98-99 Project SummariesTable of Contents
Herbaceous Crops Research

Bioenergy Crop Breeding and Production Research in the Southeast

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: University of Georgia, 4125 Plant Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30603-7272, http://mars.cropsoil.uga.edu
Principal Investigator: Joseph Bouton
706.369.5808, jbouton@uga.cc.uga.edu
Contract Number: 22X-SV810C
Contract Period: 07/96-06/01
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $45,000
FY 1999: $115,000

Objective: The goal of this project is to develop adaptive, high-yielding switchgrass varieties for use in cropping systems for bioenergy production in the southeastern U.S. Performance trials are also used to assess comparative yields on existing and newly developed varieties. Yields of three grass species adapted to the southeast (bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and napiergrass) are also being used to evaluate these species as potential bioenergy crops in the region.

Approach/Background: Breeding was begun using the best available varieties and ecotypes from other breeders augmented by our own ecotype collections throughout southeastern USA. The breeding effort is centered in Athens, with branch stations for selection and testing including: Athens and Eatonton (Piedmont region), Midville (upper coastal plain), and Tifton (lower coastal plain).

Superior experimental synthetics developed from the highest yielding genotypes within the lowland cultivars 'Alamo' and 'Kanlow' in this initial breeding effort are being evaluated for yield and survival at multiple locations in Georgia and other states. Seed yield potential of all material is being evaluated as an indicator of commercial production potential of new varieties.

Performance trials at Tifton, Midville, and Athens, GA assess forage (biomass) yield on best currently available switchgrass varieties as well as three high-yielding grass species adapted to the Southeast. These are 'Tifton 85' bermudagrass, 'Tifton 9' bahiagrass, and 'Merkron' napiergrass. Methods to improve switchgrass establishment are also being evaluated.

Status/Accomplishments: High yielding genotypes and a significant genotype by location interaction have been identified during these initial experiments. Results indicate that a very high yielding cultivar can be developed from the Alamo and Kanlow germplasm base, but the breeding program may need to develop separate cultivars for both the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic regions. However, based on individual genotype forage and seed yield, as well as yields of their half-sib families, the best genotypes have been composited into 3 experimental synthetics for future testing for high dry matter production.

The lowland varieties, Alamo and Kanlow, are the highest yielding varieties in the performance trials, however, Cave-in-Rock also shows some promise and may serve as the best upland genetic source in the Piedmont region of the Southeast. Alamo switchgrass produced poorer yields than Merkron napiergrass, generally equivalent yields to Tifton 85 bermudagrass, but better yields than Tifton 9 bahiagrass. With napiergrass very high dry matter yields (up to 48 MT/ha) have been accompanied by some winter damage each year on this species at the Athens location indicating its real potential lies mainly in the lower Coastal Plain region of the Southeastern USA.

Publications and Presentations:

  1. McLaughlin, S.B., J. Bouton, D. Bransby, B. Conger, W. Occumpaugh, D. Parrish, C. Taliaferro, K. Vogel, and S. Wullschleger. 1999. Developing switchgrass as a bioenergy crop. p. 282-299. In J. Janick, ed. Proc. Fourth National New Crops Symposium, Pheonix, AZ. 8-11 Nov., 1998
  2. Taliaferro, C.M., K.P. Vogel, J.H. Bouton, S.B. McLaughlin, and G.A. Tuskan. 1999. Reproductive characteristics and breeding improvement potential of switchgrass. p. 147-153. Proc. Fourth Biomass Conference of the Americas. Oakland, CA. 29 Aug. - 2 Sept. 1999.

Summary Date: September 1999

Development of In Vitro Culture Systems for Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: University of Tennessee, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37901-1071
Principal Investigator: B.V. Conger
865.974.8833, congerbv@utk.edu
Contract Number: 11X-SY161C
Contract Period: 07/97-12/02
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $91,750
FY 1999: $65,650

Objectives: Develop efficient and repeatable regeneration systems from cell and tissue cultures of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and utilize these systems for genetic transformation of this species.

Approach/Background: Research efforts to improve biomass production of switchgrass should also include the potential applications of biotechnology. Within six months after initiation of the project in 1992, we had developed protocols for plant regeneration through both organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Inflorescences were produced directly from cultured split top nodes of tillers in the two to four node stage and axillary shoot proliferation was obtained from split half nodes below the top node. More recently, we have developed regenerable suspension cultures and obtained axillary shoot formation, both from young seedlings and directly from caryopses. These findings provide a background that will be utilized in genetic transformation and anther culture experiments.

Status/Accomplishments: A regenerable suspension culture system was developed during the the latter part of FY98. The highest regeneration efficiency was obtained when 10-d-old calluses were pretreated for 30 h on 0.3 M each of sorbitol and mannitol. More than 1100 plantlets were regenerated from 20 ml of medium. Formation of multiple shoots was obtained from germinating caryopses in FY98. The response was induced by addition of thidiazuron to the medium. More recently, multiple shoots were also produced, without callus, directly from mature caryopses.

