sustaining
population of sockeye salmon into the Lake Washington watershed.
Despite numerous stocking attempts, establishment
of self-perpetuating sockeye salmon runs have been documented
only at these three sites: 1) Lake Washington (Royal and Seymour
1940, Kolb 1971), 2) Frazer Lake, Kodiak Island (Blackett 1979),
and 3) Upper Adams River in the Fraser River system (Williams
1987). Successful, documented transplants have all involved donor
populations originating less than 100 km from the transplant site
(Wood 1995). The remainder of this section is intended to provide
a summary of the nature and scope of artificial propagation activities
for west coast sockeye salmon considered in this status review.
The construction of Grand Coulee Dam completely
blocked the passage of sockeye salmon to the upper Columbia River.
WDF et al. (1938) and Mullan (1986) reported that about 85% of
the sockeye salmon passing Rock Island Dam between 1935 and 1936
originated from natural stocks up-river from Grand Coulee Dam.
To compensate for loss of habitat resulting from the total blockage
of up-river fish passage by Grand Coulee Dam, the federal government
initiated the Grand Coulee Fish-Maintenance Project in 1939 to
maintain fish runs in the Columbia River above Rock Island Dam.
For sockeye salmon, this was accomplished through relocation
of adults returning to Rock Island Dam, improving habitat, and
establishing hatchery operations (Fish and Hanavan 1948). The
foremost method of habitat improvement used by the GCFMP was installation
of screens on irrigation diversions in tributaries entering the
Columbia River above Rock Island Dam, which prevented juvenile
salmon from being drawn into irrigation systems (Waknitz et al.
1995).
Between 1939 and 1943 all sockeye salmon
adults returning to Rock Island Dam were trapped and transported
either to Lake Wenatchee or Lake Osoyoos, or to one of three national
fish hatcheries (Leavenworth, Entiat, or Winthrop) for artificial
propagation (Fish and Hanavan 1948, Mullan 1986). After 1944,
all sockeye salmon passing Rock Island Dam and returning to the
Wenatchee and Okanogan Rivers were essentially the progeny of
relocated stock.
Mullan showed that between 1944 and 1948,
hatchery-reared sockeye salmon constituted 5-98% of the total
run. By the mid-1960s, the contribution of hatchery fish as a
percentage of all returning adult sockeye salmon had decreased
to about 10-22%; about one third of what it had been in the 1940s.
Mullan (1986) reported that artificial propagation efforts at
the GCFMP hatcheries were abandoned in the 1960s due to "low
benefits to costs and catastrophic losses from IHN."
Releases from the GCFMP were thought to
contribute to reestablishing healthy sockeye salmon populations
in the Wenatchee and Okanogan River Basins (Chapman et al. 1995),
as well as producing small populations in the Methow and Entiat
Rivers, which previous to the GCFMP apparently did not have sockeye
salmon populations (Mullan 1986, Chapman et al. 1995). Mullan
(1986) thought it likely that releases of juvenile sockeye salmon
(derived from Rock Island Dam, Bonneville Dam, and Lake Wenatchee
broodstock) at Winthrop NFH (on the Methow River) gave rise to
the Methow River sockeye salmon population, while other releases
(derived from Quinault Lake broodstock and their progeny) at the
Entiat NFH (on the Entiat River) gave rise to the Entiat River
sockeye salmon population.
During the GCFMP (1939-1944), about 2
million sockeye salmon juveniles of the aforementioned upper Columbia
River mixed stock (as well as an unknown number of Quinault Lake
stock in 1942) were planted into the Okanogan River system, and
a total of about 2 million local sockeye salmon have been released
since then (see Appendix Table D-2). Average return rates from
early plants (1940s) into the Okanogan River system (GCFMP) averaged
0.93% (Fulton and Pearson 1981) and have decreased since then
(Mullan 1986).
Current artificial propagation programs
in the Okanogan River watershed are intended to replace adult
production lost to juvenile sockeye salmon mortality at mainstem
hydroelectric projects without reducing natural production or
changing the fitness and genetic diversity of natural stocks (Chapman
et al. 1995). The Colville Indian Nation has recently initiated
an annual release program from its Cassimer Bar Hatchery. Adult
sockeye salmon will be collected at Wells Dam and the progeny
will be released from net-pens in Lake Osoyoos.
