============================================================================ AUTHOR: Agee, J. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Controlling water pollution from grazing activities SOURCE: In: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 15-17 TOPICS: Non-point Pollution, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Almand, J.D. and W.B. Krohn PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: The position of the Bureau of Land Management on the protection and management of riparian ecosystems SOURCE: Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems, Callaway Gardens, GA, Dec. 11-13, 1978. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. GTR-WO-12, 9 p. TOPICS: Policy, Protection, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: American Fisheries Society, Western Division PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Management and protection of Western riparian stream ecosystems SOURCE: Riparian Habitat Committee, position paper. ed. D. Duff. 24 p. TOPICS: Management, Protection, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson, M.T. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian management of coastal Pacific ecosystems SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 364-368 TOPICS: Management, Logging Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson, M.W. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Protection of riparian lands through tax incentives SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 433-434 TOPICS: Water Law, Protection COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Apple, L.L. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: The use of beavers in riparian/aquatic habitat restoration in a cold desert, gully-cut stream system: a case history SOURCE: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming Chapter, American Fisheries Society. pp. 29-35 TOPICS: Habitat Restoration, Beavers COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Apple, L.L. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian habitat restoration in cold desert, gully-cut stream systems: an innovative, cost effective, ecological approach SOURCE: Poster session presentation, 49th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Boston, MA, Mar. 23-28, 1984, 7 p. TOPICS: Habitat Restoration, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Apple, L.L. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian habitat restoration and beavers, poster session paper SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rpt. RM-120, pp. 489-490 TOPICS: Habitat Restoration, Beavers COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Apple, L.L. and B.H. Smith PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The use of beavers for riparian/aquatic habitat restoration of cold desert, gully-cut stream systems in southwestern Wyoming SOURCE: American Fisheries Society/Wildlife Society Joint Chapter Meeting, Logan, UT, Feb. 8-10, 1984, 11 p. TOPICS: Beavers, Habitat Restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Armour, C. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Critique of the Diamond Fork Aquatic Study SOURCE: Proceedings of the Idaho Water Resources Workshop, Boise, ID, Nov. 27-29, 1979. U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Idaho State Office, Boise, ID, pp. 27-29 TOPICS: Evaluations, Techniques, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Armour, C.L. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Effects of deteriorated range streams on trout SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bur. Land Mngmt., Boise, ID. 7 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Armour, C.L. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Livestock management approaches and the fisheries resource SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., p. 39 TOPICS: Management, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bedell, T.E. (ed.) PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Range watersheds, riparian zones and economics: interrelationships in management and use SOURCE: Proceedings of the 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 25-27, 1984. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, 98 p. TOPICS: Watersheds, Streamside Vegetation, Economic Value COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Behrens-Tepper, J.C., J.T. O'Leary, and D.C. Andersen PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Focused recreation use in riparian ecosystems: a taxonomy of user types SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 216-218 TOPICS: Recreational Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bergstrom, D. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Beavers: biologists "rediscover" a natural resource SOURCE: Forestry Research West, Oct. 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, pp. 1-5 TOPICS: Beavers, Techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Binns, N.A. and F.M. Eiserman PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Quantification of fluvial trout habitat in Wyoming SOURCE: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 108 (3): 215-228 TOPICS: Techniques, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bjornn, T.C., D.C. Burns, A.W. Collotzi, H.W. Newhouse, and W.S. Platts PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: A method for predicting fish response to sediment yields SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain and Northern Regions. A working draft, 35 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, Classification, Sediment Loads COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Boehne, P. and R. House PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Stream ordering; a tool for land managers to classify western Oregon streams SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt, Oregon State Office, Tech. Note OR-3, 6 p. TOPICS: Classification, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bohn, C. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Biological importance of streambank stability SOURCE: Rangelands, 8 (2): 55-56 TOPICS: Stream Stability, Streambanks COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bohn, C. PUB. YEAR: 1986 (in press) TITLE: Effects of grazing management on streambanks SOURCE: Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 1986 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Management, Streambanks COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bohn, C. and J.C. Buckhouse PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Interpreting coliform counts in northeast Oregon rangeland streams SOURCE: 1981 Research in Rangeland Management, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. 620, pp. 15-17 TOPICS: Non-point Pollution, Water Quality, Research COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bohn, C. and J.C. Buckhouse PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Coliform organisms as an indicator of water quality in wildland streams SOURCE: Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., 40 (1): 95-97 TOPICS: Water Quality, Non-point pollution COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bohn, C.C. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: The response of soils, streambanks and instream coliform bacteria levels to grazing management in a riparian area SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR. 85 p. TOPICS: Soils, Water Quality, Grazing Systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bohn, C.C. and J.C. Buckhouse PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Some responses of riparian soils to grazing management in northeastern Oregon SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 38 (4): 378-381 TOPICS: Soils, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bohn, C.C. and J.C. Buckhouse PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Effects of grazing management on streambanks SOURCE: Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife Management Institute, 15 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems, Water Quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bottom, D.L., P.J. Howell, and J.D. Rodgers PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The effects of stream alterations on salmon and trout habitat in Oregon SOURCE: Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Portland, OR. 70 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, Stream Improvements, Evaluations COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bowers, W., W. Hosford, A. Oakley, and C. Bond PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Native trout SOURCE: Wildlife Habitats in Managed Rangelands -- the Great Basin of Southeastern Oregon. ed. J.W. Thomas and C. Maser. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-80, 16 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brady, W., D.R. Patton, and J. Paxson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The development of Southwestern riparian gallery forests SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 39-43 TOPICS: Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brinson, M.M., B.L. Swift, R.C. Plantico, and J.S. Barclay PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Riparian ecosystems: their ecology and status SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program, FWS/OBS-81/17 TOPICS: Ecosystems, Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Britten, C.M., J.E. Cornely, and F.A. Sneva PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Burning, haying, grazing, and non-use of flood meadow vegetation SOURCE: 1980 Progress Report, Research in Rangeland Management, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. 586, pp. 7-9 TOPICS: Vegetation Manipulation, Wetlands, Grazing Impacts, Fire COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown, D.E., C.H. Lowe, and C.P. Pase PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: A digitized classification system for the biotic communities of North America, with community (series) and association examples for the Southwest SOURCE: Jour. of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 14 (1): 1-16 TOPICS: Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown, D.E., C.H. Lowe, and J.F. Hausler PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Southwestern riparian communities: their biotic importance and management in Arizona SOURCE: Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 201-211 TOPICS: Classification, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brunsfeld, S.J. and F.D. Johnson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Field guide to the willows of east-central Idaho SOURCE: College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID, Bulletin No. 39, 95 p. TOPICS: Streamside Vegetation, Classification, Revegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bryant, L.D. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Livestock response to riparian zone exclusion SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID. 31 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Riparian Exclosures COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bryant, L.D. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Response of livestock to riparian zone exclusion SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 35 (6): 780-785 TOPICS: Riparian Exclosures, Livestock Behavior, Grazing Impacts, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bryant, L.D. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Livestock management in the riparian ecosystem SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 285-289 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bryant, L.D. and J.M. Skovlin PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Effect of grazing strategies and rehabilitation on an eastern Oregon stream SOURCE: Proceedings, Habitat Disturbance and Recovery, California Trout, Inc., San Francisco, CA., pp. 27-30 TOPICS: Grazing Systems, Streamside Vegetation, Enhancement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bryant, M.D. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Changes 30 years after logging in large woody debris, and its use by salmonids SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 329-334 TOPICS: Fisheries, Logging Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Buckhouse, J.C. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore browsing SOURCE: Water Resources Research Institute, WRRI-94. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ., 8 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Protection COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Buckhouse, J.C. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore grazing SOURCE: 1984 Progress Report -- Research in Rangeland Management, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. 715, pp. 1-2 TOPICS: Protection, Streamside Vegetation, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Buckhouse, J.C., J.M. Skovlin, and R.W. Knight PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Streambank erosion and ungulate grazing relationships SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 34 (4): 339-340 TOPICS: Erosion, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Buckhouse, J.C. and C.C. Bohn PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Response of coliform bacteria concentration to grazing management SOURCE: 1983 Progress Report -- Research in Rangeland Management, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. 682, pp. 1-7 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems, Non-point Pollution, Management, Water Quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Buckhouse, J.C. and J.M. Skovlin PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Streambank erosion in a Blue Mountain stringer meadow in response to livestock and big game grazing management SOURCE: Progress Report -- Research in Rangeland Management, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. No. 549, pp. 2-4 TOPICS: Erosion, Grazing Impacts, Wildlife Habitat, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Burns, J.W. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Public values and riparian systems SOURCE: California Riparian Systems Conference, Univ. of California, Davis, CA, Sep. 17-19, 1981, pp. 226-227 TOPICS: Economics, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Busby, F.E. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian and stream ecosystems, livestock grazing, and multiple-use management SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 6-12 TOPICS: Ecosystems, Livestock Behavior, Multiple Use COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Campbell, C.J. PUB. YEAR: 1970 TITLE: Ecological implications of riparian vegetation management SOURCE: Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., Mar.-Apr., pp. 49-52 TOPICS: Ecosystems, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Canterbury, R.A. and B.H. Smith PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Energy development in the overthrust belt of southwestern Wyoming: present problems and future potentials for aquatic resources on public lands SOURCE: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Laramie, WY, Feb. 25-26, 1981, 7 p. TOPICS: Oil/Gas Impacts, Mining Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Capen, D.E. and J.B. Low PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Management considerations for nongame birds in Western wetlands SOURCE: Proceedings, Management of Western Forests and Grasslands for Nongame Birds, Salt Lake City, UT, Feb. 11-14, 1980. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-86, pp. 67-77 TOPICS: Birds, Management, Wetlands COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chapman, D.W. PUB. YEAR: 1962 TITLE: Effects of logging upon fish resources of the West Coast SOURCE: Jour. of Forestry, Aug. 1962, pp. 533-537 TOPICS: Logging Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chapman, D.W. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Summarization of sessions SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 75-76 TOPICS: Riparian Issues COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Christensen, K.M. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The linear interval method for determining habitat selection of riparian wildlife species SOURCE: TOPICS: Techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cline, L.D., R.A. Short, J.V. Ward, C.A. Carlson, and H.L. Gray PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Effects of highway construction on water quality and biota in an adjacent Colorado mountain stream SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note RM-429, 11 p. TOPICS: Road Impacts, Water Quality, Stream Organisms COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cook, C.W. PUB. YEAR: 1966 TITLE: Factors affecting utilization of mountain slopes by cattle SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 19: 200-204 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cooper, J.L. PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: A technique for evaluating and predicting the impact of grazing on stream channels SOURCE: Transactions, Bonneville Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Salt Lake City, UT, Feb. 3-4, 1978, 17 p. TOPICS: Techniques, Grazing Impacts, Evaluations COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cope, O.B., ed. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Proceedings of the Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems SOURCE: Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. Trout Unlimited, Inc., 94 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Corbett, E.S. and J.A. Lynch PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Management of streamside zones on municipal watersheds SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 187-190 TOPICS: Water Quality, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. La Roe PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program, FWS/OBS-79/31, 103 p. TOPICS: Classification, Wetlands COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cross, S.P. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Responses of small mammals to forest riparian perturbations SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 269-275 TOPICS: Wildlife Habitat, Logging Impacts, Bufferstrips COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Crouse, M.R. and R.R. Kindschy PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: A method for predicting riparian vegetation potential of semiarid rangelands SOURCE: Symposium on Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information, Portland, OR, Oct. 28-30, 1981, pp. 110-116 TOPICS: Potential, Classification, Techniques, Streamside Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cuplin, P. PUB. YEAR: unknown TITLE: The use of large scale color infrared photography for stream habitat and riparian vegetation inventory SOURCE: Bur. of Land Mngmt., Tech. Note 325, 7 p. TOPICS: Techniques, Inventories COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cuplin, P. PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Remote sensing streams SOURCE: BLM/ASP Workshop on Practical Applications and Use of Color Infrared and Color Imagery, Denver, CO, Jan. 30-Feb. 1, 3 p. TOPICS: Techniques, Monitoring, Inventories COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cuplin, P. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian area inventory and monitoring using large scale infrared photography SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 69-71 TOPICS: Techniques, Monitoring COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cuplin, P. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: A selected annotated riparian bibliography SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Denver Service Center. 66 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Research, Techniques, Evaluations COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cuplin, P., W.S. Platts, O. Casey, and R. Masinton PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: A comparison of riparian area ground data with large scale airphoto interpretation SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 67-68 TOPICS: Techniques, Monitoring COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dahlem, E.A. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: The Mahogany Creek watershed -- with and without grazing SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 31-34 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Darling, L.A. and G.B. Coltharp PUB. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Effects of livestock grazing on the water quality of mountain streams SOURCE: Proceedings, Water-Animal Relations, Kimberly, ID. ed. H.F. Mayland. pp. 1-8 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Water Quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis, G.A. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Management alternatives for the riparian habitat in the Southwest SOURCE: Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 59-67 TOPICS: Management, Planning COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis, J.W. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Livestock and riparian habitat management -- why not? SOURCE: Western Proceedings, 62nd Annual Conference of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Las Vegas, NV, Jul. 19-22, 1982, pp. 225-232 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis, J.W. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Options for managing livestock and riparian habitats SOURCE: Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife Management Institute, 20 p. TOPICS: Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeBano, L.F., J.J. Brejda, and J.H. Brock PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Enhancement of riparian vegetation following shrub control in Arizona chaparral SOURCE: Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., 39 (5): 317-320 TOPICS: Enhancement, Riparian Vegetation, Vegetation Manipulation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dick-Peddie, W.A. and J.P. Hubbard PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Classification of riparian vegetation SOURCE: Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 85-90 TOPICS: Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Duff, D.A. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian habitat recovery on Big Creek, Rich County, Utah -- a summary of eight years of study SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 91-92 TOPICS: Research, Riparian Exclosures COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Duff, D.A. and J.L. Cooper PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Techniques for conducting stream habitat survey of national resource land SOURCE: Bur. of Land Mngmt., Tech. Note T/N 283, 72 p. TOPICS: Inventories, Techniques, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Duff, D.A. and R.S. Wydoski PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Indexed bibliography on stream habitat improvement SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 143 p. TOPICS: Stream Improvements, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Eastern Energy and Land Use Team PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Summaries of riparian and stream alteration studies completed by the Eastern Energy and Land Use Team SOURCE: National Water Resources Analysis Group, U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kearneyville, WV. 38 p. TOPICS: Dewatering, Water Flows, Stream Stability COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Eastern Washington University PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Symposium on Monitoring Aquatic and Riparian Natural Areas, Cheney, WA SOURCE: Eastern Washington Univ., 5 p. (abstracts) TOPICS: Monitoring, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Elder, R.G. and R.C. Moore PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Impacts of oil and development on riparian zones in the overthrust belt: the role of industrial siting SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 379-383 TOPICS: Oil/Gas Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Elmore, W. and P. Cuplin (1984) Use of color infrared photography in stream habitat inven PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Use of color infrared photography in stream habitat inventories SOURCE: Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, pp. 6-12 TOPICS: Inventories, Monitoring, Techniques, Aquatic/Riparian Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Everest, F.H. PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Anadromous fish habitat and forest management -- economic considerations SOURCE: Proceedings of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies/Western Division of American Fisheries Society. pp. 153-171 TOPICS: Fisheries, Logging Impacts, Economics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Everest, F.H. and W.R. Meehan PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Forest management and anadromous fish habitat productivity SOURCE: Transactions of the 46th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Wildlife Management institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 521-530 TOPICS: Logging Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fannin, T.E., M. Parker, and T.J. Maret PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Multiple regression analysis for evaluating non-point source contributions to water quality in the Green River, Wyoming SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 201-205 TOPICS: Non-point Pollution, Water Quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Field, D.R., M.E. Lee, and K. Martinson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Human behavior and recreation habitats: conceptual issues SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 227-231 TOPICS: Recreational Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Finch, D.M. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: A weighted-means ordination of riparian birds in southeastern Wyoming SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 495-498 TOPICS: Birds, Wildlife Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Findley, J. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian monitoring using large scale infra-red aerial photography in southeastern Oregon SOURCE: Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, pp. 13-17 TOPICS: Monitoring, Techniques, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fogel, M.N. and P.F. Ffolliott PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Evaluating effects of management on riparian ecosystems SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 384-388 TOPICS: Modeling, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ganskopp, D.C. PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Plant communities and habitat types of the Meadow Creek Experimental Watershed SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR. 162 p. TOPICS: Classification, Micro-habitats, Watersheds COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Garcia, J.C. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: A method for assessing the value of stream corridors to fish and wildlife resources SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 335-338 TOPICS: Fisheries, Wildlife Habitat, Modeling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gibbons, D.R. and E.O. Salo PUB. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: An annotated bibliography of the effects of logging on fish of the western United States and Canada SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-10, 145 p. TOPICS: Logging Impacts, Streamside Vegetation, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gillen, R.L., W.C. Krueger, and R.F. Miller PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Cattle use of riparian meadows in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 38 (3): 205-209 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Glinski, R.L. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Regeneration and distribution of sycamore and cottonwood trees along Sonoita Creek, Santa Cruz County, Arizona SOURCE: Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 116-123 TOPICS: Riparian Vegetation, Distribution COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Grant, J.W.A., J. Englert, and B.F. Bietz PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Application of a method for assessing the impact of watershed practices: effects of logging on salmonid standing crops. N. Amer. SOURCE: Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 6 (1): 24-31 TOPICS: Logging Impacts, Watersheds, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gregg, R. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: A method for analyzing livestock impacts on stream and riparian habitats SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 92-94 TOPICS: Techniques, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Groeneveld, D.P. and T.E. Griepentrog PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Interdependence of groundwater, riparian vegetation, and streambank stability: a case study SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 44-48 TOPICS: Riparian Vegetation, Groundwater, Streambanks COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gruell, G.E. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Fire's influence on wildlife habitat on the Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming SOURCE: Volume 1 -- Photographic Record and Analysis. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Res. Ppr. INT-235, 207 p. TOPICS: Fire, Wildlife Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gunderson, D.R. PUB. YEAR: 1968 TITLE: Floodplain use related to stream morphology and fish populations SOURCE: Jour. of Wildlife Mngmt., 32 (3): 507-514 TOPICS: Stream Morphology, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harr, R.D. and F.M. McCorison PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Initial effects of clearcut logging on size and timing of peak flows in a small watershed in western Oregon SOURCE: Water Resources Research, 15 (1): 90-94 TOPICS: Logging Impacts, Watersheds, Water Flows COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harris, R.R., R.J. Risser, and C.A. Fox PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: A method for evaluating streamflow discharge -- plant species occurrence patterns on headwater streams SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 87-90 TOPICS: Hydroelectric Projects, Evaluations COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Haugen, G. (Chairman) PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: The best management practices for the management and protection of Western riparian stream ecosystems SOURCE: Western Division, American Fisheries Society. 45 p. TOPICS: Management, Protection, Ecosystems, Policy COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Haugen, G.N. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Riparian best management practices SOURCE: Fisheries, 8 (1): 2, 9 TOPICS: Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Haugen, G.N. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Strategies for riparian area management SOURCE: Fisheries, 10 (4): 20-21 TOPICS: Planning, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, B. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Interactions between streamside vegetation and stream dynamics SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 54-58 TOPICS: Streamside Vegetation, Stream Dynamics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, B.H. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Stream dynamics: an overview for land managers SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-72, 26 p. TOPICS: Stream Dynamics, Management, Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heifetz, J., M.L. Murphy, and K.V. Koski PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Effects of logging on winter habitat of juvenile salmonids in Alaskan streams. N. Amer SOURCE: Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 6 (1): 52-58 TOPICS: Logging Impacts, Bufferstrips, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Helm, W.T. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Glossary of stream habitat terms SOURCE: Western Division, American Fisheries Society. 34 p. TOPICS: Classification, Definitions COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hoar, A.R. and M.J. Erwin PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Relationships between the expansion of agriculture and the reduction of natural riparian habitat in the Missouri River floodplain of northeast Montana, 1938 - 1982 SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 250-256 TOPICS: Agriculture, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Holechek, J.L., M. Vavra, and J. Skovlin PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Cattle diet and daily gains on a mountain riparian meadow in northeastern Oregon SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 35 (6): 745-747 TOPICS: Livestock Behavior, Wetlands, Economic Value COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Horton, J.S. and C.J. Campbell PUB. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Management of phreatophyte and riparian vegetation for maximum multiple use values SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Res. Papr. RM-117, 23 p. TOPICS: Streamside Vegetation, Multiple Use COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: House, R.A. and P.L. Boehne PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Evaluation of instream enhancement structures for salmonid spawning and rearing in a coastal Oregon stream. N. Amer SOURCE: Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 5 (2B): 283-295 TOPICS: Stream Improvements, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hubert, W.A., R.P. Lanka, T.A. Wesche, and F. Stabler PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Grazing management influences on two brook trout streams in Wyoming SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 290-294 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Stream Morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Huntoon, V.G. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Public input in decision-making SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 65-67 TOPICS: Public Involvement, Riparian Issues COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Idaho Cattle Association PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Epidemic strikes -- ripariopsychorrhea SOURCE: The Line Rider, 2 (8): 1, 8 TOPICS: Riparian Issues COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Irvine, J.R. and N.E. West PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian tree species distribution and succession along the lower Escalante River, Utah SOURCE: The Southwestern Naturalist, 24 (2): 331-346 TOPICS: Distribution, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jackson, W.L. and B.P. Van Haveren PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Design for a stable channel in coarse alluvium for riparian zone restoration SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin, 20 (5): 695-703 TOPICS: Habitat Restoration, Stream Stability COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jahn, L.R. PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Value of riparian habitats to natural ecosystems SOURCE: Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems, Callaway Gardens, GA, Dec. 11-13, 1978. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. GTR-WO-12, 9 p. TOPICS: Ecosystems, Riparian Vegetation, Policy COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, R.R. and C.W. Lowe PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: On the development of riparian ecology SOURCE: TOPICS: Ecosystems, Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, R.R. and D.A. Jones PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Importance, Preservation and Management of Riparian Habitat: a Symposium, Tucson, AZ. Jul. 9 SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, 217 p. TOPICS: Management, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Protection COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, R.R. and J.F. McCormick PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems SOURCE: Proceedings, Callaway Gardens, GA, Dec. 11-13, 1978. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. GTR-WO-12, 410 p. TOPICS: Protection, Wetlands, Ecosystems, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, R.R. and L.T. Haight PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Avian use of xeroriparian ecosystems in the North American warm deserts SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 156-160 TOPICS: Birds, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, S.R., H.L. Gray, and S.L. Ponce PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Range cattle impacts on stream water quality in the Colorado Front Range SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note RM-359, 8 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Water Quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kaffman, J.B., W.C. Krueger, and M. Vavra PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Effects of late season cattle grazing on riparian plant communities SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 36 (6): 685-690 TOPICS: Grazing Systems, Grazing Impacts, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kauffman, J.B., W.C. Krueger, and M. Vavra PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Impacts of cattle on streambanks in northeastern Oregon SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 36 (6): 683-685 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Streambanks COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kauffman, J.B. and W.C. Krueger PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside management implications -- a review SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 37 (5): 430-437 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Streamside Vegetation, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Keller, C.R., L. Anderson, and P. Tappel PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Fish habitat changes in Summit Creek, Idaho, after fencing the riparian area SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 46-52 TOPICS: Habitat Restoration, Riparian Exclosures COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Keller, C.R. and K.P. Burnham PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Riparian fencing, grazing, and trout habitat preference on Summit Creek, Idaho SOURCE: N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 2 (1): 53-59 TOPICS: Riparian Exclosures, Grazing Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kennedy, C.E. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Wildlife conflicts in riparian management: water SOURCE: Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9, pp. 52-58 TOPICS: Management, Watersheds COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kimbal, J. and F. Savage PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Diamond Fork aquatic and range habitat improvement SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Uinta National Forest. 19 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Habitat Restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kindschy, R.R. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: A line-intercept method for monitoring riparian vegetation trend SOURCE: Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, pp. 25-30 TOPICS: Techniques, Monitoring, Potential, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kindschy, R.R. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Response of red willow to beaver use in southeastern Oregon SOURCE: Jour. of Wildlife Mngmt., 49 (1): 26-28 TOPICS: Beaver, Grazing Impacts, Revegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Knight, R.W. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Streamside erosional response to animal grazing practices on Meadow Creek in northeastern Oregon. M.S. SOURCE: Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR. 59 p. TOPICS: Erosion, Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Knopf, F.L. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Significance of riparian vegetation to breeding birds across an altitudinal cline SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 105-111 TOPICS: Birds, Streamside Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Koski, K.V., J. Heifetz, S. Johnson, M. Murphy, and J. Thedinga PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Evaluation of buffer strips for protection of salmonid rearing habitat and implications for enhancement SOURCE: Pacific Northwest Stream Habitat Management Workshop, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 10-12, 1984. ed. T.J. Hassler. pp. 138-155 TOPICS: Bufferstrips, Evaluations, Protection, Fisheries, Enhancement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Krausman, P.R., K.R. Rautenstrauch, and B.D. Leopold PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Xeroriparian systems used by desert mule deer in Texas and Arizona SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 144-149 TOPICS: Wildlife Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Krueger, H.O. and S.H. Anderson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The use of cattle as a management tool for wildlife in shrub-willow riparian systems SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 300-304 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kusler, J.A. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: A call for action: protection of riparian habitat in the arid and semi-arid West SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 6-8 TOPICS: Protection, Policy COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lea, G.D. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: BLM management and policy for riparian/stream ecosystems SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 13-15 TOPICS: Management, Policy, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lloyd, J. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Cowfish: habitat capability model SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northern Region. 32 p. TOPICS: Modeling, Grazing Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lotspeich, F.B. and W.S. Platts PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: An integrated land-aquatic classification system. SOURCE: N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 2 (2): 138-149 TOPICS: Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lowrence, R. and A. Shirmohammadi PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: REM: a model for riparian ecosystem management in agricultural watersheds SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 237-240 TOPICS: Modeling, Ecosystems, Watersheds COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Manning, R.E. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Impacts of recreation on riparian soils and vegetation SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin, 15 (1): 30-43 TOPICS: Recreational Impacts, Soils, Streamside Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mantell, M., P. Metzger, and C. Reid PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Improving riparian protection by linking state programs SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 421-425 TOPICS: Water Law, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marcuson, P.E. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: The effect of cattle grazing on brown trout in Rock Creek, Montana SOURCE: Montana Department of Fish and Game, Specl. Rept., Project No. F-20-R-21, II-a, 23 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Riparian Vegetation ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marlow, C.B., T.M. Pogacnik, and D.H. Murphy PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Cattle behavior in a foothills riparian zone SOURCE: Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, Albuquerque, NM, Feb. 14-16, 7 p. TOPICS: Livestock Behavior COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marlow, C.B. and T.M. Pogacnik PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Time of grazing and cattle-induced damage to streambanks SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 279-284 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marlow, C.B. and T.M. Pogacnik PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Cattle feeding and resting patterns in a foothills riparian zone SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 39 (3): 212-217 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Distribution, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Martin, D.J., L.J. Wasserman, and V.H. Dale PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Influence of riparian vegetation on posteruption survival of coho salmon fingerlings on the west-side streams of Mount St. Helens, Washington SOURCE: N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 6 (1): 1-8 TOPICS: Revegetation, Fisheries, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Martin, S.C. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Evaluating the impacts of cattle grazing on riparian habitats in the national forests of Arizona and New Mexico SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 35-38 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Livestock Behavior COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McBride, J.R. and J. Strahan PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Establishment and survival of woody riparian species on gravel bars of an intermittent stream SOURCE: The American Midland Naturalist, 112 (2): 235-245 TOPICS: Riparian Vegetation, Water Flows COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McCluskey, D.C., J. Brown, D. Bornholdt, D.A. Duff, and A.H. Winward PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Willow planting for riparian habitat improvement SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Denver Service Center. 21 p. TOPICS: Enhancement, Streamside Vegetation, Vegetation Manipulation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McDevitt, H. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Public users' perspective of the grazing issue SOURCE: In: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 71-74 TOPICS: Public Involvement, Riparian Issues COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McNatt, R.M., R.J. Hallock, and A.W. Anderson PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Riparian habitat and instream flow studies; Lower Verde River: Fort McDowell Reservation, Arizona SOURCE: Riparian Habitat Analysis Group, U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM. 54 p. TOPICS: Riparian Vegetation, Water Flows, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Meehan, W.R., F.J. Swanson, and J.R. Sedell PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Influences of riparian vegetation on aquatic ecosystems with particular reference to salmonid fishes and their food supply SOURCE: Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 137-145 TOPICS: Riparian Vegetation, Ecosystems, Fisheries, Stream Organisms COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Meehan, W.R. and W.S. Platts PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Livestock grazing and the aquatic environment SOURCE: Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., 33 (6): 274-278 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Meyer, P.A. PUB. YEAR: unknown TITLE: Valuing habitat supportive of fish and wildlife SOURCE: Meyer Resources, Inc., Davis, CA. 24 p. TOPICS: Economics, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Fisheries, Wildlife Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Meyers, L.H. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Woody riparian survey SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Dillon Resource Area, Dillon, MT. 16+ p. TOPICS: Inventories, Riparian Vegetation, Techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Meyers, L.H. PUB. YEAR: unknown TITLE: Impacts of livestock grazing systems on riparian habitats in southwestern Montana SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Dillon Resource Area, Dillon, MT. 19 p. TOPICS: Grazing Systems, Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nelson, R.W. and E.C. Weller PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: A better rationale for wetland management SOURCE: Environmental Management, 8 (4): 295-308 TOPICS: Wetlands, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Newton, J. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Fifteenmile Creek riparian recovery, Wasco County, Oregon SOURCE: Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, pp. 80-83 TOPICS: Riparian Exclosures, Protection, Revegetation, Enhancement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Noh, L. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Grazing riparian/stream ecosystems on Federal lands -- the livestock producers' viewpoint SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 3-4 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Economic Value COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Oakley, A.L., J.A. Collins, L.B. Everson, D.A. Heller, J.C. Howerton, and R.E. Vincent PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian zones and freshwater wetlands SOURCE: Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forests of Western Oregon and Washington. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, pp. 57-80 TOPICS: Wetlands, Streamside Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Olson, R.W. and C.L. Armour PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Economic considerations for improved livestock management approaches for fish and wildlife in riparian/stream areas SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 67-71 TOPICS: Economic Value, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Oregon/Washington Riparian Habitat Subcommittee PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Managing riparian ecosystems (zones) for fish and wildlife in eastern Oregon and eastern Washington SOURCE: Oregon/Washington Interagency Wildlife Committee. 44 p. TOPICS: Management, Ecosystems, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Parker, M., F.J. Wood, Jr., B.H. Smith, and R.G. Elder PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Erosional downcutting in lower order riparian ecosystems: have historical changes been caused by the removal of beaver SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rpt. RM-120, pp. 35-38 TOPICS: Erosion, Beavers COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pase, C.P. and E.F. Layser PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Classification of riparian habitat in the Southwest SOURCE: Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 5-9 TOPICS: Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Payne, N.F., G.P. Munger, J.W. Matthews, and R.D. Taber PUB. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Inventory of vegetation and wildlife in riparian and other habitats along the upper Columbia River, volumes 4A and 4B (text and maps) SOURCE: Inventory of Riparian Habitats and Associated Wildlife along Columbia and Snake Rivers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division (1976), 560 p. + 36 maps TOPICS: Inventory COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Plantico, R.C. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: The value of riparian ecosystems: institutional and methodological considerations SOURCE: California Riparian Systems Conference, Univ. of California, Davis, CA, Sep. 17-19, 1981, pp. 233-240 TOPICS: Economics, Research, Ecosystems, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Livestock interactions with fish and aquatic environments: problems in evaluation SOURCE: Transactions of the 43rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 498-504 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Evaluations, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Livestock interactions with fish and their environments SOURCE: Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions. pp. 92-96 TOPICS: Fisheries, Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Livestock grazing and riparian/stream ecosystems -- an overview SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 39-45 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Relationships among stream order, fish populations, and aquatic geomorphology in an Idaho river drainage SOURCE: Fisheries, 4 (2): 5-9 TOPICS: Classification, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Effects of livestock grazing SOURCE: Influence of Forest and Rangeland Management on Anadromous Fish Habitat in Western North America. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-124, 25 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Impairment, protection and rehabilitation of Pacific salmonoid habitats on sheep and cattle ranges SOURCE: Proceedings: Propagation, Enhancement, and Rehabilitation of Anadromous Salmonid Populations and Habitat in the Pacific Northwest, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 15-17, 1981. ed. T.J. Hassler. pp. 82-92 TOPICS: Protection, Fisheries, Grazing Impacts, Enhancement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Protection and enhancement of Pacific salmonids on ranges grazed by livestock: an overview SOURCE: Proceedings: Propagation, Enhancement, and Rehabilitation of Anadromous Salmonid Populations and Habitat in the Pacific Northwest, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 15-17, 1981. ed. T.J. Hassler. pp 62-65 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Sheep and cattle grazing strategies on riparian-stream environments SOURCE: Proceedings of Wildlife-Livestock Relationships, Coeur d'Alene, ID, Apr. 20-22, 1981. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID, pp. 251-270 TOPICS: Grazing Systems, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Sheep and streams SOURCE: Rangelands, 3 (4): 158-160 TOPICS: Livestock Behavior, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Stream inventory garbage in -- reliable analysis out: only in fairy tales SOURCE: Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information: Proceedings of a Symposium, Portland, OR, Oct. 28-30. ed. N.B. Armantrout. pp. 75-84 TOPICS: Inventories, Techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Livestock and riparian-fishery interactions: what are the facts? SOURCE: Transactions of the 47th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Wildlife Management institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 507-515 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Aquatic/Riparian habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: How many stream habitat evaluation systems do we need? -- Less than a million SOURCE: Proceedings, 63rd Annual Conference of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Teton Village, WY, Jul. 10-14, 1983, pp. 212-220 TOPICS: Evaluations, Techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Those vital streambanks. SOURCE: Western Wildlands, 3 (9): 7-10 TOPICS: Streambanks, Streamside Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Compatibility of livestock grazing strategies with riparian-stream systems SOURCE: Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, pp. 67-74 TOPICS: Grazing Systems, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Determining and evaluating riparian-stream enhancement needs and fish response SOURCE: Pacific Northwest Stream Habitat Management Workshop, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 10-12, 1984. ed. T.J. Hassler. pp. 181-190 TOPICS: Evaluations, Enhancement, Fisheries, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Progress in range riparian-stream research at the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station SOURCE: Proceedings of the Bonneville Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Logan, UT, Feb. 8-9, pp. 78-84 TOPICS: Research, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., C. Armour, G. Booth, M. Bryant, J.L. Bufford, P. Cuplin, S. Jensen, G. Lienkaemper, W. Minshall, S. Monsen, R.L. Nelson, J.R. Sedell, and J.S. Tuhy PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Methods for evaluating and managing riparian habitats SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT, Gen. Tech. Rept. TOPICS: Evaluations, Management, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., K.A. Gebhardt, and W.L. Jackson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The effects of large storm events on basin-range riparian stream habitats SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 30-34 TOPICS: Storm Events, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., R.J. Behake, J.C. Buckhouse, O.E. Casey, E.W. Claire, J. Cooper, D.A. Duff, W.A. Evans, G. Haugen, P.E. Marcuson, W.R. Meehan, R.W. Phillipes, R.F. Raleigh, and J.M. Skovlin PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Livestock interactions with fish and their environments SOURCE: Proceedings of the Workshop on Livestock and Wildlife-Fisheries relationships in the Great Basin, Sparks, NV. ed. J.W. Menke. Specl. Publ. 3301, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1973, pp. 36-41 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., R.L. Nelson, and G.W. Minshall PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Development of aquatic methodology to evaluate impacts from livestock grazing; methodology testing, BLM, Idaho Falls District, Idaho Falls, ID SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Progress Rept. 4, 42 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Research, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., R.L. Nelson, O. Casey, and V. Crispin PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Riparian-stream habitat conditions on Taber Creek, Nevada, under grazed and ungrazed conditions SOURCE: Proceedings, 63rd Annual Conference of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Teton Village, WY, Jul. 10-14, 1983, pp. 162-174 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Riparian Exclosures, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., S.B. Martin, and E.R.J. Primbs PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Water quality in an Idaho stream degraded by acid mine waters SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-67, 19 p. TOPICS: Water Quality, Mining Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., W.F. Megahan, and G.W. Minshall PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Methods for evaluating stream, riparian, and biotic conditions SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-138, 70 p. TOPICS: Techniques, Research, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Evaluations COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and F.J. Wagstaff PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Fencing to control livestock grazing on riparian habitats along streams: is it a viable alternative? SOURCE: N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 4 (3): 266-272 TOPICS: Riparian Exclosures, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and J.N. Rinne PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian and stream enhancement management and research in he Rocky Mountains SOURCE: N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 5 (2A): 115-125 TOPICS: Enhancement, Management, Research COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and R.F. Raleigh PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Impacts of grazing on wetlands and riparian habitat SOURCE: Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management. National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 1105-1117 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Wetlands COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: he electronic capacitance meter: a tool for evaluating riparian-fishery habitat SOURCE: N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 3 (3): 219-227 TOPICS: Techniques, Research COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Impacts of rest-rotation grazing on stream banks in forested watersheds in Idaho SOURCE: N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 5: 547-556 TOPICS: Grazing Systems, Grazing Impacts, Streambanks, Watersheds COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Stream habitat and fisheries response to livestock grazing and instream improvement structures, Big Creek, Utah SOURCE: Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., 40 (4): 374-379 TOPICS: Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Fisheries, Grazing Impacts, Stream Improvements COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Streamside and upland vegetation use by cattle SOURCE: Rangelands, 7 (1): 5-7 TOPICS: Streamside Vegetation, Livestock Behavior, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Will the riparian pasture build good streams? SOURCE: Rangelands, 7 (1): 7-10 TOPICS: Riparian Pastures, Enhancement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and S.B. Martin PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Livestock grazing and logging effects on trout SOURCE: Proceedings of Wild Trout II, Yellowstone National Park, WY, Sept. 24-25. Trout Unlimited and Federation of Fly Fishermen. pp. 34-46 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Logging Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and W.R. Meehan PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Livestock grazing and fish environments: situation and needs SOURCE: Proceedings of Workshop on Livestock and Wildlife-Fisheries Relationships in the Great Basin, Sparks, NV, May 3-5, 1977. ed. J.W. Menke. Div. of Agric. Sci., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, Specl. Publ. 3301, pp. 30-34 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Research COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pogacnik, T.M. and C.B. Marlow PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: The effects of time of grazing on stream channel stability and suspended sediment loading SOURCE: Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, Albuquerque, NM, Feb. 14-16, 11 p. TOPICS: Livestock Behavior, Stream Stability, Sediment Loads COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Prichard, D. and L.L. Upham PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Enhancement of riparian areas in Texas Creek, Colorado SOURCE: Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife Management Institute, 13 p. TOPICS: Habitat Restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Raleigh, R.F. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Closing remarks SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 89-90 TOPICS: Riparian Issues COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Range Inventory Standardization Committee (RISC), Society of Range Management PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Guidelines and terminology for range inventories and monitoring SOURCE: Presented to Board of Directors of SRM, Albuquerque, NM, Feb. 1983, 13 p. TOPICS: Inventories, Definitions, Monitoring COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Reed, J. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Resources -- use, abuse, and management SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 64-65 TOPICS: Multiple Use, Grazing Impacts, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Reichard, N. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian habitat restoration: some techniques for dealing with landowners, livestock, and eroding streambanks SOURCE: Pacific Northwest Stream Habitat Management Workshop, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 10-12, 1984. ed. T.J. Hassler. pp. TOPICS: Revegetation, Techniques, Erosion, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rhodes, J., C.M. Skau, D. Greenlee, and D.L. Brown PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Quantification of nitrate uptake by riparian forests and wetlands in an undisturbed headwaters watershed SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 175-179 TOPICS: Watersheds, Water Quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rickard, W.H. and C.E. Cushing PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Recovery of streamside woody vegetation after exclusion of livestock grazing SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 35 (3): 360-361 TOPICS: Riparian Exclosures, Enhancement, Grazing Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rinne, J.N. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Livestock grazing effects on Southwestern streams: a complex research problem SOURCE: iparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 295-299 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Research COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ritzi, R.W., H. Bouwer, and S. Sorooshian PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Water resource conservation by reducing phreatophyte transpiration SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 191-196 TOPICS: Modeling, Water Flows COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rochester, H., Jr., T. Lloyd, and M. Farr PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Physical impacts of small-scale hydroelectric facilities and their effects on fish and wildlife SOURCE: Western Energy and Land Use Team, Div. of Biol. Serv., U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-84/19, 191 p. TOPICS: Hydroelectric Projects, Water Flows, Fisheries, Wildlife Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rodgers, J.D. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Reclamation of riparian zones and water law: first in time -- first in right SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 374-378 TOPICS: Habitat Restoration, Water Law COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rosgen, D.L. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: A stream classification system SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. TOPICS: Classification, Stream Dynamics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rupp, C.W. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Management and policy for grazing riparian ecosystems on national forest system lands SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 17-19 TOPICS: Management, Policy, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sather, J.H. and R.D. Smith PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: An overview of major wetland functions and values. Western Energy and Land Use Team, Div. of Biol. Serv. SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-84/18, 68 p. TOPICS: Wetlands, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schultze, R.F. and G.I. Wilcox PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Emergency measures for streambank stabilization: an evaluation SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 59-61 TOPICS: Storm Events, Soils, Revegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Siekert, R.E., Q.D. Skinner, M.A. Smith, J.L. Dodd, and J.D. Rodgers PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Channel response of an ephemeral stream in Wyoming to selected grazing treatments SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 276-278 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Simcox, D.E. and E.H. Zube PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Arizona riparian areas: a bibliography SOURCE: Prepared for: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management, Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ. School of Renewable Natural Resources, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 38 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Evaluations, Research, Techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Simons, L.H. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Small mammal community structure in old growth and logged riparian habitat SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 505-506 TOPICS: Wildlife Habitat, Logging Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Skovlin, J.M. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Impacts of grazing on wetlands and riparian habitat: a review of our knowledge SOURCE: Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management. National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 1001-1103 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Skovlin, J.M., W.R. Meehan, J.C. Buckhouse, and M. Vavra PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Determining the influence of grazing on riparian and aquatic habitats in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon SOURCE: Proceedings, Workshop on Livestock and Wildlife-Fisheries Relationships in the Great Basin, Sparks, NV, May 3-5, 1977. ed. J.W. Menke. Div. of Agric. Sci., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, Specl. Publ. 3301, pp. 164-169 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Evaluations COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith, B.H. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Recent findings on the condition of aquatic habitat on national resource lands and its potential for future management within the concept of multiple use SOURCE: Twelfth Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Cheyenne, WY, Mar. 2-3, 1977, 7 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Potential COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith, B.H. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Not all beavers are bad; or, an ecosystem approach to stream habitat management, with possible software applications SOURCE: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Fort Collins, CO, Feb. 27-28, 1980, 6 p. TOPICS: Beavers, Ecosystems, Modeling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith, B.H. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Riparian willow management: its problems and potentials, within the scope of multiple use on public lands SOURCE: Proceedings of the Ninth Wyoming Shrub Ecology Workshop, Lander, WY, Jun. 5-6, 1980, pp. 15-20 TOPICS: Riparian Vegetation, Multiple Use COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith, B.H. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: The ecosystem approach to stream habitat management SOURCE: Rocky Mountain Regional Soil-Water-Air Workshop, Jackson Hole, WY, Feb. 2-6, 1981, 5 p. TOPICS: Ecosystems, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith, B.H. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Livestock-riparian-fisheries interrelationships; or, functional applications of adaptation for personal survival SOURCE: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Fort Collins, CO, Mar. 3-4, 1982, 4 p. TOPICS: Interrelationships, Grazing Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith, B.H. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Restoration of riparian habitats within the BLM-Rock Springs district SOURCE: Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Reclamation Symposium, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, Jan. 10-11, 1983, 8 p. TOPICS: Habitat Restoration, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith, B.H. and J.D. Dunder PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Bone Draw: riparian rehabilitation for development of a seasonal sport fishery SOURCE: American Fisheries Society/Wildlife Society Joint Chapter Meeting, Logan, UT, Feb. 8-10, 1984, 9 p. TOPICS: Habitat Restoration, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Spear, M.J. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Position paper: activities and views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on riparian ecosystems SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 27-29 TOPICS: Policy COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stabler, D.F. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Increasing summer flow in small streams through management of riparian areas and adjacent vegetation: a synthesis SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 206-210 TOPICS: Water Flows, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Steinblums, I.J. and A.A. Leven PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian area management in the Pacific Southwest Region of the U.S.D.A. Forest Service SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 507-509 TOPICS: Management, Policy COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stevens, L.E., B.T. Brown, J.M. Simpson, and R.R. Johnson PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: The importance of riparian habitat to migrating birds SOURCE: Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 156-164 TOPICS: Birds COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Storch, R.L. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Livestock/streamside management programs in eastern Oregon SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 56-59 TOPICS: Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Storch, R.L. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: The integration of the riparian zone in the grazing management of associated rangelands SOURCE: Proceedings of a Symposium on Forestland Grazing, Spokane, WA, Feb. 23-25, pp. 19-21 TOPICS: Multiple Use, Grazing Systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stream Renovation Guidelines Committee, The Wildlife Society and American Fisheries Society PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Stream obstruction removal guidelines. SOURCE: American Fisheries Society. 9 p. TOPICS: Stream Improvements, Techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stuber, R.J. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Trout habitat, abundance, and fishing opportunities in fenced vs. unfenced riparian habitat along Sheep Creek, Colorado SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 310-314 TOPICS: Fisheries, Recreational Impacts, Riparian Exclosures COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swan, B. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian habitat -- the cattlemen's viewpoint SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 4-6 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Economic Value COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swank, G.W. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Streamside management units in the Pacific Northwest SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 435-438 TOPICS: Management, Policy COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson, G.A. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: The Mitigation Symposium; a National Workshop on Mitigating Losses of Fish and Wildlife Habitats SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-65, 696 p. TOPICS: Wetlands, Hydroelectric Projects, Oil/Gas Impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sweep, D.H., J.M. Zilincar, B.H. Smith, and R.V. Hardy PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Integration of riparian systems management strategies within the context of multiple use land management programs in southwestern Wyoming SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 371-373 TOPICS: Management, Multiple Use COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro, R.C. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Factors influencing bird populations in Southwestern riparian forests. Proceedings, Management of Western Forests and Grasslands for Nongame Birds, Salt Lake City, UT, Feb. 11-14, 1980 SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-86, pp. 403-418 TOPICS: Birds, Evaluations, Wetlands COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro, R.C. and D.R. Patton PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: iparian habitat classification in the southwestern U.S. SOURCE: Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife Management Institute, 18 p. TOPICS: Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro, R.C. and L.F. DeBano PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The effects of streamflow modification on the development of a riparian ecosystem SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 211-215 TOPICS: Water Flows, Streamside Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Taylor, D.M. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Effects of cattle grazing on passerine birds nesting in riparian habitat SOURCE: Jour. of Range Mngmt., 39 (3): 254-258 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Birds, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Theurer, F.D., I. Lines, and T. Nelson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Interaction between riparian vegetation, water temperature, and salmonid habitat in the Tucannon River SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin, 21 (1): 53-64 TOPICS: Streamside Vegetation, Fisheries, Water Quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thomas, A.E. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Seen a riparian area lately? Good ones are green! Inside Idaho (April) SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Idaho State Office, Boise, ID, pp. 8-9 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Streamside Vegetation, Planning COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thomas, J.W., C. Maser, and J.E. Rodiek PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian zones in managed rangelands -- their importance to wildlife SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 21-31 TOPICS: Ecosystems, Wildlife Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thomas, J.W., C. Maser, and J.E. Rodiek PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian zones SOURCE: Wildlife Habitats in Managed Rangelands -- the Great Basin of Southeastern Oregon. ed. J.W. Thomas and C. Maser. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-80, 18 p. TOPICS: Ecosystems, Wildlife Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thomas, J.W., C. Maser, and J.E. Rodiek PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian zones SOURCE: Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests -- the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. ed. J.W. Thomas. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Agric. Hndbk. 553, pp. 40-47 TOPICS: Ecosystems, Wildlife Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tiedemann, A.R., J.D. Helvey, and T.D. Anderson PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Stream chemistry and watershed nutrient economy following wildfire and fertilization in eastern Washington SOURCE: Jour. of Environmental Quality, 7 (4): 580-588 TOPICS: Fire, Water Quality, Watersheds COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tubbs, A.A. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Riparian bird communities of the Great Plains. Proceedings, Management of Western Forests and Grasslands for Nongame Birds, Salt Lake City, UT, Feb. 11-14, 1980 SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-86, pp. 419-433 TOPICS: Birds, Wildlife Habitat, Riparian Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.A. Forest Service PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: The importance of riparian habitats and their management to wildlife and fisheries -- a current resume of knowledge SOURCE: Intermountain Region (Ogden, UT). 28 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Riparian Issues COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 4 PUB. YEAR: unknown TITLE: Identification of riparian areas in the planning process SOURCE: An administrative report, Ogden, UT. 3 p. TOPICS: Planning COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management PUB. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Birch Creek aquatic habitat management plan SOURCE: Idaho Falls District Office, Idaho Falls, ID. 86 p. TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Riparian Exclosures, Stream Improvements, Planning COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian zones -- life support systems of the desert SOURCE: Arizona Public Lands Update, Special Issue. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona State Office (BLM), 4 p. TOPICS: Streamside Vegetation, Wildlife Habitat, Enhancement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian aquatic information data summary (RAIDS) SOURCE: Division of Resource Systems, Denver Service Center, Denver, CO. 35 p. TOPICS: Inventory, Techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service PUB. YEAR: unknown TITLE: Riparian habitat -- an unrecognized resource SOURCE: Riparian Habitat Analysis Group, U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM. 4 p. TOPICS: Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: treamside areas -- management dividends SOURCE: Biological Services Program, FWS/OBS-80/55, 10 p. TOPICS: Streamside Vegetation, Multiple Use COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van Haveren, B.P. and W.L. Jackson PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Rehabilitating riparian ecosystems in semiarid environments SOURCE: Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife Management Institute, 22 p. TOPICS: Ecosystems, Habitat Restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van Velson, R. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Effects of livestock grazing upon rainbow trout in Otter Creek, Nebraska SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 53-55 TOPICS: Grazing Impacts, Fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vanderheyden, J. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Managing for multiple resources in western Cascades forest riparian areas: an example SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 448-452 TOPICS: Management, Multiple Use COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vavra, M. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Livestock production possibilities on streamside meadows SOURCE: Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, pp. 35-44 TOPICS: Riparian Vegetation, Economic Value COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wagstaff, F.J. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Economic issues in grazing and riparian area management SOURCE: Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife Management Institute, 19 p. TOPICS: Economic Value, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wald, J. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: he BLM and the NEPA process SOURCE: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 61-63 TOPICS: Management, Policy COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Warner, R.E. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Fish and wildlife resource needs in riparian ecosystems SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Water Resources Analysis Group, Eastern Energy and Land Use Team. 52 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, Wildlife Habitat, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Warner, R.E. and K. Hendrix PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation, and Productive Management SOURCE: Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA. 1035 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Ecosystems, Management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Weller, M.W., J.S. Griffith, Jr., R.L. Noble, and R.L. Stickney PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Aquatic and wetland ecosystems: multifaceted challenges SOURCE: Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife Management Institute. TOPICS: Ecosystems, Research COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wesche, T.A., C.M. Goertler, and C.B. Frye PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Importance and evaluation of instream and riparian cover in smaller trout streams SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 325-328 TOPICS: Fisheries, Streamside Vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Winegar, H.H. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Camp Creek channel fencing -- plant, wildlife, soil, and water response SOURCE: Rangeman's Jour., 4 (1): 10-12 TOPICS: Riparian Exclosures, Enhancement, Wildlife Habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Winward, A.H. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: An ecosystem classification for intermountain riparian areas SOURCE: Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, pp. 1-5 TOPICS: Classification, Ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: York, J.C. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Dormant stub planting techniques SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 513-514 TOPICS: Techniques, Revegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Youngblood, A.P., W.G. Padgett, and A.H. Winward PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian community type classification in the Intermountain Region SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 510-512 TOPICS: Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ambasht, R.S., M.P. Singh and Eklabya Sharma PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Soil, water and nutrient conservation by certain riparian herbs SOURCE: J. of Environ. Manage., 18: 99-104 TOPICS: Soil erosion, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Andrews, E.D. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Hydraulic adjustment of the East Fork River, Wyoming to the supply of sediment SOURCE: Rhodes, Dallas D. and Garnett P. Williams (eds.) Adjustments of the Fluvial System. Proc. Tenth Annual Geomorph. Symp. Series. Binghampton, New York. pp. 169-197 TOPICS: Geomorphology, hydraulic geometry, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Andrews, E.D. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Effective and bankfull discharges of streams in the Yampa River basin, Colorado and Wyoming SOURCE: J. of Hydrol., 46: 311-330 TOPICS: Geomorphology, flood analysis, sediment tranport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Andrews, E.D. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Bank stability and channel width adjustment, East Fork River, Wyoming SOURCE: Water Resour. Res., 18 (4): 1184-1192 TOPICS: Channel morphology, streambank stability, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Andrews, E.D. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Bed-material entrainment and hydraulic geo- metry of gravel-bed rivers in Colorado. SOURCE: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95: 371-378 TOPICS: Hydraulic geometry, sediment transport, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Angradi, T., M. Vinson, C. Contor, M. Riehle, B. Parker and J. Mende PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Fish population estimates for fenced and unfenced sections of Burnt Creek, Custer County, Idaho SOURCE: Report to U.S. D.I. Bureau of Land Management, Salmon District Office, Salmon, ID. 11 p. TOPICS: Fish populations, livestock impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Arnold, J.G. and J.R. Williams PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Validation of SWRRB - Simulator for water resources in rural basins SOURCE: J. Water Res. Planning and Manage., 113 (2): 243-256 7. Arnold, J.G. and J.R. Williams (1987) Validation of SWRRB - Simulator for water resources in rural basins. J. Water Res. Planning and Manage., 113 (2): 243-256 TOPICS: Modeling, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ashton, William S. and Stephen R. Bredthauer PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Riverbank erosion processes on the Yukon River at Galena, Alaska SOURCE: Cold Regions Hydrology Symposium, Am. Water Resour. Assoc., July, 1986. pp. 415-423 TOPICS: Streambank erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Austin, T. Al PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Utilization of models in water resources. SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 22 (1): 49-56 TOPICS: Modeling, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Babbitt, Bruce PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Saving habitat in the desert SOURCE: Defenders- Sept/Oct 86. pp. 20-29 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Babcock, William H. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Tenmile Creek: a study of stream re- location SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull. 22 (3): 405-415 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, habitat improvement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bailey, Robert G. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Classification systems for habitat and ecosystems SOURCE: Research on Fish and Wildlife Habitat. U.S.-Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/8-82-022. pp. 16-26 TOPICS: Classification, aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baltz, Donald M., B. Vrondacek, L.R. Brown and P.B. Moyle PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: nfluence of temperature on microhabitat choice by fishes in a California stream SOURCE: Trans. of the Am. Fish. Soc., 116 (1): 12-20 TOPICS: Fisheries, fish populations, aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Barfield, B.J. and R.C. Warner PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Applied Hydrology and Sedimentology for Disturbed Areas SOURCE: Oklahoma Technical Press, Stillwater, OK. 603 p. TOPICS: Hydrology, hydrologic cycle, soil erosion, sediment yield, check dams, vegetation management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Barnes, H.H. PUB. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Roughness characteristics of natural channels. SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Sur. Water Suppl. Pap. 1849. 213 p. TOPICS: Channel characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bathurst, James C. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Flow resistance estimation in mountain streams SOURCE: J. Hydrl. Engineer., 111 (4): 625-643 TOPICS: Channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Batson, Fred T., Paul E. Cuplin, and Wallace A. Crisco PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: The use of aerial photography to inventory and monitor riparian areas SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, Technical Reference 1737-2, Aug. 1987, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO. 16 p. TOPICS: Remote sensing, aerial photography, riparian vegetation, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bayha, Keith PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Instream flow methodologies for regional and national assessments SOURCE: Instream Flow Information Paper No. 7, U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/61. 98 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, instream flow, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Behmer, D.J. and C.P. Hawkins PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Effects of overhead canopy on macroinvertibrate production in a Utah stream SOURCE: Freshwater Biol., 16: 287-300 TOPICS: Aquatic macroinvertibrates, riparian ecosystems, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Benedict, N.B. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Classification and dynamics of subalpine meadow ecosystems in the southern Sierra Nevada SOURCE: Warner, Richard E. and Kathleen M. Hendrix (eds.) California Riparian Sytems: Ecology, Conservation and Productive Management, University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 92-95 TOPICS: Classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Beschta, R.L. and W.S. Platts PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Morphologic features of small streams: significance and function SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 22 (3): 369-379 TOPICS: Channel morphology, aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bettis, E. Arthur, III, and Dean M.Thompson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Gully erosion SOURCE: Rangelands, 7 (2): 70-72 TOPICS: Gully erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Binns, N. Allen PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Stabilizing eroding stream banks in Wyoming, a guide to controlling bank erosion in streams SOURCE: Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, WY. 42 p. TOPICS: Streambank erosion, streambank stabilization, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Blakesley, J.A. and K.P. Reese PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Avian habitat relationships in riparian zones of northern Utah SOURCE: Completion Report to U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Ogden, UT. 59 p. TOPICS: Riparian bird communities, aquatic/riparian habitats COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Boughton, Walter C. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Evaluating partial areas of watershed runoff SOURCE: J. Irrig. and Drainage Engineer. ASCE, 113 (3): 356-366 TOPICS: Modeling, hydrology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bovee, Ken D. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: A guide to stream habitat analysis using the instream flow incremental methodology SOURCE: Instream Flow Information Paper No. 12, U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-82/26. 248 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, aquatic/riparian habitat, instream flow, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bradford, J.M., D.A. Farrell, and W.E. Larson PUB. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Mathematical evaluation of factors affecting gully stability SOURCE: Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. Proc., Vol. 37. pp. 103-107 TOPICS: Gully erosion, sediment characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bradford, J.M. and R.F. Piest PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Gully wall stability in loess- derived alluvium SOURCE: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., Vol. 41, 1977, pp. 115-122 TOPICS: Gully erosion, sediment characteristics, streambank stability COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Braun, Richard H. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Emerging limits on federal land management discretion: livestock, riparian ecosystems, and Clean Water Law SOURCE: Environmental Law 17 (43): 43-79 TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, riparian management, water law COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brayton, D. Scott PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The beaver and the stream SOURCE: J. Soil and Water Conserv., Mar.-Apr. 1984. pp. 108-109 TOPICS: Beaver, riparian restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brenner, Fred J. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Evaluation and mitigation of wetland habitats on mined lands SOURCE: 1986 National symposium on mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Dec. 8-12. pp. 181-184. TOPICS: Wetlands, wetland ecosystems, hydrology, mining impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brock, John H. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Physical characteristics and pedogenesis of soils in riparian habitats along the upper Gila River basin SOURCE: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120. pp. 49-53 TOPICS: Riparian soils, soil characteristics, aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brothers, T.S. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Historical vegetation change in the Owens River riparian woodland SOURCE: Warner, Richard E. and Kathleen M. Hendrix (eds.) California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation and Productive Management, University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 75-84 TOPICS: Historical ecology, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown, George W. and Robert L.Beschta PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The art of managing water SOURCE: J. of Forestry, Oct. 1985. pp. 604-615 TOPICS: Water resource management, water quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown, Mark K. and Gary R. Parsons PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Waterfowl production on beaver flowages in a part of northern New York SOURCE: New York Fish and Game J. 26 (2): 142-153 TOPICS: Beaver, beaver management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brussock, Peter P., Arthur V. Brown and John C. Dixon PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Channel form and stream ecosystem models SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 21 (5): 859-866 TOPICS: Stream ecosystems, geomorphology, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bryan, Rorke B. and Ian A. Campbell PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Surface flow and erosional processes in semiarid mesoscale channels and drainage basins SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, Recent Develop- ments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, July 1982, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 123-133 TOPICS: Drainage basins, streambank erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Buckhouse, J.C. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Riparian responses to various grazing systems and to periodic ice flows SOURCE: Gudmundsson, O. (ed.) Grazing Research at Northern Latitudes Workshop, Aug. 5-10, Hvanneyri, Iceland, NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series: Series A, Life Sciences, Vol. 108. pp. 79-86 TOPICS: Grazing systems, riparian vegetation, river ice, livestock management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Buckhouse, J. C. and R.E. Gaither PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Potential sediment pro- duction within vegetative communities in Oregon's Blue Mountains SOURCE: J. Soil and Water Conserv., Mar.-Apr. 1982, pp. 120-122 TOPICS: Soil erosion, sediment production COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Burgi, Philip H. and Susumi Karaki PUB. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: Seepage effect on channel bank stability SOURCE: J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., Vol. 97 No. IR1, Proc. of the Am. Soc. Civil Engineers. pp. 59-72 TOPICS: Streambank stability, channel morphology, surface water-ground- water interaction COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Burkham, D.E. PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Hydraulic effects of changes in bottom-land vegetation on three major floods, Gila River in southeastern Arizona SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 655-J. 14 p. TOPICS: Channel characteristics, channel adjustments, channel hydraul- ics, riparian vegetation, flood analysis COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Campbell, A.G. and J.F. Franklin PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade Mountains: composition, biomass, and autumn phenology SOURCE: Coniferous Forest Biome. Bull., 14: 90 p. TOPICS: Riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Carson, Michael A. and George A. Griffiths PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Influence of channel width on bedload transport capacity SOURCE: J. Hydraulic Engineer., 113 (12): 1489-1509 TOPICS: Channel hydraulics, sediment transport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chang, Howard H. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Water and sediment routing through curved channels SOURCE: J. Hydraulic Engineer. 111 (4): 644-658 TOPICS: Modeling, sediment transport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Charlton, F.G. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: River stabilization and training in gravel-bed rivers SOURCE: Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst, and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed Rivers. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York. pp. 635- 652 TOPICS: Channel morphology, streambank erosion, streambank stabilization COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chow, Van te PUB. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: Handbook of Applied Hydrology SOURCE: McGraw-Hill, Inc. TOPICS: Hydrology, hydrologic cycle, geomorphology, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clifton, Catherine F. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Effects of land use and vegetation on the channel morphology of Wickiup Creek, Blue Mountains, Oregon SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison. 107 p. TOPICS: Channel morphology, livestock impacts, riparian vegetation, organic debris COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cline, S.P. and C.A. Phillips PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Coarse woody debris and debris-dependent wildlife in logged and natural riparian zone forests - a western Oregon example SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep., RM-99, pp. 33-39 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, logging impacts, organic debris COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Coleman, Neil L. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Effects of suspended sediment on the open-channel velocity distribution SOURCE: Water Resour. Res., 22 (10): 1377-1384 TOPICS: Channel hydraulics, sediment transport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Conners, M.E. and R.J. Naiman PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Particulate allochthonous inputs: relationships with stream size in an undisturbed watershed SOURCE: Can. J. Fisher. Aquat. Sci., 41 (10): 1473-1484 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, organic debris, carbon cycling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cooperrider, A.Y., R.J. Boyd, and H.R. Stuart, eds. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Inventory and Monitoring of Wildlife Habitat SOURCE: U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management, Service Center, Denver, CO. 858 p. TOPICS: Inventory, monitoring, aquatic/riparian habitat, wetland eco- systems, stream ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems, rangeland eco- systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Corradini, C. and V.P. Singh PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Effect of spatial variability of effective rainfall on direct runnoff by a geomorphologic approach SOURCE: J. of Hydrol., 81 (1985): 27-43 TOPICS: Hydrology, hydrograph analysis, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Coulson, R.N., L.J. Folse and D.K. Loh PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Artificial intelligence and natural resource management SOURCE: Science, 237, July 1987. pp. 262-267 TOPICS: Artificial intelligence, expert systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cowan, W.L. PUB. YEAR: 1956 TITLE: Estimating hydraulic roughness coefficients SOURCE: Agric. Engineer., 37: 473-475 TOPICS: Channel characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cowell, Daryl W. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The Canadian Beaver, Castor canadensis, as a geomorphic agent in karst terrain SOURCE: Canad. Field-Naturalist 98 (2): 227-230 TOPICS: Beaver, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Crouch, Glenn L. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Wildlife habitat on the lower South Platte River in Colorado SOURCE: Paper presented at the Symposium on Wooded Draws. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, Jun. 12-13, 1984. pp. 1-3 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian vegetation, historic journals COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cuplin, Paul and Fred Batson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Stream/riparian area inventory and monitoring using large scale color infrared airphotos SOURCE: Proceedings Remote Sensing in Forest and Range Resource Manage- ment, Aug. 20-22, 1985, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. p. 356-361 TOPICS: Remote sensing, aerial photography, inventory, monitoring COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cuplin, Paul and Raymond J. Boyd PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A selected, annotated bibliography of riparian area management SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, Denver Service Center, Technical Reference 1737-1, July 1987. 83 p. TOPICS: Bibliography, riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dale, H.M. and C.E. Garton PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The aquatic macrophyte vegetation of an isolated island lake adjacent to Lake Nipigon, Ontario: a comparative study after a fifty-six year interval SOURCE: Canad. Field Naturalist 98 (3): 444-450 TOPICS: Aquatic vegetation, beaver COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis, E.A. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Chapparal conversion and streamflow: nitrate in- crease inbalanced mainly by a decrease in bicarbonate SOURCE: Water Resour. Res., 23 (1): 215-224 TOPICS: Water quality, soil characteristics, vegetation management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis, E.A. and L.F. DeBano PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Nitrate increases in soil water following conversion of chapparal to grass SOURCE: Biogeochemistry, 2: 53-65 TOPICS: Soil characteristics, water quality, vegetation management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeBano, Leonard F. and Burchard H. Heede PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Enhancement of riparian ecosystems with channel structures SOURCE: Water Res. Bull. 23 (3): 463-470 TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, instream structures, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dinius, S.H. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Design of an index of water quality SOURCE: Water Res. Bull., 23 (5): 833-843 TOPICS: Water quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dodd, J.L., M.A. Smith, J.D. Rodgers, R.E. Siekert and Q.D. Skinner PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Influence of grazing on above ground biomass and shrub density associated with an ephemeral stream in Wyoming SOURCE: Abstracts. 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, livestock impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Douglas, David C. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Avian-habitat associations in riparian zones SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA. 74 p. TOPICS: Riparian bird communities, aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Draper, Stephen E. and Srinivas G. Rao PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Runoff prediction using remote sensing imagery SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 22 (6): 463-470 TOPICS: Remote sensing, hydrology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Duff, Donald, Mary Gnehm, Terry Shrader, and Lynn Howard PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Indexed bibliography on stream habitat improvement SOURCE: U.S.D.A.- Forest Service report, Intermountain Region, Ogden, UT. 98 p. TOPICS: Bibliography, aquatic/riparian habitat, habitat improvement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Duncan, Sally L. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Leaving it to beaver SOURCE: Environment, 26 (3): 41-45 TOPICS: Beaver, beaver ecology, beaver management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Duncan, S.H., R.E. Bilby, J.W. Ward and J.T. Heffner PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Transport of road-surface sediment through ephemeral stream channels SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 23 (1): 113-119 TOPICS: Sediment characteristics, sediment transport, sediment storage, organic debris, logging effects COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dunne, Thomas and Luna B. Leopold PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Water in Environmental Planning SOURCE: W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. 795 p. TOPICS: Hydrology, hydrologic cycle, geomorphology, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Eckert, R.E., Jr. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Methods for improving mountain meadow communities SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep., INT-157, Nov. 1983. pp. 67-75 TOPICS: Livestock management, vegetation management, check dams, tech- niques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Edmonds, R.L. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Analysis of coniferous forest ecosystems in the western United States SOURCE: Hutchinson Ross Publ. Co., Stroudsburg, PA. 419 p. TOPICS: Forestry management, riparian vegetation, hydrology, geomorph- ology, organic debris, soil erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Elmore, Wayne PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Riparian management: back to basics SOURCE: Paper presented at the Natural Resources Law Center, University of Colorado School of Law, June 8-10, 1987. 8 p. TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Elmore, Wayne and Robert L. Beschta PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Riparian areas: perceptions in management SOURCE: Rangelands, 9 (6): 260-265 TOPICS: Riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Estes, Christopher C. and John F. Orsborn PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Review and analysis of methods for quantifying instream flow requirements SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull. 22 (3): 389-398 TOPICS: Fisheries, aquatic/riparian habitat, instream flow COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ferguson, Bruce K. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Environmental patterns of water management SOURCE: J. of Environ. Systems, 16 (3): 161-178 TOPICS: Water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Finch, Deborah M. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Similarities in riparian bird communities among elevational zones in southeastern Wyoming SOURCE: Proceeding Wyoming Water 1986 and Streamside Zone Conference, Casper, WY, Apr. 28-30, 1986. pp. 105-109 TOPICS: Riparian bird communities COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fleming, George and Ahmed Al Kadhimi PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Sediment modelling and data sources: a compromise in assessment SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent Developments in the Ex- planation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 251-259 TOPICS: Modeling, soil erosion, sediment transport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Franz, C., J.D. Rodgers, J.L. Dodd, M.A. Smith, R.E. Siekert and Q.D. Skinner PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Influence of grazing on root biomass and soil texture associated with an ephemeral stream in Wyoming SOURCE: Abstracts. 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management. TOPICS: Livestock impacts, riparian vegetation, soil characteristics, riparian soils COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Frissell, Christopher A., Willian J. Liss, Charles E. Warren and Michael D. Hurley PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: viewing streams in a watershed context. SOURCE: Environ. Manage., 10 (2): 199-214 TOPICS: Classification, aquatic/riparian habitat, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Galbraith, William A. and E. William Anderson PUB. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: Grazing history of the northwest SOURCE: J. Range Manage., 24 (1): 6-12 TOPICS: Grazing history COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gebhardt, Karl PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Determining hydrologic properties of soils SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, Tech. Note 371, Idaho State Office, Boise ID. 34 p. TOPICS: Soil characteristics, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gebhardt, Karl PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Development of a monitoring program for natural resource management SOURCE: Unpubl. doc. on file U.S.D.I.- Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. TOPICS: Monitoring, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gholz, H.L., G.M. Hawk, A. Campbell, K. Cromack Jr. and A.T. Brown PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Early vegetation recovery and element cycles on a clear- cut watershed in western Oregon, U.S.A.. Can. SOURCE: J. Fores. Res., 15 (2): 400-409 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, logging impacts, nitrogen cycling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gilliland, Martha W. and Wanada Baxter-Potter PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A geographic information system to predict non-point source pollution potential SOURCE: Water Res. Bull., 23 (2): 281-291 TOPICS: Geographic information systems, non-point source pollution COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Girard, Michele M. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Native woodland ecology and habitat type classification of southwestern North Dakota SOURCE: Ph.D. thesis, North Dakota State University. 331 p. TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goldner, B.H. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian restoration efforts associated with structurally modified flood control channels SOURCE: Warner, Richard E. and Kathleen M. Hendrix (eds.) California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation and Productive Management, University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 445-451 TOPICS: Riparian restoration, vegetation management, instream structures COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goss, Don W. PUB. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Relation of physical and mineralogical properties to streambank stability SOURCE: Water Res. Bull., 9 (1):140-144 TOPICS: Streambank stability, sediment characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Graf, William L. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Mining and channel response SOURCE: Assoc. Am. Geog., Ann., 69 (2): 262-275 TOPICS: Mining impacts, channel hydraulics, photographic studies COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Graf, William L. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: The development of montane arroyos and gullies SOURCE: Earth Surf. Proc., 4: 1-14 TOPICS: Gully erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Graf, W.L. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Geomorphic measurements from ground-based photographs SOURCE: Pitty, Alistair (ed.) Geomorphology: Themes and Trends. Barnes and Noble Books, Totowa, NJ. pp. 211-225 TOPICS: Techniques, geomorphology, photographic studies COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Grasse, James E. and Euvern Putnam PUB. YEAR: 1950 TITLE: Beaver management and ecology in Wyoming SOURCE: Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project Bullitin No. 6, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, Cheyenne, WY. 75 p. TOPICS: Beaver ecology, beaver management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gregory, K.J. and J.R. Madew PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Land use change, flood frequency, and channel adjustments SOURCE: Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. pp. 757-781 TOPICS: Land use, channel adjustments, flood analysis COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gregory, K.J., A.M. Gurnell and C.T. Hill PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: The permanence of debris dams related to river channel processes SOURCE: J. Hydrol. Sciences, 30 (3): 371-381 TOPICS: Organic debris, flood analysis, hydrograph analysis COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Griffiths, David PUB. YEAR: 1902 TITLE: Forage conditions on the northern border of the Great Basin, being a report on investigations made during July and August, 1901, in the region between Winnemucca, Nevada and Ontario, Oregon SOURCE: U.S. Bur. Plant Indus. Bull., 15. 60 p. TOPICS: Historic investigation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Grissinger, E.H. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Bank erosion of cohesive material SOURCE: Hey, R.D., Bathurst, J.C. and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel-bed Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. pp. 273-287 TOPICS: Streambank erosion, sediment characteristics, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Grissinger, E.H., W.C. Little and J.B. Murphey PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Erodibility of streambank materials of low cohesion SOURCE: Trans. of the ASAE. pp. 624-630 TOPICS: Streambank erosion, soil characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gurnell, A.M. and K.J. Gregory PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: The influence of vegetation on stream channel processes SOURCE: Burt, T.P. and D.E. Walling (eds.) Catchment Experiments in Fluvial Geomorphology. Geo Books, Norwich, UK. pp. 515-535 98. Gurnell, A.M. and K.J. Gregory (1981) The influence of vegetation on stream channel processes. In: Burt, T.P. and D.E. Walling (eds.) Catchment Experiments in Fluvial Geomorphology. Geo Books, Norwich, UK. pp. 515-535 TOPICS: Geomorphology, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gutzwiller, Kevin J. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian habitat use by breeding cavity-nesting birds in southeastern Wyoming SOURCE: Ph.D. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 125 p. TOPICS: Riparian bird communities, aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Haines, F.D. PUB. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: The Snake Country Expedition SOURCE: University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK. 172 p. TOPICS: Historic journals COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hanson, Paul L., Steve W. Chadde, and Robert D. Pfister PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Riparian dominance types of Montana SOURCE: Montana Riparian Assoc., School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, Aug. 14, 1987. 358 pp. TOPICS: Riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hardin, Timothy S. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Use of hydraulic simulation to evaluate habitat improvement structures SOURCE: Western Assoc. of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, and Western Division of Am. Fisheries Soc., Proc., Portland, OR. pp. 111-119 TOPICS: Modeling, aquatic/riparian habitat, habitat improvement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harenberg, W.A. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Using channel geometry to estimate flood flows at ungaged sites in Idaho SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Invest. 80-32 TOPICS: Flood analysis, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harris, D.D. and L.E. Hubbard PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Magnitude and frequency of floods in eastern Oregon SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Inves. Rep., 82-4078. 39 p. TOPICS: Flood analysis COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harris, Richard R. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Relationships between vegetation and fluvial geomorphology at Cottonwood Creek, California SOURCE: Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 337 p. TOPICS: Geomorphology, riparian vegetation, riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harrison, A.E. PUB. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Reoccupying unmarked camera stations for geological observations SOURCE: Geology, Vol. 2, 469-471 TOPICS: Techniques, photographic studies COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harrison, Benjamin and Gary Kellogg PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Mapping riparian/wetland habitats on the Nez Perce National Forest - a cooperative approach SOURCE: U.S.D.A. -Forest Service and U.S.D.I. -Fish and Wild- life Service. 9 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitats, inventory, monitoring, aerial photo- graphy COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harvey, M.D., C.C. Watson and S.A. Schumm PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Gully erosion SOURCE: U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management Tech. Note. 366, Denver Fed- eral Center, Denver CO. (1985-578-193/25153). 181 p. TOPICS: Gully erosion, geomorphology, channel restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harvey, Michael D. and Chester C. Watson PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Fluvial processes and morphological thresholds in incised channel restoration SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 22 (3): 359-368 TOPICS: Geomorphology, channel adjustments, channel restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heatwole, C.D., A.B. Bottcher and L.B. Baldwin PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Basin scale model for evaluating best management practice implementation programs SOURCE: Trans. of the ASAE, 29 (2): 439-444 TOPICS: Modeling, best management practices, water resource management, drainage basins COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard PUB. YEAR: 1966 TITLE: Design, construction and cost of rock check dams SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper RM-20. 20 p. TOPICS: Check dams COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard PUB. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: Characteristics and processes of soil piping in gullies SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper RM-68. 15 p. TOPICS: Gully erosion, soil erosion, soil characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard H. PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Equilibrium condition and sediment transport in an ephemeral mountain stream SOURCE: Vol. 6, Hydrology and water resources in Arizona and the Southwest. Proc. 1976 Meet. Ariz. Sect., Am. Water. Resour. Assoc. and Hydrol. Sect., Ariz. Acad. Sci., Tucson, Apr.-May 1976. pp. 97-102 TOPICS: Channel adjustments, hydraulic geometry COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Gully development and control: the status of our knowledge SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper RM-169. 42 p. 114. Heede, Burchard (1976) Gully development and control: the status of our knowledge. U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper RM-169. 42 p. TOPICS: Gully erosion, gully control, check dams COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Case study of a watershed rehabilitation project: Alkali Creek, Colorado SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper RM-189. 18 p. TOPICS: Watershed restoration, vegetation management, erosion control, check dams COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Designing gully control systems for eroding watersheds SOURCE: Environ. Manage., 2 (6): 509-522 TOPICS: Gully control, geomorphology, vegetation management, check dams COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Dynamics of selected mountain streams in the western U.S.A. SOURCE: Zeit. fur Geomorph. N.F., 25 (1): 17-32 TOPICS: Geomorphology, channel morphology, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Balance and adjustment processes in stream and riparian systems SOURCE: Wyoming Water 1986 and Streamside Zone Conference, Proc., Caspar, WY, Apr. 28-30. pp. 3-7 TOPICS: Ecosystem disturbance, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Designing for dynamic equilibrium in streams. Water Resour SOURCE: Bull., 22 (3): 351-357 TOPICS: Ecosystem disturbance, channel adjustments, check dams COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard H. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Opportunities and limits of erosion control in stream and gully systems SOURCE: 18th International Erosion Control Association Conference Proceedings: You're Gambling without it. (1987, Reno, NV) TOPICS: Soil erosion, gully erosion, erosion control, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, Burchard and L.F. DeBano PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Gully rehabilitation: a three-stage process in a sodic soil SOURCE: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48 (6): 1416-1422 121. Heede, Burchard and L.F. DeBano (1986) Gully rehabilitation: a three-stage process in a sodic soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48 (6): 1416-1422 TOPICS: Soil erosion, gully erosion, erosion control, check dams, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hey, R.D. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Gravel-bed rivers: form and processes SOURCE: Hey, R.D., Bathurst, J.C. and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed Rivers. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York. pp. 5-13 TOPICS: Channel morphology, modeling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hey, R.D. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: River mechanics SOURCE: J. Inst. of Water Engineers and Scient., 40 (2): 139-158 TOPICS: Channel hydraulics, channel morphology, sediment transport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hickin, Edward J. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: River channel changes: retrospect and prospect SOURCE: Specl. Publ. Int. Assoc. Sediment., 6: 61-83 TOPICS: Channel morphology, geomorphology, hydraulic geometry, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hickin, Edward J. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Vegetation and river channel dynamics SOURCE: Canad. Geog., 28 (2): 111-126 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, geomorphology, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hockberger, Jr., John J. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Indiscrete regulation of indiscrete sources: the Idaho water quality standards and control of sed- iment impacts on salmon and steelhead spawning and rearing hab- itat SOURCE: Idaho Law Review, Vol. 22: 469- TOPICS: Fisheries, water law, Clean Water Act, water quality, non-point source pollution COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Holl, Royal G. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Grazing nonpoint source control strategy SOURCE: Prepared under an interagency agreement between the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Region 8, Denver CO, and the U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management. 24 p. TOPICS: Livestock impacts, Clean Water Act, water quality, non-point source pollution COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Honey, W.D., R.J. Seidler and P.C. Klingeman PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Riparian zone systems, uses and management SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Sur. Water Resour. Div., Reston, VA. Report No. USGS/G-864-22. 78 p. TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, riparian vegetation, riparian management, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hooke, J.M. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: An analysis of the processes of river bank erosion SOURCE: J. of Hydrology, 42 (1979): 39-62 TOPICS: Streambank erosion, hydrograph analysis COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Horton, Jerome E. PUB. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Evapotranspiration and water research as related to riparian and phreatophyte management-an abstract bib- liography SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Misc. Publ. No. 1234, Jan. 1973. 192 p. TOPICS: Bibliography, hydrology, hydrologic cycle, water resources, riparian management, vegetation management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Howard, R.J. and J.E. Larson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: A stream habitat classifica- tion for beaver SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 49 (1): 19-25 TOPICS: Beaver, beaver habitat, classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Howard-Williams, C., S. Pickmere and J. Davies PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Nutrient retention and processing in New Zealand streams: the influence of riparian vegetation SOURCE: New Zealand Agric. Sci., 20 (2): 11-114 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, non-point source pollution, nitrogen cycling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hughes, R.M. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Use of watershed characteristics to select control streams for estimating effects of metal mining wastes on extensively disturbed streams SOURCE: Environ. Manage., 9 (3): 253-262 TOPICS: Mining impacts, stream ecosystems, riparian vegetation, aquatic macroinvertibrates COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hussey, M.R., Q.D. Skinner, J.C. Adams and A.J. Harvey PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Denitrification and bacterial numbers in riparian soils of a Wyoming mountain watershed SOURCE: J. Range Manage., 38 (6): 492-496 TOPICS: Riparian soils COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Idaho Department of Health and Welfare PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Riparian areas: what are they and what do they do SOURCE: Clean Water, newsletter of the Idaho Water Quality Bureau, 450 W. State St., Boise, ID 83720 TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, water quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Irizarri, R.A. PUB. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: The effects of stream alteration in Idaho SOURCE: Idaho Fish and Game Dept., Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration Job Completion Report F55-R-2, Boise, ID. 26 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, water resources COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ives, Ronald PUB. YEAR: 1942 TITLE: The beaver-meadow complex SOURCE: J. Geomorph., 5: 191-203 TOPICS: Beaver ecology, geomorphology COMMENTS: Contains 7 articles by Heede, Harvey and Watson, Beschta and Platts, Orsborn and Anderson, Estes and Orsborn, Van Haveren, and Babcock, cited individually in this report. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jackson, William L. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Engineering considerations in small stream management SOURCE: American Water Resour. Assoc. Monograph Series #5, reprinted from Water Resour. Bull. 22 (3): 351-415 TOPICS: COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jackson, William L. and Robert L Beschta PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Influences of in- creased sand delivery on the morphology of sand and gravel channels SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 20 (4): 527-533 TOPICS: Channel morphology, sediment transport, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jackson, T.J. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Soil water modeling and remote sensing SOURCE: IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, GE-24 (1): 37-46 TOPICS: Remote sensing, soil characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jenkins, K.J. and R.G. Wright PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Simulating succession of riparian spruce forests and white tail deer capacity in north- western Montana SOURCE: West. J. Appl. Forest., 2 (3): 80-83 TOPICS: Modeling, riparian vegetation, logging impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, Clifton W., Roger L. Engleman, Jeffrey P. Smith and Clayton L. Hanson PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Helley-Smith bed load samplers SOURCE: Tech. Note, J. Hydrl. Div., Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Engin., Vol. 103 No. HY10, Oct. 1977. pp. 1217-1221 TOPICS: Sediment transport, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, Clifton W. and Jeffrey P. Smith PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Sediment characteristics and transport from northwest rangeland watersheds SOURCE: Trans. of the ASAE, Soil and Water Div., Paper # 77-2509. 1157-63 TOPICS: Sediment characteristics, sediment transport, sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, Clifton W. and Nancy D. Gordon PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Streamflow measurement and analysis for northwest rangelands SOURCE: Proc. of the Water for Resource Development Conference, HY Div. ASCE, Couer d'Alene, ID, Aug. 14-17. pp. 469-473 TOPICS: Hydrology, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, R. Roy PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Riparian habitats and recreation: inter- relationships and impacts in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain region SOURCE: Eisenhower Consortium Bull.: 12. Eisenhower Consortium for Western Environmental Forestry Research. 31 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitats, riparian vegetation, recreation impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jolly, J.P. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: A proposed method for accurately calculating sediment yields from reservoir deposition SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, July 1982, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 153-161 TOPICS: Sediment yield, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Julien, Pierre Y. and Marcel Frenette PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Macroscale analysis of upland erosion SOURCE: J. Hydrlogic. Sciences, 32 (3): 347-357 TOPICS: Soil erosion, drainage basins COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kaniuka, Russell PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Underground channels mapped by radar SOURCE: Agricultural Research, 35 (1): 14-15 TOPICS: Surface water-groundwater interaction, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kantrud, Harold A. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Effect of vegetation manipulation on breeding waterfowl in prairie wetlands--a literature review SOURCE: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tech. Report #3, Washington, D.C. 15 p. TOPICS: Bibliography, waterfowl management, wetlands, vegetation manage- ment COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Karr, James R., Philip R. Yant and Kurt D. Fausch PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Spatial and temporal variability of the index of biotic integrity in three midwestern streams SOURCE: Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 116 (1): 1-11 TOPICS: Fisheries, aquatic/riparian habitat, fish populations, water quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kauffman, J.B., W.C. Kreuger and M. Vavra PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Ecology and plant communities of the riparian area associated with Catherine Creek in northeastern Oregon SOURCE: Tech. Bull. No. 147, Agricultural Expiri- ment Station, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 33 p. TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Keller, E.A. and F.J. Swanson PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Effects of large organic material on channel form and fluvial processes SOURCE: Earth Surf. Proces. and Land., 4: 361-380 TOPICS: Geomorphology, channel morphology, organic debris COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Keller, E.A. and Taz Tally PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Effects of large organic debris on channel form and fluvial processes in a coastal redwood environment SOURCE: Rhodes, Dallas D. and Garnett P. Williams (eds.) Adjustments of the Fluvial System. Proc. Tenth Annual Geomorph. Symp. Series. Binghampton, New York. pp. 169-197 TOPICS: Geomorphology, channel morphology, organis debris COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kelsay, Laura E. PUB. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: List of cartographic records of the General Land Office SOURCE: U.S. National Archive and Record Service, Gen. Serv. Admin., Washington, D.C. TOPICS: Historic documents COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ketcheson, Gary L. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Sediment rating equations: an evaluation for streams in the Idaho batholith SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-213, Sept. 1986, Ogden, UT. 12 p. TOPICS: Sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Klock, G.O. PUB. YEAR: 1985) TITLE: Modeling the cumulative effects of forest practices on downstream aquatic ecosystems SOURCE: J. Soil and Water Conserv., Mar.-Apr. 1985. pp. 237-241 TOPICS: Aquatic ecosystems, modeling, forestry management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Krueger, Henry O. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Avian response to mountainous shrub-willow riparian systems in southeastern Wyoming SOURCE: Ph.D. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 100 p. TOPICS: Riparian bird communities, riparian vegetation, livestock impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: LaBaugh, James W. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Wetland ecosystem studies from a hydrologic perspective SOURCE: Water Res. Bull., 22 (1): 1-9 TOPICS: Hydrology, wetland ecosystems, water balance COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lane, Emory W. PUB. YEAR: 1953 TITLE: Design of stable channels SOURCE: Trans. Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers, Paper No. 2776. pp. 1234-1260 TOPICS: Streambank stability, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lane, L.J. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Development of a procedure to estimate runoff and sediment transport in ephemeral streams SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent Developments in the Explana- tion and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 275-282 TOPICS: Modeling, sediment transport, sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lanka, R.P., W.A. Hubert and T.A. Wesche PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Relations of geo- morphology to stream habitat and trout standing stock in small Rocky Mountain streams SOURCE: Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. 116: 21-28 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Laycock, W.A. PUB. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: Exclosures and natural areas on rangelands in Utah SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper INT-62. 44 p. TOPICS: Exclosures, natural areas COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leininger, W.C. and M.J. Trlica PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Successional and hydrological changes following protection from long-term heavy grazing in a northern Colorado riparian zone SOURCE: Abst. of the IV Int. Congress of Ecology, Syracuse, New York. p.214 TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, livestock impacts, livestock management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leopold, L.B. and T. Maddock PUB. YEAR: 1953 TITLE: The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 252. 57 p. TOPICS: Hydraulic geometry, channel morphology, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leopold, L.B., M.G. Wolman and J.P. Miller PUB. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology SOURCE: W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. 522 p. TOPICS: Geomorphology, channel morphology, hydraulic geometry COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lisle, Thomas E. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Effects of aggradation and degradation on riffle-pool morphology in natural gravel channels, northwestern California SOURCE: Water Resour. Res., 18 (6): 1643-1651 TOPICS: Channel morphology, channel hydraulics, sediment transport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lisle, Thomas E. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Stabilization of a gravel channel by large stream obstructions and bedrock bends, Jacoby Creek, north- western California SOURCE: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 97 (Aug. 1986): 999-1011 TOPICS: Streambank stabilization, channel morphology, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lisle, T.E., A.K. Lehre, H.A. Martinson, D.F. Meyer, K.M. Nolan and R.D. Smith PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Stream channel adjustments after the 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruptions SOURCE: Erosion control in volcanic areas: Proceedings of a Symposium; Jul. 6-9 1982; Seattle and Vancouver, WA. Tech. Memo. PWRI 1908. (Tsukuba Science City, Japan): Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Gov. of Japan. pp. 31-72 TOPICS: Channel adjustments, sediment tranport, sediment storage COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lohrey, Michael H. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Planning gully control and restoration SOURCE: Unpubl. report prepared for U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Fremont National Forest, Jan. 1981. 21 p. TOPICS: Gully erosion, gully control, watershed restoration, check dams COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lowdermilk, W.C. PUB. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Conquest of the land through 7000 years SOURCE: Agric. Info. Bull. No. 99, U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service. 30 p. TOPICS: Historic investigation, land use COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lowrance, Richard, Julie K. Sharpe and Joseph M. Sheridan PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Long term sediment deposition in the riparian zone of an agri- cultural watershed SOURCE: Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta. Environ- Resources Center. ERC-03-84, in cooperation with Georgia Univ., Athens. Inst. of Ecology, and Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA, Southeast Watershed Research Center. 92 p. TOPICS: Sediment transport, water quality, riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lowrance, Richard, Ralph Leonard and Joseph Sheridan PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Managing riparian ecosystems to control nonpoint pollution SOURCE: J.Soil Water Conserv., 40 (1): 87-91 TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, non-point source pollution, riparian vegetation, riparian soils, water quality, riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Malde, Harold E. PUB. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Geological bench marks by terrestrial photography SOURCE: J. Resear., U.S. Geol. Surv., 1 (2): 193-206 TOPICS: Techniques, photographic studies COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marlow, C.B., T.M. Pogacnik and S.D. Quinsey PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Streambank stability and cattle grazing in southwestern Montana SOURCE: J. Soil and Water Conserv., July-August 1987. pp. 291-296 TOPICS: Livestock grazing, livestock impacts, streambank stability COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Martin, Douglas J. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Production of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in relation to riparian vegetation in Bear Creek, Washington SOURCE: Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 166 p. TOPICS: Fish populations, riparian vegetation, logging impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marston, R.A. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: The geomorphic significance of log steps in forest streams SOURCE: Ann. Assoc. Am. Geog., 72: 99-108 TOPICS: Geomorphology, channel morphology, organic debris COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Maxwell, James R. and Rhey M. Soloman PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Threshold limits of hydrologic function in arid and semiarid landscapes SOURCE: Unpubl. report, U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Albuquerque, NM. 25 p. TOPICS: Gully erosion, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: May, B.E. and J.E. Guest PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The riparian pasture: opportunity for coordinated management SOURCE: Proc. of the Bonneville Chap- ter of the American Fisheries Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT., Feb. 8-9. 11 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian vegetation, livestock impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McBride, J.R. and J. Strahan PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Establishment and survival of woody riparian species on gravel bars of an intermittent stream SOURCE: Am. Midland Nat., 112 (2): 235-245 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan, W.F. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Channel sediment storage behind obstructions in forested drainage basins draining the granitic bedrock of the Idaho batholith SOURCE: Proc. Workshop on Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins, U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-141. pp. 114-121 TOPICS: Sediment transport, sediment storage, sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan, W.F. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Evaluating effects of land use on sedimentation - a case for sediment budgeting SOURCE: Hydrl. Sci. and Tech.: Short Papers, 1 (1), Sept. 1985, Am. Inst. Hydrl. pp. 13-16 TOPICS: Sediment transport, sediment storage, sediment budget COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan, W.F. and R.A. Nowlin PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Sediment storage in channels draining small forested watersheds in the mountains of central Idaho SOURCE: 3rd Federal Interagency Sediment Conference Proc., Denver, CO. pp. 4-115 - 4-126 TOPICS: Sediment production, sediment transport, sediment storage, sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan, W.F. and P.N. King PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Identification of critical areas on forest lands for control of nonpoint sources of pollution SOURCE: Environ. Manage., 9 (1): 7-17 TOPICS: Non-point source pollution, logging impacts, soil erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Melton, B.L., R.L. Hoover, R.L. Moore and D.J. Pfankuch PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Aquatic and riparian wildlife. Chapter 6 SOURCE: Hoover, R.L. and D.L. Wills (eds.) Managing Forested Lands for Wildlife. Colo. Div. of Wildl. in cooperation with U.S.D.A. -Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Denver, CO. pp. 261-301 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Merritt, Richard W. and Daniel L. Lawson PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Leaf litter pro- cessing in floodplain and stream communities SOURCE: Proc. Symposium National Riparian Ecosystems; Strategies for the Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and other Riparian Ecosystems, Dec. 11-13, 1978, Callaway Gardens, GA. pp. 93-105 TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, aquatic ecology, aquatic macroinvertibrates COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Meyer, Philip A. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Valuing riparian habitat SOURCE: A presentation to the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Philip A. Meyer, Consultant, P.O. Box 1152, Davis, CA, 95617. 10 p. TOPICS: Economic values COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Milon, J. Walter PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Optimizing nonpoint source controls in water quality regulation SOURCE: Water Res. Bull., 23 (3): 387-396 TOPICS: Non-point source pollution, best management practices COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Minshall, G.W., R.C. Peterson, K.W. Cummins, T.L. Bott, J.R. Sedell, C.E. Cushing and R.L. Vannote PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Interbiome comparison of stream ecosystem dynamics SOURCE: Ecological Monographs, 53 (1): 1-25 TOPICS: Stream ecosystems, aquatic ecology, carbon cycling, aquatic macroinvertibrates COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Montgomery, James M., Consulting Engineers Inc. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Bear Valley Creek, Idaho fish habitat enhancement project feasability study SOURCE: Prepared for the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes, funded by BPA Contract No. 83-359, prepared by James M. Montogomery, Consulting Engineers, Inc., 1301 Vista Ave., Boise, ID 83705 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, habitat enhancement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Morris, J. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Evaluating the wetland resource SOURCE: J. Environ. Manage. 24: 147-156 TOPICS: Wetlands, economic values COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Munther, Greg L. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Importance of beaver management in grazed riparian ecosystems SOURCE: Unpubl. report prepared for U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT TOPICS: Beaver ecology, beaver management, beaver/cattle interactions, riparian restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Murphy, Peter J. and Eduardo J. Agiurre M. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Bedload or sus- pended load SOURCE: J. Hydraul. Engineer., 111 (1): 93-552 TOPICS: Sediment transport, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Myers, Lewis H. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Montana BLM riparian inventory and monitoring SOURCE: Riparian Technical Bulletin No. 1, Aug. 1987, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Billings, MT. 38 p. 193. Myers, Lewis H. (1987) Montana BLM riparian inventory and monitoring. Riparian Technical Bulletin No. 1, Aug. 1987, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Billings, MT. 38 p. TOPICS: BLM-Montana riparian projects, inventory, monitoring COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Myers, Lewis H., Allan Thomas, Brad Hines, Reed Stalder, Robert Wagner, Kris Eshelman, Allen Cooperrider, Ray Boyd PUB. YEAR: unknown TITLE: Riparian area management: inventory and monitoring SOURCE: Review draft, Tech. Ref. TR #1737-2, U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Manage- ment, Service Center, Denver, CO. 90 p. TOPICS: Riparian management, inventory, monitoring, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Naiman, R.J. and J.M. Melillo PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Nitrogen budget of a subarctic stream altered by beaver (Castor canadensis). SOURCE: Oeocologia (Berlin) 62: 150-155 TOPICS: Beaver, riparian ecosystems, nitrogen cycling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nanson, Gerald C. and Harry F. Beach PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Forest succession and sedimentation on a meandering-river floodplain, northeast British Columbia, Canada SOURCE: J. of Biogeography, 4: 229-251 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The effects of fine sediment on salmonid spawning gravel and juvenile rearing habitat - a literature review SOURCE: Tech. Bull. No. 428, NCASI Inc., 260 Madison Ave., New York, NY, 100016. 66 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, aquatic/riparian habitat, forestry management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Natural Resources Defense Council PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Citizen's handbook on water quality standards SOURCE: NRDC, 1350 New York Ave., NW #300, Washington, D.C. 20005. 35 p. TOPICS: Water law, Clean Water Act, water quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Natural Resources Law Institute PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Livestock grazing in ri- parian zones: ensuring fishery protection in federal rangeland management SOURCE: Anadromous Fish Law Memo, Issue #37, Oct. 1986, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR. 18 p. TOPICS: Water law, riparian ecosystems, riparian restoration, range management, Clean Water Act COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Natural Resources Law Institute PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Fish and wildlife preser- vation, environmental protection, and the Northwest's electric power system: a panel of views SOURCE: Anadromous Fish Law Memo, Issue #42, Aug. 1987, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR. 27 p. TOPICS: Water law, Northwest Power Act, Indian treaty fishing rights, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Neff, Don J. PUB. YEAR: 1957 TITLE: Ecological effects of beaver habitat abandonment in the Colorado Rockies SOURCE: J. Wildlife Manage. 21 (1): 80-84 TOPICS: Beaver, beaver ecology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Neill, C.R. and J.D. Mollard PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Erosional processes and sediment yield in the upper Oldman River basin, Alberta, Canada SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent Develop- ments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 183-191 TOPICS: Soil erosion, sediment yield, land use COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nelson, Rodger L., William S. Platts and Osborne Casey PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Evidence for variability in spawning behavior of interior cut- throat trout in response to environmental uncertainty SOURCE: Great Basin Naturalist, 47 (3): 480-487 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nelson, Wayne, Gerry Horak and Joe Soloman PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Instream flow strategies for Idaho SOURCE: U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS- 78/38. 95 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, instream flow, water law, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nilsson, Christer PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Distribution of stream-edge vegetation along a gradient of current velocity SOURCE: J. of Ecology, 75 (2): 513-522 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Odgaard, A. Jacob and Carlos E. Moscone PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Streambank protection by submerged vanes SOURCE: J. Hydraul. Engineer., 113 (4):520-536 TOPICS: Streambank erosion, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Okagbue, C.O. and T.K.S. Abam PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: An analysis of stratigraphic control on river bank failure SOURCE: Engineer. Geol., 22: 231-245 TOPICS: Streambank stability, streambank erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Oliphant, J. Orin PUB. YEAR: 1947 TITLE: The cattle herds and ranches of the Oregon country, 1860-1890 SOURCE: Agric. History, 21: 217-238 TOPICS: Historic investigation, historic documents COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Orsborn, John F. and John W. Anderson PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Stream improvements and fish response: a bio-engineering assessment SOURCE: Water Res. Bull. 22 (3): 381-388 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, channel restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Osborn, H.B. and J.R. Simanton PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Gully migration on a south- west rangeland watershed SOURCE: J. Range Manage., 39 (6): 558-561 TOPICS: Gully erosion, sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Osterkamp, W.R. and Hedman, E.R. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Variation of width and discharge for natural high-gradient stream channels SOURCE: Water Resour. Res., 13 (2): 256-258 TOPICS: Hydraulic geometry, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pall, Ramesh, W.T. Dickinson, D. Green and R. McGirr PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Impacts of soil characteristics on soil erodability. SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent Develop- ments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 39-47 TOPICS: Soil characteristics, soil erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Park, C.C. PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Man-induced changes in stream channel capacity. In: Gregory, K.J. SOURCE: Gregory, K.J., (ed.) River Channel Changes. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 121-144 TOPICS: Geomorphology, channel morphology, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Parker, Michael PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Beaver, water quality, and riparian systems. SOURCE: Wyoming Water 1986 and Streamside Zones Conference Proc., Apr. 28-30 1986. Wyoming Water Research Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY TOPICS: Beaver, water quality, riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Parsons, Steve and Shirley Hudson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Channel cross section surveys and data analysis SOURCE: Report No. TR-4341-1, U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, Denver Service Center, Denver, CO. 48 p. TOPICS: Techniques, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Passey, H.B., K. Vern, E.W. Williams and D.E. Ball PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Relationships between soil, plant community, and climate on range- lands of the Intermountain West SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tech. Bull. No. 1669. 123 p. TOPICS: Rangeland ecoystems, soil characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Patrick, D.M., L.M. Smith and C.B. Whitten PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Methods for studying accelorated fluvial change SOURCE: Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 783-815 TOPICS: Remote sensing, channel characteristics, streambank erosion, geomorphology, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Patton, Peter C. and Stanley A. Schumm PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Ephemeral-stream processes: implications for studies of Quaternary valley fills SOURCE: Quat. Resear., 15 (24): 24-43 TOPICS: Channel morphology, gully erosion, sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Payne, Neil F. and Frederick Copes PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Wildlife and fish- eries habitat improvement handbook SOURCE: U.S.D.A. -Forest Service, Wildlife and Fisheries Administrative Report, December 1986. 403 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, habitat improvement, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Peart, M.R. and D.E. Walling PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Sym- posium, July 1982, Recent Developments in the Explanation and Pre- diction of Erosion and Sediment Yield. IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp.397- 407 TOPICS: Sediment transport, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Peterjohn, W.T. and D.L. Correll PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Nutrient dynamics in and agricultural watershed: observations on the role of a riparian forest SOURCE: Ecology, 65 (5): 1466-1475 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, nonpoint source pollution, carbon cycling, nitrogen cycling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Petersen, Robert C. and Kenneth W. Cummins PUB. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Leaf processing in a woodland stream SOURCE: Freshwat. Biol., Vol. 4. pp. 343-368 TOPICS: Aquatic ecology, aquatic macroinvertibrates COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pfankuch, D.J. PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 26 p. TOPICS: Techniques, inventory, streambank stability COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Piest, R.F., J.M. Bradford and G.M. Wyatt PUB. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Soil erosion and sediment transport from gullies SOURCE: J. of the Hydraul. Div., Proc. of the Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, Vol. 101, No. HY1, January 1975. pp. 65-80 TOPICS: Gully erosion, sediment transport, soil erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, William S. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Managing fish and livestock on Idaho rangelands SOURCE: Rangelands, 8 (5): 213-221 TOPICS: Fisheries, livestock grazing COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, William S. PUB. YEAR: in press TITLE: Livestock grazing strategies and fisheries compatibility SOURCE: N. Am J. Fisheries Manage. 34 p. TOPICS: Grazing strategies, fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, William S. PUB. YEAR: in press TITLE: Using a hydrogeologic, historic and futuristic approach to stream riparian management SOURCE: Fisheries. 27 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, riparian management, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, William S. and Rodger L. Nelson PUB. YEAR: in review TITLE: Stream canopy and its relationship to salmonid biomass in the intermountain west SOURCE: North Am. J. Fisheries Manage. 30 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., C. Armour, G. Booth, M. Bryant, J.L. Bufford, P. Cuplin, S. Jensen, G. Lienkaemper, G.W. Minshall, S. Monsen, R.L. Nelson, J.R. Sedell and J.S. Tuhy PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to management SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-221. 177 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian vegetation, organic debris riparian soils, channel characteristics, riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Poel, Piet van der, R.G. Spooner and R.F. Piest PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Slope indicator measurements of subsurface movement in gully walls SOURCE: Trans. of the ASAE, 29 (4), August 1986. pp. 982-987 TOPICS: Gully erosion, streambank stability COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ponce, Victor C. PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Generalized stability analysis of channel banks SOURCE: J. of the Irr. and Drain. Div., Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, Vol. 104, No. IR4, Dec. 1978. pp. 343-350 TOPICS: Streambank stability COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Potyondy, John P. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Some techniques for using frequency analysis and realtime data to interprit flood potential data SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 23 (1): 139-145 TOPICS: Flood analysis COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Price, K.P. and M.K. Ridd PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Riparian habitat on the Humbolt River SOURCE: Center for Remote Sensing and Cartography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. 48 p. TOPICS: Remote sensing, aerial photography, inventory, aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Prouty, Michael PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A new program for riparian research SOURCE: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Forest Research West, Apr. 1987. pp. 7-10 TOPICS: Riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pruitt, Thomas A. and Richard L. Nadeau PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Recommended stream resource maintenance flows on seven southern Idaho streams SOURCE: Instream Flow Information Paper No. 8, U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/68. 60 p. TOPICS: Fisheries, instream flow, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Raleigh, R.F. and D.A. Duff PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Trout stream habitat improvement: ecology and hydrology SOURCE: Paper presented at Wild Trout II Symposium, Mammoth, WY, Sept. 24-25, 1979. 11 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, habitat improvement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rango, Albert PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Assessment of remote sensing input to hydro- logic models SOURCE: Water Res. Bull., 21 (3): 423-432 237. Rango, Albert (1985) Assessment of remote sensing input to hydro- logic models. Water Res. Bull., 21 (3): 423-432 TOPICS: Remote sensing, hydrology, modeling, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Reichenbacher, Frank W. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Ecology and evolution of south- western riparian plant communities SOURCE: Desert Plants, 6 (1): 15-22 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, historical ecology, livestock effects COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Resource Systems, Inc. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Boise River fish and wildlife habitat study/ wetland inventory and management guidelines SOURCE: Final Report prepared for the City of Boise, December 1983, by Resource Sys- tems, Inc, Boise, ID. 158 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian management, wetland inventory, wetland conservation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rice, J., R.D. Ohmart and B.W. Anderson PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Habitat selection attributes of an avian community: a discriminant analysis in- vestigation SOURCE: Ecol. Mono., 53 (3): 263-290 TOPICS: Riparian bird communities, aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Richards, Keith PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Rivers - Form and Process in Alluvial Channels SOURCE: Metheun, New York, NY. 358 p. TOPICS: Geomorphology, channel characteristics, hydraulic geometry COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rinne, John N. and T. Tharlson PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Effect of domestic livestock grazing on montane streams: aquatic macroinvertibrates SOURCE: Proc. Western Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Western Division Am. Fisheries Soc., Portland, OR, Jul. 20-23. pp. 91-98 TOPICS: Aquatic macroinvertebrates, livestock grazing COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Roath, L.R. and W.C. Kreuger PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Cattle grazing influence on a montane riparian zone SOURCE: J. Range Manage., 35 (1): 100-103 TOPICS: Livestock grazing, livestock impacts, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Roath, L.R. and W.C. Kreuger PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Cattle grazing and behavior on a forested range SOURCE: J. Range Manage., 35 (3): 332-338 TOPICS: Livestock grazing, livestock behavior COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rogers, W.F. and V.P. Singh PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Some geomorphic relationships and hydrograph analysis SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 22 (5): 777-784 TOPICS: Hydrograph analysis, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rooseboom, A. and F.J.Mulke PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Erosion initiation SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent Develop- ments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 59-66 TOPICS: Soil erosion, sediment transport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rosgen, D.L., H.L. Silvey and J.P. Potyondy PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: The use of channel maintenance flow concepts in the Forest Service SOURCE: Hydrl. Sci. and Tech.: Short Papers, 2 (1), Mar. 1986, Am. Inst. Hydrl. pp. 19-26 TOPICS: Instream flow, channel maintenance flows, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rovey, Catherine E. Keager PUB. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Numerical model of flow in a stream-aquifer system SOURCE: Hydrology Paper No. 74, August 1975, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523. TOPICS: Hydrology, modeling, surface water-groundwater interaction COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rowley, W.D. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: U.S. Forest Service Grazing and Rangelands - A History SOURCE: Texas A & M University Press, College Station. 270 p. TOPICS: Grazing history COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Russell, Israel C. PUB. YEAR: 1903 TITLE: Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Suppl. and Irrig. Pap. No. 78. TOPICS: Historic investigation, water resources COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Russell, Israel C. PUB. YEAR: 1905 TITLE: Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 252. TOPICS: Historic investigation, water resources COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sadeghipour, Jamshid and John A. Dracup PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Regional frequency analysis of hydrologic multiyear droughts SOURCE: Water Res. Bull., 21 (3): 481-487 TOPICS: Hydrology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sanville, William D., H. Peter Eilers, Theodore R. Boss, and Thomas G. Pfleeger PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Environmental gradients in northwest freshwater wetlands SOURCE: Environ. Manage., 10 (1). pp. 125-134 TOPICS: Wetlands, wetland ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Savabi, M. Reza and Gerald F. Gifford PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Application of selected soil loss equations to trampled soil conditions SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 23 (4): 709-715 TOPICS: Soil erosion, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schumm, S.A. PUB. YEAR: 1960 TITLE: Effect of sediment characteristics on erosion and deposition in ephemeral-stream channels SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 352-C. pp. 31-70 TOPICS: Sediment characteristics, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schumm, S.A. PUB. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of drainage systems SOURCE: Morisawa, M. (ed.) Fluvial Geomorphology. Binghampton Symposium Series #4, Binghamton, New York. pp.299- 310 TOPICS: Geomorphology, stream networks, channel adjustments, gully erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schumm, S.A. and R.W. Lichty PUB. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Time, space, and causality in geomorphology SOURCE: Am. J. of Science, 263: 110-119 TOPICS: Geomorphology, stream characteristics, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schumm, S.A., M.D. Harvey and C.C. Watson PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Incised Channels: Morphology, Dynamics and Control SOURCE: Water Resources Publications, Littleton, CO. TOPICS: Gully erosion, gully control, stream networks, channel morph- ology, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sedell, J.R. and J.L. Froggatt PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Importance of streamside forests to large rivers: the isolation of the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A., from its floodplain by snagging and streamside forest removal SOURCE: For. Sci. Lab., U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Corvallis, OR. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angenwandte Limnologie, 22: 1828-1834 TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, historical ecology, historic inves- tigation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Seyedbagheri, Kathleen A., Michael L. McHenry and William S. Platts PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: An annotated bibliography of the hydrology and fisheries studies of the South Fork Salmon River SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-235, Ogden, UT. 27 p. TOPICS: Bibiliography, aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, soil erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sharp, Brian PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Management guidelines for the willow flycatcher SOURCE: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR, January, 1987. 21 p. TOPICS: Riparian bird communities COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shinn, D.A. PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Land use habits and changes in vegetation on eastern Oregon rangelands: an historic perspective SOURCE: First Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks, Proc., Nov. 9-12 1976, U.S.D.I. National Park Service Trans. and Proc. Series No. 5. pp. 1135-1141 TOPICS: Rangeland ecosystems, historical ecology, land use COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Siekert, R.E., M.A. Smith, J.D. Rodgers, J.L. Dodd and Q.D. Skinner PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Change in stream channel morphology with grazing of an ephemeral stream in Wyoming SOURCE: Abstracts. 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management. TOPICS: Channel morphology, livestock impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Silverman, A.J. and W.D. Tomlinson PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Biohydrology of mountain fluvial systems: the Yellowstone, Parts I and II SOURCE: Montana Water Resour. Res. Center Completion Report 147, Dec. 1984. TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, geomorphology, fisheries, aquatic/riparian habitat COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Simons, D.B. PUB. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: The geomorphic and hydraulic response of rivers. SOURCE: Trans. of the Wildlife Manage. Inst. 40th N. Am. Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Pittsburg, PA, Mar. 1975. pp. 209-219 TOPICS: Channel morphology, channel hydraulics, geomorphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Simons, D.B. and Ruh-Ming Li PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Bank erosion on regulated rivers SOURCE: Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst, and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York, pp. 717-747 TOPICS: Streambank erosion, channel hydraulics, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Skinner, Q.D., J.C. Adams and M.R. Hussey PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Distribution of denitrifying and sulfate reducing bacteria within a riparian zone along a mountain stream SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Div., Reston, VA. Report No. USGS/G-879-07. 71 p. TOPICS: Riparian soils, soil characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Skinner, Q.D., J.E. Speck, M. Smith and J.C. Adams PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Stream water quality as influenced by beaver within grazing systems in Wyoming SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 37 (2): 142-146 TOPICS: Water quality, beaver ecology, grazing systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Skinner, Q.D., M.A. Smith, J.L. Dodd, J.D. Rodgers and R.E. Siekert PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: The effects of selected grazing treatment on channel morphology and sediment within the riparian zone of Fifteen Mile Creek SOURCE: Abstracts. 39th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management. TOPICS: Channel morphology, livestock impacts, grazing systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith, Derald G. PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Effect of vegetation on lateral migration of anastomosed channels of a glacier meltwater river SOURCE: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 87: 857-860 TOPICS: Geomorphology, streambank stability, riparian vegetation, soil erosion, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith, Derald G. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: River ice processes: thresholds and geo- morphological effects in northern and mountain rivers SOURCE: Coates, Donald R. and John D. Vitek (eds.) Thresholds in Geo- morphology. Geomorphology Symposium Series, Binghamton, NY. George Allen & Unwin, Boston, MA. pp. 323-343 TOPICS: River ice, geomorphology, channel morphology, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sollins, P., C.A. Glassman and C.M. Dahm PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Composition and possible origin of ditrital material in headwater streams SOURCE: Ecology, 66: 297-299 TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, organic debris COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Speaker, R., K. Moore and S. Gregory PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Analysis of the process of retention of organic matter in stream ecosystems SOURCE: Verhandlung Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie, 22 (3): 1835-1841 TOPICS: Sediment transport, stream ecosystems, riparian vegetation, organic debris, material transfer COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stednick, J.D. and W.C. Leininger PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Rangeland and Watershed Management SOURCE: Introduction to Forest Science. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. (in press) TOPICS: Rangeland ecosystems, water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stevens, Michael A. and Carl F. Nordin, Jr. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Critique of the regime theory for alluvial channels SOURCE: J. Hydraul. Engineer., 113 (11): 1359-1379 TOPICS: Hydrology, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Still, D.A. and S.F. Shih PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Using Landsat data to classify land use for assessing the basinwide runoff index SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 21 (6): 931-940 276. Still, D.A. and S.F. Shih (1985) Using Landsat data to classify land use for assessing the basinwide runoff index. Water Resour. Bull., 21 (6): 931-940 TOPICS: Land use, remote sensing, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson, F.J., R.L. Fredrikson and F.M. McCorison PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Material transfer in a western Oregon forested watershed SOURCE: R.L. Edmonds (ed.) Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States. US/IBP Synthesis Series 14, Stroudsburg, PA, Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co. pp. 267-291 TOPICS: Material transfer, organic debris, soil erosion, ecosystem dis- turbance COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson, F.J., S.V. Gregory, J.R. Sedell and A.G. Campbell PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Land - water interactions: the riparian zone SOURCE: R.L. Edmonds (ed.) Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States. US/IBP Synthesis Series 14, Stroudsburg, PA, Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co. pp. 267-291 TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, riparian vegetation, aquatic/riparian habitat, material transfer, organic debris COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson, F.J., R.L. Graham and G.E. Grant PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Some effects of slope movement on river channels SOURCE: Intern. Sympos. Erosion Debris Flow and Disaster Prevention, Septh 3-5, Tsukuba, Jaban. pp. 273-278 TOPICS: Soil erosion, geomorphology, channel morphology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson, Sherman PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: The value of healthy riparian areas SOURCE: Fact Sheet, College of Agriculture, University of Nevada-Reno, Nevada Cooperative Extension. 3 p. TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, water resources COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson, Sherman, Ray Miles, Steve Leonard and Kenneth Genz PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Classifying rangeland riparian areas: the Nevada approach. SOURCE: Interagency task force report, Nevada Riparian Management and Research and Management Task Force, Reno, NV. 13 p. TOPICS: Riparian management, classification COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swift, Bryan L. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Status of riparian ecosystems in the United States. Water Resour SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 20 (2): 223-228 TOPICS: Riparian ecosytems, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro, Robert C. and Martin D. Jakle PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Avian use of a desert riparian island and adjacent shrub habitat SOURCE: The Condor 87: 511-519 TOPICS: Riparian bird communities, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tabor, James E. PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Inventory of riparian habitats and associated wildlife along the Columbia River SOURCE: Final Report, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division. pp. 352-771 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, inventory, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Teaford, James W. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Beaver pond management SOURCE: Section 5.5.2, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual, Environmental Impact Research Program, Tech. Report EL-86-10. 10 p. TOPICS: Beaver management, waterfowl management, riparian bird communities COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Teskey, Robert O. and Thomas M. Hinkley PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Plant and soil responses to flooding. Vol. I SOURCE: Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities, U.S.D.I. Fish and Wild- life Service/OBS-77/58. 30 p. TOPICS: Riparian vegetation, soil characteristics, flooding effects COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thomas, Allan E. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Riparian protection/ enhancement in Idaho SOURCE: Rangelands 8 (5): 224-227 TOPICS: Riparian enhancement, livestock impacts, BLM-Idaho riparian projects COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: homas, Allan E. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Idaho riparian and aquatic protection and enhancement program SOURCE: U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management Tech. Bull. 87-3 (A&B), Nov. 1987, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. TOPICS: BLM-Idaho riparian projects, riparian enhancement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thomas, Allan E. and Cheryl Wentzell PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: A bibliography of rip- arian topics with emphasis on the intermountain west SOURCE: U.S.D.I.- Bureau of Land Management Tech. Bull. 86-4, Sept. 1986, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. TOPICS: Bibliography, aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thorne, Colin R. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Field measurements of rates of bank erosion and bank material strength SOURCE: Proceedings of the Florence Symposium, Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement, June 1981, IAHS Publ. No. 133. pp. 503-512 TOPICS: Streambank erosion, techniques, sediment characteristics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thorne, Colin R. PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Processes and mechanisms of river bank erosion SOURCE: Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York. pp. 227- 271 TOPICS: Channel hydraulics, streambank erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thorne, Colin R. and N. Keith Tovey PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Stability of composite river banks SOURCE: Earth Surf. Proc. and Landforms, Vol. 6: 469-484 TOPICS: Streambank stability, soil erosion, sediment characteristics, sediment transport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thorne, Colin R. and Lyle W. Zevenbergen PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Estimating mean velocity in mountain rivers SOURCE: J. Hydraul. Engineer., 111 (4): 612-624 TOPICS: Hydrology, channel hydraulics COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tiedemann, A.R., D.A. Higgins, T.M. Quigley, H.R. Sanderson and D.B. Marx PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Responses of fecal coliform in streamwater to four grazing strategies SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 40 (4): 322-329 TOPICS: Water quality, non-point source pollution, grazing systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Triska, F.J. PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Role of wood debris in modifying channel geomorphology and riparian areas of a large lowland river under pristine conditions: a historical case study SOURCE: Verhand- lung Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie, 22 (3): 1876-1892 TOPICS: Channel morphology, geomorphology, riparian ecosystems, historic investigation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Troendle, C.A. and R.M. King PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Effect of partial and clear- cutting on streamflow at Deadhorse Creek, Colorado SOURCE: J. of Hydrology, 90: 145-157 TOPICS: Logging effects, hydrology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tucker, T.L. and W.C. Leininger PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Livestock grazing affects fish habitat and nongame wildlife populations in a mountainous riparian area SOURCE: Abst. of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Manage., Boise, ID. (in press) TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, livestock impacts, live- stock management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.A. PUB. YEAR: 1944 TITLE: The history of western range research SOURCE: Agric. History, 18: 127-143 TOPICS: Grazing history COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.A.-Soil Conservation Service and U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Little Lost River Flood Control Measure Plan and Environmental Impact Statement, Howe, Butte County, Idaho SOURCE: 67 p. TOPICS: Flood control, flooding effects, habitat improvement COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.A.-Soil Conservation Service, Camas Soil Conservation District & U.S.-Forest Service PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Idaho Cooperative River Basin Study: Camas Creek erosion and sediment study SOURCE: 116 p. TOPICS: Watershed restoration, streambank stabilization COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Selected riparian area management strategies for: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Wyoming SOURCE: Unpubl. report on file, BLM State Office, Boise, ID. 55 p. TOPICS: Riparian management, monitoring COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Summaries of riparian and stream alteration studies completed by the Eastern Energy and Land Use Team SOURCE: Eastern Energy and Land Use Team and National Water Resources Analysis Group. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, vi. 38 p. TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, water resources COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: University of Washington PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Streamside Management - Riparian, Wildlife and Forestry Interactions SOURCE: Streamside Management - Riparian, Wildlife and Forestry Interactions TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitats, riparian ecosystems, riparian management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vale, Thomas R. PUB. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Presettlement vegetation in the sagebrush- grass area of the Intermountain West SOURCE: J. Range Manage., 28 (1): 32-36 TOPICS: Historic investigation, historic journals, livestock grazing, rangeland ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van Dyne, George M., William Burch, Sally Fairfax and William Huey PUB. YEAR: unknown TITLE: Forage allocation on arid and semi arid public grazing lands: summary and recommendations SOURCE: Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management: A Report. pp. 1-25 TOPICS: Forage allocation, livestock management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van Haveren, Bruce P. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Management of instream flows through runoff detention and retention SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull. 22 (3): 399-404 TOPICS: Instream flows, modeling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van Haveren, Bruce, Eric B. Janes and William L. Jackson PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Nonpoint pollution control on public lands SOURCE: J. Soil and Water Conserv., 40 (1): 92-94 TOPICS: Non-point source pollution, water quality, sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van Haveren, Bruce P. and William L. Jackson PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Concepts in stream riparian rehabilitation SOURCE: Trans. 51st N.A. Wildl. & Nat. Res. Conf., Mar. 21-26, 1986, Reno, NV. pp. 280-289 TOPICS: Riparian ecosystems, geomorphology, hydrology, channel adjustments COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vance, Mary PUB. YEAR: 1986) TITLE: Wetland conservation: a bibliography SOURCE: Public Administration Series: Bibiliography #P 2058, ISSN: 0193-970X, ISBN: 1-55590-118-2, Vance Bibliographies, P.O. Box 229, Monticello, IL 61856. 20 p. TOPICS: Wetland conservation, bibliography COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vasiliev, O.F. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: System modeling of the interaction between surface and ground waters in problems of hydrology SOURCE: J. Hydrol. Sciences, 32 (3): 297-311 TOPICS: Hydrology, modeling, surface water-groundwater interaction COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Walker, John W. and R.K. Heitschmidt PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Effect of various grazing systems on type and density of cattle trails SOURCE: J. Range Manage., 39 (5): 428-430 TOPICS: Livestock grazing, livestock impacts, grazing systems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Walling, D.E. and P. Kane PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Temporal variation of suspended sediment properties SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 409-419 TOPICS: Sediment transport, nonpoint-source pollution COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Walling, D.E. and B.W. Webb PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Sediment availability and the prediction of storm-period sediment yields SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 327-337 TOPICS: Sediment transport, modeling, sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Walters, M. Alice, Robert Teskey and Thomas M. Hinkley PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Mediterranean region/ western arid and semi-arid region. Vol VII SOURCE: Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities, U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/93. 90 p. TOPICS: Riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Walters, M. Alice, Teskey, Robert and Thomas M. Hinkley PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Regions. Vol. VII SOURCE: Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities, U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/93. 90 p. TOPICS: Riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Welch, R. and T.R. Jorday PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Analytic non-metric close-range photogrammetry for monitoring stream channel erosion SOURCE: Photo- gram. Enginner. and Rem. Sens., 49 (3): 367-374 TOPICS: Streambank erosion, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Weltz, Mark and M. Karl Wood PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Short duration grazing in New Mexico: effects on sediment production SOURCE: J. Soil and Water Conserv. Jul.-Aug., 1986. pp. 262-266 TOPICS: Soil erosion, sediment production, livestock grazing, livestock impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wesch, T.A., D.W. Reiser and V.R. Hasfurther PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Development and testing of a new technique for measuring fine sediment in streams SOURCE: 1986 Symposium on mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and reclamation. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, Dec. 8-12. pp. 49-53 TOPICS: Sediment transport, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wesch, T.A., C.M. Goertler and C.B. Frye PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Contribution of riparian vegetation to trout cover in small streams. N. Am. SOURCE: J. Fisheries Manage. 7: 151-153 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Whittaker, J.G. and T.R.H. Davies PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Erosion and sediment transport processes in step-pool torrents SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 99-104 TOPICS: Soil erosion, sediment transport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Williams, J.R., A.D. Nicks and J.G. Arnold PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Simulator for water resources in rural basins SOURCE: J. Hydraul. Engineer., 111 (6): 970-986 TOPICS: Modeling, hydrology, sediment yield COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wilson, Bruce N. and Billy J. Barfield PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: A detachment model for non-cohesive sediment SOURCE: Trans. of the ASAE, 29 (2): 445-449 TOPICS: Sediment transport, modeling COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wilson, Lars PUB. YEAR: 1962 TITLE: Observations on the dambuilding behavior of the beaver (Castor fiber l.) in a stream tank SOURCE: Technical report EOOAR Contract No. AF 61(052)-195. 21 p. TOPICS: Beaver, beaver ecology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wilzbach, M.A. and K.W. Cummins PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Influence of habitat man- ipulations on interactions between cuttroat trout and inver- tibrate drift SOURCE: Ecology, 67 (4): 898-911 TOPICS: Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, aquatic macroinvertebrates COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Windell, John T., B.E. Willard, D.J. Cooper, S.Q. Foster, C.F. Knud-Hansen, L.P. Rink and G.N. Kiladis PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: An ecological characterization of Rocky Mountain Montane and subalpine wetlands SOURCE: U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service, OBS-Report 86 (11). 295 p. TOPICS: Wetlands, wetland ecology COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wolman, M. Gordon PUB. YEAR: 1954 TITLE: A method of sampling coarse river-bed material SOURCE: Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Vol. 35, No. 6, Dec. 1954. pp. 951-956 TOPICS: Channel characteristics, techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wolman, M. Gordon PUB. YEAR: 1959 TITLE: Factors influencing erosion of a cohesive river bank SOURCE: Am. J. of Science, Vol. 257, March 1959. pp. 204- 216 TOPICS: Streambank erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wolman, M. Gordon and Ran Gerso PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Relative scales of time and effectiveness of climate in watershed geomorpholog SOURCE: Earth Surf. Proc., 3: 189-208 TOPICS: Geomorphology, drainage basins, climate COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Yoo, Kyung H. and Myron Molnau PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Upland soil erosion simulation for agricultural watersheds SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull., 23 (5): 819- 827 TOPICS: Modeling, soil erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Young, R.A. and C.A. Onstad PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: The effect of soil characteris- tics on erosion and nutrient loss SOURCE: Proceeding of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 105-113 TOPICS: Soil characteristics, soil erosion, sediment transport, non-point source pollution COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Zimmerman, R.C., J.C. Goodlet and G.H. Comer PUB. YEAR: 1967 TITLE: Influence of vegetation on channel form of small streams SOURCE: Int. Assoc. Scient. Hydrol.: Symposium on River Morphology, Publ. 75. pp. 255-275 TOPICS: Channel morphology, riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Zurowski, Wirgiliuz PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Preliminary results of European beaver reintroduction in the tributary streams of the Vistula River SOURCE: Acta Theriologica 24 (7): 85-91 TOPICS: Beaver, beaver ecology, beaver management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Alexander, E.B. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Proceedings of watershed '89: a conference on the stewardship of soil, air and water resources: Juneau, AK, March 21-23, 1989 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. TOPICS: watershed hydrology, biological diversity COMMENTS: Some papers relevant to riparian issues included in this bibliography. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Alexander, E.B., E. Kissinger, R.H. Huecker and P.Cullen PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Soils of southeast Alaska as sinks for organic carbon fixed from atmospheric carbon dioxide. p. 203-210 SOURCE: E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. TOPICS: wetland soils, soil development COMMENTS: Discusses the organic carbon (C) storage in histosols and other wet-soil orders, indicating a possible increase in organic C storage as glaciers recede. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Allen, E.O. PUB. YEAR: 1968 TITLE: Range use, foods, condition, and productivity of white-tailed deer in Montana SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 32(1):130-141. white-tailed deer in Montana. J. Wildl. Manage. 32(1):130-141. TOPICS: white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: The study area included 20 bottoms and three islands of the Missouri River floodplain, Montana. Forty and 33 percent of summer deer (white-tailed deer, Odocoileus viginianus) observations, and 22 and 35 percent of fall deer observations were made in the meadow vegetation type (distributed generally throughout the floodplain) and alfalfa fields, respectively. Fifty percent of winter and 19 percent of spring observations were in the cottonwood type (adjacent to the river). Weed-infested fields accounted for 26 and 53 percent of winter and spring observations, respectively. Western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), occurring in the cottonwood vegetation type, was the most important food type. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Amaranthus, M., H. Jubas and D. Arthur PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Stream shading, summer streamflow and maximum water temperature following intense wildfire in headwater streams. p.75-78 SOURCE: Proceedings of the Symposium on Fire and Watershed Management; 1988, Sacramento, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-109. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 164p. TOPICS: streamwater temperature, riparian forest, fire effects COMMENTS: Adjacent headwater streams were monitored for postfire shade, summer streamflow and maximum water temperature following the Silver Complex fire in southern Oregon. Variation in maximum water temperature increase was strongly correlated to stream flow and percent total streamside shade. Dead vegetation provided the most shade. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anonymous PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Beaver management program for the Wood River Resource Conservation and Development Area. A report sponsored by the Blaine, Camas, Wood River, and Gooding Soil Conservation Districts SOURCE: Wood River R.C. and D. Project assisted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. TOPICS: beaver, riparian management COMMENTS: A beaver management committee has been formed by public and private land managers within the Wood River Resource and Conservation and Development Project Area. The report outlines the goals of this committee and its beaver management policy. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anonymous PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Montana Riparian Association bibliography SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: bibliography, riparian habitat, riparian management COMMENTS: Alphabetically arranged by author, without annotation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anthony, R.G., E.D. Forsman, G.A. Green, G. Witmer, and S.K. Nelson. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Small mammal populations in riparian zones of different-aged coniferous forest SOURCE: The Murrelet 68:94-102. TOPICS: bibliography, riparian habitat, riparian management COMMENTS: Small mammals were trapped in riparian zones in young, mature, and old-growth coniferous forests in spring and summer of one year. More species, but fewer individuals, were captured on the streamside transects in comparison to the riparian fringe transects, 15-20 m from the stream. No species was solely dependent on riparian zones in old-growth forests, however, additional studies are needed. (from authors abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Auble, G.T., D.B. Hamilton, J.E. Roelle, J. Clayton, L.H. Fredrickson PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A prototype expert system for moist soil management. p. 137-143 SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: soil moisture, management COMMENTS: A computer program that suggests management regimes for a set of moist soil impoundments. The program meets a series of ranked habitat objectives by assigning management regimes to particular units, and considers unit characteristics such as vegetation and hydrologic constraints. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baad, M.F. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Soil-vegetation correlations within the riparian zone of Butte Sink in the Sacramento Valley of northern California SOURCE: S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(25). 48 pp. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian plant communities, riparian soils COMMENTS: The study tests a system for delineating wetlands by correlation of vegetation indices with soil types. Each plant was assigned a wetland indicator number, based on prepared plant lists or a provisional number for species not previously listed for the area. Vegetation indices included the wetland indicator and either the plant density or percent cover. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bain, M.B. and J.T. Finn PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Streamflow regulation and fish community structure SOURCE: Ecology 69 (2):382-392. TOPICS: aquatic habitat, stream flow regulation, fishery, biological diversity COMMENTS: An abundant (>90% of all fish) and diverse (nine species) group of small-fish species and size classes were restricted to microhabitat that was characterized as shallow in depth, slow in current velocity, and concentrated along stream margins (tributaries of the Connecticut River, Vermont). This group of fish was reduced in abundance in the regulated river and absent at the study site with the greatest flow fluctuation. Another fish group included species and size classes that used either a broad range of habitat or a microhabitat that was deep, fast, or both, and was concentrated in midstream areas. The density of fish in this group was higher in the regulated river and peaked at the sites with the greatest fluctuations in flow. Highly variable and unpredictable flow regimes appear to be a high-frequency disturbance that affects fish differently depending on the way they use stream habitat and acts to reduce community complexity. (from authors' abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baker Jr., M.B. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The diversity in streamflow response from upland basins in Arizona SOURCE: citation incomplete: author's address. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. State University, Tempe, AZ.) TOPICS: stream flow response, soil depth COMMENTS: Soil depth was used to explain hydrograph differences for study areas in Arizona during a wet year. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baker, W.L. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Classification of the riparian vegetation of the montane and subalpine zones in western Colorado SOURCE: Great Basin Naturalist 49:214-228. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian forest, riparian plant communities COMMENTS: A classification of relatively undisturbed riparian vegetation, remnant from pre-settlement vegetation, in western Colorado. Plant associations include montane riparian forests, subalpine riparian forests, lower subalpine willow carrs, upper subalpine willow carrs and a subalpine wetland. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baldwin, M.F. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Wetlands: fortifying federal and regional cooperation SOURCE: Environment 29(7):17. TOPICS: wetland protection, wetlands policy implementation COMMENTS: Reviews the basis for federal government involvement in the protection of wetlands, recommends the strengthening of local and state programs by implementing an effective efficient wetland regulatory program under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and by focussed planning to protect valuable and vulnerable wetlands in cooperation with other federal, state and local agencies, private groups and the public. (from author's introduction) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Barclay, J.S. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Impact of stream alterations on riparian communities in southcentral Oklahom SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program: FWS/OBS-80/17. 91 p. TOPICS: stream channelization, biological diversity, riparian vegetation, birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles COMMENTS: Evaluates the effects on bird, mammal, amphibian, and reptile populations of stream channelization and stream impoundment in the southern grasslands region, Oklahoma. Two channelized streams and one impounded stream, all major tributaries of the Washita River, were studied. Present day land use was usually the most apparent factor determining vegetation differences between sites. Altered flood patterns reduced productivity on channelized or impounded streams, however. Bird, amphibian, reptile and small mammal species richness was reduced on channelized sites. Impoundment effects tended towards lower species diversity and higher relative abundance on downstream sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Beaudry, P.G. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Hydrology of the Skeena River floodplains I: Implications to herbicide use. p. 165-171 SOURCE: E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. TOPICS: water quality, herbicide fate, floodplain hydrology COMMENTS: Based on the annual groundwater regime, stratigraphy of deposits, soil characteristics, soil and air climates, and chemical/physical properties of herbicides, inferences were made about the probable herbicide fate in the coastal alluvial environment. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Beaudry, P.G. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Hydrology of the Skeena River Floodplains II: Flood hazard classification for silviculture. p. 173-178. SOURCE: E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. TOPICS: floodplain hydrology, planting, aerial photography COMMENTS: A flood hazard classification system based on flood level for planting of sitka spruce. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bezanson, C.E. and L.E. Hughes. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: A riparian zone-one story SOURCE: Rangelands 11(2):56-57. TOPICS: grazing systems, riparian enhancement, southwestern desert streams COMMENTS: A brief case study of riparian vegetation enhancement by grazing management in "The Strip" of northwestern Arizona. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Blakesley, J.A. and K.R. Reese PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Avian use of campground and noncampground sites in riparian zone SOURCE: Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3):339-402. TOPICS: bird communities COMMENTS: Shrub, sapling and tree densities; cover of residual stems and deadwood; and litter depth were all lower in campground than noncampground plots. Differences in avian community composition appeared related to nesting substrate, cover, and foraging substrate. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bledsoe, S. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: An alternative approach to the regulation of riparian management SOURCE: Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry Interactions. p. 239-244. University Washington, Institute of Forest Resources, no. 59: Seattle, WA. TOPICS: wetlands policy implementation COMMENTS: A forest industry proponent, bureaucrat, regulator and legislator comments on regulatory approaches to riparian management with the conclusion that regulations are best designed to support site-specific decision making process and that monitoring is essential. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Boggs, K. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: A site classification with management information for riparian and wetland sites in northwest Montana SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian plant communities COMMENTS: Seral plant communities (community types) have, theoretically, not reached a steady state condition and, thus, some species are still being replaced by others. Seral communities may, however, remain stable for time frames relevant to land management decisions. Major seral communities are included in the riparian/wetland classification scheme. See Boggs et al.(1990) and Hansen et al. (1989) for complete riparian and wetland classification scheme with habitat types defined for Montana. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Boggs, K., P. Hansen, R. Pfister, and J. Joy PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in northwestern Montana SOURCE: Draft Version 1. Montana Riparian Association, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 217 pp. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian plant communities, riparian soils, riparian management COMMENTS: A key for identifying riparian site types, i.e., areas occupied or potentially occupied by a specific riparian association (plant community type representing the latest successional stage attainable on a specific hydrologic site). Community types which represent disclimax or seral communities that are stable for time frames relevant to land management decisions are described. Habitat types are described for specific communities. Soils, adjacent communities and management information is provided for each habitat type. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bohn, C. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Management of winter soil temperatures to control streambank erosion. p.69-71. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Riparian Resource Management, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 193 pp. TOPICS: streambank erosion, soil temperature, streambank vegetation COMMENTS: Freeze-thaw cycles in soil are of greater magnitude without vegetation than with vegetation cover. Soil frost reduces soil strength. Hypothesizes that vegetation insulates the streambank soil and so may improve bank stability. Different vegetative cover affects freeze-thaw cycles and so may also affect bank stability. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Boring, K.K., L. Boring, T. Harris, and F. Cubbage PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Section 404 Federal Wetlands Regulation: defining wetlands and corps jurisdiction SOURCE: TOPS (spring 1988):18-21. TOPICS: wetlands regulation COMMENTS: Review of federal law that has evolved regarding the waters of the United States that fall under the 404 permit requirements administered by the COE (Corps of Engineers) and comparison of the scientific concept of wetlands with the current method of wetlands delineation employed by the COE. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Boule, M.E. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetland creation and enhancement in the Pacific Northwest. p. 130-136. SOURCE: J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend (eds.). Increasing Our Wetland Resources. National Wildlife Federation Proceedings, Oct. 1987, Washington D.C. TOPICS: wetlands creation, project management COMMENTS: Management and assessment of a wetland creation project. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Braasch, S., and G.W. Tanner. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian zone inventory SOURCE: Rangelands, 11(3):103-106. TOPICS: riparian inventory, beaver COMMENTS: Qualitative observations of beaver and grazing impacts, Pfankuch bank/channel stability evaluation and plant habitat classification of mountain stream riparian zones. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brinson, M.M. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Riparian and floodplain ecosystems: functions, values, and management SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program, Eastern Energy and Land Use Team, Kearneysville, WV. 7 p. TOPICS: riparian, floodplain management COMMENTS: A synopsis of functions, values and management of riparian floodplain ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Britton, C.M. and F.A. Sneva PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Effects of haying and non-use on flood meadow vegetation. p.5-7. SOURCE: Research in Rangeland Management, Oregon State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 549: Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR. 39 p. TOPICS: management, meadow vegetation COMMENTS: Comparison of herbage yield and plant species composition for hayed and adjacent uncut meadow areas. See Britton et al. (1980), referred to in the 1986 bibliography (Thomas and Wentzell, 1986), for subsequent results. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown, C.R. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Avian use of native and exotic riparian habitats on the Snake River, Idaho SOURCE: M.Sc. Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 60 pp. TOPICS: wildlife habitat, bird communities, biological diversity COMMENTS: Avian use in 5 riparian habitat types (willow, Russian olive, willow-Russian olive mix, river birch and hackberry) was inventoried during the winter and breeding seasons, 1989. Twenty-two species were observed during winter inventories and 36 species observed during the breeding season of which 21 species bred in the study area. Willow sites had higher species richness and density than the exotic Russian olive sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Burke, I.C., W.A. Reiners, and D.S. Schimel. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Organic matter turnover in a sagebrush-steppe landscape SOURCE: Biogeochemistry 7: 11-31. TOPICS: soil processes COMMENTS: Compares organic matter accumulation and N in surface soils of sagebrush steppe vegetation and in different micro-topographic positions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cale, W.G., G.M. Henebry, and J.A. Yeakley PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Inferring process from pattern in natural communities SOURCE: Can we understand what we see? BioScience 39(9):600-605. TOPICS: ecosystem processes COMMENTS: Thesis: predictions must derive from analysis of fundamental processes, not from analysis of biological patterns. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Carson, R.G. and J.M. Peek PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Mule deer habitat selection patterns in northcentral Washington SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 51(1):46-51. TOPICS: mule deer, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Mule deer (northcentral Washington) used the riparian cover type for thermal protection, security and browsing (Saskatoon serviceberry). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chadwick, D.H. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: The biodiversity challenge. By linking protected habitats, America can aid the survival of nature's richness SOURCE: Defenders Magazine Special Report, Defenders of Wildlife, Portland, OR. 14 p. TOPICS: biological diversity, gap analysis, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: The essay introduces concepts of island biogeography and applies these to wildlife survival on islands of natural habitat created by human conversion of landscapes. Wildlife conservation is discussed in terms of conservation of habitat types, the areal extent and continuity of habitats. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chaney, E., W. Elmore, and W.S. Platts PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Livestock grazing on western riparian areas SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 45 p. TOPICS: grazing effects, riparian enhancement, management COMMENTS: A glossy presentation with photographs addressing riparian functions, values and issues, documenting cases of successful riparian enhancement studies throughout the west. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cheng, J.D. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Streamflow changes after clear-cut logging of a pine beetle-infested watershed in southern British Columbia, Canada SOURCE: Water Resources Research 25(3):449-456. TOPICS: stream flow, logging effects COMMENTS: In response to clear-cut logging over 30% of a watershed, annual and monthly water yields and annual peak flows increased, and annual peak flow and half flow volume occurrence dates arrived earlier than for pre-logging conditions and for a no-cut control watershed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ciliberti, V. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Small scale placer mining on Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administered land SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: placer mining management COMMENTS: In Montana, regulation of placer mining operations under 5 acres in a rea is achieved by negotiation with the operator. The BLM has few powers to compel compliance by operators. Water quality violation is a possible avenue for obtaining compliance (from author's abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary, W.P. and D.E. Medin. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Differences in vegetation biomass and structure due to cattle grazing in a northern Nevada riparian ecosystem SOURCE: Res. Pap. INT-427. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 8 p. TOPICS: riparian plant communities, grazing effects, grazing exclosure COMMENTS: The study area is on the West Fork of Deer Creek in northeastern Nevada. Plots are located within an 11-year grazing exclosure and on the adjacent grazed riparian zone. Cattle grazing effects were concentrated in the riparian, not in adjacent uplands. Positioning of the exclosure fence across the narrow Deer Creek canyon probably reduced cattle access to the unfenced riparian, resulting in similar aspen stands upstream of the exclosure and within the exclosure. Below the exclosure, grazing had a major impact on aspen regeneration and stand structure. Greatest vegetation biomass differences between the grazed and fenced areas occurred among graminoid species. Willow stands were extremely variable, masking biomass differences. There were no significant differences between sites for biomass of small shrubs, but large shrubs other than willow had significantly greater biomass in the grazed areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary, W.P. and B.F. Webster. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Managing grazing of riparian areas in the Intermountain Region SOURCE: Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-263. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 11 p. TOPICS: grazing management COMMENTS: Riparian grazing management recommendations for planning and implementing riparian grazing on National Forest System lands in the Intermountain Region. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary, W.P., and B.F. Webster. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Riparian grazing guidelines for the Intermountain Region SOURCE: Rangelands 12:209-212. TOPICS: grazing management COMMENTS: Grazing practices which intend to reduce impacts on the herbaceous plant community, the woody plant community and streambank morphology are recommended. Criteria of minimum season-end stubble heights and an emphasis on early grazing are aimed at the maintenance of the woody plant community and streambank morphology. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clifton, C. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Effects of vegetation and landuse on channel morphology. p. 121-129 SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Riparian Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 pp. TOPICS: hydrology, channel morphology, streambank vegetation COMMENTS: Variability of channel morphology within a drainage is high and depends on factors such as vegetation, associated land uses, and organic debris. Increased channel roughness reduces erosional energy and promotes sedimentation. Vegetation-responsive channel parameters include channel width, wetted perimeter, channel shape. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clifton, C. and A.E. Thomas PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A bibliography of riparian and related topics with emphasis on the Intermountain West SOURCE: Technical Bulletin 88-2. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. 69 pp. TOPICS: BLM, bibliography, riparian COMMENTS: Lists recent publications up to 1988 (322 references) that address riparian topics. Copies of that bibliography in both booklet and diskette form are available from A.E. Thomas at the Idaho State Office, BLM. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Colby, B.G. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Enhancing instream flow benefits in and era of water marketing SOURCE: Water Resources Research 26(6):1113-1120. TOPICS: water rights, instream flow, policy COMMENTS: This article examines current instream flow policies in the western states and outlines the economic values generated by stream flows. The author argues that instream values are high enough to compete in the market for water rights with offstream uses when important recreation sites and wildlife species are involved. The paper suggests how western state policies might be altered to accommodate instream flow protection within the context of water marketing, with the objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation among instream and consumptive uses. (from author's abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Compton, B.B., R.J. Mackie, and G.L. Desek PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Factors influencing distribution of white-tailed deer in riparian habitats SOURCE: Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3): 544-548. TOPICS: white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Evaluation of factors influencing distribution of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus) along the lower Yellowstone River in eastern Montana during winter, summer and fall, 1985. The amount of riparian forest and shrubland cover was the most important factor influencing deer distribution and accounted for 70% of the variation observed in relative deer abundance among sections of the river bottom. Cattle distribution and amount of island area also influenced the distribution of deer (from Abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cooperrider, A.Y. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Conservation of biological diversity on western rangelands SOURCE: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference: 55th Annual Meeting, March 16-21, 1990, Denver, CO.: Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. TOPICS: biological diversity, ecosystem processes COMMENTS: Biological diversity - diversity at the community/habitat, species and genetic levels - is threatened by our activities on the western rangelands. The paper reviews programs that currently address these losses and recommends further research, expanded inventory taking and new programs that focus on semi-natural areas that surround preserves. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Corn, P.S., and R.B. Bury PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management, 29:39-57. TOPICS: riparian forest, amphibians, biological diversity COMMENTS: Compared the occurrence and abundance of amphibians between streams flowing through uncut forests and streams in logged stands where second growth has reestablished the canopy. Pacific giant salamanders (Dicampton ensatus), Olympic salamanders (Rhyacotriton olympicus), Dunn's salamanders (Plethodon dunni), tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cornwell, J. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Developing grazing management plans for riparian areas SOURCE: Idaho Range News, April (1990), Soil Conservation Service (Boise). TOPICS: grazing strategies COMMENTS: Suggestions to managers for developing plans for management of riparian grazing (a generalized view). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Crance, J.H. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Relationships between palustrine wetlands of forested riparian floodplains and fishery resources: a review SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(32). 27 pp. TOPICS: riparian forest, fishery, floodplain hydrology, ecosystem processes COMMENTS: Palustrine wetlands of forested riparian floodplains were defined as freshwater wetlands that are coupled to upland watersheds and to adjacent streams. Hydrology, nutrient transport, productivity and fish species structure were reviewed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Crisco, W. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Riparian vegetation analysis with low altitude aerial photography SOURCE: A case study report, BLM Vale District, Oregon. BLM Remote Sensing Section, Denver, CO. TOPICS: riparian monitoring, aerial photography, BLM COMMENTS: Infrared aerial photographs of 11 riparian sites were obtained during two periods, 1981-1982 and in 1987, at scales from 1:1, 790 to 1:3, 570. Vegetation and channel characteristics were characterized and acreages of each category determined. Significant vegetation changes were observed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cummins, K.W., M.A. Wilzbach, D.M. Gates, J.B. Perry and W.B. Taliaferro PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Shredders and riparian vegetation SOURCE: Bioscience 39(1):24-30. TOPICS: stream invertebrates, riparian ecosystems, stream organic debris COMMENTS: Synthesis of a conceptual model that links riparian litter with stream shredders which, as a group, convert large organic plant substrates such as leaf litter into smaller particles. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis, G.J. and M.M. Brinson PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Responses of submersed vascular plant communities to environmental change: summary SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services \ Program: FWS/OBS-80/42. 15 p. TOPICS: aquatic plants, water quality COMMENTS: Condensation of a more comprehensive, technical publication by the same authors entitled RESPONSES OF SUBMERSED VASCULAR PLANT COMMUNITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, FWS/OBS-79/33. Environmental parameters include: light transmission, fluctuating water levels, wave action, sedimentation, nutrients, and seasonal effects. Potential impacts of various developmental activities are discussed briefly. (authors' abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis, R.K. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The benefits of riparian development: a report to TGS Technology Inc. on procedures for the economic evaluation of riparian protection projects of the U.S. SOURCE: Bureau of Land Management. TOPICS: BLM, riparian management COMMENTS: An economic analysis of riparian improvement projects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: De Meo, T.E., and W.D. Loggy PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Development of wetlands mapping procedures for forest planning in southeast Alaska. p. 57-72. SOURCE: E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. TOPICS: wetland classification, geographical information system COMMENTS: Wetland boundaries were generated using a geographical information system (GIS), hydric soil information and wetland plant associations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: De Roo, A.P.J., L. Hazelhoff, and P.A. Burrough. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Soil erosion modelling using 'ANSWERS' and geographical information systems SOURCE: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 14:517-532. TOPICS: erosion models, soil erosion, geographical information system COMMENTS: A model that simulates surface runoff and erosion was linked to a Geographical Information System. Model output is very sensitive to small changes of several input variables, such as infiltration, antecedent soil moisture, and soil roughness. Detailed information about rainfall intensities during an event is needed. Sensitivity and insufficient input data make the validation of ANSWERS difficult. (from abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeBano, L.F. and W.R. Hansen PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Rehabilitating depleted riparian areas using channel structures. p. 141-148. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Riparian Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 pp. TOPICS: channel restoration, in-stream structures, riparian enhancement COMMENTS: Case studies of watershed-riparian rehabilitation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeBano, L.F., and L. Schmidt PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Interrelationship between watershed condition and health of riparian areas in southwestern United States. p. 45-52. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 p. TOPICS: riparian management, watershed rehabilitation, riparian enhancement COMMENTS: A review of relationships between the whole watershed and riparian zones with watershed management suggestions for improvement of the riparian. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeBano, L.F., and L.J. Schmidt. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Improving southwestern riparian areas through watershed management SOURCE: Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-182. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 33 pp. TOPICS: watershed rehabilitation, riparian enhancement, soil erosion, in-stream structures, channel dynamics, streambank protection structures COMMENTS: This paper reviews opportunities and watershed restoration techniques available for rehabilitating and enhancing riparian ecosystems in southwest environments. As such, it is intended to serve as a state-of-the-art report on riparian hydrology and improvement in both naturally occurring and man-made riparian areas throughout the Southwest (from Abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeLaune, R.D., W.H. Patrick, and S.R. Pezeshki. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Forseeable flooding and death of coastal wetland forests SOURCE: Environmental Conservation. 14(2):129-133. TOPICS: soil, Cs137 COMMENTS: Of interest is the technique of dating sediment layers in forest soils by measuring 137Cs activity in soil. 137Cs is a product of nuclear-weapon testing and does not occur naturally. Fallout levels first appeared in 1954 with peak levels occurring in 1963 and 1964. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Deusen, M.S., and P.W. Adams PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian areas: fish and wildlife havens SOURCE: Woodland Fish and Wildlife Project, June 1989: World Forestry Center, Portland, OR. 7 p. TOPICS: riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: This publication tells how riparian areas provide essential fish and wildlife habitat, how land use can affect this habitat, and briefly describes management practices that protect or enhance the habitat (from Introduction). The publication is aimed to serve as a practical guide to woodland owners. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeVelice, R.L. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Potential effects of global climate change on riparian forests SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: global warming effects, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Abstract of a spoken presentation. Recommends broad-scale monitoring for early detection of ecosystem change in response to global warming, establishment of migration corridors to enable species movement to favorable environments, and natural areas designation to attempt to maximize landscape diversity so that suitable habitats will remain available for most species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dickson, J.G. and J. Howard. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Small mammals in streamside management zones in pine plantations. p. 375-378. SOURCE: Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North America. Proceedings of the symposium, July 19-21, 1988, Flagstaff, AZ: Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. TOPICS: small mammals, streamside management zones, riparian forest COMMENTS: The study quantified captures of small mammals in mature hardwood or pine-hardwood strips along streams that flow through pine plantations in Texas. More small mammals were captured in the narrow streamside management zones (tree canopy absent and dense brushy vegetation) than in medium or wide zones. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dieter, C.D., and T.R. McCabe. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Habitat use by beaver along the Big Sioux River in eastern South Dakota. p. 135-140. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 p. TOPICS: beaver COMMENTS: Species and diameter of trees evaluated for grazed and ungrazed riparian areas utilized by beaver. Ungrazed, beaver-utilized areas were dominated by many young trees with small DBH, < 7.5 cm, many stems the result of sprouting. In such areas, beaver cut selectively, choosing trees near to the stream and favoring particular species. There was apparently less beaver damage in the grazed areas, because of lesser availability of small-diameter trees close to streams. No evidence that beaver degraded the ungrazed areas, despite the greater evidence of damage to trees. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dobyns, H.F. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Historical Perspective. A workshop presentation: Practical approaches to riparian resource management SOURCE: An educational workshop. D'Arcy McNickle Center for the History of the American Indian, The Newberry Library, Chicago. IL. TOPICS: riparian, historical riparian uses COMMENTS: A history of use of riparian resources in North America from paleoindian times (8000 BC) to present. Thesis is that riparian "management" by human communities occurs only within the priorities for selective riparian resource use defined by the social structure. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Douglas, A.J. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Annotated bibliography of economic literature on wetlands SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 89(19). 67pp. TOPICS: bibliography, economics of wetland protection COMMENTS: Annotated bibliography of recent, post-1965, economic literature on wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dusek, G.L. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Use of riparian areas in Montana by white-tailed deer. SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of riparian and wetland forested ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990, in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: In eastern Montana hardwood draws containing green ash and adjacent prairies are an important habitat type for white-tailed deer, particularly when interspersed with croplands. Highest deer density is along the river bottoms. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Eicher, A.L. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Soil-plant correlations in wetlands and adjacent uplands of the San Francisco Bay estuary, California SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88 (21). 35 pp. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian soils, riparian plant communities COMMENTS: The study tests a system for delineating wetlands by correlation of vegetation indices with soil types. Each plant was assigned a wetland indicator number, based on prepared plant lists or a provisional number for species not previously listed for the area. Vegetation indices included the wetland indicator and either the plant density or percent cover. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Filip, G.M., L.D. Bryant, and C.A. Parks PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Mass movement of river ice causes severe tree wounds along the Grande Ronde River in northeastern Oregon SOURCE: Northwest Science 63(5):211-213. TOPICS: river ice, streambank vegetation COMMENTS: Lateral movement of river ice across the floodplain caused large wounds on tree stems (mountain alder) and direct mortality of shrub or indirect mortality through wounding and subsequent infection by canker fungi. The ages of wounds indicated a 20 to 30 year period between events of lateral ice movement across the floodplain. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Finch, D.M. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Bird-habitat relationships in subalpine riparian shrublands of the central Rocky Mountains. p. 167-172 SOURCE: C.A. Troendle, M.R. Kaufmann, R.H. Hamre (tech. coords.). Management of Subalpine Forests: Building on 50 Years of Research. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-149. TOPICS: bird communities, biological diversity, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Examined associations between bird abundance, habitat structure measured at random sites, and habitat measured at bird locations in subalpine riparian shrublands. The subalpine riparian avifaunas were depauperate with only four abundant species-- song sparrow, white-crowned sparrow, Lincoln's sparrow and Wilson's warbler. Habitat requirements overlapped among these species but differed significantly from randomly-sampled habitat in the same areas. Results indicated that species preferred densely-foliated ground and shrub layers, and higher effective vegetation height (from abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Finch, D.M. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Habitat use and habitat overlap of riparian birds in three elevational zones SOURCE: Ecology 70(4): 866-880. TOPICS: riparian ecosystems, bird communities, biological diversity, riparian habitat COMMENTS: The low elevation riparian habitat provides a broader more complex resource base than higher elevation riparian habitats. Over all sites, zone-independent bird species were generalists and zone-dependent species were more often habitat specialists. On a site-by-site basis, however, some high elevation specialists were generalists for their sites, and some zone generalists were in fact specialists within a particular site. Avifauna diversity in western and Rocky Mountains riparian sites is not saturated, indicating that the Great Plains region still offers a barrier to western dispersal. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Floyd, D., P. Ogden, B. Roundy, G. Ruyle, and D. Stewart. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Improving riparian habitats SOURCE: Rangelands 10(3):132-134. TOPICS: grazing strategies, riparian enhancement, southwestern desert streams COMMENTS: Briefly describes two Arizona grazing allotments where the author claims that rotational grazing and sensitivity to the riparian habitat values has resulted in greatly enhanced riparian habitats. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Foote, A.L. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Effects of wave energy on plant establishment in shallow lacustrine wetlands. p. 115-119. SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: lacustrine sediment transport, emergent wetland plants, seed bank COMMENTS: Studies address affects of wave action on sediment resuspension, seed bank redistribution and survival of tubers in shallow wave-washed wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fox, J.D. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Simulating vegetation-water yield relations in interior Alaska. p. 179-189. SOURCE: E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. TOPICS: watershed hydrology, watershed models COMMENTS: A model for predicting spring runoff in cold climates. The model incorporates interactions among snowmelt and soil infiltration capacity. The former is affected by all factors influencing the snowpack energy balance and the latter is affected by soil texture, autumn soil moisture, snowpack depth and air temperature, all of which determine soil freezing and thawing. The study hypothesized that runoff will increase after timber harvest, not only due to increased snowmelt rates and decreased transpiration, but also due to fall soil moisture and subsequent formation of concrete frost (from the abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gebhardt, K.A., C. Bohn, S. Jensen, and W.S. Platts. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Use of hydrology in riparian classification. p. 53-59. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton, and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Riparian Resource Management, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 193 pp. TOPICS: riparian classification, hydrology COMMENTS: Presents a general classification scheme for riparian zones based on hydrologic and geomorphic features. Recognising the dynamic nature of the riparian, a concept of 'state' is introduced as a unit of classification to indicate the responses of a site type to physical impacts. Physical processes that affect soil water regime and erosion resistance can effect 'state' changes. The relative vulnerability and resilience of riparian vegetation may be described in terms of the 'state' of the riparian and the physical processes occurring within. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gebhardt, K.A., J. Gebhardt, G. Koonce, B. O'Brien, S. Sweet, and R.B. Tiedmann. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Creating wildlife and wetland amenities in an urban environment. p. 157-161. SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: riparian creation, mitigation COMMENTS: Description of wetland-wildlife habitat creation in association with an urban housing project. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Genter, D.L. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: The role of riparian habitat in maintaining rare and endangered species. SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: biological diversity, riparian COMMENTS: Abstract of spoken presentation. Summarizes numbers of animal species dependent on or heavily dependent on riparian habitats in Montana. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goldner, B.H. PUB. YEAR: unknown TITLE: Riparian restoration efforts associated with structurally modified flood control channels. SOURCE: California Riparian Systems. Sept. 1981, Davis, CA. TOPICS: riparian restoration, planting COMMENTS: Methods used to vegetate flood control channels. Discussed were plant species selection, planting, irrigation and maintainance. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: PUB. YEAR: TITLE: SOURCE: 75. Grant, G. 1986. Assessing effects of peak flow increases on stream channels: a rational approach. p. 142-149. In: Proceedings of the California Watershed Management Conference, November 18-20, 1986, West Sacramento, CA.: (citation incomplete: Author's address: Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Corvallis, OR) TOPICS: watershed, cumulative effects, streamflow COMMENTS: Criticizes employment of arbitrary limits to the basin drainage area affected by forestry activities. Recommends a procedure using the magnitude of flow increases that can be accommodated by downstream channels before channel instability occurs to determine the upper limit for basin area compaction. Discusses the physical factors which affect channel stability and ways to determine this component of the cumulative watershed effects of forest practices. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Grant, G. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The RAPID technique: a new method for evaluating downstream effects of forest practices on riparian zones SOURCE: Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-220. Portland, OR. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 36p. TOPICS: riparian inventory, aerial photography, channel adjustments COMMENTS: The RAPID technique (riparian aerial photographic inventory of disturbance), uses aerial photographs to evaluate changes in channel conditions through time and links such changes with their possible stream causes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Green, D.M. and J.B. Kauffman. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Nutrient cycling at the land-water interface: the importance of the riparian zone. p. 61-68. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian Resource Management. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. TOPICS: saturated soils, soil redox COMMENTS: Sedge and grass colonization of the riparian varies as redox potential of the surface soil. Subsurface flow of aerated water produces more oxidized conditions at depth than in the surface above the water table. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gresswell, R.E., B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian Resource Managemen SOURCE: An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 p. TOPICS: symposium, riparian management, hydrology, grazing effects COMMENTS: Symposium papers and extended abstracts on topics relating to riparian management. Some individual titles are included in this bibliography. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Griggs, J PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Trout in small woodland areas SOURCE: Woodland Fish and Wildlife Project, August 1990: World Forestry Center, Portland, OR. TOPICS: salmonid habitat COMMENTS: Information bulletin for small-area land owners interested in stocking farm ponds with trout. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gutzwiller, K.J. and S.H. Anderson. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Multiscale associations between cavity-nesting birds and features of Wyoming streamside woodlands SOURCE: The Condor 89:534-548. TOPICS: bird communities, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Riparian habitat use by cavity-nesting birds was studied at 3 scales: (1) nest trees, (2) nest sites (vegetation surrounding nest trees), and (3) disjunct fragments (0.1 to 32.3 ha) of floodplain forest. Features of Wyoming streamside woodlands on all three spatial scales influence habitat use and are important in structuring communities of cavity-nesting birds. Some patterns of habitat use on the scales of nest trees and habitat fragments were not predictable from habitat associations observed elsewhere for the same species. Bird-habitat relations on one scale were (or were not) predictable from relations on other scales, depending on the species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hall, F.C. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Management practices and options SOURCE: J.W. Thomas and C. Maser (eds.), Wildlife habitats in managed rangelands-- the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-189. Pacific and Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. 17 p. TOPICS: wildlife habitat, grazing COMMENTS: Deals primarily with livestock management in relation to wildlife and wildlife habitat. Included are discussions of ecological status (range condition), livestock management, multiple-use options for each species featured in previous chapters (trout, sage grouse, pronghorn, mule deer, and bighorn sheep). Concludes with a discussion of diversity (from abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hancock, J.L. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Selling a successful riparian management program. A public land managers viewpoint. p. 1-9. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 p. TOPICS: riparian management COMMENTS: Goals of a successful riparian management program: identify and demonstrate the benefits of good riparian management; create a motivated group of landusers and managers to set goals; monitor progress. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hansen, P.L. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Alternative approaches for inventory and mapping of riparian and wetland areas SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: riparian inventory COMMENTS: A brief summary of planning vegetation mapping projects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hansen, P.L. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: The development of a site classification with management information for riparian and wetland areas - its applicability and use SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: riparian classification COMMENTS: Summarizes the classification scheme developed for riparian and wetland areas in Montana by the Montana Riparian Association. Suggests ways in which the habitat-type classification can be applied. See Boggs et al.(1990) and Hansen et al. (1989) for complete riparian and wetland classification scheme with habitat types defined for Montana. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hansen, P.L., S.W. Chadde and R.D. Pfister. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Riverine wetlands of southwestern Montana SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 39 p. TOPICS: riparian inventory, riparian plant communities COMMENTS: The study describes dominant plant species and major riparian dominance types occurring along major rivers of southwestern and west central Montana. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hansen, P., R. Pfister, J. Joy, D. Svoboda, K. Boggs, L. Myers, S. Chadde, and J. Pierce PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Classification and management of riparian sites in southwestern Montana SOURCE: Draft version 2. Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, Univ. Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian soils, riparian plant communities, riparian management COMMENTS: A key for identifying riparian site types, i.e., areas occupied or potentially occupied by a specific riparian association (plant community type representing the latest successional stage attainable on a specific hydrologic site). Community types which represent disclimax or seral communities that are stable for time frames relevant to land management decisions are described. Habitat types are described for specific communities. The classification system was developed from 1071 riparian sample plots. Soils, adjacent communities and management information is provided for each habitat type. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede, B.H., M.D. Harvey, and J.R. Laird PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Sediment delivery linkages in a chaparral watershed following a wildfire SOURCE: Environmental Management 12(3):349-358. TOPICS: watershed erosion, sediment transport, wildfire COMMENTS: Temporal and spatial sediment delivery to and within the stream network following a wildfire on a chaparral watershed in Arizona, U.S.A., was studied. Methods included interpretation of channel processes (aggradation, degradation) from sequential aerial photographs, field measurements of sediment delivery, and overland flow from ten microwatersheds having different vegetation cover (erosion pavement-no vegetation, erosion pavement with vegetation buffer strips, open chaparral cover). The watershed/stream response to fire was complex. The bulk of the sediment was stored in colluvial deposits before the 1959 fire, was eroded from hillslopes into the channels immediately following the fire, and was still not exported from the basin 33 years after the fire. Relatively rapid vegetation recovery led to the reestablishment of chaparral buffer strips on most channel banks. The vegetation strips greatly reduced sediment delivery from the hillslopes to the channels. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Higgins, D.A., S.B. Maloney, A.R. Tiedemann, and T.M. Quigley PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Storm runoff characteristics of grazed watersheds in eastern Oregon. SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin, 25:87-100. TOPICS: watershed hydrology, stormflow, grazing effects COMMENTS: Quantified storm flow responses to summer convective storms, producing single-peak hydrographs, for forested and meadow watersheds subject to low-to-moderate degrees of grazing in the Blue Mountains, eastern Oregon. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Higgins, D.A., A.R. Tiedemann, T.M. Quigley, D.B. Marx PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Streamflow characteristics of small watersheds in the Blue Mountains of Oregon SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin 25(6):1131-1149. TOPICS: watershed hydrology COMMENTS: Streamflow data for water years 1978-84 were evaluated to identify streamflow characteristics for 13 small watersheds (0.46-7.00 mi2) in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and to determine differences among grazing intensities and vegetation types. Two classes of vegetation were evaluated: (1) western larch-Douglas-fir (nine watersheds) and (2) other (four watersheds representing fir-spruce, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and mountain meadow. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hogan, D.L. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Channel response to mass wasting in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia: Temporal and spatial changes in stream morphology. p. 125-142. SOURCE: E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. TOPICS: riparian forest, woody debris, channel morphology COMMENTS: Debris jams cause sedimentological, morphological and hydraulic changes upstream and downstream. The effects of these are described morphologically, temporally and spatially. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: House, R., and V. Crispin. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Economic analyses of the value of large debris as salmonid habitat in coastal Oregon streams SOURCE: Technical Note, OR-7-6512. Portland OR: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, Portland OR. 11 p. TOPICS: in-stream structures, salmonid habitat, riparian forest, riparian management COMMENTS: Management scenarios which involved stream rehabilitation with large woody debris additions and rehabilitation combined with conifer harvest from the riparian zone showed greater short-term fishery benefits than leaving a stream under a low debris loading level. However, the best long-term economic alternative to maintain salmonid productivity in coastal streams is through maintainance of mature coniferous riparian zones under continuous high debris loading (from Abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hunter, B.A., M.S. Johnson, and D.J. Thompson. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Ecotoxicology of copper and cadmium in a contaminated grassland ecosystem SOURCE: Tissue distribution and age accumulation in small mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology 26:89-99. TOPICS: small mammals, metal contamination COMMENTS: In order to assess the potential toxicological significance of accumulated metals in wild small mammals, both the tissue distribution and dynamics of age accumulation of metals in populations of animals from contaminated environments were established. This paper examines both these issues in small mammals inhabitating grasslands contaminated by metal refinery emissions. (from authors' introduction; study located in Great Britain) Species examined: common shrew (Sorex araneus L.), field vole (Microtus agrestis L.), wood mouse (Apodemus sysvaticus L.) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Interagency Wetlands Coordinating Body PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wise use and protection of federally managed wetlands: the federal land management agency role SOURCE: Workshop proceedings, October 18-20, 1989, Harpers Ferry, WV. TOPICS: wetland management COMMENTS: Nine federal agencies participated in a workshop concerning policy, coordination and cooperation on wetland land management issues. This somewhat preliminary report of the results of the workshop includes materials presented by each of the agencies and point-form summaries of discussions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Isabelle, P.S., L.J. Fooks, and P.A. Keddy. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Effects of roadside snowmelt on wetland vegetation: an experimental study SOURCE: Journal of Environmental Management 25:57-60. TOPICS: water quality COMMENTS: Contaminants in roadside snowmelt may have toxic effects on individual species and affect community structure of roadside wetlands. De-icing agents are of particular concern. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ischinger, L.S., and K. Schneller-McDonald. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetland restoration and creation in the west: what do we really know? p. 29-42. SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: bibliography, wetland restoration, wetland creation, lacustrine, riparian COMMENTS: Analysis of articles collected and documented in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service wetland creation/restoration data base. Of 1000 records in the data base, 79 deal with non-coastal freshwater wetlands in the west. Of the 79 records, 30 are concerned with the restoration of riparian areas, and 34 cite the creation or restoration of fish or wildlife habitat as a major objective. The availability of quality data from baseline studies, qualitative or quantitative measurements of wetland functions, and monitoring efforts are discussed. Research needs are addressed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jackson, S.G., and J.A. Kadlec. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Recent flooding of wetlands around Great Salt Lake, Utah. p. 120-125. SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: lacustrine wetlands COMMENTS: Discusses affects of temporary water-level rise in the Great Salt Lake on salt marshes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jackson, W., T. Martinez, P. Cuplin, W.L. Minckley, B. Shelby, P. Summers, D. McGlothlin, B. Van Haveren. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Assessment of water conditions and management opportunities in support of riparian values: BLM San Pedro River Properties, Arizona SOURCE: Proj. Compl. Rep. 88/004+7200. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Service Center, Denver, CO. 180 pp. TOPICS: BLM, groundwater, riparian vegetation, geomorphology, water rights COMMENTS: Presents information on the condition of water resources and the riparian vegetation in the San Pedro River Management Area. Justifies the quantification of instream-dependent uses identified in the area and examines and recommends strategies for protecting or enhancing the water-related values. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jatnieks-Straumanis, S.A., and L.E. Foote. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetland mitigation banking: how it works in Minnesota SOURCE: Rangelands 10:120-123. TOPICS: wetland mitigation banking COMMENTS: Short review of Minnesota Dept. of Transport experiences with mitigation banking. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jenkins, K.J., and R.G. Wright. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Simulating succession of riparian spruce forests and white-tailed deer carrying capacity in northwestern Montana SOURCE: West. J. Appl. For. 2(3): 80-83. northwestern Montana. West. J. Appl. For. 2(3): 80-83. TOPICS: riparian forest, population models, white-tailed deer COMMENTS: Successional modelling demonstrated the effects of two timber harvesting strategies on white-tailed deer populations. Simulated populations declined following two timber harvesting schedules, but recovered after cessation of harvest. Gradual but continuing decline was predicted by alteration of the hydrologic regime of the river resulting in increased runoff and erosion. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, K.L., C. Moseley, J.C. Moseley, and J. O'Laughlin. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: BLM riparian policy in Idaho: analysis of public comment on a proposed policy statement SOURCE: Report No. 2, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis Group, June 1990. Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow ID. 28 p. TOPICS: BLM, riparian policy evaluation COMMENTS: Analysis of public comment on the proposed BLM riparian policy for Idaho. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson, S.R. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Protecting riparian values during timber harvest and related activities: Kootenai National Forest experience SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: riparian forest, woody debris, SMZ, streamside management zone COMMENTS: In the Kootenai National Forest, northwestern Montana, large woody debris is a particularly important factor in determining the physical and biological characteristics of small and intermediate-sized streams. A task force effort to address inadequacies in the national forest plan regarding timber harvests in forested riparian zones is discussed. Includes stream classification and management recommendations for streamside management zones (SMZ). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jones, K.B. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Comparison of herpetofaunas of a natural and altered riparian ecosystem. p.222-227. SOURCE: Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North America. Proceedings of a symposium, July 19-21, 1988, Flagstaff, AZ. TOPICS: reptiles, amphibians, biological diversity, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Reptile abundance and diversity were greater on an unaltered riparian ecosystem than on an altered site. Two streams; one having no major water impoundments and the sampling site located in a mature gallery-type stand of cottonwood and willow (unaltered), the other river having major impoundments, regulated flow, reduced flooding and the sample site located in a poorly developed tree gallery with no evidence of tree reproduction (altered). The distribution and abundance of certain microhabitats appear to account for differences in reptile abundance and diversity on the two sites. In conserving riparian ecosystems, attention needs to be given to protecting more habitat components, including microhabitats such as surface litter found important to herpetofauna. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Keigley, R.B. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Developing methods of restoring vegetation communities while preserving genetic integrity SOURCE: Proceedings of the High Altitude Revegetation Workshop No. 8: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO: Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, 1988, Information Series no.59. TOPICS: biological diversity, revegetation COMMENTS: An applied paper outlining concepts and methods used in revegetating steep slopes to produce a target plant community that reflects local genetic integrity. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kenna, J., W. Devaurs, D. Troutman, G. King, W. Street, B. Cannon, D. Simontacchi, and V. Modrell PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Warner Wetlands area of critical environmental concern (ACEC) management plan SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Lakeview, OR. BLM-OR-PT-90-28-1792. TOPICS: BLM, grazing, lacustrine management, meadow COMMENTS: A BLM management plan for Warner Wetlands, ACEC, OR. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kindschy, R.R. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Regrowth of willow following simulated beaver cutting SOURCE: Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:290-294. TOPICS: simulated beaver herbivory, willow COMMENTS: Measured the responses of willow to cutting treatments that simulated beaver herbivory during different seasons. Red willow (Salix lasiandra) is the most susceptible to cutting during hot summers conditions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: King, J.G. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Streamflow responses to road building and harvesting: a comparison with the equivalent clearcut area procedure SOURCE: Res. Pap. INT-401. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 13 p. TOPICS: hydrology, stream flow, logging effects COMMENTS: Increases in annual streamflow and peak streamflows were determined on four small watersheds following timber harvesting and road building. The measured hydrologic changes are compared to those predicted by a methodology commonly used in the Forest Service's Northern Region, the equivalent clearcut area procedure. Increases in peak streamflows are discussed with respect to their potential to modify the channel system. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kirby, R.E., S.J. Lewis, and T.N. Sexson PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Fire in North American wetland ecosystems and fire-wildlife relations: an annotated bibliography SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Rep. 88(1), 146 pp. TOPICS: bibliography, wetlands, fire effects COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Knopf, F.L. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Changing landscapes and the cosmopolitism of the eastern Colorado avifauna SOURCE: Wildlife Society Bulletin 14:132-142. TOPICS: biological diversity, bird communities, floodplain forests COMMENTS: The development of a riparian forest on the Great Plains has provided a corridor for the movement of forest birds across those grasslands that have historically served as an ecological barrier to dispersal. The corridor has resulted in secondary contact of many congeneric species which currently hybridize on the Great Plains; the hybridization may be interpreted either as reversing 10, 000 years of speciation, or alternatively as promoting hybrid vigor within populations. Natural resource management agencies need to develop formal positions on the issues of cosmopolitism and hybridization of wildlife species which occur with broad changes in native landscapes. (from authors summary) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Knopf, F.L., R.R. Johnson, T. Rich, F.B. Samson, and R.C. Szaro. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Conservation of riparian ecosystems in the United States. SOURCE: Wilson Bull. 100(2): 272-284. TOPICS: biological diversity, riparian ecosystems, bird communities, riparian conservation policy COMMENTS: Avian diversity on a continental scale, particularly the western North American region, is jeopardized by the decline of riparian ecosystems. The authors summarize the positions or non-positions of public agencies in regards to riparian management and recommend government-wide changes. Their recommendations reflect the importance of riparian ecosystems relative to surrounding uplands as wildlife habitats throughout the west and indicate the need for co-ordinated management of geographic regions and habitat corridors for dispersal of avian species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Knopf, F.L., J.A. Sedgwick and R.W. Cannon PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Guild structure of a riparian avifauna relative to seasonal cattle grazing SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 52(2):280-290. TOPICS: bird communities, grazing effects, biological diversity COMMENTS: Avian guilds have been proposed as an approach to evaluating impacts of land-management programs on public lands. It has been recommended that guild delineations based on functional and structural criteria, should be replaced by guilds based on similarities among species' responses to a given perturbation. The present study provided information on the response of summer birds to grazing of a shrub-willow vegetation at Arapaho NWR. Three response guilds were delineated: (a) eurytopic, habitat generalists, (b) stenotopic, habitat specialists, and (c) mesotopic, intermediate habitat specialists. Authors hypothesized that the response-guild structure primarily reflects the impact of cattle upon the horizontal patterning of the vegetative community. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kozel, S.J., W.A. Hubert, and M.G. Parsons PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Habitat features and trout abundance relative to gradient in some Wyoming streams SOURCE: Northwest Science 63(4):175-182. TOPICS: salmonid habitat, channel gradient COMMENTS: Low-gradient reaches (0.1-1.4%) were found to have deeper nearshore water depths, more undercut banks, and more trench pools than moderate-gradient reaches (1.5-4.0%), while moderate-gradient reaches had more cobble substrate, dammed pools formed by woody debris, and plunge pools. The mean standing stock of trout was 267 kg/ha in low gradient reaches and 102 kg/ha in moderate-gradient reaches. Habitat features correlated with trout standing stocks differed between the two gradient classes. (from authors' abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Krasny, M.E., K.A. Vogt, and J.C. Zasada. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Establishment of four Salicaceae species on river bars in interior Alaska. SOURCE: olarctic Ecology 11:210-219. TOPICS: river bar vegetation, willow, riparian plant communities COMMENTS: In general, seed germination was not useful in explaining the patterns of plant distribution on river bar site. Vegetative reproduction can be important in both initial establishment and survival on river bar sites. Seed reproduction was important on mesic sites and vegetative reproduction was important on sites favorable to seed germination. Once established on mesic sites, however, expansion does not take place by root sprouting. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kulla, A. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Transitional forest grazing and compatible grazing systems for forested riparian and wetland sites in western Montana. SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: grazing strategies, riparian forest COMMENTS: All riparian compatible systems proposed to date have in common the prescription of less total grazing in the riparian area 'either through rest, season adjustment, number adjustment, livestock management, or structural improvement'. Whether the allotment can handle the same or increased stocking will depend on the availability and condition of the non-riparian upland areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: LaFayette, R.A. and D.W. Paweleck PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: New revetment design controls streambank erosion SOURCE: U.S. Forest Service, Engineering Field Notes, 22(July-Aug):23-31. TOPICS: streambank stabilization, streambank erosion, riparian restoration COMMENTS: Describes successful use of porous-fence revetment to prevent streambank failures on a deeply entrenched stream. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: LaGrange, T.G. and J.J. Dinsmore PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Plant and animal community responses to restored Iowa wetlands SOURCE: Prairie Naturalist 21(1):39-48. TOPICS: wetland restoration COMMENTS: This study demonstrates that a high-quality wetland, with a plant and animal community very similar to unaltered Iowa wetlands, can be restored by removing or blocking tile lines. This is and easy and cost-effective way to restore wetland complexes where there are none or to add wetlands to an existing wetland complex. (from authors' abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lane, L.J., A.D. Nicks, J.M. Laflen, M.A. Weltz, W.J. Rawls, and D.I. Page. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The water erosion prediction project: model overview. p.487-494. SOURCE: Proceedings of National Water Conference, IR and WR Divisions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Newark, DE, July 17-20, 1989. TOPICS: soil erosion, erosion models COMMENTS: Overview of a soil erosion model developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). Model user requirements, model structure, and experimental program for WEPP are summarized. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Larson, J.S. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetland creation and restoration: An outline of the scientific perspective. p. 73-79 SOURCE: J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing Our Wetland Resources. Nat. Wildlife Fed. Proceedings, Oct. 1987, Washington D.C. TOPICS: hydrology, soil development, wetland creation COMMENTS: General. Addresses the importance of understanding hydrologic and soil processes in relation to vegetation responses when creating wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Legge, T.A., D.J. Herman, and B. Zamora PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Effects of cattle grazing on mountain meadows in Idaho. SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 34(4): 324-328. TOPICS: grazing effects COMMENTS: Vegetation changes which occurred during 12 years of protection from grazing were documented in mountain meadows of north-central Idaho. Plant composition changes were evident on five sites studied, whereas herbage production was significantly less on the grazed than ungrazed areas at two of the sites. On average, the percent of bare ground and moss-covered areas were greater on grazed than ungrazed sites. Litter accumulation was greater, on average, on the ungrazed sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leininger, W.C. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Non-chemical alternatives for managing selected plant species in the western United States SOURCE: U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service and University Cooperative Extension, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 48 p. TOPICS: weed management COMMENTS: A summary of literature on non-chemical plant control for 14 plant species, arranged by species specifically for land managers. The species include wild oats (Avena fatua), diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens), musk thistle (Carduus nutans), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), tall whitetop (Lepidium latifolium), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), common cattail (Typha latifolia). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leopold, L. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Ethos, equity and the water resource SOURCE: The Abel Wolman Distinguished Lecture, presented to the National Research Council, Feb. 15, 1990, National Academy of Sciences Auditorium. 14 p. TOPICS: water resources, water policy COMMENTS: Discusses an ethos, or an unwritten guiding belief in the maintenance of the hydrologic continuum (i.e., the effective operation of forces in the drainage basin that maintain a balance among processes of weathering, soil formation, water and sediment delivery to stream channels and the exit of water and sediment from the basin) in the administration of water resources. Evidence of how management fails to follow such an ethos and the effects of catastrophic change to the hydrologic continuum were explored. Discusses equity in administration -- a dedication to fairness, to consideration of various interests and treatment of all with some measure of equality. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lienkaemper, G.W. and F.J. Swanson PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Dynamics of large woody debris in streams in old-growth Douglas-fir forests SOURCE: Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:150-156. TOPICS: riparian forest, woody debris COMMENTS: Reports the dynamics of woody debris in streams, based on 7 to 9 years of observations in five stream reaches in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Additions of woody debris is widely scattered in time and space and comes mainly from single trees rooted away from the streambank. Wind appears to be the major agent of wood entry into streams. Downstream movement is strongly related to length of individual pieces; most pieces that moved were shorter than bankfull width. (from authors' abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lowe, C.H., R.R. Johnson, and P.S. Bennett. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Riparian lands are wetlands: the problem of applying eastern American concepts and criteria to environments in the North American southwest. p. 119-122. SOURCE: Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest. Vol. 16. Proceedings: Glendale, AZ, April 19, 1986. American Water Resources Association, Arizona Section, Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, Hydrology Section, and the Arizona Hydrological Society. TOPICS: riparian classification, southwestern desert streams, hydrology COMMENTS: The paper argues that riparian lands are wetlands relative to the surrounding uplands. By this definition, the driest wetlands are ephemerally watered riparian scrub systems supported by infrequent water and sometimes by flow of surface water only once or less during a year's time. Periodic wetlands support riparian systems that are also watered by subsurface flow or sheet flow from higher areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Majors, J.E. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Opportunities to protect in-stream flows and wetland uses of water in California SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 89(10). 76 pp. TOPICS: instream flow, water rights COMMENTS: The purpose of this report is to encourage cooperative and innovative thinking by all persons interested in in-stream flows, fish, wildlife, and watershed management at Federal, State, or local levels of government, as well as private individuals and wildlife organizations (from Introduction). Examples include riparian rights; wild and scenic rivers; stream evaluation programs; California Endangered Species Act; acquisition of land and water, including rights; wetlands preservation; and protection and enhancement. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Manci, K.M. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian ecosystem creation and restoration: a literature summary. SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Rep. 89(20). 59 pp. TOPICS: bibliography, riparian ecosystems, riparian restoration, riparian creation COMMENTS: Annotated bibliography addressing riparian functions (fish and wildlife habitat, hydrologic flow, erosion control and water quality improvement); planning for projects; techniques (planting, fencing, landforming, installing instream devices, and treating soil); monitoring; evaluation; and case studies. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marks, J.S. and V. Saab Marks. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Winter habitat use by Columbian sharp tailed grouse in western Idaho. SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 52(4):743-746. TOPICS: sharp-tailed grouse, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Habitat use by Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus) was studied during three winters in western Idaho. Grouse were closely associated with mountain shrub and riparian cover types, the only cover types that provided food and escape cover regardless of snow depth. Fruits of Douglas hawthorn (Crataegus douglassi) and buds of Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) and common chokecherry (Prunus virginiana). (from Abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marlow, C.B. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Mitigating livestock impacts to streambanks within northern Rocky Mountain foothills riparian zones. p.147-150. SOURCE: Issues and Technology in the Management of Impacted Wildlife, Proceedings III, Nov. 2-4, 1987, Colorado Springs, CO. Boulder, CO: Thorne Ecological Institute, 1988. 177 p. TOPICS: grazing strategies, grazing effects, streambank erosion COMMENTS: The length of grazing time in riparian zones and soil conditions at the time of grazing appear to have greater impact on streambanks than the total numbers of cattle grazing. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marron, D.C. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Physical and chemical characteristics of a metal contaminated overbank deposit, west-central South Dakota, U.S.A. SOURCE: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 14:419-432. TOPICS: water quality, sediment transport COMMENTS: Overbank deposition of arsenic and other mine-tailing metals is discussed in relation to sediment transport. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marzolf, G.R. PUB. YEAR: 1978. TITLE: The potential effects of clearing and snagging on stream ecosystems SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program:FWS/OBS-78/14. 32 p. TOPICS: bibliography, aquatic habitat, woody debris COMMENTS: Reviews the biological and hydrological processes affected by stream obstruction/debris and the effects of removal of those obstructions on stream functions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McAdoo, J.K., G.N. Back, M.R. Barrington, and D.A. Klebenow. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Wildlife use of lowlands meadows in the Great Basin. p. 310-319. SOURCE: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference: 51st Annual Meeting, 1986: Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. TOPICS: mammals, small mammals, bird communities COMMENTS: Documents the use of wetlands, riparian areas and marshes by bird and mammal species for the period 1978-80 (inventory phase) and for 1981-85 (research phase). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McCluskey, D.C., J. Brown, D. Bornholdt, D.A. Duff, and A.H. Winward. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: J. Brown, D. Bornholdt, D.A. Duff, and A.H. Winward. 1983. Willow planting for riparian habitat improvement. SOURCE: Tech. Note 363, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 21 p. TOPICS: planting, riparian enhancement, willow COMMENTS: A technique is described for the planting of willow stem cuttings in riparian areas. Considerations before planning willow plantings are suggested. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McKee, A., J.E. Means, W.H. Moir, and J.F. Franklin. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: First-year recovery of upland and riparian vegetation in the devastated area around Mount St. Helens. p. 168-187. SOURCE: D.E. Bilderback (ed.), Mount St. Helens 1980: Botanical Consequences of the Explosive Eruption. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. TOPICS: riparian recovery, riparian plant communities COMMENTS: A study with goals: to document first-year patterns of revegetation in the major habitats created within the devastated area around Mount St. Helens; to compare vegetative recovery in forested areas clearcut prior to the eruption, in blown-down forests, and in standing dead forests; to investigate the effects of snowpack in the blown-down forests on plant recovery; to compare recovery of riparian vegetation on sites in the devastated area with that on sites receiving only ashfall; and to establish a network of plots for the study of vegetative recovery in the future. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McLemore, C.E., and W.R. Meehan. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Invertebrates of Meadow Creek, Union County, Oregon, and their use as food by trout SOURCE: Res. Pap. PNW-RP-394. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 13 p. TOPICS: stream invertebrates, aquatic habitat, salmonids COMMENTS: From 1976 to 1980, invertebrates were collected from several reaches of Meadow Creek in eastern Oregon. Five sampling methods were used: benthos, drift, sticky traps, water traps and fish stomachs. A total of 372 taxa were identified, of which 239 were used as food by rainbow trout (steelhead; Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Of the taxa found in trout stomachs, 71 (29.5%) were terrestrial. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medin, D.E. and W.P. Clary. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Small mammal populations in a grazed and ungrazed riparian habitat in Nevada SOURCE: Res.Pap. INT-413. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 6p. TOPICS: small mammals, grazing effects, biological diversity COMMENTS: Community composition and relative abundance of small mammal populations in grazed and exclosed riparian zones at 6200 ft, northeastern Nevada, were monitored in late summer. The numbers of species trapped and the total numbers of individuals trapped were greater inside the protected areas than in the grazed areas. Species observed: deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps), least chipmunk (Tamias minimus), Great Basin pocket mouse (Perognathus parvus), golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis), vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans), long-tailed vole (Microtus longiclaudus), montane vole (Microtus montanus), Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus townsendii), northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides), and bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medin, D.E., and W.P. Clary PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Bird and small mammal populations in a grazed and ungrazed riparian habitat in Idaho SOURCE: Res. Pap. INT-425. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 8p. TOPICS: bird communities, small mammals, grazing exclosure, biological diversity COMMENTS: A survey of bird and small mammal populations (spring and later summer, respectively, in 1988 and 1989) in two 9 ha plots, one placed at the upstream end of a 122 ha grazing exclosure (grazing excluded from 1975), the other placed in the adjacent upstream grazed riparian zone. The Summit Creek study area is located in Custer County, ID, in the Little Lost River drainage. In 1989, there was little difference between grazed and ungrazed habitats in total breeding bird density, but presence of shorebirds in the grazed area caused the tendency for greater species richness, bird biomass and bird species diversity in the grazed habitat as compared with the ungrazed habitat. Small mammal populations were higher on the grazed than the ungrazed plots but species richness and diversity of the small mammal communities were higher in the ungrazed habitat. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medin, D.E., and K.E. Torquemada. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Beaver in western North America: An annotated bibliography, 1966 to 1986 SOURCE: Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-242. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 18 p. TOPICS: beaver, bibliography COMMENTS: This annotated bibliography of 206 references is provided as a working tool for natural resource specialists, land-use planners and others charged with managing beavers and their habitats (from Abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medina, A.L. and S.C. Clark. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Stream channel and vegetation changes in sections of McKnight Creek, New Mexico SOURCE: Great Basin Naturalist 48(3):373-381. TOPICS: channel morphology, riparian vegetation, grazing exclosure COMMENTS: The effects of grazing on stream channel morphology and riparian vegetation were insignificant compared with channel adjustments caused by wildfire in the headwaters, high amounts of sedimentation in the upper channel and storm events. This result exemplifies the importance of overall watershed condition to channel stability and plant communities in the riparian zone. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan, W.F. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Increased sedimentation following helicopter logging and prescribed burning on granitic soil. p. 259-260. SOURCE: Erosion and sedimentation in the Pacific Rim: proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 3-7 August, 1987, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. IAHS publication; no. 165). TOPICS: soil erosion, watershed COMMENTS: A brief summary of a paired watershed study in a steep granitic landscape. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Michael, J.L., D.G. Neary and M.J.M. Wells. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Picloram movement in soil solution and streamflow from a coastal plain forest. SOURCE: J. Environ. Qual. 18:89-95. TOPICS: water quality, herbicide fate, riparian forest COMMENTS: A study of the movement, on- and off-site, of the herbicide picloram and its residues, following aerial application of picloram to four forested watersheds. Movement was monitored in the mineral soil, soil solution, groundwater and streams. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Miller, L.K., and K. Schneller-McDonald. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetland bibliographic data bases. p. 43-48. SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: bibliography COMMENTS: The paper is an overview of the structure of the Wetland Values Citation Data Base (WVCDB), the Wetland Creation/Restoration Data Base (CREATE). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Minckley, W.L. and J.N. Rinne. PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Large woody debris in hot-desert streams: An historical review SOURCE: Desert Plants 7(3):142-153. TOPICS: woody debris, southwestern desert streams COMMENTS: Large-particulate organic debris is denied to present-day desert streams because of interception by impoundments and as a result of decimation of formerly extensive riparian vegetation. Historical records indicate a substantial, but sporadic, input of coarse debris (from high-elevation forests), which was reduced to finer particles through molar action in canyon-bound reaches of desert rivers. Historical changes, functions of large debris in the systems, and probable future conditions are reviewed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Minshall, G.W., S.E. Jensen, and W.S. Platts. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The ecology of stream and riparian habitats of the Great Basin region: a community profile SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(7.24). 142 pp. TOPICS: riparian classification, hydrology, geomorphology, riparian soils, riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: Proposes a hierarchical framework for classification of riparian ecosystems of the Great Basin hydrographic region: hydrologic unit, e.g., region, subregion, basin, subbasin and tributary basin; geomorphic valley form, e.g., glacial valleys, fluvial canyons, alluvial valleys and lacustrine basins; water regime, e.g., permanently flooded, semi-permanently flooded, saturated, seasonally flooded and sub-irrigated; physiognomy of the community, e.g., forest, shrub, herb and moss/lichen, and non-vegetated physiognomic classes are cobble, gravel, sand and silt bars; community type, based on floristic similarities in both the overstory and understory; and descriptors, based on the functional attributes of riparian ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Molloy, D.P. and R.H. Struble. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A simple and inexpensive method for determining stream discharge from a streambank SOURCE: Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4(4):477-481. TOPICS: stream flow COMMENTS: Describes a flotation method for measuring stream discharge small to moderate-sized streams without entering the stream. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Montana Riparian Association. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana SOURCE: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: riparian forest management, wetland management COMMENTS: Abstracts of twelve presentations. Topics relate to fisheries, forestry, streamside management zones, biodiversity, global warming effects, riparian classification and inventory. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Moore, D.R.J., P.A. Keddy, C.L. Gaudet and I.C. Wisheu. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Conservation of wetlands: do infertile wetlands deserve a higher priority? SOURCE: Biological Conservation 47:203-217. TOPICS: biological diversity, wetlands COMMENTS: Infertile wetlands had higher species richness and many more rare species than fertile wetlands. Further, infertile wetlands had a greater range of vegetation types than did fertile wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Morganweck, R. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Status and trends of wetlands in the coterminous U.S. SOURCE: Renewable Resources Journal 7(3):6-7. TOPICS: wetland management, wetland losses COMMENTS: A summary of wetland area, ownership, conservation and losses. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Murphy, M.L. and K.V. Koski. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Input and depletion of woody debris in Alaska streams and implications for streamside management. SOURCE: North American Journal Fisheries Management 9:427-436. TOPICS: salmonid habitat, riparian forest, woody debris COMMENTS: Natural rates of input and depletion of large woody debris (LWD) in southeast Alaska streams studied to provide a basis for managing streamside zones to maintain LWD for fish habitat after timber harvest. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, 14-16 Nov, 1988, Denver, CO SOURCE: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver, CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: symposium, riparian restoration, riparian creation, wetlands management, wetland mitigation, wetland policy, wetland water rights, water quality, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Plenary addresses were: Public policy and Colorado Wetlands; Wetlands protection and water rights; A stream classification system; The influence of riparian/wetland systems on surface water quality; Riparian wildlife habitats: more, worth less, and under invasion; Mountain wetland vegetation dynamics. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Myers, L.H. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Grazing and riparian management in southwestern Montana. p. 117-120 SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 p. TOPICS: grazing systems, grazing management COMMENTS: Standardized approaches to riparian grazing management are not practical. The results of 34 grazing systems in riparian zones are analyzed in terms of riparian recovery and important factors that apply to Montana are discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nachlinger, J.L. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Soil-vegetation correlations in riparian and emergent wetlands, Lyon County, Nevada SOURCE: U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(17). 39 pp. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian soils, riparian plant communities COMMENTS: The study tests a system for delineating wetlands by correlation of vegetation indices with soil types. Each plant was assigned a wetland indicator number, based on prepared plant lists or a provisional number for species not previously listed for the area. Vegetation indices included the wetland indicator and either the plant density or percent cover. See Eicher (1988) and Baad (1988) for similar studies in California and explanation of methods. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Naiman, R.J., C.A. Johnston, and J.C. Kelley. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Alteration of North American streams by beaver SOURCE: BioScience 38(11):753-762. TOPICS: beaver, hydrology, wetland creation COMMENTS: A review of changes in the structure and dynamics of streams and related wetlands as beaver recolonize their historic habitat. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Neary, D.G., and J.L. Michael. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Effect of sulfometuron methyl on ground water and stream quality in coastal plain forest watersheds SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin, 25: 617-623. TOPICS: water quality monitoring, groundwater, herbicide fate COMMENTS: An evaluation of off-site movement of a herbicide to streamflow, with sediment transport and by leaching into ground water on a sandy lower coastal plain flatwoods site. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Negri, S. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The San Pedro riparian area SOURCE: Arizona Highways, April 1989, 18-33. TOPICS: riparian, southwestern desert streams COMMENTS: Travelogue, including prehistoric and cultural histories. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nilsson, C., G. Grelsson, M. Johansson, and U. Sperens. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Patterns of plant species richness along riverbanks SOURCE: Ecology 70(1):77-84. TOPICS: riparian plant communities, biological diversity, riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: Total species richness along two rivers increased with substrate heterogeneity and was at a maximum at intermediate levels of substrate fineness. Observation coincides with the hypothesis that species diversity and environmental heterogeneity should be closely related along rivers. On the rivers studied, ice scour was most likely a cause of substrate heterogeneity, causing patchiness by erosion, transport and deposition of soil material, by affecting bank height (flood height) and channel width. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Noon, K.F. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Major implementation issues in protection of nation's wetlands SOURCE: Renewable Resources Journal 7(3):14-15. TOPICS: wetland policy implementation COMMENTS: Brief discussion of six major wetlands protection implementation issues in Michigan. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: O'Malley, R. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wetlands Protection: perspective of the states in long-term policy direction SOURCE: Renewable Resources Journal 7(3):8-11. TOPICS: wetland policy, wetland protection COMMENTS: Spoken presentation from the perspective of the New Jersey experience. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: O'Toole, R. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Economic protection for riparian forests. Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions SOURCE: Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources, 1988: p. 259-269. TOPICS: economics of wetland protection COMMENTS: Pricing natural resource values. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Oakley, A.L. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Riparian management practices of the Bureau of Land Management. SOURCE: Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry Interactions. p. 191-196. University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources, no. 59: Seattle, WA. TOPICS: wetland policy implementation, BLM COMMENTS: Policies for preparing plans and managing BLM lands and resources are based on applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, regulations, manuals, policy statements and other guidance from the Director and State Director for Oregon and Washington. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Odum, W.E. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Predicting ecosystem development following creation and restoration of wetlands. p.67-70. SOURCE: J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend (eds.). Increasing Our Wetland Resources. National Wildlife Federation Proceedings, Oct. 1987, Washington D.C. TOPICS: wetland creation, ecosystem development COMMENTS: Suggests research questions addressing the development of plant communities, soil conditions and hydrology in created and restored wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ogle, D. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Willow poles help restore streambanks SOURCE: Idaho Range News, April (1990), Soil Conservation Service (Boise). TOPICS: streambank protection structures, riparian soils, channel morphology COMMENTS: Willow cuttings and willow poles were planted to stabilize streambanks in the Henry's Lake area. Vertical banks on straight stream sections and meanders were planted. Snow-drift melt causing bank failure appeared to maintain the steep angles of unvegetated banks. Willow establishment reduced failures and resulted in shallower bank angles. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Olson, T.E., and F.L. Knopf. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Patterns of relative diversity within riparian small mammal communities, Platte River watershed, Colorado. p. 379-386. SOURCE: R.C. Szaro, K.E. Severson, and D.R. Patton (tech. coords.). Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North America: proceedings of the symposium; 1988, July 19-21; Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. TOPICS: small mammals, wildlife habitat, biological diversity COMMENTS: Focus of the study was to analyze patterns of small mammal similarity within and between riparian and adjacent upland sites in the same watershed and across the elevational gradient. In accordance with avifaunal studies in the same watershed (Knopf, 1985), riparian sites at the higher elevations contributed substantially to the regional diversity of small mammal populations. In order to conserve regional integrity in native small mammal faunas, the authors recommend that land uses allowed in and adjacent to high elevation riparian zones should be considered as carefully as those in lowland floodplains. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Padgett, W.G., A.P. Youngblood, A.H. Winward. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian community type classification of Utah and southeastern Idaho SOURCE: R4-Ecol-89-01. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 191 p. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian soils, riparian plant communities, riparian management COMMENTS: A community type classification system (no indication of successional status), based on approximately 600 sample stands. Distribution, vegetation composition, soils and successional status are discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pfister, R.D. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Streamside management zones (SMZ)-- Delineation criteria and management guidelines. SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: streamside management zone, SMZ, riparian forest COMMENTS: Abstract from a spoken presentation. The Montana Riparian Association Management Guidelines Working Group has been working on a matrix of soil erosion hazards relative to management practices. SMZ width guidelines for substrates of high, medium and low erodibility classes, and for various slope classes presented. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pfister, R.D. and K.W. Boggs. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Methodology for riparian inventory and streamside management zone delineation on the Kootenai National Forest. SOURCE: Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. TOPICS: riparian inventory, riparian forest COMMENTS: A brief overview of a study to develop and demonstrate techniques for mapping wetlands and streamside management zones (based on Montana's BMPs, best management practices, and criteria being developed by a Montana Riparian Association Working Group) in heavily forested areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Managing riparian stream habitats. p.59-62. SOURCE: Proceedings of the Wyoming Water 1986 and Streamside Zone Conference, April 28-30, 1986, Casper, WY: Wyoming Water Research Center, University of Wyoming Agricultural Extension Service, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. TOPICS: aquatic habitat, grazing strategies COMMENTS: Recommends improved grazing management strategies. Describes riparian pasture and stream-corridor fencing methods for managing the riparian zones and discusses the effects of grazing time and species on riparian vegetation and stream health. Resilience to rare hydrologic events is an attribute of 'healthy' riparian zones. Riparian management should anticipate the rare event, particularly given the rapid climate changes predicted for the next century. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Compatibility of livestock grazing strategies with fisheries. p.103-110. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, MT. 193 p. TOPICS: grazing systems, fishery COMMENTS: Reviews effects of grazing on the stream condition and practiced strategies for grazing in the riparian. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., and R.L. Nelson. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Characteristics of riparian plant communities and streambanks with respect to grazing in northeastern Utah. p. 73-81. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian Resource Management: An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 p. TOPICS: plant communities, streambank stability, grazing effects, grazing exclosure COMMENTS: A study of plant communities in grazed and ungrazed riparian zones. Streambank stability was related to the community type and grazed condition. Root systems, sod formation, horizontal rooting and depth extent affect the stability of vegetated streambanks. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Stream canopy and its relationship to salmonid biomass in the Intermountain West SOURCE: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9:446-457. TOPICS: salmonid habitat, streambank vegetation COMMENTS: Salmonid biomass and stream canopy characteristics that affect thermal input were measured for streams in the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin. Relationships between salmonid biomass and overstory attributes differed between streams of the two regions. Salmonid biomass was strongly correlated with canopy density (+ve), light intensity (-ve) and sun arc (-ve) in the more productive Great Basin streams, but the same correlations were weak for the Rocky Mountain streams. Insolation is likely to be a limiting factor in the Great Basin streams studied, whereas other factors moderate its effect in the Rocky Mountain study streams. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., R.J. Torquemada, M.L. McHenry, and C.K. Graham. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Changes in salmon spawning and rearing habitat from increased delivery of fine sediment to the South Fork Salmon River, Idaho SOURCE: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118:274-283. TOPICS: salmonid habitat, sediment characteristics COMMENTS: Levels of surface and subsurface fine sediment (<4.75 mm in diameter) were measured annually from 1965 to 1985 in spawning and rearing areas for chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) in the South Fork Salmon River, Idaho. A logging moratorium initiated in 1965, coupled with natural recovery and watershed rehabilitation, led to significant decreases in the amounts of fine sediments delivered to and stored in the South Fork Salmon River; this reduction led to a limited resumption to logging operations within the watershed in 1978. By 1985, surface and subsurface sediment levels in chinook salmon spawning areas averaged 19.2% of the surface area and 25.4% of the volume, respectively. However, additional recovery to pre-logging fine sediment levels is probably contingent on both further watershed recovery and the occurrence of flood flows capable of transporting material downstream. An equilibrium between incoming sediment from the watershed and outgoing sediment from the river appears to have been reached under flow regimes that have occurred since 1975 (from Abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts, W.S., F.J. Wagstaff, and E. Chaney. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Cattle and Fish on the Henry's Fork SOURCE: Rangelands 11:58-62. TOPICS: grazing, management COMMENTS: A synopsis of the historic uses of the Henry's Fork of the Snake River, Idaho, and of present uses, and a summary of a streambank rehabilitation project along approximately 6 miles of the Henry's Fork. The study employs a stuttered deferred grazing rotation with selected rest. Electric fencing technology was employed. Data describing streambanks and vegetation for 1985 (grazed) and 1986 (rested) indicates potential for vegetation improvement with rest from grazing but does not yet indicate changes in streambank characteristics. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Price, K.P. and M.K. Ridd. PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Riparian habitat on the Humboldt River, Deeth to Elco, Nevada SOURCE: Univ. of Utah Res. Instit., Salt Lake City, UT. CRSC Rep. 83-3. 48 p. TOPICS: riparian inventory, riparian management, remote sensing. COMMENTS: Not complete copy. Infrared and conventional B/W photographs of the riparian zone were interpreted, vegetation maps produced and compared with historical maps. Lengthy review of river geomorphology and management impacts on the riparian. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Quigley, T.M. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Estimating contribution of overstory vegetation to stream surface shade SOURCE: Wildlife Society Bulletin 9(1):22-27. TOPICS: riparian forest, aquatic habitat, stream shading COMMENTS: A method for estimating the contribution of forest overstory to stream surface shade is presented. Characteristics measured are stream width, distance from vegetation to stream, orientation of stream, height of overstory, density of vegetation, crown measurement, location, date, and time. Examples given. (form authors abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ratliff, R.D., M.R. George, N.K. McDougald PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Managing livestock grazing on meadows of California's Sierra Nevada. A manager-user guide. SOURCE: Cooperative Extension Leaflet No. 21421: Cooperative Extension University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA. TOPICS: management, grazing, meadows COMMENTS: A management guide with recommendations for herbage productivity, timing, and length of grazing period for mountain meadows. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Reed, P.B., Jr. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: Intermountain (Region 8). SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(26.8). 76pp. TOPICS: wetland plant species COMMENTS: This plant list for the Intermountain Region (Region 8) is a subset of the National List. Plant species that occur in wetlands, as used in the National List, are species that have demonstrated an ability to achieve maturity and reproduce in an environment where all or portions of soil within the root zone become, periodically or continuously, saturated or inundated during the growing season (from abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Reed, P.B., Jr. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: national summary SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(24). 244 pp. TOPICS: wetland plant species COMMENTS: Plant species that occur in wetlands, as used in the National List, are species that have demonstrated an ability to achieve maturity and reproduce in an environment where all or portions of soil within the root zone become, periodically or continuously, saturated or inundated during the growing season (from abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Reichmuth, D.R. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Salmon River habitat structures evaluation of past work and proposals for future work SOURCE: Report prepared by GEOMAX, Bozeman, MT. TOPICS: in-stream structures, channel dynamics COMMENTS: Recommends alternative to riprap treatment where channel is eroding highway and a sediment-separating structure to separate bottom water with high sediment load from low-sediment top water. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ribaudo, M.O., and C.E. Young. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Estimating the water quality benefits from soil erosion control. SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin, 25:71-78. TOPICS: non-point pollution, soil erosion COMMENTS: A conceptual model for estimating water quality benefits from the control of soil erosion and results of such modelling is discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rickard, W.H., L.E. Rogers, B.E. Vaughan, and S.F. Liebetrau PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Shrub-Steppe Balance and Change in a Semi-Arid Terrestrial Ecosystem. SOURCE: Developments in Agricultural and Managed-Forest Ecology Series, v. 20. Elsevier Science Publishing Company Inc., New York, NY. 272 p. TOPICS: bibliography, riparian soils, hydrology, plant communities, bird communities COMMENTS: Includes eight bibliographic chapters which focus on research conducted at the Arid Land Ecological Reserve, at the Hanford Site of the Lower Columbia River. 1. Introduction: Shrub-Steppe Lands; 2. Climate of the Hanford Site; 3. Soils: Carbon and Mineral Cycling Processes; 4. Water Balance; 5. Springs and Streams; 6. Plant Communities: Characteristics and Responses; 7. Terrestrial Animal Habitats and Population Responses; 8. Theoretical Perspective on Ecosystem Disturbance and Recovery. Topics covered which are relevant to the riparian include bird populations, hydrology of springs and streams and associated vegetation, and effects of land-uses on the sagebrush-bunchgrass uplands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rinne, J.N. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Effects of livestock grazing exclosure on aquatic macroinvertebrates in a montane stream, New Mexico SOURCE: Great Basin Naturalist 48(2):146-153. TOPICS: stream invertebrates, grazing effects, aquatic habitat, experimental design COMMENTS: Based on a limited literature and this study, authors conclude that aquatic macroinvertebrates are useful biological indicators of grazing impacts on stream ecosystems. The authors emphasize the importance of collecting baseline data and of defining the variability of factors within study areas prior to implementing treatments. Linear changes in stream habitat may affect water quality and biota in the stream quite apart from the affects of grazing and exclosure. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rinne, J.N. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Grazing effects on stream habitat and fishes: research design considerations SOURCE: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8:240-247. TOPICS: grazing effects, fishery, experimental grazing design COMMENTS: A 4-year study of a montane stream from which cattle grazing had been excluded for 10 years indicated that stream bank vegetation and stability were markedly improved and that stream substrate fines were somewhat reduced, but it indicated that fish populations were unaffected. Shortcomings of this case history study are common to similarly designed studies of grazing effects on fishes and their habitats. Three major deficiencies in research design are (1)lack of pretreatment data, (2) improper consideration of fishery management principles, and (3) linear positioning of treatments along a stream. Future research on riparian grazing effects must address these factors in addition to designs of long-term (10+ years) ecosystem (watershed) studies. (author's abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Robertson, D., R. Garcia, and K. Piwowar. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Comparison of wetland habitat in undisturbed and reclaimed phosphate surface-mined wetlands. p.180-193. SOURCE: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation, May 14-15, 1987: Hillsborough Community College, Institute of Florida Studies, Plant City, FL. TOPICS: wetland creation, reclamation COMMENTS: Assessment of aquatic development in two reclaimed wetlands, one two years old and one year old. The reclamation methods are described briefly. Macroinvertebrate sampling and species richness results provided. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Samson, F.B., F.L. Knopf, and L.B. Hass. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Small mammal response to the introduction of cattle into a cottonwood floodplain. p. 432-438. SOURCE: R.C. Szaro, K.E. Severson, and D.R. Patton (tech. coords.). Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North America: proceedings of the symposium; 1988, July 19-21; Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. TOPICS: small mammals, grazing effects, biological diversity COMMENTS: Examined small mammal communities and vegetation structure before, during and after grazing (1 and 5 months following grazing) and between grazed (winter) and ungrazed (control) communities on South Platte River floodplain. Each small mammal species exhibited different habitat use compared to availability and few habitat variables differed on grazed versus ungrazed pastures. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schultz, T.T., and W.C. Leininger. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Differences in riparian vegetation between grazed areas and exclosures. SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 43(4):295-299. TOPICS: plant communities, grazing effects, grazing exclosure COMMENTS: Differences in vegetation structure were examined in a montane riparian zone in north-central Colorado after 30 years of cattle exclusion and continued, but reduced, grazing pressure. Total vascular vegetation, shrub, and graminoid canopy cover was greater in the exclosures as compared to grazed areas, while forb canopy cover was similar between treatments. Exclosures had nearly 2 times the litter cover, while grazed areas had 4 times more bare ground. The mean peak standing crop over the 2 years of the study in the exclosures was about 5 times that in the grazed areas. Cattle utilized about 65% of the current years growth of vegetation. (from authors abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schumann, R. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Morphology of Red Creek, Wyoming, an arid-region anastomosing channel system SOURCE: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 14:277-288. TOPICS: channel dynamics, sediment characteristics COMMENTS: Describes formation mechanisms of an anastomosing stream. Lateral channel migration is inhibited by the high cohesion of the silt and clay channel sediment. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, J.D. Jacobi, J.E. Estes. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Species richness. SOURCE: A geographic approach to protecting future biological diversity. BioScience 37(11):782-788. TOPICS: biological diversity, geographical information systems COMMENTS: The thesis is that the most efficient and cost-effective way to retain maximal biological diversity in the minimal area is to focus efforts on species-rich areas. A geographical information systems mapping approach has identified unexpected inequities in present-time wildlife/nature preserves and the extent of protection of species-rich habitats. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Scott, J.M., et al. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Gap analysis: protecting biodiversity using geographic information systems SOURCE: A handbook for a workshop held at the University of Idaho, October 29-31, 1990, Moscow, ID. TOPICS: biological diversity, gap analysis COMMENTS: Chapters included are: (1) Introduction to biodiversity and conservation planning. (2) Mapping actual vegetation to predict regional biodiversity. (3) GIS data layers and mapping of biodiversity. (3) Interpreting the data. A section on the mapping of wetland and aquatic habitats (riparian areas) indicates the difficulties of dealing with small but species-rich land areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sedell, J.R., F.H. Everest, and D.R. Gibbons. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Streamside vegetation management for aquatic habitat. p.115-125. SOURCE: Proceedings of the National Silviculture Workshop: Silviculture for All Resources. Sacramento, CA, May 11-14, 1987. Wash, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Timber Management; March 1989. 322 p. TOPICS: riparian forest, management, stream shading, woody debris COMMENTS: The authors discuss three aspects of silvicultural management of Riparian Management Areas (RMA): effects of extended timber rotations or permissible rates of entry into RMAs; organic debris standards and RMA width and shading requirements. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sedgwick, J.A., and F.L. Knopf. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a cottonwood bottomland. SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 51(1):230-237. TOPICS: bird communities, grazing effects COMMENTS: Habitat use by migratory bird species utilizing the grass-herb-shrub layer of vegetation in a riparian community (South Platt River, CO) subjected to late fall, early winter cattle grazing. Breeding bird populations on ungrazed control plots and fall-grazed plots (16 ha) were censused over a 10-day period in spring of 1982, 1984, and 1985. Ordination of six species on axes of forb cover and mid-level shrub density cover suggested different susceptibilities to grazing. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sedgwick, J.A., F.L. Knopf. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Habitat relationships and nest site characteristics of cavity-nesting birds in cottonwood floodplains. SOURCE: Journal Wildlife Management 54(1):112-124. TOPICS: bird communities, biological diversity, riparian forest COMMENTS: Lack of regeneration of cottonwood, decline in the dead limb lengths, trees with more than 1 m length of dead limb (> 10 cm dia.), and snag density along the South Platte River will probably result in the decline in cavity-nesting birds. Red-headed woodpeckers and American kestrels have the most particular cavity requirements for nesting. An aging overstory with a lower percentage of small trees and a lack of regeneration, resulting in lower small tree densities, could adversely affect chickadees. A mosaic of sites of differing age structures in cottonwood floodplains accommodates a greater variety of cavity-nesting species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sheeter, G.R., and E.W. Claire. PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Use of juniper trees to stabilize eroding streambanks on the South Fork John Day River. SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Tech. Note:OR-1. 4 p. TOPICS: streambank protection structures COMMENTS: Streambank revetments created by anchorage of cut junipers on nearly vertical eroding streambanks were successful in stabilizing banks. Silt deposited in the revetments reduced bank slope. Lower energy of stream water in reaches with revetments favored revegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shepard, B.B. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Evaluation of the U.S. Forest Service "COWFISH" model for assessing livestock impacts on fisheries in the Beaverhead National Forest, Montana. SOURCE: R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Riparian Resource Management, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. pp.23-33. TOPICS: COWFISH model, grazing effects, fishery COMMENTS: Use of the "COWFISH" model increases awareness of effects of livestock grazing on aquatic resources, but does not replace the need for sampling fish populations in grazing-impacted streams. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sidle, R.C. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Overview of cumulative effects concepts and issues. p. 103-107. SOURCE: Forestry on the Frontier, Proceedings of the 1989 Society of American Foresters Annual Convention. Bethesda, MD. TOPICS: watershed, cumulative effects, water quality, sediment transport COMMENTS: Activities within a watershed and natural processes interact in a cumulative way to affect downstream water quality. Major emphasis of the paper is on water quality, nutrient cycling and chemical transport. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sidle, R.C. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Cumulative effects of forest practices on erosion and sedimentation. p. 108-112. SOURCE: Forestry on the Frontier, Proceedings of the 1989 Society of American Foresters Annual Convention. Bethesda, MD. TOPICS: erosion, sediment transport, compaction COMMENTS: Topics linked were onsite mass erosion, onsite surface erosion, sediment transport and routing, and downstream effects of these. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sidle, R.C. and M.C. Amacher. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Effects of mining, grazing and roads on sediment and water chemistry in Birch Creek, Nevada. p. 463-472. SOURCE: Watershed Planning and Analysis in Action, Symposium Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, Durango, CO, 9-11 July, 1990. TOPICS: sediment transport, water quality, cumulative effects, woody debris COMMENTS: Assessment of the cumulative effects of mining and other land uses on water quality of Birch Creek showed that mine dumps and roads increased fine sediment deposits in some reaches. Fine sediments were trapped by woody debris. (from Abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Slaughter, C.W., and J.W. Aldrich PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Annotated bibliography on soil erosion and erosion control in subarctic and high-latitude regions of North America. SOURCE: Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-253. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 234 p. TOPICS: bibliography, erosion, hydrology COMMENTS: Emphasizes the physical processes of upland soil erosion, prediction of soil erosion and sediment yield, and erosion control. The bibliography is divided into two sections: (1) references specific to Alaska, the Arctic and subarctic, and similar high-latitude settings; and (2) references relevant to understanding erosion, sediment production, and erosion control. Most of the cited works were published prior to 1981. (from abstract) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smirnow, E. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Water resources analyses: flow category analysis for flow duration curves. Unpublished report prepared for U.S. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunnison National Forest, Delta, CO. TOPICS: hydrology COMMENTS: Outlines a procedure for flow category analysis, intended to provide investigators with a tool to expedite and refine the generation of flow duration curves/tables, flow regime frequencies, and sediment yields. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Snyder, W.D. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Stem cutting propagation of woody phreatophytes in eastern Colorado. p. 151-156. SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: planting, riparian restoration COMMENTS: Plantings of six native woody phreatophytes and one exotic species evaluated. Techniques and survival discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Speaker, R.W., K.J. Luchessa, J.F. Franklin, and S.V. Gregory. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The use of plastic strips to measure leaf retention by riparian vegetation in a coastal Oregon stream. SOURCE: The use of plastic strips to measure leaf retention by riparian vegetation in a coastal Oregon stream. TOPICS: riparian forest, organic debris COMMENTS: Plastic strips, rather than leaves, were tested in studies estimating the rate of removal of coarse particulate organic matter from low-order forested streams. Processes involved in the retention of organic debris, both instream and on bank, are discussed in relation to the results of an experiment comparing the debris retention by streams sections with manipulated bank vegetation densities. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stern, D.H. and M.S. Stern. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Effects of bank stabilization on the physical and chemical characteristics of streams and small rivers: an annotated bibliography. SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program: FWS/OBS-80/12. 78 p. TOPICS: bibliography, streambank protection structures, water quality COMMENTS: An annotated bibliography. Included papers vary from technical documents to general discussions addressing the physical and chemical changes that result from bank stabilization techniques. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stevens, M. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Between land and Water: the wetlands of Idaho. SOURCE: Nongame wildlife leaflet # 9. Idaho Wildlife, 10(4):13-24. TOPICS: wetlands, wetland plant species COMMENTS: Essay introducing Idaho wetlands; history, soils, vegetation and wetland protection. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stromberg, J.C., and D.T. Patten. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Total protection: one management option. p. 61-62. SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: plant communities, floodplain management, floodplain hydrology, seed dispersal COMMENTS: Flood timing in relation to seed dispersal may affect community structure. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stuber, P.J. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts SOURCE: April 25-29, 1988, Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wild. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(16). 221 pp. TOPICS: symposium, wetlands, wetland management, wetlands policy implementation COMMENTS: Formal papers focused on four main topics: (1) Agricultural Impacts on Wetlands, (2) National Legislative Wetland Protection Strategies, (3) State/Regional Wetland Protection Strategies, and (4) Management Protection Strategies (from abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Suring, L.H., and P.A. Vohs, Jr PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Habitat use by Columbian white-tailed deer. SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 43:610-619. TOPICS: white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Study area was the Columbian White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus viginianus) National Wildlife Refuge, on the Washington shore of the Columbia River. The climate was wet (245 cm) and mild, promoting continued growth of forage throughout the year. Communities providing both cover and forage were more heavily utilized than were communities providing cover or foliage alone. Browse was not used, apparently because of the year-round availability of green forage. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson, S. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Priorities for riparian management. SOURCE: Rangelands, 11(5):228-230. TOPICS: grazing management, riparian enhancement COMMENTS: Outlines general processes of stream channel erosion, floodplain functions, and the effects of vegetation on channel/floodplain interactions. Suggests criteria for prioritizing stream reaches for management activities. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swenson, E.A. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Progress in the understanding of how to reestablish native riparian plants in New Mexico. p. 144-150. SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: planting, riparian restoration COMMENTS: Reports on the development of a dormant pole planting technique and several operational projects. Guidelines for successful pole planting. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro, R.C. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian and scrubland community types of Arizona and New Mexico. SOURCE: Desert Plants 9(3-4):69-124. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian plant communities COMMENTS: Discusses the role of disturbance in riparian systems and presents the framework of a plant community classification system (commmunity type concept) for Arizona and New Mexico based on actual site data for existing vegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro, R.C. and S.C. Belfit. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Herpetofaunal use of a desert riparian island and its adjacent scrub habitat SOURCE: Journal of Wildlife Management 50(4):752-761. TOPICS: reptiles, amphibians, biological diversity, riparian mitigation, riparian habitat mitigation COMMENTS: The restriction of water flow in 1959 in Queen Creek in Whitlow Ranch Dam, Pinal County, Arizona, has caused the development of a 15-ha riparian island upstream behind the dam. The herpetofaunas of the riparian interior, riparian edge, desert wash, and upland habitats were sampled to assess the value of this type of development for mitigating continued losses of riparian habitat. Total species richness was 4 in the riparian interior, 7 in the riparian edge, 14 in the desert wash, and 15 in the desert upland. Many of the locally expected species were absent. The lack of invasion by typical riparian species probably results more from biogeographic considerations and flooding patterns than from structural and physical conditions of this newly formed riparian habitat. Regression models for species abundance emphasize the importance of using floristic information rather than summary variables in developing animal-habitat relationships. (from author's abstract) See also Szaro and Belfit (1987) for analysis of small mammal populations on the same riparian island. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro, R.C. and S.C. Belfit. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Small mammal use of a riparian desert riparian island and its adjacent scrub habitat SOURCE: Research Note RM-473: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. TOPICS: small mammals, riparian habitat mitigation, riparian mitigation COMMENTS: A 15 ha riparian island was created upstream of a dam built in 1959. Small mammal populations in the riparian interior, riparian edge, desert wash and upland habitats surrounding the island were sampled to assess the value of this type of development (water flow restriction by dam) for mitigating continued loss of riparian habitat. The riparian island had few small mammals; more were recorded in the adjacent desert washes and desert upland habitats. Habitat models were developed for the desert shrew, Arizona pocket mouse, and Bailey's pocket mouse. (from author's abstract). The author concludes that potential is limited for using the development of a dense willow gallery forest resulting from changes in hydrologic regime to mitigate the loss of more structurally diverse riparian habitats. Canopy opening to increase development of shrub and herbaceous layers and import of riparian fauna from similar islands might improve the value of the mitigation riparian island as small mammal habitat. Species studied: desert shrew (Notiosorex crawfordi), Arizona pocket mouse (Perognathus amplus), Bailey's pocket mouse (Perognathus baileyi) ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro, R.C., S.C. Belfit, J.K. Aitkin, and R.D. Babb. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The use of timed fixed-area plots and a mark-recapture technique in assessing riparian garter snake populations. p. 239-246. SOURCE: Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North America. Proceedings of a symposium, July 19-21, 1988, Flagstaff, AZ: Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. TOPICS: reptiles, wildlife habitat, grazing exclosure COMMENTS: Wandering garter snake populations along a thin-leaf alder riparian community in northern New Mexico were sampled using timed fixed-area plots and a mark-recapture method. Both methods served to determine yearly differences and relative magnitude of snake density between years. Timed fixed-area plots enabled quantification of dramatic differences in snake abundance between exclosures and the grazed area. This sampling method yielded significant differences in exclosure population estimates for 1985 indicating that the spatial distribution of snakes might not be random. The more labor-intensive mark-recapture estimators are recommended for assessing impactsof riparian management regimes on snake populations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro, R.C. and J.N. Rinne. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Ecosystem approach to management of southwestern riparian communities. p. 502-511. SOURCE: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference: 53rd Annual Meeting, 1988: Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. TOPICS: biological diversity, community ecology, grazing exclosure, grazing management COMMENTS: The paper exemplifies common problems with ecosystem studies: riparian area responses to grazing exclosure, geographic variation and water impoundment. The response to grazing on riparian areas can vary depending on the populations measured, whether birds, reptiles, fish, small mammals, etc. Researchers and managers need to act cooperatively in study design so that testable hypotheses are addressed and proper controls applied. Sufficient preliminary data is often lacking. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thomas, A.E., and C. Wentzell. PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: A bibliography of riparian topics with emphasis on the intermountain west. SOURCE: Technical Bulletin 86-4. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. 69 pp. TOPICS: BLM, bibliography, riparian COMMENTS: This bibliography will be available on request from A.E. Thomas at the Idaho State Office, BLM. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thomas, J.W., C. Maser, and J.E. Rodiek. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Edges SOURCE: Wildlife habitats in managed rangelands -- the great basin of southeastern Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-189. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. 17 p. TOPICS: biological diversity, wildlife habitat management COMMENTS: Edge can be a measure of overall diversity of any area. Diversity is considered as inherent (community/community) edge, induced (successional stage/successional stage) edge and total edge. Size of stands are related to expected wildlife diversity (from abstract). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tiedemann, A.R., D.A. Higgins, T.M. Quigley, and H.R. Sanderson. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Stream chemistry responses to four range management strategies in eastern Oregon. Research Paper PNW-RP-413 SOURCE: Portland, OR. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 9 p. TOPICS: water quality, riparian forest COMMENTS: Four grazing management strategies, implemented as part if the Oregon Range Evaluation Project. Nitrate-N, PO4, Ca, Mg, K and Na levels and pH were monitored in streamwater. Grazing systems/strategies included season-long/no distribution management (8.2 ha/AUM), deferred rotation/uniform pasture use (7.7 ha/AUM), deferred rotation/intensive management with pasture improvement (2.8 ha/AUM), and rest rotation/intensive management with pasture improvement (2.8 ha/AUM). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tiedemann, A.R., T.M. Quigley, T.D. Anderson PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Effects of timber harvest on stream nutrient chemistry and dissolved nutrient losses in northeast Oregon SOURCE: Forest Science 34(2):344-358. TOPICS: water quality, riparian forest COMMENTS: Study examined streamwater nutrient levels before and after partial clearcut of Pacific Northwest watersheds. The maximum treatment was clearcut of 41% of the watershed area in two blocks (3.6 and 8.5 ha), machine piling and burning of slash with machine scatter of unburned slash. For another watershed, 17% of the area was clearcut in two small blocks (0.8 and 2.4 ha). A selective harvest was performed in a third watershed and no harvest in the fourth control watershed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tung, Y.K. and W.E. Hathhorn. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Determination of the critical locations in a stochastic stream environment SOURCE: Ecological Monitoring, 45: 43-61. TOPICS: water quality monitoring COMMENTS: Discusses the location of critical points for dissolved O2, i.e., minimum dissolved O2, in streams best described by stochastic rather than deterministic models. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Turner, R.E. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Secondary production in riparian wetlands SOURCE: Transactions of the 53rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 53:491-501. TOPICS: ecosystem processes, riparian ecosystem COMMENTS: Riparian wetlands have high primary production, provide fluctuating environments and an aquatic/terrestrial food web or chain, resulting in concentrated secondary production. Based on analyses of food chains, riparian ecosystems have more trophic species per number of trophic links than do nonwetland ecosystems. The vegetation canopy of riparian wetlands adds to maximum ecosystem dimension, which probably results in relatively longer food chains compared with other wetland ecosystem types. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S. General Accounting Office. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Public rangelands. Some riparian areas restored but widespread improvement will be slow. SOURCE: GAO/RCED-88-105: Report to congressional requesters. U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington D.C. 85 p. TOPICS: wetland policy evaluation, wetland policy implementation COMMENTS: Examines federal efforts to restore degraded riparian areas on public rangelands, achievements to date, the extent of the problem remaining, and the factors that will impede more widespread progress in the future. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Integrated riparian evaluation guide. Intermountain Region SOURCE: Ogden, UT. 102 pp. TOPICS: riparian evaluation, management, monitoring COMMENTS: The guide provides an approach to stratify and classify riparian areas by integrating geomorphologic, hydrologic, aquatic, soil and vegetation information. Three levels of evaluation, management applications and interpretations, monitoring strategies suggested and several classification appendices supplied. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wyoming riparian management activity guide - 1989. SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming State Office, Cheyenne, Wy. 58 p. TOPICS: BLM, wetland policy implementation COMMENTS: Presents the Wyoming riparian strategy for BLM lands. Provides a breakdown of riparian projects, including planned actions, projects, monitoring, research, training, information transfer and funding options. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Fish and Wildlife 2000. Annual progress report, fiscal year 1990. SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, BLM, Washington, D.C. 29 p. TOPICS: BLM COMMENTS: Summary of projects implemented under the BLM "Fish and Wildlife 2000 - A Plan for the Future" and of future fish and wildlife projects. Includes habitat management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Riparian ecosystems: a preliminary assessment of their importance, status and needs. SOURCE: Eastern Energy and Land Use Team, National Water Resources Analysis Group, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kearneysville, WV. 13 p. TOPICS: riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: A preliminary assessment reflecting the perspective which led to the development of a Fish and Wildlife Service riparian program. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Wetlands. Meeting the president's challenge. SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service: 1990 Wetlands Action Plan. 64 p. TOPICS: wetland protection, policy implementation COMMENTS: Document describes the role of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in contributing to the President's goal of "no net loss" of the nation's wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Valiela, D. and P.H. Whitfield. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Monitoring strategies to determine compliance with water quality objectives SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin, 25:63-69. TOPICS: water quality monitoring COMMENTS: Two sampling strategies designed to test for compliance with water quality objectives are examined for, (1) objectives based on long-term mean requirements, and (2) for objectives based on maximum allowable concentrations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vinson, M.R. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Sediment dynamics in meandering and straight sections of a relocated stream channel. p.76-87. SOURCE: Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. TOPICS: channel hydraulics, sediment transport, sediment storage COMMENTS: Sediment dynamics examined for meandering and straight sections of a relocated stream channel in coarse alluvium. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Walker, M.D., D.A. Walker, and K.R. Everett. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wetland soils and vegetation, arctic foothills, Alaska. SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 89(7). 89 pp. TOPICS: wetland soils, wetland plant species COMMENTS: Analyses of relationships between hydric soils and wetland plant species in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska. The site is considered to be representative of broad regions of acidic tussock tundra in the foothills. Seven soil subgroups identified. Weighted and index averages were calculated for each of 84 samples by weighing each species according to its wetland indicator status in a published list of vascular wetland plants of the U.S. Analysis of variance among soil types using averages based on vascular species alone or in combination with cryptogamic species led to a highly significant distinction between hydric and non-hydric soils. Cryptogams, lichen-moss crusts on the soil surface which have not been reviewed for wetland status, did not separate the soil types properly. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Walters, M.A., R.O. Teskey, and T.M. Hinckley. PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities. Volume VIII. Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Regions. SOURCE: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program: FWS/OBS-78/94. 46 p. TOPICS: riparian plant communities, watertable effects, bibliography COMMENTS: Impacts of flooding and drought on riparian zone vegetation, specifically mountainous areas, northern California, Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, New Mexico and Arizona. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Weber, C.I. et al. PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms SOURCE: Second Edition. Methods Manual, No. PB 89-207 013/AS. Cincinatti, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. TOPICS: water quality monitoring COMMENTS: A project summary available in files. Methods for estimating the chronic toxicity to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia), and a green alga (Selenastrum capricornutum). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Welling, C.H., R.L. Pederson, and A.G. van der Valk. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Temporal patterns in recruitment from the seed bank during drawdowns in a prairie wetland SOURCE: Journal of Applied Ecology 25:999-1007. TOPICS: emergent wetland plants, wetlands seed bank COMMENTS: Describes seasonal patterns of seedling recruitment, assesses the potential impact on recruitment of environmental conditions during drawdowns and compares vegetation produced by drawdowns lasting 1 or 2 years. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wesche, T.A., D.W. Reiser, V.R. Hasfurther, W.A. Hubert, Q.D. Skinner. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: New technique for measuring fine sediment in streams SOURCE: North American Journal of Fisheries manag ement 9:234-238. TOPICS: hydrology, sediment characteristics COMMENTS: Evaluation of sediment trapping capabilities of modified Whitlock-Vibert boxes under laboratory and field conditions and comparison with sediment trapped in adjacent streambed gravels. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: West, R.A., S.J. Paustian and J.R. Martin. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: A proposed streamside riparian mapping system for the Tongass National Forest. SOURCE: Proceedings of watershed '89: a conference on the stewardship of soil, air and water resources: Juneau, Alaska, March 21-23, 1989. Juneau, AK: U.S. Department of Agriculture, For. Serv., Alaska Region, 1989, p. 73-85. TOPICS: riparian inventory, riparian soils, riparian plant communities, channel morphology, geomorphology COMMENTS: A hierarchical inventory utilizing GIS technology: Level I, identifies watershed boundaries, areas and is used to estimate annual precipitation and compute water budgets; Level II, delineates boundaries between the aquatic-riparian ecosystems and the surrounding terrestrial environment by overlaying the Soil/Plant Association Layer (delineates landform), the Channel Type Layer and the Watershed Layer; Level III, comprises mapping of the aquatic and riparian ecosystems; and Level IV, maps specific riparian sites as defined by particular plant associations with specific soils and channel types. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Williams, S.E., and P.D. Stahl. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Importance of mycorrhizal fungi in land revegetation. p. 72-89. SOURCE: Proceedings Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting, Great Plains Agricultural Forestry Committee, June 22-25, 1987. Vol. 39. TOPICS: soil fungi COMMENTS: A review of the biology and applications in revegetation of mycorrhizae. It seems that loss of mycorrhizal inoculum might be a concern where revegetation of degraded riparian areas or range with sensitive species is concerned. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Winward, A.H. and W.G. Padgett. PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Special considerations when classifying riparian areas. p. 186-192. SOURCE: Land Classifications Based on Vegetation: Applications for Resource Management. Proceedings: Moscow, ID, November 17-19, 1987. Ogden UT: Intermountain Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT; 257. TOPICS: riparian classification, riparian plant communities, channel dynamics COMMENTS: Uses a concept of riparian complexes, groups of riparian community types, to classify riparian zones, their condition and goals for riparian enhancement. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wood, J.C., and M.K. Wood. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Infiltration and water quality on range sites at Fort Stanton, New Mexico. Water Resour SOURCE: Bull., 24(2):317-323. TOPICS: soil infiltration rates, grazing effects COMMENTS: Examined soil infiltration rates, sediment concentration and runoff water quality for range sites on a mesa top, hillside slopes and on valley bottom with varied grazing treatments and fertilization (valley bottom only). Soil infiltrability on grassland was susceptible to grazing. Short-duration grazing of pinyon pine-juniper treatments did not affect infiltration. Fertilization of bottomlands with soil conditions that favored plant growth increased plant biomass and cover. Higher stocking rates can be achieved if plant cover and biomass are sufficient to offset adverse effects of increased animal disturbance. Fertilized bottomlands have increased chemical nutrient losses. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Zube, E.H. and D.E. Simcox. PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Arid lands, riparian landscapes and management conflicts SOURCE: Environmental Management 11(4):529-535. TOPICS: riparian, management COMMENTS: Reports on a mail survey of the perceptions, attitudes, and opinions of the general public and special interest groups toward a riparian landscape in the Sonoran Desert. A specific point of enquiry is the relative position of professional resource managers compared with other groups on issues such as land use planning, appropriate management prescriptions, and appropriate land uses adjacent to riparian areas. Discriminant analysis of response data reveals significant differences among several special interest groups and the general public, and identifies an important challenge for the managers who are more aware of the fragility of arid lands and riparian ecosystems and of threats to their continued productivity posed by rapid urban expansion. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Zwank, P.J., R.D. Sparrowe, W.R. Porath, and O. Torgerson. PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Utilization of threatened bottomland habitats by white-tailed deer. SOURCE: Wildl. Soc. Bull. 7:226-232. TOPICS: white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat COMMENTS: White-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus) were monitored from 1971 to 1978 to document their utilization of bottomland habitats threatened by water resource development (Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge, bottomland in north-central Missouri). Data collected support other observations that deer inagricultural areas of the Midwest utilize bottomland habitats throughout the year. The destruction of naturally vegetated bottomlands constitutes a threat to viable white-tailed deer populations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Irizarri,RA PUB. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: The effects of stream alteration in Idaho SOURCE: Idaho Fish and Game Dept., Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration Job Completion Report F55-R-2, Boise, ID. 26 p. TOPICS: aquatic/riparian habitat; water resources COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kauffman,JB; Kreuger,WC; Vavra,M PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Ecology and plant communities of the riparian area associated with Catherine Creek in northeastern Oregon SOURCE: Technical Bull. No. 147. Agricultural Expiriment Station, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 33 p. TOPICS: riparian ecosystems; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: A multitude of biotic/abiotic factors interacted to form an extremely complex ecosystem along Catherine Creek in the Wallowa mountains. A total of 258 stands of vegetation representing 60 plant communities were identified. At least 20 species of mammals and 81 species of birds utilize the area May-October. The diversity of riparian communities was attributed factors such as: soil characteristics, streamflow dynamics, climate, plant community interactions, animal effects, and mans'effects. Analysis of the nine most common community types indicated their composition and structure were significantly afected by those factors. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Keller,EA; Tally,T PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Effects of large organic material on channel form and fluvial processes SOURCE: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 4, 361-380. TOPICS: channel morphology; geomorphology; organic debris COMMENTS: Large organic debris in streams flowing through old-growth redwood forests in California significantly influence channel form and fluvial processes in small to intermediate size streams. Approximately 60% of the total drop in elevation over a several hundred meter reach was associated with large organic debris. Debris also provides numerous sites for sediment storage. The influence of large organic debris on channel forms and process in low gradient stream reaches is less than in steeper channels. However, the debris still may affect development of pools and may help stabilize channel banks. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Keller,EA; Tally,Taz PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Effects of large organic debris on channel form and fluvial processes in a coastal redwood environment SOURCE: In: Rhodes, Dallas D. and Garnett P. Williams eds. Adjustments of the Fluvial System. Proc. Tenth Annual Geomorph. Symp. Series. Binghampton, New York. pp.169-197. TOPICS: channel morphology; geomorphology; organis debris COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Klock,GO PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Modeling the cumulative effects of forest practices on downstream aquatic ecosystems SOURCE: Journal Soil and Water Conserv. Mar.-Apr. 1985, 237-241. TOPICS: aquatic ecosystems; forestry management; modeling COMMENTS: A Watershed Cumulative Effects Analysis (KWCEA) was developed to determine a watershed's hydrologic condition. It uses key watershed parameters affecting streamwater quality and quantity. The model may be used to evaluate the potential downstream impact of all forest practice options within a watershed and to schedule/coordinate forest practices within it. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lane,LJ PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Development of a procedure to estimate runoff and sediment transport in ephemeral streams SOURCE: In: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium:Developments in the explanation and prediction of erosion and sediment yield. July 1982. IAHS Publ.No. 137. p.272-282. TOPICS: modeling; sediment transport; sediment yield COMMENTS: This paper describes a hydrological model for application with semiarid watersheds. The model incorporates simplified routing schemes to include the influence of transmission losses on runoff. The procedure is used to estimate runoff rates and amounts together with sediment yieldsfrom semiarid watersheds. This procedure requires a minimum of observed data for calibration and is designed for practical applications. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lanka,RP; Hubert,WA; Wesche,TA PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Relations of geo-morphology to stream habitat and trout standing stock in small Rocky Mountain streams SOURCE: Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc 116, 21-28. TOPICS: aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; geomorphology COMMENTS: This paper presents evidence that drainage basin morphology and trout standing stock are related through a functional link between geomorphic features and stream habitat quality. Numerous significant univariate correlations were found between geomorphic variables, stream habitat variables, and trout standing stock in both high-elevation forest and low-elevation rangeland streams. When geomorphic variables alone were incorporated into regression models they predicted trout standing stock as accurately as did stream habitat variables. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leininger,WC; Trlica,MJ PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Successional and hydrological changes following protection from long-term heavy grazing in a northern Colorado riparian zone SOURCE: Abstracts of the IV International Congress of Ecology. Syracuse, NY. P.214. TOPICS: livestock impacts; livestock management; riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leopold,LB; Maddock,T PUB. YEAR: 1953 TITLE: The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications SOURCE: US Geological Survey. Professional Paper 252. TOPICS: channel hydraulics; channel morphology; hydraulic geometry COMMENTS: Some hydraulic characteristics of stream channels - depth, width, velocity, and suspended load - are measured quantitatively and vary with discharge as simple power functions at a given river cross section. Similar variations in relation to discharge exist among the cross sections along the length of the river under the condition that discharge at all points is equal in frequency of occurrence. In the data studied, it appeared that when discharges are of equal frequency at different points along the river, the velocity as well as the width and depth of flow, increases with discharge downstream. This increase of velocity downstream results from the fact that the increase in depth overcompensates for the decrease in slope. An empiric quantitative relation among the average measurements of width, depth, velocity, discharge, and suspended sediment load is derived from data on natural rivers and shows that depth and width, as well as velocity, are functions of the load transported in the channel. The empiric relation between hydraulic characteristics of the channel and suspended load provides a logical explanation of the observed channel shape. The average river channel-system tends to develop in a way to produce an approximate equilibrium between the channel and the water/sediment it must transport. This state appears to exist even in headward ungraded tributaries and in given cross sections for all discharges. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leopold,LB; Wolman,MG; Miller,JP PUB. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology SOURCE: W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. 522 pages TOPICS: channel morphology; geomorphology; hydraulic geometry COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lisle,TE; Lehre,AK; Martinson,HA; Meyer,DF; Nolan,KM; Smith,RD PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Stream channel adjustments after the 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruptions SOURCE: p.31-72. In: Erosion control in volcanic areas: Proceedings of the Symposium. 6-9 July 1982. Seattle and Vancouver, WA. Public Works Research Institute 1908. TOPICS: channel adjustments; sediment storage; sediment tranport COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lowdermilk,WC PUB. YEAR: 1953, 1975 TITLE: Conquest of the land through 7000 years SOURCE: USDA Soil Conservation Serice. Agri. Information Bulletin No. 99. 30p. TOPICS: historic investigation; land use COMMENTS: Soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, neglect, and conflicts between cultivators and herdsmen have served to topple empires and destroy entire civilizations. Careful stewardship of the land and the earth's resources, through terracing, crop rotation, and other soil conservation measures, has enabled other societies to flourish for centuries. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marlow,CB; Pogacnik,TM; Quinsey,SD PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Streambank stability and cattle grazing in southwestern Montana SOURCE: Journal Soil and Water Conserv. July-August 1987, 291-296. TOPICS: livestock grazing; livestock impacts; streambank stability COMMENTS: Cattle impact riparian communities by grazing and trampling. Re-evaluation of management practices indicated that implementing rest-rotation grazing management and limiting cattle use of riparian vegetation will reduce cattle impacts. In SW Montana, both streamflow and cattle use were highly correlated with the degree of change in stream channel profile. Streambank alteration may result from a combination of high soil moisture levels, high streamflow, and cattle use. Cattle use alone did not explain the degree of change in channel profile. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: May,BE; Guest,JE PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The riparian pasture: opportunity for coordinated management SOURCE: Proc. of the Bonneville Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. 8-9 Feb. 1984. Utah State University; Logan,UT. 11p. TOPICS: incomplete; aquatic/riparian habitat; livestock impacts; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan,WF PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Channel sediment storage behind obstructions in forested drainage basins draining the granitic bedrock of the Idaho batholith SOURCE: p.114-121. In: Proceedings of the workshop on sediment budgets and routing in forested drainage basins. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report PNW-141. TOPICS: sediment storage; sediment transport; sediment yield COMMENTS: The total volume of sediment stored behind obstructions varied between drainage basins and years in response to changes in bankfull channel width and annual peak-flow rates, respectively. Logs were the most important type of obstruction because they had the greatest longevity and stored the greatest amount of sediment. An average of 15 times more sediment was stored behind obstructions than was delivered to the mouths of the drainages as annual average sediment yield. Logging reduced total channel-sediment storage behind obstructions becaused many natural obstructions were destroyed by felling and subsequent clearing operations to remove logging debris from channels. Storage behind obstructions is an important component of the overall sediment routing through forested drainage basins. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan,WF PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Evaluating effects of land use on sedimentation - a case for sediment budgeting SOURCE: Hydrological Science and Technology 1(1), 13-16. TOPICS: sediment budget; sediment storage; sediment transport COMMENTS: Understanding the linkages between erosion and sedimentation could help meet present needs for water quality monitoring and evaluation of environmental impacts. Development of sediment budgets to account for watershed erosion processes and zones of sediment storage is an approach to provide this understanding. A sediment budget for forested watersheds in the mountainous zone of the interior US is presented along with data to quantify selected budget components. The sediment budget, with certain modifications, is applicable to watersheds anywhere. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan,WF; Nowlin,RA PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Sediment storage in channels draining small forested watersheds in the mountains of central Idaho SOURCE: P.4-115 to 4-126. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Federal Interagency Sediment Conference. Denver, CO. TOPICS: sediment production; sediment storage; sediment transport; sediment yield COMMENTS: The role of sediment storage was studied in channels draining seven small forested watersheds in central Idaho. Data collection included an inventory of sediment deposited behind channel obstructions, detailed surveys of channel cross sections, and measurements of annual sediment yields in sediment detention reservoirs. The channel cross sections were used in evaluating annual changes in the total volume of sediment stored on channel bottoms. Annual watershed erosion was determined by enterintg the annual sediment yields and the annual change in stored sediment into a continuity equation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Melton,BL; Hoover,RL; Moore and,RL; Pfankuch,DJ PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Aquatic and riparian wildlife SOURCE: Chapter 6. In: Managing Forested Lands for Wildlife. (Eds: Hoover, RL; Wills,DL) Colo. Div. of Wildl. in cooperation with U.S.D.A-Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Denver, CO, 261-301. TOPICS: aquatic ecosystems riparian management; aquatic/riparian habitat; riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Milon,JW PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Optimizing nonpoint source controls in water quality regulation SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin 23(3), 387-396. TOPICS: best management practices; non-point source pollution; water quality COMMENTS: A stochastic programming framework is developed to evaluate the economic implications of reliability criteria and multiple effluent controls on nonpoint source pollution. An integrated watershed simulation model is used to generate probability distributions for agricultural practices. Results from the planning model indicate that reliability and multiple effluent constraints significantly increase the cost of nonpoint controls but the effects vary by control alternative. An evaluation of water quality objectives can be an important planning tool for designing nonpoint source controls for water quality regulation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Minshall,GW; Peterson,RC; Cummins,KW; Bott,TL; Sedell,JR; Cushing, CE; Vannote,RL PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Interbiome comparison of stream ecosystem dynamics SOURCE: Ecological Monographs 53(2), 1-25. TOPICS: aquatic ecology; benthic organic matter; carbon cycling; stream ecosystems; transported organic matter COMMENTS: Studies were conducted in four distinct geographical areas in northern United States to examine changes in key ecosystem parameters: benthic organic matter (BOM), transported organic matter (TOM), community production and respiration, leaf pack decomposition, and functional feeding-group composition along gradients of increasing stream size. The results for each parameter are presented and compared between sites. The postulated gradual change in a stream's ecosystem structure and function is supported by this study. Regional and local deviations are explained by :(1) watershed climate and geology, 2) riparian conditions 3)tributaries and 4) location specific lithology and geomorphology. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Blosser,RO PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The effects of fine sediment on salmonid spawning gravel and juvenile rearing habitat - a literature review SOURCE: Technical Bulletin N. 428. (66 p.) (National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 260 Madison Ave., New York, NY, 100016.) TOPICS: aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; forestry management; salmonid habitat; sedimentation COMMENTS: This is a review of literature on the effects of fine sediment on salmonid spawning gravel and juvenile rearing habitat. This review covers 67 references and includes a broad spectrum of subjects relating to salmon spawning gravels. It deals specifically with the biological implications of fine sediments to salmonid eggs and larvae. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Braun,R PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Livestock grazing in riparian zones: ensuring fishery protection in federal rangeland management SOURCE: Anadromous Fish Law Memo. Issue No. 37. October 1986. (18 p.) (Natural Resource Law Institute, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR.) TOPICS: clean water act; range management; riparian ecosystems; riparian management; riparian restoration; water law COMMENTS: This memo discusses: (1) the functions of riparian ecosystems and information about the benefits of riparian zone restoration, (2) the conflict between livestock grazing and restoration of riparian zones, (3) the evolution of range management policy from the enactment of the Taylor Grazing Act through recent judicial interpretation of the Public Rangeland Improvement Act of 1978, and (4) the role of the Clean Water Act in limitng BLM discretion to forestall or scale down riparian zone restoration, including the availability of citizen suits to enforce agency compliance with water quality laws. The memo concludews that the agencies involved must give a high priority to implementing a program for rehabilitation of streamside ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Twitchell,M PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Fish and wildlife preservation, environmental protection, and the Northwest's electric power system: a panel of views SOURCE: Anadromous Fish Law Memo, Issue No 42, August 1987. (27 p.) (Natural Resources Law Institute, Lewis and Clark College; Portland, OR.) TOPICS: federal energy regulatory commission; indian treaty fishing rights; northwest power act; pacific intertie lines; water law COMMENTS: This memo contains edited and footnoted versions of speeches given at the 5th Annual Public Interest Law Conference held in Eugene, Oregon in March 1987. It includes speakers who have been involved with the preservation and restoration of the Northwests anadromous fish runs. Topics covered are: (1) the Northwest Power Act and Indian treaty fishing rights, (2) proposals to expand the Pacific Intertie lines, (3) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) activities and (4) status of the controversial Winchester Dam on Oregon's North Umpqua River. It concludes with a question and answer session. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Neill,CR; Mollard,JD PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Erosional processes and sediment yield in the upper Oldman River basin, Alberta, Canada SOURCE: p.183-191. In: Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield (Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982). IAHS Publ. no. 137. TOPICS: land use; sediment yield; soil erosion COMMENTS: This paper discusses the sediment yield and associated erosional processes in the upper Oldman basin, located in southwest Alberta. Suspended sediment yield averages 70 t/ km/ year, but varies greatly from year to year. Principal erosional features identified include stream channel instability, ravine erosion, grassland gullying, wind erosion, and gravity-induced mass movements. In general, they interpreted that erosional features are generally local in extent and erosion is associated with streams and rivers. The main-source of man-made erosion appeared to arise from public roads and associated interference with the natural drainage. A potential for accelerated erosion appears to exist on grazing lands on substantial slopes. Erosion is minor in forested areas compared with agricultural areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Odgaard,AJ; Moscone,CE PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Streambank protection by submerged vanes SOURCE: Hydraulic Engineer. 113(4), 520-536. TOPICS: bank protection; soil erosion; streambank erosion; techniques COMMENTS: A summary is given of the design, installation and performance of a system of submerged vanes ("Iowa Vanes") for erosion protection in a bend of East Nishnabotna River, Iowa. The vanes are small-aspect ratio foils emplaced along the outer bank, at angles of 10-15 degrees with the mean flow, to direct the near bed current outward toward the bank. The system functions by eliminating, or reducing, the centrifugally induced helical motion of the flow (the root cause of bank undermining). The system was installed during the summer of 1985. Its performance was evaluated with data obtained in surveys in the spring of 1986. The system was found to effectively reduce velocity and scour along the bank without changing the energy slope of the channel. Areas of design improvements were identified. The summary includes a brief description of the theortical and expermetntal background for the design. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Osterkamp,WR; Hedman,ER PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Variation of width and discharge for natural high-gradient stream channels SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin 13(2), 256-258. TOPICS: channel hydraulics; hydraulic geometry COMMENTS: This study defines a width-discharge relationship for natural perennial alluvial stream channels with gradients exceeding .0080 m/m (.0080 ft/ft). A standard exponent of 2.0 is suggested for studies relating mean discharge to active channel width. The results are in close agreement with studies by Leopold and Maddock (1953) and confirm their "b" exponent. Workers currently using active channel width measurements as a means of estimating average discharge from ungaged basins should consider 2.0 as a standard exponent of the regression relation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Passey,HB; Hugie,VK; Williams,EW; Ball,DE PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Relationships between soil, plant community, and climate on rangelands of the Intermountain West SOURCE: USDA Technical Bulletin. No. 1669, 123p. TOPICS: climatic factors; plant associations; plant communities; rangeland eco-systems; sagebrush; soil characteristics; vegetation production COMMENTS: Studies were done to determine the range of soil, climate, and vegetation characteristics consistently associated under natural condtions. Eighty-five study sites were selected within 32 relict areas in northern Utah, southern Idaho, northeastern Nevada, and west-central Wyoming. Studies were confined to climax plant communities characterized by associations of sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and Idaho fescue and Entisol, Aridisol, and Mollisol soil orders. Soil subgroups provided the most meaningful level of soil classification for correlation with broad plant associations. The presence of different species or subspecies of sagebrush provided the most meaningful grouping of plant communities. Vegetation production and composition data were recorded and analyzed for 10 consecutive years on 17 key study sites. Annual and periodic fluctuations in total production and yield of individual species in response to climatic variations were analyzed. Soil properties modified the effects of climate on plant communities. Effects of soil, plant, and climate relationships on relict areas may be used to approximate productive potential of other areas of the same or similar soils. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Patrick,DM; Smith,LM; Whitten,CB PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Methods for studying accelerated fluvial change SOURCE: In: Gravel Bed Rivers. (Eds: Hey,RD; Bathurst,JC; Thorne,CR) John Wiley and Sons Ltd, New York, pp.783-815. TOPICS: channel morphology; fluvial systems; geomorphology; remote sensing; sampling techniques; soil erosion; streambank erosion COMMENTS: Human activities, both site-specific and regional, may adversely affect streambank stability, navigation, flood frequency, and wildlife habitats. To develop and manage a river basin and fluvial system effectively it is necessary to identify and minimize the adverse effects of existing structures and activities and to predict and take into account the potential adverse effects of proposed schemes. This requires data on the factors that control the mechanics of the fluvial system. The data should cover the basin characteristics, relations between geomorphology and river mechanics, erodibility of the drainage basin and temporal effects. In this paper, some of the techniques and methods for studying accelerated fluvial change are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of information of basin characteristics and on geomorphological processes, to project studies. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Peart,MR; Walling,DE PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment SOURCE: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium. Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield. IAHS Publ. No. 137. TOPICS: channel hydraulics; sediment characteristics; sediment transport COMMENTS: The relationship between the particle size characteristics of source and sediment is investigated by considering data from a small number of small drainage basins in the USA and from two small basins in Devon, England. These demonstrate the importance of soil type and catchment characteristics in controlling this relationship. Temporal variations in the particle size distribution of suspended sediment are considered by highlighting the varied evidence presented in existing studies and by considering in detail, data from the two small drainage basins in Devon which exhibit markedly different responses. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Piest,RF; Bradford,JM; Wyatt,GM PUB. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: Soil erosion and sediment transport from gullies SOURCE: J. of the Hydraul. Div., Proc. of the Am. Soc. Civil Engineers. 101(No. HY1 January 1975), 65-80. TOPICS: gully erosion; sediment transport; soil erosion COMMENTS: The processes that cause gullying are analyzed by reviewing data from watersheds around Iowa. Tractive forces acting on the gully boundary, mass wasting of gully banks and scarps and gully cleanout of wasted soil debris are some of the processes considered. Processes of mass wasting of gully banks and scarps were mainly responsible for their growth. The loose soil debris represented the prime sediment source in the gullies. Causes of gullying vary according to the boundary restraints (base level, channel slope, and resistant soils) that are typical of given region. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS; Armour,C; Booth,G; Bryant,M; Bufford,JL; Cuplin,P; Jensen,S; Lienkaemper,G; Minshall,GW; Monsen,S; Nelson,RL; Sedell, JR; Tuhy,JS PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to management SOURCE: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-221. 177p. TOPICS: aquatic/riparian habitat; channel characteristics; organic debris riparian soils; riparian management; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Price,KP; Ridd,MK PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Riparian habitat on the Humbolt River, Deeth to Elko, Nevada SOURCE: Center for Remote Sensing and Cartography. CRCS Report 83-3. (Center for Remote Sensing and Cartography; University of Utah Research Institute; Salt Lake City; 48 p) TOPICS: aerial photography; aquatic/riparian habitat; bank stabilization; channelization; inventory; remote sensing; river damming; willow eradication COMMENTS: This study was conducted to provide Nevada Department of Wildlife with a map inventory of the major habitat types existing along the Humboldt River riparian zone. It was also initiated to describe the ecological relationships that exist between habitat types and their surrounding environment, and to report impacts to the habitat due to management practices along the river. The principal source of data for this study was a variety aerial photographs with trips to the field for verification of vegetation types. Management practices such as willow eradication, river damming, bridges and bank stabilization, and channelization were mapped and their environmental impacts discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Resource Systems,Inc PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Boise River fish and wildlife habitat study/ wetland inventory and management guidelines SOURCE: Final Report prepared for the City of Boise, ID. December 1983. 158p. (Resource Systems, Inc. Boise, ID) TOPICS: incomplete; aquatic/riparian habitat; riparian management; wetland conservation; wetland inventory COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rice,J; Ohmart,RD; Anderson,BW PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Habitat selection attributes of an avian community: a discriminant analysis investigation SOURCE: Ecological Monographs 53(3), 263-290. TOPICS: aquatic/riparian habitat; riparian bird communities COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Roath,LR; Kreuger,WC PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Cattle grazing and behavior on a forested range SOURCE: Range Manage. 35(3), 332-338. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock behavior; livestock grazing COMMENTS: Environmental and topographic parameters on a mountainous forested range were analyzed to establish causes of cattle behavioral response. Distinct home range groups of cattle were identified through examination of quality and patterns of range use, cattle distribution, herd social activities, and cattle activities. The home range of one group encompassed only upland areas. Water and vegetation type were important parameters in determining area and degree of use. Vertical distance above water was the most important factor in determining vegetation utilization on moederately steep slopes. Time after sunrise and relative humidity factors were key in determining the kind and timing of cattle activity. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rooseboom,A; Mulke,FJ PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Erosion initiation SOURCE: p.59-66. In: the Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium. Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield. IAHS Publ. No. 137. TOPICS: sediment transport; soil erosion COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rosgen,DL; Silvey,HL; Potyondy,JP PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: The use of channel maintenance flow concepts in the Forest Service SOURCE: Hydrl. Sci. and Tech.: Short Papers. Am. Inst. Hydrl. 2(1, March), 19-26. TOPICS: channel maintenance flows; channel morphology; instream flow COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rowley,WD PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: US Forest Service Grazing and Rangelands--A History SOURCE: Texas A & M University Press, College Station, TX. 270p. pages. TOPICS: grazing history COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schumm,SA PUB. YEAR: 1960 TITLE: Effect of sediment characteristics on erosion and deposition in ephemeral-stream channels SOURCE: p. 31-70. USDI Geological Survey Prof. Paper 352-C. TOPICS: channel morphology; erosion control; sediment characteristics COMMENTS: This study suggests that preventive conservation may be the most practical solution to some erosion problems, such as gully cutting. Deposition, if it is desired, to fill a trenched channel, should be induced in reaches where conditions are most favorable for natural aggadation. Conservation measures should be modified depending on the character of the valley and its alluvium. Only certain critical reaches of a channel need to be controlled over larger areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schumm,SA PUB. YEAR: 1973 TITLE: Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of drainage systems SOURCE: p.299-310. In: Fluvial Geomorphology. Binghampton Symposium Series #4. Binghamton, New York. TOPICS: channel adjustments; geomorphology; gully erosion; stream networks COMMENTS: The alluvial and morphological details of drainage systems are too complex to be explained by progressive erosion alone. Within the context of the erosion cycle such complexities as terraces or alluvial deposits must be explained by external variables such as climatic, tectonic, isostatic or land-use changes. Some abrupt modifications of such a system can be inherent in its erosional development and that two additional concepts are required for comprehension of drainage system evolution: 1) geomorphic thresholds and 2) complex response of drainage systems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schumm,SA; Lichty,RW PUB. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Time, space, and causality in geomorphology SOURCE: Am. J. of Science 263, 110-119. TOPICS: channel adjustments; geomorphology; stream characteristics COMMENTS: During a long period of time a drainage system or its components can be considered as an open system which is progressively losing potential energy and mass (erosion cycle), but over shorter spans of time self-regulation is important, and components of the system may be graded or in dynamic equilibrium. During an even shorter time span a steady state may exist. Therefore, depending on the temporal and special dimensions of the system under consideration, landforms can be considered as either a stage in a cycle of erosion or as a system in dynamic equilibrium. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sedell,JR; Froggatt,JL PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Importance of streamside forests to large rivers: the isolation of the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A., from its floodplain by snagging and streamside forest removal SOURCE: For. Sci. Lab., USDA-Forest Service, Corvallis, OR. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angenwandte Limnologie 22, 1828-1834. TOPICS: historic investigation; historical ecology; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shinn,DA PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Land use habits and changes in vegetation on eastern Oregon rangelands: an historic perspective SOURCE: P.1135-1141. In: Proceedings of the First Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks. 9-12 November 1976. USDI National Park Service Trans. and Proc. Series No. 5. TOPICS: historical ecology; land use; rangeland eco-systems COMMENTS: Ecological and historical data concerning wildlife populations, changing vegetation and livestock grazing were coordinated with ecological, historical, and anthropological data concerning fire and man. This combination is an integrated research program called "historical ecology". The best projected application of this approach is in restorative management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Siekert,RE; Smith,MA; Rodgers,JD; Dodd,JL; Skinner,QD PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Change in stream channel morphology with grazing of an ephemeral stream in Wyoming SOURCE: Abstracts. 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management. TOPICS: channel morphology; livestock impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Silverman,AJ; Tomlinson,WD PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Biohydrology of mountain fluvial systems: the Yellowstone, Parts I and II SOURCE: Montana Water Resour. Res. Center Completion Report 147, Dec. 1984.),. 91 pages. TOPICS: aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; geomorphology; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: This is a compilation of research performed on the Yellostone River. The report text consists of nine chapters pertaining to 1) general riparian zone properties, form, and function; 2) geology and geomorphology of the river; 3)history of cultural activity and resources; 4 & 5) riparian vegetation and wildlife; 6) the river's fisheries; 7) river-based recreational use and trends; 8) threats to the Yellowstone River and its riparian zone; and, 9) riparian protective or mitigative measures. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Simons,DB; Ruh-Ming,L PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Bank erosion on regulated rivers SOURCE: Gravel Bed Rivers. (Eds: Hey,RD; Bathurst,JC; Thorne,CR) John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York, 717-747. TOPICS: channel hydraulics; channel morphology; streambank erosion COMMENTS: Bank erosion and channel instability result from a wide variety of processes and causes. The factors and forces that control the processes of erosion and deposition are discussed in this chapter. A semi-quantitative method for ranking the the processes of bank erosion is presented. The different erosion processes may be grouped into two divisions: those related to pool level fluctuations behind hydropower dams and those related to natural fluvial ersosion during major floods. The former tend to operate at the water surface and produce a berm and set back vertical bank. The latter operate over the whole bank but are concentrated at depth. They cause retreat of the whole bank profile and tend to destroy the berm. It is concluded that retreat due to pool level fluctuations alone will be limited to a narrow zone only 3-5m wide and that natural fluvial erosion is in fact responsible for serious bank erosion and lateral shifteing of the channel. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Skinner,QD; Adams,JC; Hussey,MR PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Distribution of denitrifying and sulfate reducing bacteria within a riparian zone along a mountain stream SOURCE: U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour Div. Reston, VA. Report No. USGS/G-879-07. 22p. TOPICS: microbial populations; riparian soils; soil characteristics COMMENTS: The presence or absence of denitrifying bacteria as well as bacteria capable of reducing sulfate in soils of a mountain watershed were studied. Bacteria were enumerated from soil samples collected during summer along transects placed perpendicular to stream flow. Samples were taken at 3 depths. Higher counts of total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and denitrification potential existed in the upper 5 to 15 cm of soil than at 30 cm. Soils located close to the stream edge tended to have more bacterial activity than those farther from the stream indicating that these soils may be important sites for sulfate and nitrate reduction. Soil organic matter and water content decreased with depth at all communities, and those closer to the steream contained more organic matter and water than those further from the stream. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Skinner,QD; Speck,JE; Smith,M; Adams,JC PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Stream water quality as influenced by beaver within grazing systems in Wyoming SOURCE: Range Manage. 