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Contents Chapter 1 ESOTROPIC DEVIATIONS Michael X. Repka, MD 1-1 Infantile Esotropia 1-1-1 Associated Findings 1-1-2 Nonsurgical Treatment 1-1-3 Surgical Treatment 1-1-4 Differential Diagnosis 1-1-4-1 Duane Syndrome 1-1-4-2 Sixth Nerve Palsy 1-1-4-3 Nystagmus Blockage Syndrome 1-1-4-4 Sensory Esotropia 1-1-4-5 Möbius Syndrome 1-2 Acquired Esotropia 1-2-1 Refractive Esotropia 1-2-2 Accommodative Refractive Esotropia 1-2-3 Acquired Nonrefractive Esotropia 1-2-4 Acute Comitant Esotropia 1-2-5 Divergence Paralysis or Insufficiency Suggested Readings Chapter 2 EXOTROPIC DEVIATIONS M. Edward Wilson, MD 2-1 Intermittent Exotropia 2-1-1 Clinical Characteristics 2-1-2 Clinical Evaluation 2-1-3 Nonsurgical Treatment 2-1-4 Surgical Treatment 2-1-5 Management of Surgical Overcorrection 2-1-6 Management of Surgical Undercorrection 2-2 Congenital Exotropia 2-3 Sensory Exotropia 2-4 Convergence Insufficiency 2-5 Exotropic Duane Syndrome Suggested Readings Chapter 3 OBLIQUE MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION David A. Plager, MD 3-1 Causes of Oblique Muscle Overaction 3-1-1 Muscle Anomaly 3-1-2 Orbit Abnormality 3-1-3 Adduction Deficiency 3-1-4 Innervation Anomaly 3-1-5 Contralateral Restriction 3-2 Inferior Oblique Overaction 3-2-1 Diagnosis 3-2-2 Surgical Treatment 3-2-2-1 Graded Recession 3-2-2-2 Myectomy 3-2-2-3 Denervation and Extirpation 3-2-2-4 Anterior Transposition 3-3 Inferior Oblique Underaction 3-3-1 Palsy 3-3-1-1 Diagnosis 3-3-1-2 Differential Diagnosis 3-3-1-3 Surgical Treatment 3-3-2 Brown Syndrome 3-3-2-1 Diagnosis 3-3-2-2 Differential Diagnosis 3-3-2-3 Surgical Treatment 3-4 Superior Oblique Overaction 3-4-1 Unilateral Overaction 3-4-2 Bilateral Overaction 3-4-3 Surgical Treatment 3-5 Superior Oblique Underaction, or Palsy 3-5-1 Congenital Fourth Nerve Palsy, or Superior Oblique Paresis 3-5-2 Acquired Palsy 3-5-3 Signs and Symptoms 3-5-4 Diagnosis 3-5-4-1 Three-Step Test 3-5-4-2 Torsion 3-5-4-3 Versions 3-5-5 Surgical Treatment 3-5-5-1 Surgical Principles 3-5-5-2 Traction Test 3-5-5-3 Treatment Algorithm 3-5-5-4 Young Children 3-5-5-5 Bilateral Acquired Palsy Suggested Readings Chapter 4 DISSOCIATED DEVIATIONS M. Edward Wilson, MD 4-1 Terminology of Dissociated Strabismus Complex 4-2 Theories of Causation 4-3 Incidence of the Complex 4-4 Ocular Manifestations of the Complex 4-5 Treatment for Dissociated Vertical Deviation 4-6 Treatment for Dissociated Horizontal Deviation Suggested Readings Chapter 5 PARALYTIC STRABISMUS Edward G. Buckley, MD 5-1 Surgical Principles 5-1-1 Factors in Surgical Planning 5-2 Surgical Considerations 5-2-1 Fadenoperation, or Posterior Fixation Suture 5-2-2 Transposition Procedures 5-3 Sixth Nerve Palsy 5-3-1 Nonsurgical Treatment 5-3-2 Surgical Treatment 5-3-2-1 Mild Limitation 5-3-2-2 Moderate Limitation 5-3-2-3 Severe Limitation 5-4 Third Nerve Palsies 5-4-1 Nonsurgical Treatment 5-4-1-1 Occlusion and Prisms 5-4-1-2 Botulinum Toxin 5-4-2 Surgical Treatment 5-4-2-1 Near-Total Third Nerve Palsy 