In addition to releases of juveniles during
the GCFMP, 19,795 adult sockeye salmon were trapped at Rock Island
Dam and released into Lake Osoyoos between 1939 and 1940 (Chapman
et al. 1995). There are very limited reports of introductions
of artificially-propagated kokanee into the
Okanogan River system (see Appendix Table D-5).
Between 1941 and 1969 almost 60 million
sockeye salmon juveniles (only a small percentage of which were
of non-upper Columbia River origin (see Appendix Table D-2)) were
released into the Wenatchee River system. The Wenatchee River
system has been the largest recipient of hatchery fish in the
upper Columbia River. Sockeye salmon now returning to the White
and Little Wenatchee Rivers are undoubtedly the descendants of
stock manipulations during the GCFMP, since Lake Wenatchee sockeye
salmon were extremely depressed prior to the construction of Grand
Coulee Dam (Fish and Hanavan 1948, see above "Information
Specific to Sockeye Salmon Populations Under Review" section).
Small numbers of fish that continue to return to Icicle Creek
may also be descendants of the GCFMP (Chapman et al. 1995).
Returns from releases of sockeye salmon
into the Wenatchee watershed in the 1940s were about 0.90%, which
decreased to about 0.15% to 0.67% by the early 1960s (Chapman et al. 1995). However, hatchery fish still
contributed to Columbia River sockeye salmon runs in appreciable
numbers in some years (Mullan 1986).
No releases of artificially-reared sockeye
salmon occurred in the Wenatchee watershed during the years 1970
to 1989 (see Appendix Table D-2). Since 1990, releases into Lake
Wenatchee have resumed, these being from the Rock Island Fish
Hatchery Complex, constructed and funded by Chelan PUD, and operated
by WDFW (Chapman et al. 1995). This facility was designed to
supplement the natural production of sockeye salmon in the White
and Little Wenatchee Rivers, primarily through the use of extended
rearing strategies in net-pens in Lake Wenatchee (Chapman et al.
1995).
In addition to releases of juveniles during
the GCFMP, over 32,000 mixed upper Columbia River stock adult
sockeye salmon trapped at Rock Island Dam were released into Lake
Wenatchee between 1939 and 1943, over 90% of which successfully
spawned according to surveys in 1939 and 1942 (Fish and Hanavan
1948).
Over 23 million Lake Whatcom kokanee were
released into Lake Wenatchee between 1934 and 1983 (Mullan 1986)
(see Appendix Table D-5). Experimental releases in 1946 of fin-marked
Lake Wenatchee kokanee, which had been reared at Leavenworth Hatchery,
into Icicle Creek and Lake Wenatchee resulted in adult anadromous
returns to the Columbia River of 0.27% and 0.50%, respectively
(Fulton and Pearson 1981). Fulton and Pearson (1981) questioned
whether broodstock used for these experiments were "far enough
removed from seaward migratory behavior to be classified as kokanee."
Mullan (1986) thought it possible that Lake Wenatchee kokanee
may have evolved from the lake's sockeye salmon population within
the last 90 years (due to migrational problems for anadromous
individuals imposed by water diversions, dams, and resultant high
water temperatures in the Wenatchee River) and that, consequently,
there may be an incomplete separation of kokanee and sockeye salmon
in this lake.
Artificial propagation of sockeye salmon
has long been a significant feature of sockeye salmon management
in Quinault Lake. Since 1916, over 196 million hatchery sockeye
salmon have been released in the Quinault River Basin, although
most of these were released as fry or fingerlings (see Appendix
Table D-2). Two periods of hatchery production of sockeye salmon
have occurred in this watershed. The first period spanned the
years 1914 to 1947, when the federal government was the primary
agency responsible for hatchery efforts in the Quinault Basin.
During the second period, from 1973 to the present, an artificial
propagation program in Quinault Lake has been operated by the
Quinault Indian Nation, while WDFW released sockeye salmon in
Quinault Lake in 1985 (NRC 1995).