Genetic transformation experiments were conducted during the past two fiscal years. Embryogenic calluses were initiated from in vitro produced inflorescences. The calluses were subcultured for 10, 20 or 30 d before bombardment with 1.1 Fm tungsten particles coated with plasmids containing the green fluorescent protein and GUS reporter genes and the selectable marker bar that confers tolerance to the herbicide Basta. Transient expression for both GFP and GUS were observed in bombarded calluses. A few calluses produced shoots and roots on medium containing 10 mg/l bialaphos. These plantlets were established in the greenhouse. Leaves of two plants showed no reaction to 0.1% Basta brushed on their leaves. In one of the plants, 25 to 50% of the pollen exhibited GFP. Anther culture experiments were initiated and conducted during FY99. Only one callus and two embryo-like structures were obtained from 7500 anthers plated.

Publications and Presentations:

  1. Odjakova, M.K. and B.V. Conger. 1999. The influence of osmotic pretreatment and inoculum age on the initiation and regenerability of switchgrass suspension cultures. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant 35:442-444.
  2. Dutta Gupta, S. and B.V. Conger. 1999. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from suspension cultures of switchgrass. Crop Sci. 39:223-227.
  3. Dutta Gupta S. and B.V. Conger. 1998. In vitro differentiation of multiple shoot clumps from intact seedlings of switchgrass. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.- Plant 34:196-202.
  4. Conger, B.V. 1999. Genetic transformation of forage grasses. pp. 49-58. In: E.C. Brummer, N.S. Hill and, C.A. Roberts (eds.) Molecular and Cellular Technologies for Forage Improvement. Crop Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI.
  5. McLaughlin, S.B., J. Bouton, D. Bransby, B.V. Conger, W. Ocumpaugh, D. Parrish, C. Taliaferro, K. Vogel and S. Wullschleger. 1999. Developing switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop. P.282-299. In: J.J. Janick (ed.) Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Press, Alexandria, VA.
  6. Dutta Gupta, S. and B.V. Conger. 1998. Regeneration and ontogeny of multiple shoots from intact seedlings of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). IX Intern. Assoc. Plant Tissue Culture Congress Book of Abstracts. p.72.
  7. McDaniel, J.K., S. Dutta Gupta and B.V. Conger. 1998. In vitro development and ontogeny of multiple shoots from mature caryopses of switchgrass. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 34(3) Part II. p. 70A.
  8. Odjakova, M.K. and B.V. Conger. 1998. The influence of osmotic pretreatment on the embryogenic capacity of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) suspension cultures. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 34(3) Part II. p. 72A.

Summary Date: September 1999

Development of Optimal Establishment and Cultural Practices for Switchgrass and Other Energy Crops

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5145, http://www.auburn.edu
Principal Investigator: David Bransby 334.844.3935, dbransby@acesag.auburn.edu
Contract Number: 19X-XY164C
Contract Period: 06/97 B05/02
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $85,000
FY 1999: $114,800

Objective: The goals of this project are (a) to improve establishment procedures and management practices for switchgrass, (b) to evaluate different varieties of switchgrass for optimal biomass production, (c) to establish the relationship between research plot yields of switchgrass and yields from commercial fields, and (d) to evaluate alternative species to switchgrass for energy.

Approach/Background: Establishment procedures under evaluation include use of different planters, and the effect of insecticide application at planting. Variety tests are being conducted with Alamo, Kanlow and Cave-in-Rock switchgrass at five locations, and with eight varieties at one location.

Management practices under evaluation include frequency, height and date of harvesting, effects of row spacing, and effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization. Three commercial scale tests are being conducted to compare yields with small research plots.

New perennial species to be evaluated as alternatives to switchgrass include giant reed ( Arundo donax), Miscanthus x giganteus and sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata). Annual species to be evaluated include ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum), forage soybeans, sunn hemp and kenaf.

Status/Accomplishments: no distinct advantage was identified for any particular seeding equipment, or for the application of insecticides at the time of seeding. AAlamo @ yields continue to be equal or better than that of all other varieties at all locations.

Wide row spacing provided equal or better yields than solid stands. Yields from one and two cuts per year were generally similar, but basal cover was lower in one-cut plots. Yield increased with N fertilization up to 112 kg of N/ha, but there was little response to higher rates, although this was dependent on row spacing.

Yields from commercial scale fields were generally 10% to 30% lower than those observed in small research plots. Yield of cotton, corn and soybeans were equal or higher when these crops followed switchgrass in a rotation, compared to being planted on land that had previously been fallow. The alternative species experiments were established in 1999, so no production data are available.

Publications and Presentations:

  1. Bransby, D. I. 1999. Effects of management factors on energy content and slagging potential of switchgrass. Proc. 4th Biomass Conf. of the Americas, Oakland, CA; Aug. 29 - Sept. 2:1435-1438.
  2. Bransby, D. I. 1999. The value of survey information on the potential to grow switchgrass for energy in Alabama. Proc. 4th Biomass Conf. of the Americas, Oakland, CA; Aug. 29 - Sept. 2: 1747-1752.
  3. Bransby, D. I., G. R. Mullins and B. Bock. 1999. Agronomic evaluation of ash following gasification of five biomass feedstocks. Proc. 4th Biomass Conf. of the Americas, Oakland, CA; Aug. 29 - Sept 2: 577-582.

Summary Date: September 1999

Evaluation of Switchgrass Cultivars and Cultural Methods for Biomass Production in the South Central U.S.