5-4-2-2 Partial Third Nerve Palsy 5-5 Double Elevator Palsy, or Monocular Elevation Deficiency 5-5-1 Surgical Treatment 5-6 Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia 5-6-1 Surgical Treatment 5-7 Ocular Myasthenia 5-7-1 Nonsurgical Treatment 5-7-2 Surgical Treatment 5-8 Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia 5-8-1 Surgical Treatment Suggested Readings Chapter 6 RESTRICTIVE STRABISMUS Edward G. Buckley, MD 6-1 Patient Evaluation 6-1-1 Forced Duction Test 6-1-2 Force Generation Test 6-1-3 Inspection of Surrounding Tissue 6-2 Surgical Concepts 6-2-1 Relieving the Restriction 6-2-2 Creating a Matching Limitation 6-2-3 Combined Restriction and Paresis 6-3 Surgical Techniques 6-4 Thyroid Ophthalmopathy 6-4-1 Ocular Findings 6-4-2 Diagnosis 6-4-3 Surgical Treatment 6-4-3-1 Surgical Approach 6-5 Orbital Wall Fractures 6-5-1 Clinical Presentation 6-5-2 Diagnosis 6-5-3 Neuroimaging 6-5-4 Surgical Treatment 6-5-4-1 Timing 6-5-4-2 General Principles 6-5-4-3 Surgical Approach 6-6 Retinal Detachment Surgery 6-6-1 Diagnosis 6-6-2 Surgical Treatment 6-6-2-1 General Principles 6-6-2-2 Surgical Approach 6-7 Cataract Surgery 6-7-1 Diagnosis 6-7-2 Surgical Treatment 6-8 Congenital Fibrosis Syndrome 6-8-1 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis 6-8-2 Differential Diagnosis 6-8-3 Surgical Treatment Suggested Readings Chapter 7 NYSTAGMUS SURGERY Michael X. Repka, MD 7-1 Indications for Surgery 7-2 Patient Evaluation 7-3 Behavioral Interventions 7-4 Optical and Pharmacologic Interventions 7-4-1 Botulinum Toxin 7-5 Surgery for Anomalous Head Postures 7-5-1 Horizontal Anomalous Head Posture 7-5-1-1 Coexistent Nystagmus and Strabismus 7-5-2 Vertical Anomalous Head Posture 7-6 Surgery for Head Tilt 7-7 Surgery for Visual Acuity 7-8 Complications of Nystagmus Surgery Suggested Readings Chapter 8 REOPERATION STRATEGIES David A. Plager, MD 8-1 Reoperation Principles 8-2 Reoperation for Residual or Consecutive Horizontal Strabismus 8-2-1 Residual Esotropia After Esotropia Surgery 8-2-2 Consecutive Exotropia After Esotropia Surgery 8-2-3 Residual Exotropia After Exotropia Surgery 8-2-4 Consecutive Esotropia After Exotropia Surgery 8-3 Reoperation for New Vertical Deviation 8-3-1 Inferior Oblique Inclusion 8-3-2 Inferior Oblique Adherence, or Fat Adherence 8-4 Reoperation for Residual or Consecutive Vertical Strabismus 8-4-1 Reoperation on Inferior Oblique 8-4-1-1 Residual Overaction After Recession 8-4-1-2 Residual Overaction After Anterior Transposition 8-4-1-3 Residual Overaction After Myectomy 8-4-1-4 Residual Overaction After Denervation and Extirpation 8-4-1-5 Underaction After Weakening 8-4-2 Reoperation on Superior Oblique 8-4-2-1 Iatrogenic Brown Syndrome 8-4-2-2 Residual Underaction After Tuck 8-4-2-3 Residual Overaction or Up-Gaze Restriction After Tenectomy 8-4-2-4 Underaction After Weakening Suggested Readings
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Strabismus Surgery, Ocular Motility Disorders surgery, Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures methods