Prior to 1947, fish were released from
the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Hatchery at Falls Creek on Quinault
Lake ("Quinault, Washington Station"), and were mostly
native stock, although about 20 million Alaskan sockeye salmon
eggs were transferred to the Falls Creek facility prior to 1920
(see Appendix Table D-1). All tribal and WDFW releases since
1973 have been of current Quinault Lake stock; the tribal releases
came mostly from an extended rearing program utilizing net-pen
rearing in Quinault Lake (Donaldson 1980, NRC 1995, QIN 1995b).
To the best of our knowledge, only minor kokanee releases into
Quinault Lake have occurred (see Appendix Table D-5).
Although the actual impact of these hatchery
programs on native stock are unknown, it is possible to roughly
evaluate their relative contribution to total production. Between
1914 and 1947 estimated total escapement of female sockeye salmon
to Quinault Lake was about 2,154,000 (assuming a 1:1 sex ratio,
total escapement was 4,309,237), and the Quinault, Washington
Station on Falls Creek took 237,783,455 native sockeye salmon
eggs and released 191,696,000 juvenile sockeye salmon (QIN 1981)
(see Appendix Table D-2). Since average fecundity at this hatchery
was 2,700 (QIN 1981), total egg production of naturally spawning
fish (minus the egg output of the estimated 88,068 females taken
at the hatchery) is estimated at over 5.5 billion. Using Foerster's
(1968) estimate of egg-fry mortality of 0.88, approximately 669,562,000
naturally produced fry are estimated to have recruited to Quinault
Lake between 1914 and 1947. Using these values, approximately
22% of the fry entering Quinault Lake over this period of time
were hatchery produced. In reference to the Quinault, Washington
Station, QIN (1981) reported that "hatchery releases were
of sufficient size to have potentially large effects on the estimated
returns per spawner" and "termination of the hatchery
operation in 1947 certainly contributed to at least part of the
subsequent loss of productivity."
Between 1974 and 1994, over 5 million
juvenile sockeye salmon were released in Quinault Lake, and estimated
female escapement was 398,562 (assuming a 1:1 sex ratio, total
escapement was 797,124), and the calculated natural egg production
(again assuming average fecundity of 2,700 and subtracting for
the estimated 2,596 female spawners taken for hatchery efforts)
was approximately 1,069,100,000. Again using Foerster's (1968)
estimate of egg-fry mortality of 0.88, approximately 128,292,000,
naturally produced fry are estimated to have recruited to Quinault
Lake between 1974 and 1994. Therefore, approximately 3.8% of
the fry entering Quinault Lake over this time period were hatchery
produced.
Artificial propagation has not been extensive
in this population. Approximately one million sockeye salmon
have been released into the Ozette Lake watershed from 1937 to
the present (see Appendix Table D-2). Although this number is
small compared to some other sockeye salmon populations discussed
in this review, non-indigenous sockeye salmon introductions have
been prominent in this watershed. The largest single release
of 449,000 fish in 1937 was entirely of Grandy Creek (Birdsview
Hatchery) stock, which were reared at the Quilcene National Fish
Hatchery before transfer to Ozette Lake (Kemmerich 1945, Boomer
1995, NRC 1995). In addition, 120,000 Quinault stock sockeye
salmon were released in 1983 (NRC 1995). Small-scale releases
since 1984, when hatchery efforts were undertaken by the Makah
Indian Nation, were primarily of Ozette Lake stock (NRC 1995).
About 14,400 Ozette Lake kokanee/sockeye salmon hybrids were
released in 1991-1992 (MFMD 1995, NRC 1995).
Although the actual impact of the recent
hatchery program on the native sockeye salmon stock in Ozette
Lake is unknown, it is possible to roughly evaluate the relative
hatchery contribution to total production. Between 1988 and 1995,
about 330,340 juvenile sockeye salmon were released in Ozette
Lake, estimated female escapement between 1988 and 1994 was 3,486
(assuming a 1:1 sex ratio, estimated total escapement was 6,971),
and the calculated natural egg production (assuming average fecundity
of 2700 and subtracting for the estimated 171 female spawners
taken for hatchery efforts) was 8,950,500. Using Foerster's (1968)
estimate of egg-fry mortality of 0.88, approximately 1,074,000
naturally produced fry are estimated to have recruited to Ozette
Lake between 1988 and 1995. This very coarse approximation leads
to the conclusion that about 24% of the fry entering Ozette Lake
over this time period were hatchery produced.