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: Texas A&M University, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Beeville, TX 78102-9410
Principal Investigator: William Ocumpaugh 361.358.6390, ocumpaug@fnbnet.net
Contract Number: 19X-SY091C
Contract Period: 09/97-07/02
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $132,000
FY 1999: $197,500

Objective: The goal of this project is to evaluate the production potential of switchgrass (SG) varieties when grown in the South Central USA. Evaluate long-term yield trends for Alamo and other SG varieties planted in 1992. Evaluate yield of Alamo and breeding lines from the OSU program. Determine Alamo SG responses to row spacing, N, and P fertilizer. Determine biological, economic, and physical constraints to biomass production. Determine changes in soil nitrogen and soil quality associated with SG. Determine factors affecting SG establishment. Determine effect of N and fall harvest management on SG yield and persistence.

Research is directed toward understanding limitations to efficient SG biomass production in the South Central USA.

Approach/Background: Variety trials are managed for a single fall harvest with a standard N-fertilizer rate at Stephenville, Dallas, and College Station, TX and Hope, AR and Clinton, LA. The row spacing (RS), N, and P fertilizer rate study is with Alamo SG at Stephenville, with a single harvest. The biological, economic and physical constraints study is at Stephenville and is harvested once per year with commercial hay equipment. Soil quality parameters are measured on all variety trials, and the N by fall harvest management studies. These parameters are compared to other farming systems. Field studies with cultural treatments and pesticides are being imposed to try to determine factors that favor SG establishment. Demonstration plantings in Northeast Texas were seeded to assess establishment and farmer acceptance of SG. The N by fall harvest management study was established with Alamo SG at Dallas and Yoakum, TX and at Hope, AR. Five rates of N are imposed in the spring, and five dates of a single harvest are imposed (mid-August to February).

Status/Accomplishments: Alamo SG is the best variety, but new lines out of the Oklahoma State University program may exceed Alamo. Alamo SG responds to N fertilizer up to nearly 200 lb/A, but does not respond to row spacing or P fertilizer. Soil microbial biomass (SMB) is the most active fraction of soil organic matter and is responsible for nutrient cycling in soils and may predict changes in soil quality long before differences are observable as changes in soil organic C (SOC). Initial results indicate total SOC under SG may be lower compared to other cropping systems, especially other forage grasses and forest. Although SOC was not highest for SG, SMB C/SOC was significantly greater for SG, implying potential improvement in soil quality with SG. Poor establishment of SG continues to be a major problem. Complete stand failures or poor stands seem to be the norm. It appears that delaying the harvest into the fall and winter may reduce yields substantially.

Publications and Presentations:

  1. Elbersen, H.W., W.R. Ocumpaugh, M.A. Hussey, M.A. Sanderson, and C.R. Tischler. 1999. Field evaluation of switchgrass seedlings divergently selected for crown node placement. Crop Sci. 39:475-479.
  2. Haney, R.L., A.J. Franzluebbers, F.M. Hons, and D.A. Zuberer. 1999. Soil C extracted with water or K 2SO 4: pH effect on determination of microbial biomass. Canadian J. Soil Sci. 79:529-533.
  3. Sanderson, M.A., J.C. Read, and R.L. Reed. 1999. Harvest management of switchgrass for biomass feedstock production . Agron. J. 91:5-10.
  4. Sanderson, M.A., R.L. Reed, W.R. Ocumpaugh, M.A. Hussey, G. Van Esbroeck, J.C. Read, C.R. Tischler, and F.M. Hons. 1998. Switchgrass cultivars and germplasm for biomass feedstock production in Texas. Bioresource Technology 67:209-219.
  5. Elbersen, H.W., W.R. Ocumpaugh, M.A. Hussey, M.A. Sanderson, and C.R. Tischler. 1998. Switchgrass and kleingrass crown node elevation under low light. Crop. Sci. 38:712-716.
  6. Van Esbroeck, G.A., M.A. Hussey, and M.A. Sanderson. 1998. Selection response and developmental basis for early and late panicle emergence in Alamo switchgrass. Crop Sci. 38:342-346.
  7. Reed, R.L., M.A. Sanderson, V.G. Allen, and A.G. Matches. 1999. Growth and cadmium accumulation in selected switchgrass cultivars. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 30:2655-2667.
  8. Sanderson, M.A., and R.L. Reed. 2000. Switchgrass growth and development in response to water, nitrogen, and plant density. J. Range Management. 53:221-227.
  9. Sanderson, M.A., and K.J. Moore. 1999. Switchgrass morphological development predicted from day of the year or degree day models. Agron. J. 91:732-734.
  10. McLaughlin, S., J. Bouton, D. Bransby, B. Conger, W. Ocumpaugh, D. Parrish, C. Taliaferro, K. Vogel, and S. Wullschleger. 1999. Developing switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop. STYLE="text-decoration: underline">In. Proc. 4th National New Crops Symposium (Nov. 9-11, 1998, Phoenix, AZ).
  11. Ocumpaugh, W., M. Hussey, J. Read, J. Muir, R. Jones, F. Hons, G. Evers, M. Phillips, K. Cassida, D. Kee, and B. Venuto. 1998. Evaluation of switchgrass cultivars and cultural methods for biomass production in the southcentral U.S. Submitted to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. March 4, 1998. 29 pages.
  12. Ocumpaugh, W., M. Hussey, J. Read, J. Muir, R. Jones, F. Hons, G. Evers, M. Phillips, K. Cassida, D. Kee, and B. Venuto. 1999. Evaluation of switchgrass cultivars and cultural methods for biomass production in the southcentral U.S. Submitted to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. March 19, 1999. 70 pages.
  13. Stroup, J. A. 1999. Growth and photosynthesis of upland and lowland ecotypes of Panicum virgatum L. M. S. Thesis. Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX.
  14. Suplick, M.R. 1999. Effect of nitrogen and fall harvest management on yield, compositional quality, and developmental growth rate on switchgrass. M. S. Thesis. Texas A&M University-Commerce.
  15. Franzluebbers, A.J., R.L. Haney, and F.M. Hons. 1998. Flush of carbon dioxide following rewetting of dried soil: Relationship with microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 219.
  16. Haney, R.L., F.M. Hons, A.J. Franzluebbers, and D.A. Zuberer. 1998. Daily carbon dioxide evolution from soils following chloroform fumigation. Agronomy Abstracts. Madison WI. p. 215.
  17. Jones, R.M., M.A. Sanderson, S.P. Brown, and M.J. McFarland. 1998. Dairy waste utilization for switchgrass production and nutrient fate. Agronomy Abstracts. Madison WI. p. 337.
  18. Muir, J.P., M.A. Sanderson, W.R. Ocumpaugh, R.L. Reed, and R.M. Jones. 1999. Effect of row spacing, nitrogen rate and phosphorus rate on A Alamo @ switchgrass biomass production. Agronomy Abstracts. Madison WI. p. 105.
  19. Suplick, M.R, J.C. Read, J.P. Johnson, W.R. Ocumpaugh, and M.A. Hussey. 1999. Response of switchgrass to nitrogen fertilizer and harvest dates. Agronomy Abstracts. Madison WI. p. 144.
  20. Suplick, M.R., J.C. Read and D.D. Kee. 1999. Effect of nitrogen on leaf appearance and lamina extension rates in switchgrass. Abst. 1999 Annual Meeting, Southern Branch of ASA. Memphis, TN. p. 3.

