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1 Defining and MeasuringPoverty What is poverty? Poverty measures currently used in empirical research Conclusion X 2 Consensual Income Methods Introduction and overview The relativity of the consensual income threshold Variation in the consensual income amounts Income equivalence The meaning of "getting along" Some results for Belgium Summary and conclusions Appendix 2.1 A re-analysis of consensual income amounts time series 3 The Consensual Standard of Living Approach Introduction and a cross-country comparison Factors influencing people's perception of necessities in Britain and Belgium Perceptions of necessity of different items: are they related? Factors influencing the total number of necessities Stability in time of perceptions of necessity in Belgium Summary and conclusions i it 4 Income Evaluation Methods: A Review Introduction The SPL and LPL methods Main results: a review The effects of other variables: a review - ---R--eference group-effects- The income concept in the mind of the respondent 5 Income Evaluation Methods: Empirical Results for Belgium Introduction Quality, reliability and construct validity of the answers to the IEQ and the MIQ Empirical determinants of income evaluations Equivalence scales, income thresholds and low-income rates Appendix 5.1 Details on sample design and calculation of standard errors 6 Interpretation, Validity and Usefulness of the Income Evaluation Method Introduction Is the IEQ a cardinal measure of welfare? Interpersonal comparability of the answers to the income evaluation questions Income evaluations as indicators of a social consensus Income evaluations as indirect measures of welfare Reliability and validity of the answers to the MIQ and IEQ Validity of the equivalence scales produced by the income evaluation approach: why are they so flat? Validity and usefulness of the SPL and LPL income thresholds Conclusion: interpretation, validity and usefulness of the income evaluation approach 7 The Income Satisfaction Method Introduction Derivation of equivalence scales and poverty thresholds Overview of other studies Specification of the relationship between household income and income satisfaction Quality, reliability and validity of income satisfaction measures A probit model of income satisfaction Equivalence scales and income thresholds -- Tne-'-rosy-outlook' e-ffect- Random measurement error in household income Income satisfaction and reference income Satisfaction from income and the evaluation of income: different concepts? Summary and conclusion 8 Summary and Conclusions Introduction The definition and measurement of poverty The consensual income method The consensual standard-of-living approach The income evaluation approach The income satisfaction method Concluding remarks Bibliography