Artificial propagation has a long history
in this population. Between 1896 and 1933, over 202 million sockeye
salmon eggs were taken for culture efforts at Baker Lake Hatchery
and essentially 100% of the native population was under cultivation
(with the exception of some fish that escaped holding pens to
spawn naturally) (Kemmerich 1945) (see Appendix Table D-2). Baker
Lake Hatchery was constructed in 1896 by the State of Washington
(and subsequently sold to the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries
in 1899, which later became the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries), while
the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Birdsview Station on Grandy Creek,
a nearby tributary of the Skagit River, was established in 1901.
The Grandy Creek-Birdsview Hatchery sockeye
salmon stock was started in 1908 with sockeye salmon captured
at Point Roberts near Blaine, Washington (Kemmerich 1945). Initially,
sockeye salmon propagated at Birdsview Hatchery most likely consisted
of mixed stocks of sockeye salmon bound for the Fraser River.
In later years, large numbers of Baker Lake (and some Quinault
Lake) sockeye salmon were released in Grandy Lake and Creek, together
with progeny of sockeye salmon returning to Grandy Creek and the
Birdsview Hatchery (Kemmerich 1945) (Appendix table D-2). After
1917 this hatchery population was maintained entirely by propagation
of sockeye salmon returning to Grandy Creek and from transfers
of eyed eggs from the Baker Lake hatchery.
Over 0.5 million Birdsview Hatchery sockeye
salmon fry were released in Baker Lake between 1941 and 1944 (Kemmerich
1945, Appendix table D-2). Birdsview Hatchery sockeye salmon,
together with some Baker Lake stock, were extensively transplanted
to other locations in Washington, including numerous releases
in the Skagit River watershed, the Lake Washington drainage, the
Samish River, the Stillaguamish River Basin, Lake Stevens, Mason
Lake, Isabella Lake, the Big Quilcene River, Ozette Lake, Beaver
Lake, and Lake Pleasant (see Appendix Table D-2). Baker Lake
and Birdsview Hatcheries ceased operations in 1934 and 1942, respectively.
Between 1934 and 1957, artificial enhancement
efforts for Baker Lake sockeye salmon were suspended (with the
exception of lifting adult fish over Lower Baker Dam), and fish
spawned and reared naturally in Baker Lake. Between 1957 and
1993, combined enhancement efforts of WDFW and Puget Sound Power
and Light Co. contributed over 42 million sockeye salmon juveniles
to the Baker River Basin, with over 41.5 million of these produced
as fry from the Baker Lake spawning beaches, and the remainder
coming from releases from a net-pen program in Lake Shannon (Lower
Baker Reservoir) (see Appendix Table D-2).
Most enhancement efforts in Baker Lake
used native stock; one small release of fish in 1959 was from
Issaquah Creek, which itself was established from Baker River
stock (NRC 1995), while some mixed Fraser River and Quinault Lake
sockeye salmon were released in Grandy Creek in 1909 and 1917,
respectively (Kemmerich 1945) (see Appendix Table D-2). Approximately
955,000 sockeye salmon fry derived from Yes Bay, Alaska stock
are known to have been released in Baker Lake in 1931 (Leach 1932)
(see Appendix Table D-2). However, the disposition of almost
7 million sockeye salmon eggs transferred from the Samish River
Hatchery in 1917-1918, and of over 11 million sockeye salmon eggs
transferred from Yes Bay, Alaska in 1925-1926, to the Baker Lake
Hatchery is unknown (see Appendix Table D-1). Similarly, the
disposition of about 900,000 Quinault Lake stock eggs, 278,000
Afognak, Alaska stock eggs, and 1.2 million Yes Bay, Alaska stock
eggs (see Appendix Table D-1) transferred to Birdsview Hatchery
between 1917 and 1930, in 1922, and in 1931, respectively, is
unknown.
To the best of our knowledge, this watershed
was not planted with kokanee until very recently. Approximately
1.1 million Lake Whatcom kokanee were released into Lake Shannon
(Lower Baker Reservoir) between 1991 and 1994 to bolster the sport
fishery (Appendix Table D-5).