Summary Date: September 1999

Genetic Variation Among Switchgrasses in Agronomic Traits, Forage Quality, and Biomass Fuel Production

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University of Nebraska, 344 Keim Hall, P.O. Box 830937, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, http://www.ars.usda.gov/
Principal Investigator: Ken Vogel, 402.472.1564, kpv@unlserv.unl.edu
Contract Number: DE-AI05-900R2194
Contract Period: 08/97-9/01
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $117,000
FY 1999: $117,000

Objective: Develop improved switchgrass cultivars and associated management practices for use in the agricultural production of biomass for energy in the northern Great Plains and Midwest States

Approach/Background: The current research is the third phase of a research program that was initiated in 1990. The first phase of this research, 1990-1992, evaluated all available cultivars and elite strains and identified cultivars and strains that had the most potential for use as biofuel crops .

The second phase of research was for the period August, 1993 to September 30, 1997. Research focused on five specific areas to address specific breeding, genetics, and production concerns.

In the current phase of the program objectives are to: (1) determine the feasibility of developing F 1 hybrid cultivars of switchgrass; (2) continue the development of switchgrass cultivars for use as biofuel crops USDA Hardiness Zones (HZ) 2,3, 4, and 5; (3) continue research on developing molecular markers and genetic tools to be utilized in switchgrass breeding. It recently has been expanded to include research in North and South Dakota (see separate report).

Status/Accomplishments: Phase 1 research demonstrated that some cultivars had consistent high, yields and produced over 14,000 kg/ha biomass per year which with 75% conversion efficiency could produce 500 gal/acre of ethanol. Research resulted in the release of Shawnee switchgrass.

In phase 2, all available switchgrass germplasm was classified by ploidy level and a molecular marker was identified that differentiated lowland and upland switchgrasses. Research demonstrated that with current cultivars, N fertilization rates of about 100 to 120 lb./acre are optimum. A single biomass harvest during a three week period following panicle emergence or after a killing frost gave highest or most economical biomass yields. Switchgrass was determined to be a micorrhizae dependent plant but micorrhizae present in most croplands were adequate for switchgrass biomass production. Research on herbicides identified potential herbicides that could be used to aid switchgrass establishment if registered for that use. A genetic self-incompatibility system was identified and described in switchgrass that could make the development of switchgrass hybrid cultivars feasible.

In phase 3 to date, it has been determined that heterosis exists in switchgrass in progeny of upland x lowland ecotypes. Research on seed production indicates that it may be feasible to produce F1 hybrid cultivars using transplanted seed production fields. Switchgrass germplasm has been collected in the Great Lakes region and is currently being evaluated in Wisconsin.

Publications and Presentations:

  1. Martinez-Reyna, Juan M. and K.P. Vogel. 1998. Controlled hybridization technique for switchgrass. Crop Sci. 38: 876-878.
  2. Brejda, John J., L.E. Moser, and K.P. Vogel, 1998. Evaluation of switchgrass rhizosphere microflora for enhancing yield and nutrient uptake. Agron. J. 90:753-758.
  3. Redfearn, D.D., K. J. Moore, K.P. Vogel, et.al. 1999. Fiber digestion dynamics of sward components with switchgrass populations. Crop Sci. 39:784-789
  4. Vogel, K.P., R.A. Masters, P.J. Callahan, K. Grams. 1998. Rotary processor for chaffy prairie grass seed. J. Range Manage. 51:536-539.
  5. Lu, Ku, Shawn M. Kaeppler, K.P. Vogel, K. Arumuganathan, and D.J. Lee. 1998. Nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers in switchgrass. Great Plains Research 8:269-280.
  6. Vogel, K.P. and R.A. Masters. 1998. Developing switchgrass into a biomass fuel crop for the Midwestern USA. p. 1072-1080. In: Weichert, Don (Co-Chair). BioEnergy '98 - Expanding Bioenergy Partnerships. Proceedings of the 8th Biennial Conference. Vol. I & II. Great Lakes Regional Biomass Energy Program. Oct 4-8, 1998, Madison, WI.
  7. Martinez-Reyna, Juan M. and K.P. Vogel. 1998. Evaluation of three seed production methods in switchgrass. Abstracts 51th Annual Meeting Society for Range Management.
  8. Martinez-Reyna, Juan M. 1998. Hybridization between upland and lowland and within upland cytotypes of switchgrass. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
  9. Martinez-Reyna, Juan M. and K.P. Vogel. 1998. Evaluation of three seed production methods in switchgrass. Abstracts 51st Annual Meeting Society for Range Management. p. 68.
  10. Lu, Ku, S.M. Kaeppler, K.P. Vogel, K. Arumuganathan. 1998. Ploidy level and nuclear DNA content of switchgrass. Abstracts XVI North American Prairie Conference, p.36-37. University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE, July 26-29, 1998.
  11. Martinez-Reyna, J.M., K.P. Vogel, C.A. Caha, and D.J. Lee. 1998. Meiotic stability, chloroplast DNA polymorphisms, and Morphological traits of upland x lowland switchgrass reciprocal hybrids. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 66.
  12. Casler, M.D., and K.P. Vogel. 1999. Accomplishments and impact from breeding for increased forage nutritional value. Crop Sci. 39:12-20.
  13. Vogel, K.P., J.F. Pedersen, S.D. Masterson, and J.J. Toy. 1999. Evaluation of a filter bag system for NDF, ADF, and IVDMD Forage analysis. Crop Sci. 39:276-279.
  14. McLaughlin, S.B., J. Bouton,D. Bransby, R. Conger, W. Ocumpaugh, D. Parrish, C.Taliaferro, K. Vogel, and S. Wullschleger. 1999. Developing Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop. p. 282-299. In: J.Janick (Ed.). Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses. Proceedings Fourth National New Crops Symposium. November 8-11, 1998, Phoenix, Arizona. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.
  15. Taliaferro, C.M., K.P. Vogel, J.H. Bouton, S.B. McLaughlin, and G.A. Tuscan. 1999. Reproductive characteristics and breeding improvement potential of switchgrass. p. 147-153. In: Proceedings of Fourth Biomass Conference of the Americas. August 29 Sept. 2, 1999, Oakland CA.
  16. Vogel, K.P. and R.A. Masters. 1999. Frequency Grid: A simple tool for monitoring grassland establishment. Soc. Range Manage. Abstracts. 52:85-86.

Summary Date: September 1999

Genetic Variation Among Switchgrasses in Agronomic Traits, Forage Quality, and Biomass Fuel Production - Northern Plains USA

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University of Nebraska, 344 Keim Hall, P.O. Box 830937, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, http://www.ars.usda.gov/
Principal Investigator: Ken Vogel, 402.472.1564, kpv@unlserv.unl.edu
Contract Number: DE-AI05-900R2194
Contract Period: 08/97-9/01
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $0
FY 1999: $177,880

Objective: Develop improved switchgrass cultivars and associated management practices for use in the agricultural production of biomass for energy in the northern Great Plains and Midwest States

Approach/Background: A joint DOE-USDA economic analysis indicated that the Northern Plains States of North and South Dakota and Nebraska have considerable potential for the production of switchgrass as a bio-energy crop. Research was expanded in 1999 to evaluate switchgrass in North and South Dakota and initiate planning for on-farm trials. In addition, K. P. Vogel and H.G. Jung (USDA-ARS) were requested to develop a "white paper" on genetically modifying herbaceous plant cell walls to improve the efficiency and economics of biomass conversion to liquid fuels.

Cooperative agreements were established with South Dakota State University and the USDA-ARS Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory to conduct switchgrass biomass research in South and North Dakota, respectively. Several scientists are involved at both locations. Research at Mandan is being coordinated by Lab Director, J. Hanson. In South Dakota, K. Kephardt, Director of S. Dakota Agriculture Experiment Station is coordinating the research.

Status/Accomplishments: Switchgrass field trials were established in 1999 in North Dakota at several locations by the USDA-ARS Northern Plains Research Laboratory, Mandan, ND to assess the biomass yield of switchgrass cultivars in North Dakota. Experiments were also established to monitor soil carbon.

Switchgrass field trials were established at three locations in South Dakota to assess the biomass yield of switchgrass cultivars in South Dakota. Soils at each site were sampled to initiate carbon sequestration research.

The initial draft of the white paper on genetically modifying feedstock quality was reviewed and discussed by at a workshop in Washington, D.C. in Dec. 1999. Final draft of the report will be submitted to DOE in early 2000. The report will indicate that it is highly feasible to genetically modify the feedstock quality of herbaceous plants using both conventional and molecular breeding technologies.

Research plans were developed that will be implemented in 2000 to determine the biomass yields of switchgrass grown on commercial scale production fields in potential production regions of Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota and determine associated economic costs. Associated research will determine and quantify the environmental benefits associated with switchgrass biomass production in the upper plains including changes in soil carbon levels and other changes in soil quality.

Research planning was also implemented to evaluate the yield potential and production economics of managing former CRP grasslands as a biomass cropping system.

Publications and Presentations:

  1. Vogel, K.P. and H.J. Jung. 1999. Genetic Improvement of Switchgrass and Other Herbaceous Plants for Use as Biomass Fuel Feedstock. Oral report. Plant Biotechnology Workshop on Genetic Improvement of Biomass Quality. Oak Ridge National Lab, Washington, D.C. Offices. Dec. 6-7, 1999.

Summary Date: December 1999

Performance Trials for Evaluating Switchgrass

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Resource Conservation Service, 3001 Coolidge Road East Lansing, MI 48823-5243, http://www.nrcs.usda.gov
Principal Investigator: David Burgdorf, Plant Materials Specialist 517.324.5242, dburgdorf@mi.nrcs.usda.gov
Contract Number: Interagency Agreement DE-AI05-97OR22602
Contract Period: 05/97-12/00
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $8,500
FY 1999: $79,000

Objective: This interagency agreement was established to improve switchgrass field evaluation efforts by ORNL switchgrass breeders and to increase familiarity of staff at the USDA, Plant Materials Centers (PMC) with newly developed switchgrass cultivars produced by the ORNL herbaceous crops program.

Approach/Background: A collaborative research agreement was established in 1997 for the introduction and regional evaluation of best available cultivars of switchgrass from the combined field trial and breeding program. The NRCS Plant Materials Centers of KS, MO, MI and AR will manages switchgrass plots established in 1997. Evaluations, data collection, and shipping of harvested materials to collaborators is the primary responsibility of each participating PMC. In FY 1999 PMC's in Georgia, and Mississippi were added to evaluate other grass species and other promising bioenergy crops within the southeastern region of the U.S. This work includes a literature search and review of other potential biofuel candidates for the region and initiation of work with collaborators to establish research plots for performance evaluation and improvement of only the top candidate species. A summary report of their literature review findings will be prepared.

Status/Accomplishments: Plots have been established and are being maintained to collect performance data and submit harvested dried materials to appropriate collaborators. Plots have been managed by PMC's at KS, MO, MI and AR and they will perform evaluations, gather data and submit harvested plant materials to their respective collaborators according to the work plan developed in partnership with the collaborators. The PMC in MO is with working with the Oklahoma State University collaborator to arrange for reestablishment of switchgrass plots in spring of 2000 due to poor condition of original plots.

The GA and MS Plant Materials Centers will complete the literature search and review of potential bioenergy candidate species, and prepare a summary report on fuel attributes of leading candidates. Together with researchers at Auburn University, who are also involved in evaluating new species for the Southeast, they will at develop a mulityear work plan to evaluate and improve performance of the most promising 1-2 species for the region. Eastern gamagrass and big bluestem are currently considered likely candidates for this work.

Publications and Presentations: none

Summary Date: September 1999

Selection and Breeding of New Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Varieties for Increased Biomass Production

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: Oklahoma State University, Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078-6028, http://clay.agr.okstate.edu/plantsoilsci/plasosci.html
Principal Investigators: Charles Taliaferro 405.744.9627, cmt@mail.pss.okstate.edu
Contract Number: 19X-SY162C
Contract Period: 08/97-7/02
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $72,191
FY 1999: $74,500

Objective: To develop new switchgrass varieties with enhanced biomass yield potential for the central and southern United States. Supporting objectives include: 1) the development of a comprehensive switchgrass germplasm collection that is fully characterized for major performance traits, 2) elucidation of the breeding behavior of switchgrass, and 3) identification of best breeding procedures for switchgrass.

Approach/Background: Switchgrass is a perennial outcrossing species with many ecotypes. Its biomass yield, the trait of primary interest, is quantitatively inherited by virtue of being governed by many genes. Genotypic recurrent selection (GRS) is used to increase biomass yield in breeding populations by increasing the frequency of genes in those populations governing high yield capability. Selection of plants with high breeding value is based on the performance of their progeny. Recurring breeding cycles (selection and inter-mating of superior plants) effect incremental improvement for biomass yield. We are conducting GRS in upland and lowland ecotypic switchgrass populations to provide improved varieties for different climatic and edaphic conditions.

Switchgrass breeding is facilitated by an ongoing effort to improve the quantity and quality of switchgrass germplasm available for research and by investigations of basic genetic and reproductive characteristics of the species.

Status/Accomplishments: A comprehensive switchgrass germplasm collection has been assembled and characterized for important cytogenetic and agronomic traits. This collection is a source of plant material for breeding and genetic studies. Plant materials have been shared with scientists at many institutions in the U.S and abroad. Breeding relationships between switchgrass cytotypes and ecotypes have been determined.

Fifteen experimental synthetic varieties bred over the past few years are being evaluated in field trials in the U.S. and abroad. Many of the synthetic varieties are consistently producing significantly more biomass than standard varieties. Some of the experimental varieties have biomass yield increases ranging from 15 to 40 %. Seed scale-up of the SL 94-1 and NL 94-1 experimental varieties was started in 1999 in preparation for their release as commercial varieties.