With the exception of sockeye salmon currently
in Big Bear Creek, it is likely that most sockeye salmon currently
in the Lake Washington Basin result from transplants that occurred
between 1935 and 1954, primarily from the Birdsview Hatchery in
the Skagit River Basin (Kolb 1971). The Lake Washington Basin
received an initial plant of 19,700 sockeye salmon fry from an
unknown source in 1917 (Appendix Table D-2). In the 1930s, populations
of sockeye salmon were established in Issaquah Creek, the main
tributary of Lake Sammamish, and in the Cedar River, the main
tributary of Lake Washington, from Birdsview Hatchery stock (Kemmerich
1945, Kolb 1971). Over 0.5 million sockeye salmon juveniles from
Birdsview Hatchery (Skagit River) were released in Big Bear Creek
in 1937, while approximately 23,600 Cultus Lake sockeye salmon
were released in North Creek in 1944 (see Appendix Table D-2).
Both Big Bear and North Creeks are tributaries of the Sammamish
River.
Egg-box projects released a total of over
25 million juveniles derived from in-basin egg sources into the
Cedar River between 1978 and 1982. This project was terminated
after it was determined that IHN-mediated mortalities were likely
close to 100%. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife currently
operates a "portable hatchery" facility for sockeye
salmon enhancement at the base of the Landsburg Dam on the Cedar
River, with an 8 million egg/year capacity. This facility is
scheduled to increase capacity to 17 million eggs/year in 1996
(WDF et al. 1993, J. Ames51). The percentage of fry emigrating
from the Cedar River that were hatchery-produced was estimated
at 6%, 6%, 27%, and 40% in the years 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995,
respectively (Seiler and Kishimoto 1996).
Between 1917 and 1969, over 44 million
kokanee were introduced into Big Bear Creek and its tributaries.
Over 35 million of these kokanee were from Lake Whatcom in northwest
Washington (see Appendix Table D-5). Lake Sammamish proper, as
well as the Sammamish River, have also received extensive plants
of kokanee. Between 1917 and 1951, over 18 million kokanee were
planted here, at least 6 million of which were Lake Whatcom stock
(see Appendix Table D-5).
Lake Pleasant received just under half
a million Grandy Creek (Skagit River, Birdsview Hatchery) and
Baker Lake sockeye salmon juveniles between 1933 and 1937 (Kemmerich
1945, Boomer 1995) (see Appendix Table D-2). NRC (1995) did not
locate records of sockeye salmon stocking in this lake after 1937.
A recreational sport fishery exists for kokanee in Lake Pleasant,
and Smoker et al. (1952) stated that kokanee (silver trout) from
an unknown source were planted in Lake Pleasant in 1936, 1937,
and 1938. No further evidence of kokanee plants in Lake Pleasant
was found (Kloempken 1996).
There
are very few records of artificial propagation programs for populations
of sockeye salmon in Washington or Oregon that spawn in rivers
without access to lake-rearing habitat (NRC 1995). Rivers without
accessible lake-rearing habitat, with present-day
occurrence of spawning sockeye salmon (see Appendix Table C-7),
and with a history of sockeye salmon stocking (see Appendix Table
D-2) include Icicle Creek and portions of the Skagit, Samish,
Stillaguamish, Snohomish, Green, Sol Duc, Chelan, Entiat, Methow,
and Similkameen Rivers. Locations where records of spawning sockeye
salmon and stocking release location overlap include Icicle Creek
and the Samish, Entiat, and Methow Rivers. Sockeye salmon stocking
history and present day spawning activity in these rivers are
discussed in the above "Information Specific to Sockeye Salmon
Populations Under Review" section.
Between 1937 and 1960, Suttle Lake and
the headwaters of the Metolius River, into which it drains, were
planted with 1.3 million juvenile sockeye salmon, the majority
of which were from stock developed during the Grand Coulee Fish
Maintenance Project in the upper Columbia River (see Appendix
Table D-3). Most of these plants were made directly into the
lake. The effect of these plants, if any, on any remnant sockeye
salmon that might be indigenous to the Deschutes River basin is
unknown. Between 1963 and 1973, 210,658 kokanee of unknown origin
were planted into Suttle Lake (ODFW 1995b) (see Appendix Table
D-5).