Publications and Presentations:

  1. Taliaferro, C. M., K. P. Vogel, J. H. Bouton, S. B. McLaughlin, and G. A. Tuskin. 1999. Reproductive characteristics and breeding improvement potential of switchgrass. pp. 147-153, In Overend, R. P. and E. Chornet (Eds.), Proc. 4th Biomass Conf. Americas. Aug. 29-Sept. 2, 1999.
  2. Hopkins, A. A and C. M. Taliaferro. 1997. Genetic variation within switchgrass populations for acid soil tolerance. Crop Sci. 37:1719-1722
  3. Hopkins, A. A., C. M. Taliaferro, C. D. Murphy and D. Christian. 1996. Chromosome number and nuclear DNA content of several switchgrass populations. Crop Sci. 36:1192-1195.
  4. Hopkins, A. A. and C. M. Taliaferro. A comparison of selection strategies in switchgrass. pp 190-192. Proc. Amer. Forage & Grassland Council Meeting, March 12-14, 1995.
  5. Taliaferro, C. M., A. A. Hopkins, M. P. Anderson, and J.A. Anderson. 1996. Breeding and genetic studies in bermudagrass and switchgrass. pp 41-52, Proc. 52 nd So. Pasture & Forage Crop Improvement Conf., March 30- April 2, 1996.
  6. Sanderson, M. A., R. L. Reed, S. B. McLaughlin, S. D. Wullschleger, B. V. Conger, D. J. Parrish, D. D. Wold, C. Taliaferro, A. A. Hopkins, W. R. Ocumpaugh, M. A. Hussey, J. C. Read, and C. R. Tischler. 1996. Switchgrass as a sustainable bioenergy crop. Bioresource Technology 56:83-93
  7. Taliaferro C. M. and A. A. Hopkins. 1996. Breeding characteristics and improvement potential of switchgrass. pp 2-9, In Cundiff, J. S., E. E. Gavett, C. Hansen, C. Peterson, M. A. Sanderson, H. Shapouri, and D. L. VanDyne (Eds.), Proc. 3rd Liquid Fuels Conf.: Liquid Fuels and Industrial Products from Renewable Resources. Sept. 15-17, 1996, Nashville, TN. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng.
  8. Gunter, L. E., S. D. Wullschleger, G. A. Tuskan, C. M. Taliaferro, and A. A. Hopkins. 1996. Characterization of switchgrass accessions using RAPD markers and morphological descriptor data. P. 176. Agronomy Abs., American Soc. Agron., Madison WI.
  9. Hopkins, A. A. and C. M. Taliaferro. 1996. Effect of temperature on floral initiation in switchgrass. p. 96. Agronomy Abs., American Soc. Agron., Madison WI.
  10. Hopkins, A. A. and C. M. Taliaferro. 1995. Genetic variation for acidic soil tolerance of switchgrass seedlings. P. 74. Agronomy Abs., American Soc. Agron., Madison WI.
  11. Taliaferro, C. M. and A. A. Hopkins. 1995. Chromosome number determinations and crossability of switchgrass accessions. P. 84. Agronomy Abs., American Soc. Agron., Madison WI.
  12. Das, M. K. and C. M. Taliaferro. 1999. Genetic and phenotypic path analyses in switchgrass. p. 84. Agronomy Abs., American Soc. Agron., Madison WI.

Summary Date: September 1999

Switchgrass as a Biofuels Crop for the Upper Southeast: Variety Trials and Cultural Improvements

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0404, http://sudan.cses.vt.edu/
Principal Investigator: David Parrish, 540.231.9778, dparrish@vt.edu
Contract Number: 19X-SY163C
Contract Period: 05/97-07/02
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $89,400
FY 1999: $68,000

Objective: This project is evaluating the production potential of switchgrass grown in the upper southeastern US by measuring yields of common varieties and new breeder's lines under various management regimes. Establishment practices are also being refined .

Approach/Background: Switchgrass has excellent potential as a biofuels feedstock, but information is needed on its establishment and management to optimize productivity regionally. The species has a reputation for being difficult to establish. Our experience suggests that proper attention to key factors can greatly improve the odds for successful establishment and early productivity. Those factors include planting date, seed dormancy, and pest management.

The largest component of this project is a five-state, six-variety, cutting-management, and maximum-yield trial. Other fieldwork involves studies on methods that will consistently establish switchgrass under a variety of conditions. Laboratory efforts have been aimed at practical ways to overcome the seed dormancy that often makes establishment difficult. We have also investigated the fate of biomass left standing in the field after fall harvest.

Status/Accomplishments: A regional variety-screening study was established in 1992 in KY, NC, TN, VA, and WV. The plots are harvested once or twice per year. Findings indicate that productivity varies greatly with location and to a lesser degree with ecotype and cutting management. The four lowland varieties show little or no yield increase with two cuttings. The upland types yield 20 to 30% more if they are cut twice rather than once. With that boost in yield, they approach the lowland types in productivity (about 18 Mg/ha across locations in 1998). Cutting twice appears to deplete the plants' N reserves. A response to N fertilization is evident primarily in plots that are harvested twice per year, i.e., there is no yield benefit of adding 100 kg N/ha to plots that are harvested only after they senesce.

Studies with delayed harvests have revealed that harvestable biomass declines about 10% between early September and the end of the season. We have observed no significant decline in standing biomass from November through February.

Recently harvested switchgrass seeds exhibit high levels of dormancy; germinability is often 10% or less. Dormancy can be broken by several treatments to include exposing wet seeds to 10OC for 14 to 35 days or holding dry seeds for extended times. An accelerated after-ripening (by exposing dry seeds to temperatures of 50 O to 60 OC for 5 to 30 days) is feasible. Such seeds germinate readily if planted into a fully warmed soil.

Publications and Presentations:

  1. McLaughlin, S., J. Bouton, D. Bransby, R. Conger, W. Ocumpaugh, D. Parrish, C. Taliaferro, K. Vogel, and S. Wullschleger. 1999. Developing switchgrass as a bioenergy crop. In J. Janick (ed.) Proceedings of the Fourth National New Crops Symposium. (in press)
  2. Shen, Z.X., D.J. Parrish, and D.D. Wolf. 1999. After-ripening and aging as influenced by anoxia in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) seeds. In Proceedings of the Sixth National Symposium on Stand Establishment and International Society for Horticultural Science Seed Symposium, May 15-19, 1999. Roanoke, VA. (in press)
  3. Parrish, D.J., D.D. Wolf, J.A. Balasko, J.T. Green, M. Rasnake, and J.H. Reynolds. 1999. Maximizing switchgrass biomass production potential. Abstracts for American Society of Agronomy 1999:114
  4. Parrish, D.J., D.D. Wolf, J.A. Balasko, J.T. Green, M. Rasnake, and J.H. Reynolds. 1997. A five-year study of switchgrass' potential as a biofuels feedstock. Abstracts for American Society of Agronomy 1997:142.
  5. Parrish, D.J., D.D. Wolf, and W.L. Daniels. Parrish, D.J., D.D. Wolf, P.R. Peterson, and L.W. Daniels. Switchgrass as a biofuels crop for the upper Southeast: variety trials and cultural improvements. Annual Report for 1997-1998. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 53 pages.
  6. Parrish, D.J., D.D. Wolf, P.R. Peterson, and L.W. Daniels. Switchgrass as a biofuels crop for the upper Southeast: variety trials and cultural improvements. Semi-Annual/Interim and Annual Reports for 1999. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 52 and 36 pages respectively.

Summary Date: September 1999

Switchgrass Production in Iowa: Economic Analysis, Soil Suitability, and Varietal Performance

Research Funded by: U.S. Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Project Manager: Sandy B. McLaughlin, 865.574.7358, mclaughlinsb@ornl.gov
Performing Organization: Chariton Valley Resource Conservation and Development, Inc. 19229 Highway 5 Centerville, IA 52544-8922 http://www.cvrcd.org
Principal Investigators: Jim Cooper, 515.437.4376, jcooper@cvrcd.org
Contract Number: 90X-SY510V
Contract Period: 09/97-12/00
Contract Funding:
FY 1998: $80,400
FY 1999: $80,000

Objectives: Project objectives include: (1) Determine the economic potential of switchgrass and reed canarygrass as energy crops in southern Iowa; (2) Assess switchgrass production in relation to soil variability and environmental quality; and (3) Evaluate and develop switchgrass and reed canarygrass germplasm for biomass production in Iowa and nearby states (Wisconsin, Kentucky).

Approach/Background: Research to accomplish these objectives is conducted as part of the Chariton Valley Biomass Project. The Chariton Valley project intends to generate 35 megawatts of power by co-firing with coal at Alliant Energy's Ottumwa Generating Station. This will require 200,000 tons of biomass from 50,000 acres. One day, as many as 500 farmers may grow biomass for power production.

The economic potential of switchgrass and reed canarygrass biomass will be determined by identifying on-farm production costs. An analysis of the regional economic impacts of large-scale biomass production will also be completed as well as a quantification of energy consumption for the production of biomass.

Research plots and production fields will be used to assess the impact of landscape, soil properties, fertilizer, and harvest regimes on switchgrass and reed canarygrass yield and quality. An assessment of erosion in biomass fields will also be completed.

Switchgrass and reed canarygrass cultivar plots will be used to identify differences in yield and quality. In addition, a diverse set of reed canarygrass germplasms from which new breeding germplasm may develop will be evaluated for biofuel traits.

Status/Accomplishments: Research activities completed to date include: (1) Budgets have been developed for the establishment and production of switchgrass biomass; (2) A regional economic analysis has been performed for large-scale biomass production in southern Iowa; (3) Energy use has been quantified for switchgrass biomass production; (4) Switchgrass yield and biofuel traits have been compared for different landscapes, soil properties, fertilizer and harvest regimes; (5) Gully erosion has been evaluated in switchgrass fields; (6) Twenty switchgrass cultivars have been compared for yield and biofuel quality in relation to fertilizer and harvest; and (7) Seven reed canarygrass cultivars and 121 germplasm sources have been compared for yield and biofuel quality in relation to fertilizer and harvest.

Publications and Presentations:

  1. Molstad, N.E., R.W. Lemus, C.L. Burras, E.C. Brummer, and K.J. Moore. 1999. Landscapes, soil morphology and switchgrass yield in the Chariton River Watershed, Iowa. Agron. Abstracts, p. 266.
  2. Lemus, R.W., N.E. Molstad, E.C. Brummer, L. Burras, K.J. Moore, and R.K. Doorenbos. 1999. Switchgrass management for yield potential and biomass quality in the Chariton Valley, Iowa, USA. Agron. Abstracts, p. 110.
  3. Lemus, R.W. N.E. Molstad, L. Burras, and E.C. Brummer. 1998. Switchgrass management and productivity in the Chariton River Valley, Iowa. Agron Abstracts, p. 276.

Summary Date: September 1999