37(2), 142-146. TOPICS: beaver ecology; grazing impacts; grazing systems; water quality COMMENTS: Stream water flowing from watersheds subjected to continuous and deferred rotation grazing by livestock was sampled to enumerate bacteria for detecting differences between grazing treatments and streams. Fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, total counts total counts at 20 degrees C, and bacteria capable of fluorescing under long wave radiation were selected as indicators of pollution. Bacteria counts for different indicator groups varied in their ability to detect change between grazing treatments as well as between streams. Fluorescing bacteria and total counts were of little value in explaining nonpoint source pollution whereas fecal coliform and streptococci were. Variation in counts of fecal coliform and streptococci could not be fully accounted for by differences in grazing management but is partially explained by beaver damming of stream flow. Given that beaver impoundment of selected stream reaches is equal, variation in nonpoint pollution may be caused by grazing treatment differences alone. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Skinner,QD; Smith,MA; Dodd,JL; Rodgers,JD; Siekert,RE PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: The effects of selected grazing treatment on channel morphology and sediment within the riparian zone of Fifteen Mile Creek SOURCE: Abstracts. 39th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management. TOPICS: channel morphology; grazing systems; livestock impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stednick,JD; Leininger,WC PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Rangeland and Watershed Management SOURCE: Introduction to Forest Science. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. (in press) TOPICS: rangeland eco-systems; water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson,FJ; Fredrikson,RL; McCorison,FM PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Material transfer in a western Oregon forested watershed SOURCE: Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States. (Ed: Edmonds,RL) (US/IBP Synthesis Series 14.) Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co, Stroudsburg, PA, 267-291. TOPICS: erosional processes; sediment transport; soil erosion COMMENTS: This chapter differentiates the erosional processes that occur in uplands (hill slope processes) from the processes that occur in the channel itself (stream channel processes). Definitions for hill slope processes are given for solution transport, litterfall, surface erosion, soil creep, root throw, debris avalanche and slump and earthflow. Definitions included in the stream channel process include solution transport, suspended sediment, bedload transport and debris torrents. Other factors that influence erosion rates include existing vegetation, soil type, slope, type of bedrock, amount, timing and type of precipitation, watershed size, and stream channel characteristics. Erosion is then discussed for a hypothetical watershed as old-growth forest, the same watershed after a wildfire, and the same watershed after a clearcut. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson,FJ; Gregory,SV; Sedell,JR; Campbell,AG PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Land - water interactions: the riparian zone SOURCE: Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States. (Ed: Edmonds,RL) (US/IBP Synthesis Series 14.) Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co, Stroudsburg, PA, 267-291. TOPICS: aquatic/riparian habitat; organic debris; riparian ecosystems; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Chapter nine discusses the characteristics of riparian zones in coniferous forests of western Oregon. Riparian zones are the interface between aquatic and terrestrial environments. In the Pacific Northwest they usually, have a herbaceous layer, a shrub layer, and then a coniferous tree over story. Plant communities in the riparian zone are influenced by number of factors including; soils, gradient, light, moisture, amount of large woody debris, stream channel characteristics, as well as the frequency and intensity of flooding and scouring. Possible impacts from wildfire and logging are briefly mentioned. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson,FJ; Graham,RL; Grant,GE PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Some effects of slope movement on river channels SOURCE: p.273-278. In: International Symposium on Erosion Debris Flow and Disaster Prevention. 3-5 September 1985. Tsukuba, Japan. TOPICS: channel morphology; geomorphology; slope movement; soil erosion COMMENTS: The geomorphic response of a channel to slope movements depends on the rate of colluvium delivery from hillslopes relative to the rate of removal by fluvial processes. For slope movements ranging from extremely slow to slow (less than 1.5 m/mo), the balance between slope and fluvial influences can be considered in terms ot the channel constriction ratio, defined as the ratio of slope movement to channel width, expressed as %/yr. Sites with faster constriction ratios may experience more frequent stream bank instability and sediment production. Rapid slope movements discharging large volumes of colluvium into channel can form dams. Dam volume, river discharge, and size of distribution of dam material determine the potential for dam failure and release of water from impounded lakes. The implications for hazard prediction and mitigation are discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tiedemann,AR; Higgins,DA; Quigley,TM; Sanderson,DB; Marx,HR PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Responses of fecal coliform in streamwater to four grazing strategies SOURCE: Range Manage. 40(4), 322-329. TOPICS: grazing systems; non-point source pollution; water quality COMMENTS: Concentration and loadings (output, number day(-1) km(-2)) of fecal coliform (FC) indicator bacteria were measured from 1979 through 1984 in streamflow from 13 forested watersheds under the following range management strategies: (A) no grazing: (B) grazing without management for livestock distribution; (C) grazing with management to obtain livestock distribution, and (D) grazing with management to obtain livestock distribution and cultural practices to increase forage. Both FC concentrations (number/ 100ml) and instantaneous loadings differed significantly among strategies, seasons, and water years. Differences among strategies for mean concentrations were AAF 61(052)-195. 29p. TOPICS: beaver; beaver ecology COMMENTS: This report summarizes the dambuilding activities of young beavers in a 10 by 2 m stream tank in response to various stimuli. These included stream velocity, water level, rushing water, and building material. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Windell,JT; Willard,BE; Cooper,DJ; Foster,SQ; Knud-Hansen,CF; Rink,LP; Kiladis,GN PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: An ecological characterization of Rocky Mountain Montane and subalpine wetlands SOURCE: USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 86(11). National Ecology Center. Washington, D.C. 295p. TOPICS: wetland ecology; wetlands COMMENTS: This report is intended to provide information for the assessment, planning, and permitting activities of federal and state agencies. It is also an educational source document for those interested in the ecological functioning and value of high-elevation wetlands. It draws on all types and sources of scientific information and provides both an analysis and a synthesis. Attempts were also made to recognize and identify gaps in the scientific literature. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wolman,MG; Gerson,R PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Relative scales of time and effectiveness of climate in watershed geomorphology SOURCE: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 3, 189-208. TOPICS: climate; drainage basins; geomorphology COMMENTS: River channels in temperate regions widened by floods of recurrence intervals from 50 to more than 200 years may regain their original width in matters of months or years. In semi-arid regions, recovery of channel form depends not only on flows but upon climatic determinants of the growth of bottomland vegetation resulting in variable rates of recovery, on the order of decades, depending on the coincidence of average flows and strengthened vegetation. In truly arid regions, the absence of vegetation and flow precludes the recovery and the width of channels increases in areas up to 100 km2, but remains relatively constant at larger drainage areas. Measured recovery times described in the literature vary from less than a decade for some tropical areas to decades or more in temperate regions. Recurrence incidence of high magnitude storms which trigger mass wasting range from 1 to 2 years in some tropical regions, to 3 or 4 per hundred years in some areas of seasonal rainfall and to 100 or more years in some temperate regions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Yoo,KH; Molnau,M PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Upland soil erosion simulation for agricultural watersheds SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin 23(5), 819-827. TOPICS: modeling; soil erosion COMMENTS: A soil erosion simulation model that considered the physical conditions of agricultural watersheds and interfaced with an existing watershed hydrology model was developed. The model compares the transport capacity of the overland flow to determine the fate account for the free soil particles that have already been detached and are readily available to be transported by overland flow. The model was tested on two agricultural watersheds in the Pacific Northwest and calibrated by trial-and-error to determine coefficients. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Zurowski,W PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Preliminary results of European beaver reintroduction in the tributary streams of the Vistula River SOURCE: Acta Theriologica 24(7), 85-91. TOPICS: beaver; beaver management COMMENTS: In 1977, there were about 254 beaver families in Poland. Most of them inhabited tributary streams in NE Poland. In 1976-77, experimental reintroduction was started into the central portion of the country. Introduced beavers were either removed from the free-living population or taken from a beaver farm at Popielno. In a selected site, artificial lodges or burrows were prepared. Good results were obtained in areas frequented by people. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: USDI Bureau of Land Management PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Riparian aquatic information data summary RAIDS SOURCE: Division of Resource Systems, Denver Service Center; Denver, CO.; N; 35 TOPICS: incomplete; inventory; monitoring; techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: USDI Fish and Wildlife Service PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Streamside areas --management dividends SOURCE: Biological Services Program, FWS/OBS-80/55. 10p. TOPICS: incomplete; multiple use; streamside vegetation COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bayha,K PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Instream flow methodologies for regional and national assessments SOURCE: Instream Flow Information Paper No. 7. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/61. 98 p. TOPICS: fisheries; instream flow; water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Binns,NA PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Stabilizing eroding stream banks in Wyoming, a guide to controlling bank erosion in streams SOURCE: Wyoming Game and Fish Department Bulletin. Cheyenne, WY. 42p. TOPICS: streambank erosion; streambank stabilization COMMENTS: This guidebook summarizes some key principles of river mechanics and details bank stabilization methods used on Wyoming streams. The structures and techniques described in this publication have been used successfully to stabilize eroding banks and provide effective bank protection. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Elmore,W PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Riparian management: back to basics SOURCE: Paper presented at the Natural Resources Law Center, University of Colorado School of Law TOPICS: riparian ecosystems; riparian management COMMENTS: The primary management focus for riparian ecosystems should be restoring streamside vegetation. In contrast to structures, riparian vegetation can maintain itself in perpetuity as new plants continually replace those that die. Riparian vegetation allows streams to function in ways that artificial structures cannot replicate. The resiliency of these plants provide riparian systems to withstand a variety of environmental conditions. To accomplish what is needed, a dialogue between managers, ranchers, and other public sectors is imperative. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede,BH PUB. YEAR: 1966 TITLE: Design, construction and cost of rock check dams SOURCE: USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-20. 20 p. TOPICS: check dams; erosion control COMMENTS: During construction of the check dams in 1965, detailed records were kept on time and materials expended for each work phase and structure. Costs were based on 1965 values and should be converted into present day values/prices. Indices of these values give an insight into the intricate relationships between costs of different types of check dams and between costs of dams and channel characteristics. These indices will hold true for other watersheds. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede,BH PUB. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: Characteristics and processes of soil piping in gullies SOURCE: USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-68. 15p. TOPICS: gully erosion; soil characteristics; soil erosion COMMENTS: Soil piping was observed on a study area for more than 4 consecutive years. During this time a complete topographic survey of a soil pipe, pictures of its interior, and analyses of of soil and sediment samples from the interior and from flows through the pipe were made. Observations indicated that piping may not only lead to a karstlike topography along gullies, but may indeed help induce reclamation of the soils. A second study was initiated to investigate the latter premise. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede,B PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Gully development and control: the status of our knowledge SOURCE: USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-169. 42p. TOPICS: check dams; gully erosion; watershed restoration COMMENTS: Gully formation is discussed in terms of mechanics, processes, morphology, and growth models. Design of gully controls should draw on our understanding of these aspects. Establishment of an effective vegetation cover is the long-term objective. Structures are often required. The least expensive, simply built structuresare loose rock check dams, usually constructed with single- or double-wire fences. Prefabricated concrete dams are also effective. Functional relationships between dams, sediment catch, and costs, as well as a critical review of construction procedures, are also discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede,B PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Case study of a watershed rehabilitation project: Alkali Creek, Colorado SOURCE: USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-189. 18p. TOPICS: check dams; erosion control; vegetation management; watershed restoration COMMENTS: The Alkali Creek project described herein may have been unique because of the availability of intensive background data. All gullies had been thoroughly surveyed and eight precipitation gages had been installed. Objectives were to: 1) rehabilitate the depleted watershed by vegetative and engineering measures, 2) test their combined effectiveness on restoration, and 3) develop new trteatment approaches where required. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Laycock,WA PUB. YEAR: 1969 TITLE: Exclosures and natural areas on rangelands in Utah SOURCE: USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-62. 44p. TOPICS: exclosures; natural areas COMMENTS: This paper presents a listing of 529 areas in Utah that have received little or no use by domestic livestock. Areas are indexed by county, elevation, date established, vegetation type, and type of animal excluded. Locations are further described by section, township, range, and vegetational information. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Neff,DJ PUB. YEAR: 1957 TITLE: Ecological effects of beaver habitat abandonment in the Colorado Rockies SOURCE: Journal of Wildlife Management 21(1), 80-84. TOPICS: beaver; beaver ecology; fishhabitat COMMENTS: The results of this study indicate that even on the most stable and physically suitable locations the abandonment of a colony by beavers means the loss of aquatic habitat that is necessary for the survival of the trout fishery and the successful breeding of waterfowl. On streams where beaver ponds make possible a valuable trout fishing area, all due consideration should be given to maintaining the beaver population. Since food depletion is a primary cause of abandonment, effective methods of perpetuating the aspen type adjacent to such streams should be developed. Beaver populations should be kept well within the limits of available food supply and competition with big game and livestock should be minimized. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Petersen,RC; Cummins,KW PUB. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Leaf processing in a woodland stream SOURCE: Freshwater Biol. 4, 343-368. TOPICS: aquatic ecology; aquatic macroinvertibrates COMMENTS: Detritus processing by a small woodland stream is analysed by following the loss of weight of a measured unit of single species accumulation of riparian leaves. The response of the invertebrate community to differences in leaf species is also investigated using controlled, artificial streams where significant differences in the effect of the invertebrates are related to the ability of the leaf to be processed. Evidence suggests that differential invertebrate colonization of leaf packs is a function of microbial colonization and conditioning. The data are used to develop a general scheme of leaf pack processing. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Livestock interactions with fish and their environments SOURCE: P.92-96. In: Proceedings of the Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions, 1978. TOPICS: aquatic/riparian habitats; fisheries; grazing impacts COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ambasht,RS; Singh,MP; Sharma,Eklabya PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Soil, water and nutrient conservation by certain riparian herbs SOURCE: Environ. Manage. 18, 99-104. TOPICS: riparian vegetation; soil erosion COMMENTS: In order to assess experimentally the quantitative roles in binding the soil nutrient, nutrient conservation, and retarding runoff and soil erosion, six herbaceous species dominant on the bank of the River Gomti at Jaunpur, India, were selected. Young seedlings of these species were sown on sloping experimental plots in the Botanic Garden, Banaras Hindu University. Known quantities of water were sprayed on vegetated and bare plots, and runoff water and soil were collected in separate contained reservoirs. The physico-chemical properties of the soil of the bare plot, vegetated plots and eroded soils were compared to determine the role of these herbaceous species in maintaining soil quality and fertility. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede,Burchard H PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Opportunities and limits of erosion control in stream and gully systems SOURCE: Proceedings of the 18th International Erosion Control Association Conference: You're Gambling Without It. 1987. Reno, NV. TOPICS: channel adjustments; erosion control; gully erosion; soil erosion COMMENTS: The selection of erosion control projects should be based on expected returns from the project. Returns are influenced by the ongoing physical processes and the advance of the system toward a new dynamic equilibrium. If the ongoing adjustment processes can attain equilibrium within an acceptable time period, human interference will not be required. Interactions between gullying and soil piping processes in sodic soil are an example. Other examples demonstrate the intricate processes in streams and gullies, and stress the interactions between different natural systems. Thus, gully erosion may be caused by a degrading river system a great distance from the gully. Or a river may aggrade its bed because a riparian community upstream was destroyed. Cause and effect must be determined for effective control, which often is difficult due to separation in time and space. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lowrance,R; Leonard,R; Sheridan,J PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Managing riparian ecosystems to control nonpoint pollution SOURCE: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40(1), 87-91. TOPICS: non-point source pollution; riparian ecosystems; riparian management; water quality COMMENTS: Many areas of riparian habitat, especially in the West, have been lost to impoundments or overwhelmed by the invasion of exotic species. Future management policies for riparian ecosystems should recognize inherent and man-made regional differences. In the West, restoration of riparian ecosystems may be a cost-effective means of controlling nonpoint pollution. Projects that link riparian ecosystem management with upland conservation practices should be considered in watershed management programs. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Natural Resources Defense Council PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Citizen's handbook on water quality standards SOURCE: NRDC, Washington, D.C. 35 pages. 1350 New York Ave. NW #300, Washington, D.C. 20005. TOPICS: clean water act; water law; water quality COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nelson,Rodger L; Platts,William S; Casey,Osborne PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Evidence for variability in spawning behavior of interior cut-throat trout in response to environmental uncertainty SOURCE: Great Basin Naturalist 47(3), 480-487. TOPICS: fisheries; fishhabitat; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The fluctuating characteristics (numbers, biomass, condition, and young-adult ratios) of the Lahontan cutthroat trout population in Chimney Creek, NV, are discussed in relationship to to the unpredictable and unstable habitat in which the population occurs. One possible means of adapting to environmental capriciousness, staggered spawning, occurred during 1982, and clues to the cause of this unusual event are sought by examining the runoff hydrographs of a nearby watershed for 1981 through 1984. The management values of the environmental tolerance of these trout with respect to setoring viable trout fisheries in degraded Great Basin streams are also considered. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nelson,Wayne; Horak,Gerry; Soloman,Joe PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Instream flow strategies for Idaho SOURCE: U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/38,. 95 pages. TOPICS: fisheries; instream flow; water law; water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pfankuch,DJ PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation SOURCE: U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 26 pages. TOPICS: inventory; streambank stability; techniques COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Richards,Keith PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Rivers - Form and Process in Alluvial Channels SOURCE: Metheun, New York, NY. 358 pages. TOPICS: channel characteristics; geomorphology; hydraulic geometry COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson,Sherman; Miles,Ray; Leonard,Steve; Genz,Kenneth PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Classifying rangeland riparian areas: the Nevada approach SOURCE: Inter-agency task force report. (Nevada Riparian Management and Research and Management Task Force; Reno, NV. 13p.) TOPICS: classification; riparian management COMMENTS: An interagency task force developed a classification of riparian areas to facilitate communication between managers and scientists. This paper presents their classification. The goal was to develop a system that was interdisciplinary, heirarchical, simple yet reliable, useful for management, based on potential, and mappable. The classification begins at a broad level and proceeds through the intermediate steps that focus on the types of associated aquatic ecosystems and the environment of riparian vegetation and its seral communities. Ecological site and riparian community types are not named because they have not been identified. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.A.-Soil Conservation Service and U.S.D.I.- Bureau of Land Management PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Little Lost River Flood Control Measure Plan and Environmental Impact Statement SOURCE: Howe, Butte County, Idaho. (67p.) TOPICS: flood control; flooding effects; habitat improvement COMMENTS: The USDA Soil Conservation Service and other entities proposed to reduce winter flooding in and around the community of Howe, ID. Low winter flows in the winter freeze, blocking the channel. Subsequent flows are forced out of the channel onto surrounding cropland, causing flooding on >1500 acres. Five alternatives for addressing the flooding problem were evaluated. The proposed measure would divert low winter flows from the channel into an infiltration trench. The stream channel would remain free of ice, allowing normal passage of spring runoff. Approximately 10.5 miles of stream will be dewatered from about December to March. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van Dyne,George M; Burch,William; Fairfax,Sally; Huey,William PUB. YEAR: 198? TITLE: Forage allocation on arid and semi arid public grazing lands: summary and recommendations SOURCE: Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management: A Report Prepared by the Committee on Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management. (: ) National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Westview Press, Boulder and London, 1-25. TOPICS: forage allocation; grazing impacts; livestock management COMMENTS: This summary focuses on the physical and biological aspects of forage allocation, including the large domestic and wild herbivores and the plants on which they graze. Recent legislation has broadened the the concept of forage allocation considerably. To meet legislated mandates of multiple use and sustained yield, livestock and other grazing animals must be considered as only one of many eses of the public resource in the West. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jackson,William L ed PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Engineering considerations in small stream management SOURCE: American Water Resour Assoc. Monograph Series #5, reprinted from the Water Resour, Bull. 22(3):351-415. TOPICS: riparian restoration; stream management; stream restoration COMMENTS: The seven papers in this collection were invited for a special session of the American Water Resources Association. The purpose was to present important concepts, issues and constraints pertaining to the design of engineered solutions to small stream and riparian problems from a multidisciplinary perspective. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van te Chow PUB. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: SOURCE: Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Inc. TOPICS: geomorphology; hydrologic cycle; hydrology; water resource management COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service,Camas Soil Conservation District US Forest Service PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Idaho Cooperative River Basin Study: Camas Creek erosion and sediment study., 116. SOURCE: TOPICS: streambank stabilization; watershed restoration COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Walters,Alice M; Teskey,Robert; Hinkley,Thomas M PUB. YEAR: 1980 TITLE: Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Regions. Vol.VII. SOURCE: U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/93; N; 90; Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities TOPICS: riparian plants; riparian vegetation; water stress COMMENTS: A literature review that synthesizes existing information on the effect of water level changes on woody plants found in riparian and wetland communities. Riparian vegetation in this region is exposed to large fluctuations in water levels. Spring run-off and summer droughts result in large changes in the water status of the vegetation in riparian zones. This review discusses both the impact of flooding and drought on riparian vegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Minshall,GW; Jensen,SE; Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The ecology of stream and riparian habitats of the Great Basin region: a community profile SOURCE: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report; 85; 7.24; 142. TOPICS: geomorphology; hydrology; riparian classification; riparian ecosystems; riparian soils COMMENTS: Proposes a heirarchical framework for classification of riparianecosystems of the Great Basin hydrographic region: hydrologic unit (e.g.region, subregion, basin, subbasin, and tributary basin); geomorphic valley form (e.g. glacial valleys, fluvial valleys, alluvial valleys, and lacustrine basins); water regime (e.g. permanently flooded, semi-permanently flooded, saturated, seasonally flooded, and sub-irrigated); physiognomy of the community (e.g. forest, shrub, herb, and moss/lichen, and non- vegetated physionomic classes such as cobble, gravel, and silt bars); Community type, based on floristic similarities in both the understory and overstory; and descriptors, based on the functional attributes of the riparian econsystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Reed,PB,JR PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: Intermountain (Region 8) SOURCE: U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(26.8), 76. TOPICS: plant list; wetland plant species COMMENTS: This plant list for the Intermountain Region (Region ) is a subset of the National List. Plant species that occur in wetlands, as used in the National List, are species that have demonstrated an ability to achieve maturity and reproduce in an environment where all or portions of the soil within the root zone become, periodically or continuously, saturated or inundated during the growing season. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Amaranthus,M; Jubas,H; Arthur,D PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Stream shading, summer streamflow and maximum water temperature following intense wildfire in headwater streams SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-109. ed. (: ), Berkeley, CA, 75-78. (164 p.) TOPICS: fire effects; riparian forest; streamwater temperature COMMENTS: Adjacent headwater streams were monitored for postfire shade, summer streamflow, and maximum water temperature following the Silver Complex Fire in southern Oregon. Variation in maximum water temperature increase was strongly correlated to streamflow and percent total streamside shade. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cuplin,P PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: A selected annotated bibliography of riparian area management SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-1. 68 pp. TOPICS: bibliography; riparian area task force; riparian management COMMENTS: This bibliography contains 135 refernces, with abstracts and keywords, which the Riparian Area Task Force considered the most significant contributions to the state-of-the-art. Those references were chosen from more than 1200 reviewed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cowley,ER PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Protocols for classifying, monitoring, and evaluating stream/riparian vegetation on Idaho rangeland streams SOURCE: Idaho Dept. of Health and Welfare. Division of Environmental Quality. 37pp. TOPICS: classification; monitoring; protocols; rangeland streams; riparian; streambank stabilty COMMENTS: The document defines appropriate parameters and outlines specific monitoring protocols and procedures for evaluating vegetation and streambank stability for Idaho's small (usually less than 30 feet) rangeland streams. It also provides protocols for monitoring stream canopy cover, streambank stability, solar input, and establishing permanent photo points associated with livestock grazing and other activities that affect streamside (riparian) vegetation and beneficial uses of water. These protocols are directed at three of the important pollutant sources affecting the biological integrity of streams and lakes that may result from livestock grazing: streambank erosion, water temperature, and vegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Technical Riparian Work Group. PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Integrated riparian evaluation guide SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Intermountain Region. 60 pp. TOPICS: classification; evaluations; riparian areas COMMENTS: The guide presents an integrated approach for: (a) stratifying and classifying riparian areas according to their natural inherent characteristics and conditions, (b) data collection, (c) evaluation of riparian areas, (d) future development and linkage of a riparian data base, (e) preparation of a written narrative to interpret the data and suggest management applications, (f) providing a process to prioritize or rank riparian areas based on management objectives, and (g) strengthening the riparian management implications of the Forest Land Management Plan. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Myers,LH PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian area management: inventory and monitoring riparian areas SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management., Technical Reference 1737-3., 79pp. TOPICS: inventory; monitoring; riparian management COMMENTS: The reference contains suggested techniques and procedures for riparian inventory and monitoring. It is intended to assist managers in determining needs. Extensive inventories utilize remote sensing, maps, existing data, and limited field analyses. Based on that information, the manager can decide to pursue intensive inventories based on resource values and site characters. Intensive inventories require detailed field examinations and data collection. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kinch,G PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Riparian area management: grazing management in riparian areas SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-4. 44pp. TOPICS: grazing management; management practices; riparian COMMENTS: In general, riparian areas are among the most resilient ecosystems on public lands and usually respond more quickly to changes in management. This paper assembles information from various authors, land managers, and researchers that can be used to guide grazing management in riparian areas using their unique responsiveness to accomplish management objectives. The paper addresses the implications of grazing in riparian areas, establishing management, and grazing principles and concepts. Grazing management practices that have worked elsewhere are described. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson,KL; Mosley,C; Mosley,JC; O'Laughlin,J PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: BLM riparian policy in Idaho: analysis of public comment on a proposed policy statement SOURCE: Idaho forest, wildlife, and range policy analysis group. Report No. 2. 28pp. TOPICS: policy analysis; public comment; riparian policy evaluation COMMENTS: The Policy Analysis Group gathered and analyzed two separate sets of information: (1) public concerns about riparian use and management were identified during eight workshops using a standard nominal group process technique, and (2) comments on the proposed BLM riparian policy statement were obtained by mailing a request for comments to 225 organizations believed to be interested in riparian policy. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harrelson,CC; Rawlins,CL; Potyondy,JP PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Stream channel reference sites: an illustrated guide to field techniques SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-245. 61pp. TOPICS: measurement techniques; reference sites; stream channel monitoring COMMENTS: This document is a guide to establishing permanent reference sites for gathering data about the physical characteristics of streams and rivers. The minimum procedure consists of the following:(1) select a site, (2) map the site and location, (3) measure the channel cross- section, (4) survey a longitudinal profile of the channel, (5) measure stream flow,(6) measure bed material, and (7) permanently file the information with the Vigil network. The document includes basic surveying techniques, provides guidelines for identifying bankfull indicators and measuring other important stream characteristics. The object is to establish the baseline of existing physical conditions for the stream channel. With this information, changes in the character of streams can be quantified for monitoring purposes or to support other management decisions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Overton,CK; Chandler,GL; Pisano,JA PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Northern/Intermountain Region's fish habitat inventory: grazed, rested, and ungrazed reference stream reaches, Silver King Creek, California SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-311. 27 pp. TOPICS: desired condition; fishhabitat; grazing effects; monitoring; sample sizes; stream inventory COMMENTS: Stream reaches that have been rested from livestock grazing appear to have stable banks and more bank undercuts than grazed stream sections. Ungrazed reference streams that are similar in parent geology, precipitation, channel type, habitat types, drainage area, and stream width had greater bank stability values and lower width-to-depth ratios than those of grazed and rested management sections of Silver King Creek. Power curve analysis was used to suggest the sample sizes required to monitor progress toward the desired condition. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kovalchik,BL PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Riparian zone associations: Descutes, Ochoco, Fremont, and Winema Forests SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Pacific NW Region. R6 ECOL Technical Paper-279-87. 171 pp. TOPICS: classification; inventory; riparian ecosystems; riparian zones COMMENTS: This technical paper addresses the classification, inventory,and delineation of riparian ecosystems for purposes of land management planning. The area covered by this classification extends along the Cascade Crest from Mount Jefferson in the north to the California border in the south and eastward through the Deschutes, Winema, Ochoco, and Fremont National Forests. The paper describes the structural, compositional, and functional components of specific riparian zones. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thurow,RF PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Underwater methods for study of salmonids in the Intermountain West SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-307. 28 pp. TOPICS: anadromus fishes; habitat structure; population estimates; salmonidae; snorkeling; underwater equipment COMMENTS: This guide describes underwater methods using snorkeling gear to study fish populations in flowing waters of the Intermountain West. It outlines procedures for estimating salmonid abundance and habitat use and provides criteria for identifying and estimating the size of fish underwater. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Overton,CK; McIntyre,JD; Armstrong,R; Whitwell,SL; Duncan,KA PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: User's guide to fish habitat: descriptions that represent natural conditions in the Salmon River Basin, Idaho SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-322. 142 pp. TOPICS: channel features; desired future conditions; habitat variables; multiscale analysis COMMENTS: This user's guide and reference document describes the physical features of the Salmon River Basin, Idaho, stream channels that represent "natural conditions" for fish habitat - that is, streams that have not been influenced by major human disturbances. The data base was created to assist biologists and resource managers. It describes resource conditions that can be achieved through management objectives. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Manning,ME; Padgett,WG PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Riparian community type classification for Humboldt and Toiyabe National Forests, Nevada and eastern California SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-322. 142 pp. TOPICS: classification; community types; riparian communities COMMENTS: A community type classification is presented for riparian plant communities on USDA Forest Service lands of Nevada and eastern California. The taxonomic classification is heirarchical and based on the reconnaissance of over 800 sample stands on the Humboldlt and Toiyabe National Forests. A total of 7 overstory dominance groups and 93 community types are defined and described in detail. A diagnostic key to cover community types is provided for field identification. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Regional Interagency Executive Committee PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Ecosystem analysis at the watershed scale SOURCE: Federal guide for watershed analysis. Regional Ecosystem Office. Portland, OR 97208-3623. 26 pp. TOPICS: classification; ecosystem analysis; watershed analysis COMMENTS: Watershed analysis is essentially ecosystem analysis at the watershed scale. Watershed analysis is a procedure to characterize the human, acquatic, riparian and terrestrial conditions, processes, and interactions collectively referred to as "ecosystem" elements, within a watershed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hurd,EG; Goodrich,S; Shaw,NL PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Field guide to Intermountain rushes SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-306. 56 pp. TOPICS: classification; graminoids; juncus; revegetation; riparian; taxonomy; wetlands COMMENTS: This guide provides technical descriptions of 23 Intermountain rushes (Juncus spp.), including the common and several less abundant species. Line drawings and color or black and white photos illustrate diagnostic characteristics of each species. An illustrated morphology and a glossary acquaint the layperson with terminology used to classify rushes. The guide is intended as atool to aid in classification; it is not inclusive. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Barrow,JR PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Use of floodwaters to disperse grass and shrub seeds on native arid lands SOURCE: p.167-169 In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: floodwaters; revegetation; seed dispersal COMMENTS: On the Jornada Experimental Range, seeded and native species from root-plowed and seeded strips were observed to establish in substantial numbers down-channel from the source. The author suggests that flood-water has good potential as a low-input method of seed dispersal for revegetation of natural waterways. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: USDI Bureau of Land Management PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Riparian-wetlands initiative for the 1990's SOURCE: BLM/WO/GI-91/001+4340. 50 pp. TOPICS: riparian management; riparian restoration; riparian-wetland initiative COMMENTS: The riparian-wetland initiative for the 1990's provides a blueprint for management and restoration of riparian-wetland areas encompassing 23.7 million acresof BLM lands. Four national goals have been established: (1) restore and maintain riparian-wetland areas so that 75 percent or more are in proper functioning condition by 1997, (2) protect riparian-wetland areas and associated uplands through proper land management and avoid or mitigate negative impacts, (3) ensure an aggressive riparian-wetland information/outreach program, and (4) improve partnerships and cooperative restoration and management processes in implementing the riparian-wetland initiative. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hoag,JC PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Planting techniques from the Aberdeen, ID, plant materials center for vegetating shorelines and riparian areas SOURCE: p.163-166. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: plant materials; revegetation; woody species COMMENTS: The following woody riparian species were effective in shoreline protection and revegetation of eroded stream channels: coyote willow, dwarf blue artic willow, laurel willow, prairie willow, "Siouxland" eastern cottonwood, "Imperial" Carolina poplar, and robust poplar. Hormones, fungicides, and fertilizer did not consistently enhance survival or establishment. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Flessner,TR; Davis,DC; Lambert,SM PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Seed source evaluation of four native riparian shrubs for streambank rehabilitation in the Pacific Northwest SOURCE: p.155-162. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: plant materials; streambank rehabilitation; woody species COMMENTS: Forty-six to 72 populations of the four deciduous shrubs: Sitka alder, Pacific serviceberry, oceanspray, and vine maple are being evaluated at the Corvallis (OR) plant materials center. Morphological traits of each population, such as growth rate, fruit/flower abundance, vigor, foliage appearance, phenology, and form are being tested. Successful clones or seed sources will be released as cultivars. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary,WP; Shaw,NL PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Grazing - riparian issues: a Sawtooth National Recreation Area field trip SOURCE: p.228-232. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Techical Report INT-289. TOPICS: livestock grazing; riparian issues; woody species COMMENTS: Symposium attendees were offered a full-day field trip to the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. The particular focus of the tour was the relationship between livestock grazing and riparian stream conditions. Instructional demonstrations on the field identification of local willow species were also provided. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rosentreter,R PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Camas Prairie and possible evolutionary links with Old World {IArtemisia} species: a presymposium tour SOURCE: p.223-227. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: artemisia; evolution; riparian communities COMMENTS: The author conducted a field tour for symposium attendees from the Snake River Plains to the Camas Prairie, Idaho, and facilitated discussion on the geology, soils, and native vegetation en route. The field trip concluded with a discussion of the possible evolution of woody sagebrush species in North America. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Creamer,WH,IV; Wamboldt,CL; Rossi,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Comparison of three groups of variables for predicting big sagebrush forage production SOURCE: p.217-221. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: forage production; modeling; sagebrush COMMENTS: This paper reports modeling procedures used to develop regression equations to predict forage production available in the winter from three subspecies of big sagebrush of high-and low-use form classes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fraas,WW; Wambolt,CL; Frisina,MR PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Prescibed fire effects on a bitterbrush - mountain big sagebrush - bluebunch wheatgrass community SOURCE: p.212-216. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: plant communities; prescribed fire COMMENTS: Eight years after burning, effects on bitterbrush, mountain big sagebrush, and bluebunch wheatgrass were measured. Bitterbrush density did not differ between burned and unburned sites, while bitterbrush canopy cover, flower production, and seed production were less on the burned sites. Big sagebrush canopy cover and density were less on the burned sites. Total herbaceous cover did not differ between sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Booth,DT PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Bitterbrush dormancy - a discussion SOURCE: p. 208-211. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: bitterbrush; seed dormancy COMMENTS: Seed dormancy in bitterbrush may be due to: (1) direct interference with the cell metabolism (inhibitor theory), or (2) an oxygen deficient, non-dormant embryo (the hypoxic theory). Results to date indicate that bitterbrush seed-coat chemicals will inhibit glycolysis. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Weber,DJ; Fernandes,GW PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Insect galls and chemical composition of white rubber rabbitbrush on riparian and dry sites SOURCE: P. 203-207. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communties. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: insect galls; plant tissue COMMENTS: The total hydrocarbon fraction was higher in leaves from dry,hillside sites, but the number of individual components was greater in the hydrocarbon fraction from leaves from riparian sites. That increased number was attributed to the more diverse metabolic activity of riparian sites. A pregnane type of conpound was present in higher concentrations in the leaf tissue of plants on the dry sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Blank,RR; Trent,JD; Young,JA PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Sagebrush communities on clayey soils of northeastern California SOURCE: p.198-202. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: medushead; plant communities; sagebrush COMMENTS: The presence of shrubs on clayey soils has, over time, increased the site potential by capturing eolian dust. This veneer of coarse- textured materials is a better seedbed than the clayey substratum, supports an extensive cryptogamic community, and limits the natural churning of the high shrink-swell clays. Past overgrazing has, in some instances, caused the veneer of eolian dust to erode, exposing the clay substratum. Those sites now support a near monoculture of medusahead ({ITaeniatherum caput-medusae}). Where medusahead invades on high-condition sites, wildfires may occur, and consequently, wind erosion increases, the eolian veneer is thinned, and a permanent loss in site potential may occur. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Blank,RR; Palmquist,DE; Young,JA PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Plant-soil relationships of greasewood, Torrey saltbush, and allenrolfea, that occur on coarse-textured mounds on playas SOURCE: P.194-198. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: plant-soil relationships; playa; saline soils COMMENTS: Plant-soil relationships at playa-sand veneer interfaces in the Lake Lahontan Basin of NW Nevada were studied. The data demonstrated that the mounds were extremely saline, more saline than unvegetated mound interspaces. Moreover, there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the soil-solution chemistry among the shrubs, which suggests that the shrubs have modified the soil solution through elemental cycling. Vegetative recruitment occurs during environmentally optimal periods. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,BN; Lytle,CM; Hansen,LD; Lipp,J; Ziegler,H PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Respiration and growth in seedlings of cold-desert shrubs SOURCE: p.190-193. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: cold-desert shrubs; seedlings COMMENTS: Plants from geographic races (subspecies) of four species of cold-desert shrubs ({IArtemisia tridentata, Atriplex canescans, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, and Kochia prostata}) were grown from seed in the greenhouse. After four montths, the seedlings were compared for shoot and root growth. No correlation between growth and carbon and hydogen isotopic values was found. However, a strong correlation was found between growth and plant respiration. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Eddleman,LE; Miller,PM PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Potential impacts of western juniper on the hydrologic cycle SOURCE: p.176-180. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: hydrologic cycle; soil moisture; western juniper COMMENTS: Precipitation, throughfall, stem flow, and interception of western juniper were examined in central Oregon. Ranges were correlated with tree size, and type of vegetation. Stem flow ranged from 1.0 - 3.2 percent, throughfall from 33.0 - 52.3 percent, and interception from 44.4 - 65.9 percent. Transpiration occurred year-long and reached 3.03 l/kg in summer months. Dense western juniper woodlands may reduce winter soil moisture recharge by over 50 percent. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wight,JR; Pierson,FB; Flerchinger,GN PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Infuence of sagebrush on the soil microclimate SOURCE: p.181-185. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: sagebrush; soil microclimate; soil-water conditions COMMENTS: Since effective management of sagebrush-grass ranges requires establishment of desirable perennials, this study examined the influence of sagebrush on the near-surface soil microclimate. Maximum soil temperatures at a 1-cm depth differed by as much as 30 degrees C between interspace and shrub-covered areas. Shrub cover prolonged the periods of soil-water conditons favorable for seedling establishment. Solar radiation was reduced 50 percent or more by sagebrush canopy. Reduced radiation and litter accumulation under sagebrush canopies significantly moderated the extremes in the soil microclimate. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Palmquist,DE; Blank,RR; Young,JA PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: To krige or not to krige: a spatial variability study of a Great Basin saline playa SOURCE: p.186-189. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: playa; salt-tolerance; spatial variability COMMENTS: Coarse-textured soil mounds dotting the edges of playas are characteristic features of the Great Basin. These mounds sustain a sparse, salt-tolerant plant community that consists of allenrolfea, greasewood, and Torrey saltbush. Spatial variability techniques from two different disciplines were adapted to explore patterns of distributions and relationships between these soil mounds and the vegetation occurring on them. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,SD; Herr,CA; Hokett,SL; Cochran,GF PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Effects of a simulated pluvial maximum climate on soil-plant water relations and potential recharge near Yucca Mountain, Nevada SOURCE: p.171-175. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: dormancy; soil-plant relations; water relations COMMENTS: A simulated pluvial maximum climate was applied to experimental plots near Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Summer dormancy was alleviated in all shrub species tested. Deep soil moisture recharge (>1.2 m) occurred in the first summer on bare plots but not until winter dormancy on vegetated plots. If pluvial climatic conditions return during the life of the proposed nuclear waste facility, deep soil moisture recharge could occur. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Svejcar,TJ; Riegel,GM; Conroy,SD; Trent,JD PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Establishment and growth of riparian shrubs in the northern Sierra Nevada SOURCE: p.151-154. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: riparian shrubs; willow; willow planting COMMENTS: Results from a planting study suggest that successful establishment of Geyer's willow cuttings can be achieved if the base of the cutting is within 30 cm of the midsummer water table depth. In Lemmon's willow, drought years caused shorter periods of active photosynthesis, plus lower maximum rates. Willow leaves also had very low photosynthetic rates during the first 4 - 6 weeks of growth. Willows can be established successfully, but the delay in active photosynthesis of willow leaves and rapidly changing soil conditions during midsummer may place constraints on willow planting success. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Adams,PC; Viereck,LA PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Multivariance analysis of woody plant succession on the Tanana River in interior Alaska SOURCE: p.4-10. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: floodplains; multivariance analysis; plant succession COMMENTS: Woody plant succession on Alaskan floodplains was analyzed using multivariate techniques. Numerical classification results were consistent with the well-described vegetation chronosequence. Variation in community composition was high in intermediate stages, but decreased in later successional stages. Analyses support the contention that physical, fluvial controls of early succession are dampened by biotic factors in later successional stages. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Allan,DR; Marlow,CB PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Effects of cattle grazing on shoot population dynamics of beaked sedge SOURCE: p.89-91. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: cattle grazing; population dynamics; shoot growth COMMENTS: Grazing effects on number of new shoots produced by beaked sedge were examined on grazed and protected plots for two years. In the second year, grazed plots produced 27.4 percent more shoots than ungrazed plots. The greatest difference between grazed and ungrazed plots was in July. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Boggs,K; Weaver,T PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Response of riparian shrubs to declining water availability SOURCE: p.48-51. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: cottonwood; grazing effects; riparian shrubs; willow COMMENTS: Community dominance, productivity, and grazing effects were recorded in a cottonwood sere along the Yellowstone River. The sere progressed from seedlings of Great Plains cottonwood and sandbar willow to cottonwood forests with a dense shrub understory, and finally, to grasslands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Busch,DE; Smith,SD PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Fire in a riparian shrub community: postburn water relations in the Tamarix-Salix association along the lower Colorado River SOURCE: p.52-55. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: fire recovery; riparian shrubs; salt-cedar; water stress; willow COMMENTS: Hydraulic efficiencies in willow and salt-cedar may contribute to differences in fire recovery. Higher water potentials in burned salt-cedar relative to unburned plants and the opposite response in willow provide evidence that postfire water stress is reduced in the former but not the latter. Diurnal patterns of stomatal conductance are also consistent with the existance of more vigor in burned salt-cedar than burned willow. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Carlson,JR; Conaway,GL; Gibbs,JL; Hoag,JC PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Design criteria for revegetation in riparian zones of the Intermountain area SOURCE: P.145-150. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: revegetation; riparian zones COMMENTS: Design criteria for the Soil Conservation Service channel vegetation practice for the Intermountain area consider watershed condition, geomorphology, stream types, community types, stream size, velocity, sinuosity, and bank slope, uniformity, and stratigraphy. Performance standards address benefits to soil stability, fish and wildlife habitat, water quality and esthetic and recreational value. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary,WP; Medin,DE PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Vegetation, breeding bird, and small mammal biomass in two high- elevation sagebrush habitats SOURCE: p.100-110. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: livestock grazing; riparian habitat; sagebrush COMMENTS: Two riparian areas, one in Nevada and one in Idaho were compared. Except for geomorphology, the two study areas had many similar enviromental characteristics. The biological communities, however, differed widely in many attributes. Total plant biomass differed by 25-fold between the two areas. Differences were seen to be primarily due to geomorphic conditions, which far exceeded the variation introduced by the impact of livestock grazing. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Flanagan,LB; Ehleringer,JR; Dawson,TE PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Water sources of plants growing in woodland, desert, and riparian communities: evidence from stable isotope analysis SOURCE: p.43-47. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and amnagement of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: isotope analysis; riparian communities; water sources COMMENTS: Analysis of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in stem xylem water can be used to determine the water sources used by individual plants. Because the potential water sources for plants often have different isotopic compositions, the composition of stem water reflects the composition of water taken up by the roots. In riparian communities, small trees used either stream water or summer precipitation, depending on location. Large trees used subsurface groundwater exclusively, regardless of location relative to stream. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bevenger,GS; King,RM PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: A pebble count procedure for assessing watershed cumulative effects SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Research paper RM-RP-319. 17p. TOPICS: field techniques; monitoring; pebble counts; sampling; watershed COMMENTS: Land management activities can result in the delivery of fine sediment to streams. Over time, such delivery can lead to cumulative impacts to the acquatic ecosystem. Because numerous laws require Federal land managers to analyze watershed cumulative effects, field personnel need simple monitoring procedures that can be used directly and consistently. One approach to such monitoring is described. The approach involves sampling a longitudinal reach of stream channel several hundred feet long using a zig-zag pebble count procedure that crosses all habitat features within a stream channel. The approach accommodates reference (unimpacted) and study (impacted) reaches so that impact comparisons can be made. Case studies are described. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goodrich,S PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Summary flora of riparian shrub communities of the Intermountain Region with emphasis on willows SOURCE: p.62-67. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Techical Report INT-289. TOPICS: flora; riparian communities; willow COMMENTS: Management of riparian communities depends on an understanding of the dominant species in different riparian communities. Common plants of riparian communities are discussed briefly. Habitat, distribution, and other descriptors are presented for 24 species of willow. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harper,KT; Sanderson,SC; McArthur,ED PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Riparian ecology in Zion National Park SOURCE: p.32-42. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: flora; riparian communities; vegetation types COMMENTS: Approximately 40 km (24.9 mi) of perennial streams occur in Zion National Park. This report resulted from a large-scale survey of all vegetational types within the Park. Dominant trees and shrubs are identified. Woody species of early-seral and late-seral riparian successions are listed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hudak,HG; Ketcheson,GL PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Willow community types as influenced by valley bottom and stream types SOURCE: p.16-17. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: community types; willow COMMENTS: An interdisciplinary team conducted inventories of willow community types in the Sawtoot National Forest of south-central Idaho. Stands dominated by one or several willow species were related to elevation, parent material, substrate, stream gradient, and configuration of the valley floor. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hansen,PL PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Classification and management of riparian-wetland shrub sites in Montana SOURCE: p.68-78. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: classification; community types; habitat types COMMENTS: The author has developed a classification system for riparian-wetland sites in Montana that is consistent with terms and concepts proposed by Daubenmire and in wide usage in numerous vegetation studies. Thirty-two riparian-wetland shrub communities are described, of which 16 each represent habitat types or community types, respectively. Management information and implications are also discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Java,BJ; Everett,RL PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Rooting hardwood cuttings of Sitka and thinleaf alder SOURCE: p.138-141. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: alder; cuttings; revegetation COMMENTS: Rooting abilities of woody cuttings were evaluated after cold storage and growth regulator treatments. No cuttings of Sitka alder rooted in response to either treatment. When thinleaf alder cuttings were treated with a solution of 2000 ppmindolebutryic acid (NAA) and placed in cold storage at 1-3 degrees C for one month, 76 percent rooted, compared to 11 percent rooting success for untreated thinleaf cuttings. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kay,CE; Chadde,S PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Reduction of willow seed production by ungulate browsing in Yellowstone National Park SOURCE: p.92-99. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: browsing effects; seed production; willow COMMENTS: Long-term grazing exclosures were used to compare seed production in unbrowsed vs. browsed communities. Inside exclosures, the number of seeds per sq m of female canopy coverage ranged from 109,000 to 583,000. Outside exclosures, no male or female aments (catkins) or willow seeds were produced. Willow stems above the browse height (2.5 m) produced an abundance of male or female aments. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kovalchik,BL PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Growth and yield of willows in central Oregon compared to reports in world literature SOURCE: P.83-88. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: biomass; growth rates; willow COMMENTS: Species of willows come in various shapes and sizes. Rates of growth and biomass accumulation are responsive to factors such as senescence, temperature, frost, flooding, soil nutrients, mineral toxicity, and fertilization. Height growth of willows at this location averages less than 1.5 feet per year and decreases with age. Accumulated biomass may range from 4,000 to 60,000 pounds per acre dry weight on bogs and well-drained sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: LaFayette,RA; Rinne,JN PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Riparian structures and watershed treatments in the Southwest: history, status, and management implications - a preliminary report SOURCE: p.133-138. In: Proceedings 36th annual New Mexico water conference. New Mexico water resources research institute. TOPICS: revegetation; riparian structures; watershed treatments COMMENTS: A summary of conclusions and recommendations based on site visits and data gathering efforts at riparian projects in SW Region, US Forest Service. Information contained in the final report will be used to begin implementing changes aimed at increasing the success of riparian improvement projects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Manning,ME; Padgett,WG PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Distribution of willows on forest lands of Nevada and eastern California SOURCE: p.11-15. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: distribution; habitat types; willow COMMENTS: Distributions and habitat characteristics of 14 common willows are described for the Toiyabe and Humboldt National Forests of Nevada and eastern California. Some species have restricted geographic distribution while others occur throughout the study area. Locally, species segregate by elevation and site characteristics. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Martens,E; Young,JA PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Seed germination data for yellow willow at a Nevada riparian site SOURCE: p.142-144. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: seed germination; willow COMMENTS: Seeds of yellow willow (Salix lutea [Bebb] Jeps.) were collected from the riparian areas along the east side of the Sierra Nevada. Freshly collected seeds were germinable at a range of incubation temperatures from 5 through 30 degrees C. Seeds remained viable at room temperatures for 7 weeks. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McArthur,ED; Sanderson,SC PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: A comparison between xeroriparian and upland vegetation of Beaver Dam Slope, Utah, as desert tortoise habitat SOURCE: p.25-31. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: desert tortoiise habitat; desert tortoise; upland vegetation; xeroriparian COMMENTS: The Beaver Dam Slope of extreme southwestern Utah is historic desert tortoise habitat, grazed by livestock for over 100 years. It is composed of a large bajada dissected by intervening arroyos. Of 30 common species - 14 were preferentially associated with xeroriparian habitats, 3 with upland habitats, and 13 were non-preferential. Arroyos with more shrubs and rougher topography serve well as den sites and provide succulent forage during dry periods. The much larger uplands, under favorable moisture conditions, provide an abundance of accessible forage. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Peterson,MM; Somerville,DJ; Sennet,RF PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Preliminary riparian classification system for private and state-owned lands in Utah SOURCE: p.79-82. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. US Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: classification system; riparian classification; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: A classification system for riparian areas in Utah was developed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service in cooperation with the Utah State Department of Agriculture and the Utah Riparian Management Coalition. This is a heirarchical system beginning at broad levels of physiographic classifications and proceeding to more specific levels. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Roberts,TC,Jr PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Political and social aspects of riparian area management SOURCE: P.120-122. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Techical Report INT-289. TOPICS: political issues; riparian area improvement; social aspects COMMENTS: Impediments to riparian area improvements are institutional and natural resistance to change, mixed land ownership, and lack of incentives. Management changes that are suggested include improved career tracks, adoption of holistic philosophies, use of volunteers, consensual problem-solving techniques, and better incentives for improving management programs. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rosentreter,R PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: High-water indicator plants along Idaho waterways SOURCE: p.18-24. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: flooding effects; indicator plants; monitoring; water levels; waterways COMMENTS: Plants restricted to and common under seasonally flooded conditions along Idaho waterways can be useful for managing and monitoring riparian areas. As indicator plants, they can relate topography and channel capacity to annually fluctuating water levels. They may also be useful in evaluating past and present stream hydrology conditions and to determine mean flood levels relative to current water level. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stevens,R; McArthur,ED; Davis,JN PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Reevaluation of vegetative cover changes, erosion, and sedimentation on two watersheds - 1912-1983 SOURCE: p.123-128. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: erosion; exclosures; grazing effects; vegetative cover; watersheds COMMENTS: Two adjoining depleted subalpine watersheds near Ephraim, UT, have been protected from grazing since 1912 and 1920, respectively. Studies have demonstrated that management practices can stabilize depleted subalpine range through long periods of non-use or, more rapidly, with restoration techniques. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Zasada,J; Tappeiner,J; O'Dea,M PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Clone structure of salmonberry and vine maple in the Oregon Coast Range SOURCE: p.56-60. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: clone structure; rhizomes; salmonberry; vegetative reproduction; vine maple COMMENTS: Salmonberry and vine maple, both important riparian shrubs in western Oregon, form large clones of varying densities. Salmonberry clones develop in an active process that requires growth of a rhizome into an area followed by ramet production from the rhizome seed bank. Vine maple clones, however, develop by layering when stems are pinned to the ground by falling trees or branches ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary,WP; McArthur,ED; Bedunah,D; Wambolt,CL (Eds.) PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities SOURCE: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 232 p pages. TOPICS: community types; cuttings; fire effects; habitat types; plant yields; seed technology; species selection; stress; succession; xeroriparian COMMENTS: Includes 41 papers and accounts of field trips from a symposium focused on riparian shrub communities and their habitats. Papers discuss values, classification methods, conditions, and rehabilitation techniques for riparian areas,with one section devoted to similar topics for upland shrubs. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Elmore,W; Kauffman,B PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Riparian amd watershed systems: degradation and restoration SOURCE: Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West. First Edition ed. (Eds: Vavra,M; Laycock,WA; Pieper,RD) Society for range management, Denver, CO, 297p. TOPICS: grazing effects; grazing strategies; grazing systems; restoration; revegetation COMMENTS: The authors maintain that livestock grazing can be present in some riparian areas during periods of recovery. Grazing strategies that link the uplands, the riparian areas and the stream channels must be used to accomplish effective and self-sustaining restoration. Various grazing strategies are described and evaluated. Major short-comings of grazing strategies that fail to result in the restoration of degraded riparian zones are as follows: (1) they are applied with a cookbook approach with little analysis of riparian effects or recognition of the complex and heterogenous nature of riparian zones, (2) the grazing strategies utilized were developed for uplands and/or for herbaceous recovery with little consideration of woody vegetation, streambank integrity, or riparian function, and (3) they were developed for increased livestock production with similar short- comings in considerations of riparian values. Successful management strategies must consider the following:(a) the linkages and processes that are associated with full floodplain function, (b) The extreme complexity of riparian zones, (c) headwater streams have not received necessary levels of management attention to achieve landscape-level goals, (d) restoration within the stream channel and riparian zone should reestablish natural ecological processes and communities, and (e) manage to maintain connectivity across landscapes and minimize ecosystem fragmentation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Halwasser,H; Cantu,R PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Eventually all things merge into one and a river runs through it SOURCE: p.3-7. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USFS Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: land ethic; social values; stewardship COMMENTS: A topical article that examines rivers as allegories of life, the land ethic, and the shared uses and politics of rivers. In summary, they state that "rivers run through our lands and our lives. They reflect our values, our sense of self, and our concern for fellow beings. They tell us and others what we stand for and what we think about our grandchildren." ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rosgen,DL PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Overview of the rivers in the west SOURCE: p.8-15. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: proper function; restoration; sedimentation; stream flow COMMENTS: Floodplains and riparian areas need to be restored to their proper function. Federal agencies are increasingly aware of the need for "environmental engineering" and are actively pursuing technical expertise to incorporate into river design works. Recent restoration work by the author in California, Colorado, and Nevada has demonstrated the effectiveness of restoring the dimension, patterns and profiles of the natural, stable river form. Once restored, on-going management to maintain their function is critical. Grazing practices, for example, have been demonstrated to actually improve stream and riparian condition. The collective efforts by persons of diverse background and experience are needed to maintain functional river systems and provide associated resource values. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson,S; Myers,T PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Managing for integrated use SOURCE: p.19-21. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: integrated use; stream classification; terrain analysis COMMENTS: Riparian areas are the linkage connecting deserts and mountains as well as forming the transition from upland to aquatic. The influence of riparian vegetation becomes greater as the stream orders become lower. A river at any point is the sum of it's upstream parts. The key to integrated use of rivers is open communication between all governmental agencies and non-governmental enttities along with overlapping authority. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fonseca,J PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A county government perspective SOURCE: p.22-24. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Foreest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: effluents; floodplains regulations; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The federal government would have difficulty imposing riparian habitat protection measures on an unwilling local community. Moreover, many federal laws are at cross-purposes.In Pima County, AZ, a "wonderful" riparian habitat has been created by the discharge of municipal effluent into the Santa Cruz River. Besides sustaining bird habitat and vegetation, the effluent has also helped to clog the channel,causing protests from downstream floodplain farmers. Local communities can accomplish riparian objecttives even without consensus or federal program support. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clark,J PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The state role in riparian management SOURCE: p.25 -26. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226., 419 pp. TOPICS: partnerships; riparian management; systems COMMENTS: Many states are beginning to look at riparian management as a part of larger scale planning strategies. Most states are also attentive to new management and protection criteria. The author suggests that the most promising approach is to employ a systems approach to comprehensive management and the accomodation of multiple partners. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bravo,M PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A view from the Hualapai tribe SOURCE: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: colorado river; grand canyon; riparian management COMMENTS: The Hualapai tribe owns lands which include 108 miles of frontage on the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon. At present, the tribe is involved in several cooperative projects regarding environmental issues with contractors and consultants. They are now seeking equity with federal and state agencies in dealing with concerns and problems related to riparian management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Butterick,M PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A view from the federal government SOURCE: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM - 226. 419 pp. TOPICS: habitat degradation; pollution; watershed COMMENTS: The Watershed Protection Approach (WPA) continues to be an effective program for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by refocusing the existing programs of EPA and other state and federal agencies on pollution and habitat degradation problems. The basic components of this strategy are 1) risk-based geographic targeting, 2) stakeholder involvement, and 3) integrated solutions. Lessons learned from this program will be applied to future watershed planning efforts. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sammis,G PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A rancher's view of the river SOURCE: Riparian Management: Common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. 419 pp. TOPICS: riparian management; rivers; stewardship COMMENTS: There could be no agriculture witthout rivers. On the Chase Ranch operated by the author, livestock co-exist with numerous species of wildlife, although there are occasions when conflicts occur. The river can also be destructive to physical improvements and infrastructure. Ranchers who are caretakers for rivers "must do our best to protect its watersheds and riparian areas and make it a better river as it goes on its way". ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sokol,C PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Rivers from a timber industry perspective SOURCE: p.37-38. In: Riparian Management:common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: coordinated resources management plans; riparian management COMMENTS: The timber industry's view of riparian management has changed in the past few years. The new role involves participation with various agencies and entities in developing Coordinated Resources Management Plans (CRMP). Pilot projects such as the Spenser Creek CRMP have been very successful. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lindquist,D PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Rivers from a utility's perspective SOURCE: p. 39-42. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: coordinated resources management program; hydroelectric projects COMMENTS: The public demand for hydroelectric power in response to urban growth and other factors. Concurrently, public concerns regarding environmental issues is also accelerating. Water is a valuable commodity that requires cooperative management to minimize pressures of competition. Fragmented approaches commonly fail. All stakeholders must be involved in the planning and implementation process to be successful. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bradshaw,S PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The river through the recreationist lens SOURCE: p. 43-45. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: recreational impacts; riparian management COMMENTS: The River Restoration Funds in Montana is a rewarding initiative that involves partnerships between sportsmen and landowners. Emphasis should be on similar programs on a larger scale. Approaches that are permanent and effective will only arise out of a sense of shared responsibilty. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rinne,JN PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A wildlife viewpoint - southwestern riparian areas: habitats for fishes SOURCE: p.46-53. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian management COMMENTS: Riparian-stream areas, that are critical aquatic habitats for fishes, have become markedly altered by offsite land management and onsite instream alteration of flows. In order to sustain fish populations, future management must be on a watershed or ecosystem basis. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Norcross,E; Calvo,G PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Private lands river protection: balancing private and public concerns SOURCE: p.53-69. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: national riparian policy; river protection laws COMMENTS: Rivers on private lands have traditionally been protected by an assortment of state and federal legislation/programs. The authors present a summary and description of river protection and related environmental laws. They have also included a review of alternative river protection strategies and programs. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fort,DD PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The protection of riparian areas: new approaches for new times? SOURCE: p.70-75. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: public policy; riparian management; water resources COMMENTS: This paper contains an appraisal of the opportunities for and barriers to riparian protection and restoration, especially relating to current and future public policy. State, federal, and tribal entities require assistance for the improvement of management of riparian areas. New partnerships and management models have enormous potential for intensified riparian protection. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: De Young,T; Ridgeley,GC PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Instream flow protection: legal constraints and opportunities SOURCE: p.76-84. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: water law; water rights COMMENTS: The legal context for instream flow protection is constituted by an array of federal, state, and local laws and regulations, along with a large body of case law. This doctrine was designed to remove water from stream and river channels; therefore, it has inhibited efforts to protect stream flows and their riparian habitat. The authors advocate solutions acheived by cooperation instead of litigation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jacobs,DF PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The public trust doctrine and river conservation SOURCE: p.85-91. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: public trust doctrine; river conservation COMMENTS: Under the public trust doctrine, which governs the management and use of tidal and navigable waterways, the people have inalienable rights to use and enjoy public waterways. The doctrine can be an important legal mechanism for river conservation. If the states, as trustees, fail to meet their obligations, the public can enforce doctrine principles. Cooperative planning between entities can eliminate much conflict. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Martinez,D PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: River restoration: financing opportunies and constraints SOURCE: p.92-97. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared values. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: partnerships; river restoration COMMENTS: It is imperative to integrate landowners, agri-business, developers, and other non-traditional partners in conservation projects. Communications between sectors that have long-standing adversarial relationships will not only resolve specific problems but will discourage the creation of new ones. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Moore,R PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: River protection and rural communities SOURCE: p.98-101. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: riparian management; riparian restoration COMMENTS: This paper discusses creative financing. Before beginning a search for funds, project sponsors should at the total duration and scope of the project in order to determine who will benefit. Those individuals or groups can be pulled together for both the processes of decision-making and fund-raising. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dean,R PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Water quality tools for national and western nonpoint source control SOURCE: p.102-106. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: crmp; epa; nonpoint source control; water quality COMMENTS: This paper reviews the various programs in which Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is involved independantly, or as an active partner with other agencies or entities. It also reviews EPA funding for various research and monitoring programs. The author also encourages agencies and organizations to become involved in the Coordinated Resource Management process (CRMP). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Randall,KE PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Protection and management of riparian areas through water quality programs in Arizona SOURCE: p.107-111. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: non-point source pollution; point source pollution; riparian management; water quality COMMENTS: This paper discusses four programs that have been implemented by Arizona Department of Environmental Quality: the Nonpoint Source, Point Source, Monitoring, and Water Quality Standards Programs. The relationship between these programs and the kinds of protection they provide to riparian areas is described. Future programs will require the evaluation of the effects of groundwater pumping, surface water diversions, and land-use activities on riparian areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kusler,JA PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Floodplain management and the protection of riparian habitat: status of efforts and possible future decisions SOURCE: p.112-115. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: floodplain management; restoration; riparian habitat; watershed management COMMENTS: Floodplain management regulations and other wetland and riparian habitat regulations and nonregulatory initiatives provide only limited protection for riparian areas in the West. These areas continue to be threatened by vegetative defoliation, grazing, water projects, urban development, and other activities. These circumstances, however, offer new opportunities for riparian protection because of the strong public support for such protection, growing interest in federal, state, and local agencies, and a rapidly growing science base with regard to stream management, riparian habitat restoration, and watershed management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lew,L PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Floodplain Management - opportunities and constraints in reconciling an environmental mission with flood control SOURCE: p.116-123. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: flood control; floodplain management; riparian areas COMMENTS: In the five years preceeding this paper, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had been developing an environmental mission. This resulted in the Corps considering restoration of the environment as a mission equal to flood control and navigation. The major constraints impeding this initiative are:environmental costs, mitigation efforts, and the need for good public relations; all of which contribute to economic feasibility. The Corps is committed to a balanced approach to integrating the three missions - flood control, navigation, and environment - to preserve and enhance riparian sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Backiel,A PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Political factors in riparian management issues SOURCE: p.124-127. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interest. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: political factors; riparian management COMMENTS: The author believes that America today is experiencing a renewed interest in democracy and an increased political awareness. This process will most likely come to include natural resource issues. Each individual is part of that process, with the opportunity to participate in environmental and natural resource decisions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown,J PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Play hard, play fair, nobody hurt SOURCE: p.128-129. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: political factors; river protection laws COMMENTS: Strategies for river protection should include: (1) maintaining a regular presence at the statehouse and being available to legislators and agency personnel, (2) avoid using deceptive tactics, gross exaggerations or misleading half-truths, and (3) those playing the political game must be sensitive and respectful to the needs and limitations of others. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Keys,J PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The Bureau of Reclamation's policies SOURCE: p.130-133. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: endangered species act; salmon recovery COMMENTS: This paper focuses on Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) efforts for salmon recovery. Current activities include cooperation in over 20 salmon measures such as: coordination of Columbia River water and power operations, water supply forecasting, water quality issues, flood control strategies, water acquisition, and lower Snake River dam operations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rood,SB; Mahoney,JM PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: River damming and riparian cottonwoods: management opportunities and problems SOURCE: p.134-143. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: cottonwood forests; riparian trees; river damming COMMENTS: Cottonwoods (Populus spp.) are the principal trees in the riparian areas of the semi-arid regions of western North America. Loss of cottonwoods is not compensated by enrichment from other tree species. The entire gallery forest ecosystem collapses when cottonwoods are killed. In the SW United States, only small remnants of cottonwood forests survive. Among majors factors contributing to cottonwood forests decline are livestock grazing, clearing for crop production, and river damming and water diversions. Studies have demonstrated that asexual recruitment (vs. sexual recruitment) is an extensive and even dominant form of reproduction. Moreover, it is the riparian water table depth rather than river stage that determines moisture available for cottonwoods. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hatfield,D; Hatfield,C PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Solutions for the land and the people SOURCE: p.147-153. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: consensus; trout creek mountain working group COMMENTS: This paper descibes the personal efforts of the authors to build bridges between urban environmentalists and long-term ranchers who live and depend on the land - i.e. people who view the same area from a vastly different perspective. The Trout Creek Mountain Working Group was composed of a wide variety of representatives from different land-use advocacy groups. The process of developing trust, respect, and understanding took time and commitment by all parties but resulted in a positive coalition. People-to-people alliances where land owners, environmentalists, and federal agency personnel can have dramatically constructive results. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Winter,PL PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Positives and negatives of recreation in riparian areas SOURCE: p.155-157. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: conflict resolution; riparian recreation COMMENTS: Conflicts between recreational users becomes more likely as an area's popularity increases. Conflicts occur between users whose recreational choices are incompatible. Depreciative behaviors are most likely to occur in areas with high use. Meetings between resource managers and various user groups can be helpful in reducing conflicts. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Funk,R PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Rio Grande Valley State Park SOURCE: p.159-161. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared values. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: bosque; recreational impacts; state parks COMMENTS: The Rio Grande Valley State Park was created in 1983 to preserve and improve the natural character of the river and bosque, while allowing low impact recreation. The Open Space program of the City of Albuquerque was designated as the operating party. As a first step, clean up and motor vehicle closure resulted in an immediate reduction in dumping and other illegal activities. At the same time, recreational activities increased. Fire and exotic species invasion continue to be problems in combination with lack of cottonwood reproduction. Many opportunities exist for improving the Park, as it continues to be a refuge for people and wildlife. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wheeler,D PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The Boulder open space program SOURCE: p.162-163. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: open space; recreation impacts COMMENTS: In recent years, desire for outdoor recreation has focused human intrusion further into riparian corridors. Intensified human use, however, has consumed all the remaining wildlife values of stream corridors. The Boulder Creek Trail now accommodates more than 4000 human trips per day. The success of this program has created a public demand for even more trails. Further development will only diminish the available space for wildlife. Long-term cumulative impacts of various uses and preservation options need to be carefully considered before the community can make informed decisions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Patten,D PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Integrating science and decision making SOURCE: p.167-172. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: adaptive management; decision making; science COMMENTS: The author points to a conclusion that it is not the quantity of scientific information that leads to integration of science into decision making, but how useful decision makers perceive that information to be. Credible scientists need to develop documents or presentations to make technical information available. Scientific input requires time, a willing audience, and an adaptive management style that allows science to refine it's information. The alternative is to allow emotionalism, lobbying, and non-factual public perceptions to be the data base used by managers who make decisions regarding our natural resources. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson,JW; Beschta,RL; Boehne,PL; Bryson,D; Gill,R; Howes,S; McIntosh,BA; Purser,MD; Rhodes,JJ; Zakel,J PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A comprehensive approach to restoring habitat conditions needed to protect threatened salmon species in a severely degraded river - The upper Grande Ronde River anadromous fish habitat protection, restoration, and monitoring plan SOURCE: p.175-179. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: habitat restoration; monitoring; watershed management COMMENTS: The Grande Ronde River, a tributary to the Snake River, is the center of a 3,950 square mile watershed in NE Oregon. It is critical habitat for spring chinook salmon and steelhead. The primary goals of the plan were to reduce sediment loads and summer water temperatures, and to re-establish natural loading of large, woody debris to the streams. It also proposed watershed management measures aimed at reducing high sediment loads caused by past activities. The plan is broadly adaptable to other NW watersheds that have undergone similar degradation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gourley,C; Lillquist,N PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A demonstration of biogeomorphic techniques to restore a segment of the East Fork of the Sevier River, Garland County,Utah SOURCE: p.180-185. In:Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: biogeomorphic techniques; stream channel monitoring; stream restoration COMMENTS: The purpose of this project was to demonstrate the use of biogeomorphic techniques to restore a privately owned 2 km stream segment. Management of livestock adjacent to the stream channel has had a positive effect on the demonstration area. Willow and aquatic grasses are encroaching into the channel causing it to become narrower and deeper. Vertical stream banks are now sloped and naturally revegetated. Biogeomorphic techniques were successfully employed to restore a single meandering channel. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis,EM; Rucker,A PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Lessons learned from large-scale riparian restoration projects SOURCE: p.186-188. TOPICS: restoration projects; riparian restoration COMMENTS: Large-scale restoration projects should have the following components: (1) clearly define restoration goals, (2) identify physical requirements of target riparian habitat, (3) address multipurpose needs, (4) evaluate potential obstacles and use effective establishment techniques, and (5) plan ahead for appropriate timing of implementation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Meyer,K PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The Mt. Shasta Meadows Restoration Project SOURCE: p.189-190. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: ecological integrity; restoration; sub-alpine meadows COMMENTS: The project was initiated to halt human induced degradation and reclaim the ecological and cultural integrity of fragile sub-alpine meadow systems on Mt. Shasta. This paper describes the creative solutions and managerial implications of restoring sub-alpine meadows while understanding and educating a varied and diverse user public. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Myers,M PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Nichols Meadow Restoration Project, Mariposa Ranger District,Sierra National Forest SOURCE: P.191. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: meadow restoration; stream channel rehabilitation COMMENTS: Using contributed labor from the California Native Plant Society and European volunteers, the project stabilized head and sidewalls of a large gully, re-established ground cover, and replanted riparian vegetation along the stream channel. Structural work utilized a cellular soil confinement material called Geoweb to form retaining walls. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jalbert,LM; Heim,M PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Rehabilitation of sites along the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park SOURCE: p. 192. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: monitoring; revegetation; site rehabilitation COMMENTS: An integrated monitoring program assesses impacts resulting from recreational use. When the Limits of Acceptable Change prescribed in the management plan are exceeded, remediation projects are planned. Such work includes multiple trail eradication, trail delineation/relocation and maintenance, recreation site stabilization and revegetation. The latter function emphasizes the use of native seed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Seery,D PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Riparian restoration projects in Arizona, Soil Conservation Service SOURCE: p. 193-4. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: riparian restoration COMMENTS: Five successful riparian restoration projects completed by the Soil Conservation Service in Arizona were photographically displayed and discussed. All projects returned the functions and values that were lost back to the original ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Glascow,C PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Six Rivers National Forest watershed management and road restoration SOURCE: p.195-197. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared values. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: road restoration; watershed management COMMENTS: Forest roads can dramatically alter natural drainage networks and related physical processes. The primary goal of road restoration is to minimize future erosion and mass wasting through removing culverts and outsloping unstable portions of the road. Excavating fill from stream crossings and removing culverts is one of the cost-effective treatments available for reducing sediment input into streams. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Korte,N; Kearl,P; Koehler,D PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Strategies to define and implement large-scale watershed restoration project policy on the Navajo Nation SOURCE: p.198-202. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: livestock management; riparian management; watershed restoration COMMENTS: The condition of riparian areas on the Navajo Reservation has seriously deteriorated over the last century as a consequence of overgrazing, a circumstance that continues unabated. Large-scale riparian restoration of degraded areas has significant implications for the reservation because of the consequence of such actions on water balance, water quality, livestock production, and reservoir operation. Such actions, however, require a political and socioeconomic commitment that do not presently exist. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Deuser,CE PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Tamarisk control methods and water table relations at Sacatone Spring SOURCE: p.203. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: riparian management; tamarisk; water table relations COMMENTS: Springs and stream beds within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area have been heavily invaded by the alien tree, tamarisk. Removal using a combination of methods including mechanical, herbicides, and prescribed fire is underway. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stephenson,BA; Woods,L PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Transplanting mature riparian trees using a tree spade or crane SOURCE: p.204-6. Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: mechanical equipment; transplants COMMENTS: When tree spades are used to transplant mature trees, the major portion of the rootball remains intact with minimal disturbance to roots within the grab. Soil floral, faunal, and mycorrhizal components move with the tree to the mitigation site, increasing the speed at which they colonize the site. Transplanting with a crane may not maintain the soil integrity around the rootball as a tree spade does. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Duncan,KW; Schemnitz,SD; Suzuki,M; Homesley,Z; Cardenas,M PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Evaluation of saltcedar control - Pecos River, New Mexico SOURCE: p.207-210. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: herbicides; riparian habitat; salt-cedar; vegetatiive manipulation COMMENTS: Every stream or river system in New Mexico is infested or has the potential to be infested with saltcedar. Protection of native riparian habitat has become a management priority. In the past, saltcedar manipulation has been cost-prohibitive. The development of imazapyr and imazapyr + glyphosate tank mixes, however, may cost as little as $60/ac and result in a 90-99 percent control. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lopez,CF; Gradek,P; Saslaw,L PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Improvement of a Sierra Nevada riparian zone during the recent drought period SOURCE: p.211. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: check dams; grazing systems; riparian management COMMENTS: CA demonstration project on sections of Long Valley Creek showed increases in the percent canopy cover and improvement of the riparian plant community. Change from a "hot" summer to fall/winter grazing system and the installation of check dams resulted in a positive channel response during the recent prolonged California drought. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Finch,DF; Marshall,RM PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Bird use of riparian habitats in north-central Arizona during fall migration - results and recommendations SOURCE: p.212-218. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: avian ecology; neotropical birds; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The two most important factors governing capture rate of birds were seasonal timing and net placement within the study site. Migration periods for neotropical birds varies annually as a result of the length and timing of the breeding season and weather patterns during the fall. The authors recommend that fall migration studies be started in early August and run through the end of September. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lowry,MM PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Groundwater elevations and temperature adjacent to a beaver pond in central Oregon SOURCE: P.219. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: beaver ponds; groundwater; water temperatures COMMENTS: Studies were conducted within the Painted Hills National Monument to observe spatial and temporal dynamics of groundwater levels and temperatures adjacent to a beaver pond. Results indicate that stream temperatures can influence groundwater temperature, and that groundwater recharge is highest near the pond. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hurd,EG; Shaw,NL PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Influence of dry storage on seed viability and germination of eight intermountain rushes SOURCE: p.220. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: juncus spp.; rush species; seed viability COMMENTS: Results to date indicate that seeds of these rush species can be maintained in dry storage for at least two years. Successful propagation of rushes from seed will require further study of germination requirements for individualspecies and populations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary,WP; Abt,S; Thornton,C PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Vegetation effects on retention of stream channel sediments SOURCE: p.221. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: livestock grazing; sedimentation; vegetation effects COMMENTS: Vegetation height and biomass within a stream channel system is known to enhance sediment deposition and to improve the retention of deposits. These features are dependant upon the management of grazing livestock. In this study, the ability of a typical riparian graminoid (Kentucky bluegrass) to entrap sediments was measured. The rate of deposition retention was also studied. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Magney,DL PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Faults with growing season determinations using the federal wetlands delineation manual SOURCE: p.222-227. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: climatic factors; growing seasons; wetlands COMMENTS: The federal wetlands delineation manual should be modified to allow for more flexibility in determining the growing season as determined by climate, not the frost-free period designed for agricultural crops. Modifying the manual would allow more accurate wetland delineations to be performed in the arid southwest. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mahoney,JM; Rood,SB PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A model for assessing the effects of altered stream flows on the recruitment of riparian cottonwoods SOURCE: p.228-232. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: cottonwood; flow regimes; recruitment; seed release; stream flow COMMENTS: The paper presents a model that provides a framework for assessing the effects of existing or proposed flow regimes on seeding recruitment of riparian cottonwoods. Recorded or projected flow patterns for a particular river reach can be evaluated for the critical period of seed release to determine whether river stages and rate of decline fall within the range necessary for seedling establishment. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jemison,RL PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Associations between riparian ecosystem parameters in Happy Valley, Arizona SOURCE: p.233-239. In: Riparian Management: Common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: hydrology; riparian ecosystem; watertable effects COMMENTS: The study reported in this paper addressed the relationships and associations between hydrologic inputs, vegetation, and soils in a low mountain (1,000 to 2,000 m) riparian ecosystem. Specific observed parameters included precipitation, streamflow, water table level, vegetation, soils, location relative to stream channel, and date of observation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chainey,S; Yates,G; O'Leary,B PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Groundwater and surface flow models used to simulate impacts and benefits to riparian vegetation caused by flood control and water supply management projects SOURCE: p.240. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: flood control; groundwater; riparian vegetation; water supply COMMENTS: San Simeon Creek, a central California coastal stream, supports a channel riparian forest that could potentially be affected by groundwater extraction for the nearby community of Cambria. A one-dimensional finite difference groundwater flow model was "embedded" in a conjunctive use operations and storage model to show the interrelation of surface flow in the creek, surface diversions, seasonal depth to water table, and evapotranspiration water use by riparian vegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kramer,NE; Steinman,AD PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Responses of riparian vegetation and groundwater to activities along the Tijuana Corridor SOURCE: p.241. In: Riparian mangement: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: groundwater; riparian vegetation; water potential COMMENTS: The potential effects of groundwater extraction and river diversion on riparian vegetation in southern San Diego County, California were monitored. Water potential data were collected on five riparian shrub species for 2 irrigated sites, 2 non-irrigated sites, and 1 reference site. Declines in water potential occurred in all monitored species at the non-irrigated sites during the sampling period. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Valencia,R PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Arizona riparian inventory and mapping project SOURCE: p.242. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: riparian ecosystems; riparian inventory COMMENTS: The Arizona Game and Fish Department has initiated a statewide inventory of riparian areas in response to recent legislation and in order to better understand the functions and values of riparian ecosystems in the arid Southwest. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clark,R PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Riparian-wetland initiative for the 1990's SOURCE: p.243. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: riparian management; riparian-wetland initiative COMMENTS: An updated plan for managing riparian areas and wetlands on federally managed public lands was released by the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management in September 1991. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stahr,L PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Oregon's watershed enhancement program SOURCE: p.244. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: water quality; watershed; watershed management COMMENTS: The governor's Watershed Enhancement Board provides grants, funds, and technical assistance to Oregonians proposing projects which demonstrate the benefits of improvement or enhancement of riparian or watershed areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Corner,RA; Bassman,JH PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Contribution of legal buffer zones to nonpoint source pollution abatement following timber harvesting in northeast Washington SOURCE: p.245. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: buffer zones; non-point pollution; timber harvest COMMENTS: Sedimentation of streams resulting from forest management practices is among the greatest non-point source pollution concerns. This study concluded that although riparian buffer zones can be instrumental in protecting against nonpoint-source pollution, their effectiveness is directly related to physical properties and the nature of management on the upland area. Therefore, a legal buffer zone width should be calculated as a function of physical parameters (e.g. slope, soil permeability, soil erodibility) and intensity of management practices rather than as a designated fixed distance. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bradley,C PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A conservation and management strategy for riparian forests in southern Alberta SOURCE: p.246. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: conservation strategy; riparian forest COMMENTS: The strategy document contains a statement of vision and mission, guiding principles, and recommended goals, objectives, and actions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mink,LL; Belt,GH PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Idaho riparian cooperative - is Idaho ready? History of starting a riparian cooperative SOURCE: P.247. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: riparian cooperative; riparian management COMMENTS: The Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, coordinated meetings with state and federal agencies and user groups, which led to the establishment of the Idaho Riparian Cooperative. The mission of the IRC is to provide information to improve the management of riparian-wetland systems in Idaho. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mink,LL PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Water banking in Idaho SOURCE: p.248-252. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: water banks; water rights COMMENTS: The water banking process has undergone many changes in the last 60-plus years in Idaho. More modifications are necessary to make these water banks more responsive to the needs of each basin. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeBuys,W PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Moving from diverse viewpoints to results SOURCE: p.255-260. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: bosque; riparian ecosystems; riparian management COMMENTS: The author describes the efforts of the Rio Grande Bosque Conservation Committee to develop comprehensive management strategies for the middle Rio Grande and bosque. Historically, the public has demanded three components of river management: flood control, drainage, and irrigation. The committee learned that the middle Rio Grande had received more than 70 years of biological management but that nearly all that management had been inadvertent and virtually all of it had had a negative effect on native ecosystems. The river is managed by several agencies with overlapping, conflicting, and frequently ambiguous jurisdictions. The management structure of the middle Rio Grande requires a greater responsiveness to public concerns and inputs. The value of the resource is clearly greater than the sum of its individual uses and benefits. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Starlund,S PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Public participation in the planning and management of rivers: Washington State Scenic River System SOURCE: p.261-272. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: planning; river management; social values COMMENTS: Often, public participation in river planning has had the appearance of government planners seeking acceptance and approval of their product. Acknowledging the value of involving the the river community is critical. The integration of social and cultural values/issues is not only important for planning but is also a crucial means of securing long-term commitment for river conservation action. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Silvey,HL PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Accomodating issues of scale. p.275. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: hydrology; riparian management; stream channel restoration COMMENTS: The condition or integrity of the land area located adjacent to, or upstream of a particular riparian area of concern becomes as equally important to riparian health and welfare as does the condition of the riparian area itself. Impact magnitude may have widely different rankings in terms of scale but be of equal importance to individual resource users. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Varela-Romero,A PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The role of the Centro Ecologico de Sonora in the protection and conservation of wetlands in Sonora SOURCE: p.276-282. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. TOPICS: international relations; wetlands COMMENTS: The paper describes a collaboration between the CES and the Nature Conservancy to protect and preserve natural resources in a region across international boundaries. The program includes the study of areas with significant biodiversity, economic, social, and scenic interest and the development of substantive management strategies. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tremble,M PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The Little Colorado River SOURCE: p.283-289. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: endangered species act; planning; riparian management; wetlands conservation COMMENTS: Issues of scale have received increased attention from the scientific community. In effective riparian management planning, organizational and cultural perspectives must also be considered. The author addresses differences between the Navajo world view and mainstream Anglo world view and cites problems arising from those differences. Managers need to address problems or goals by examining processes that operate over many spatial and temporal scales. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Delmas,R; Swanson,S PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The Modoc-Washoe Experimental Stewardship Process SOURCE: p.290-293. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: consensus; interested publics; planning; stewardship COMMENTS: The foundation for the success of this program has been its willingness to incorporate all interested publics into the resource management process. Consensus is a necessary component of this process. "It is critical that land use goals and resource issues be translated into realistic, measurable objectives from which management action, monitoring, and evaluation parameters can be derived". ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Konynenbelt,RD PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A stream restoration project along the north Raven River SOURCE: p.294-304. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: beaver management; fishhabitat; stream restoration; trout fishery COMMENTS: The long range management goal for this river is to maintain a high quality, naturally reproducing trout fishery for public benefit. Fence maintenance, beaver management, and active liason with participating landowners are important features of the program. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Krueger,WC PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Managing areas in mixed ownership SOURCE: p.307-310. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: coordinated resource management (crm); management units; planning; private lands COMMENTS: Coordinated Resource Management (CRM), which originated in Oregon in 1949, has proven to be an effective process to incorporate various interests into operational plans. As time has passed, CRM has been used to widen the scope of involved interests and include a greater variety of interests. This process encourages discussion, debate, and suggestions for solutions. Though most frequently used to solve resource problems, it has also been effective in preventing problems from developing. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McDermid,R PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A view of the lower Deschutes River planning process SOURCE: p.311-315. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: planning; river management COMMENTS: These certain factors encountered in the process were critical to success:(1) embark on a well-defined mission, (2) all participants must bring honesty and credibility into the process and maintain it throughout, (3) continuity of personnel must be maintained, (4) in a public process, the public matters, (5) do not rush important decisions, and (6) a plan serves no purpose unless it is successfully implemented. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wills,L PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A grass roots perspective - Feather River coordinated resource management SOURCE: p.316-322. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: coordinated resource management (crm); ecosystem management; planning COMMENTS: Current public focus has been on the cumulative overuse of resource supplies perpetuated in and by the resource dependent communities. Until the consumer takes some responsibility for one hundred years of cumulative resource problems, the political "quick fix" solution will continue to be reduced multiple use in areas valued by consumers as playgrounds and intensified uses of less visible watersheds to provide products for runaway consumer demand. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chischilly,S PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The San Juan River SOURCE: p.323-327. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: contaminants; cottonwood; dam constructionexotic species; flood control COMMENTS: The San Juan River, which previously flooded periodically, has been dammed and flow controlled since 1962. Environmental consequences after dam construction include: decrease of mean river temperature below the dam, mean decrease in volume (CFS), cessation of great flood stages, and riverbed geomorphology alteration. Physical alterations have caused dramatic changes in the biological components. Non-native fish species have increased because of their adaptation to warmer water temperatures and native species have declined. Without flood stages, cottonwood recruitment does not occur and that species has been replaced by tamarisk and Russian olive. Concentration of contaminants in irrigation settling ponds and oil and gas exploration sites is affecting the health of resident fish species. Further alteration of the river could have accelerated detrimental impacts on the associated ecosystem. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hansen,P PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Developing a successful riparian-wetland grazing management plan for the upper Ruby River cattle and horse allotment in southwestern Montana SOURCE: p.328-335. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: grazing management; livestock grazing; riparian-wetlands functions COMMENTS: Livestock grazing is a compatible use in riparian-wetland areas when the functions of the riparian system (sediment filtering, streambank building, water storage, aquifer recharge, energy dissipation during storm events, etc.) are stable and not degrading. The potential of the site and the needs of the riparian vegetation should guide the development of the grazing management strategy. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rait,K PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The Virgin River: an institutional nightmare of opportunity SOURCE: p.336-340. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Foresst Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: ecosystem management; natural resource conflicts; watershed management COMMENTS: Consumptive use interests and environmental advocates are polarized regarding future applications of resources in the Virgin River watershed in Utah, Arizona, and Nevada. Relegation of water adjudication authority has been given to the states, however, US Department of Interior has wide management authority in the Basin. Presently, the decision-making authority is fragmented by the disparate jurisdictions of Interior agencies. Integrated and coordinated watershed management by Interior agencies could make the Virgin Basin a pilot project for the Ecosystem Management initiative. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wallis,C PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Keeping the Oldman River rolling along - the courts as a tool for riparian habitat protection SOURCE: p.341-346. In: Riparian management:common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: dam construction; legal actions; riparian habitat COMMENTS: In 1987, the federal and provincial governments of A;berta, Canada issued licences to construct the Oldman River Dam. Friends of the Oldman River (FOR) was formed to initiate legal action alleging that Alberta did not follow proper procedures in issuing the construction licence. At the time this paper was given, construction had been completed but the reservoir had not been filled. 90 percent of the predicted environmental impacts from dam operations had not occurred. It is still possible that legal actions by FOR might block flooding of the reservoir area. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wallin,P PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Management of rivers with special designations SOURCE: p.349-351. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: river management; special designations; watershed restoration COMMENTS: The author predicts that we will see a new kind of designation for rivers that will address the health of the whole watershed, including the economic health of its human community. The concept will endorse river conservation of all rivers, no matter how ordinary, not just the "crown jewel" rivers. The new designation will bring all the players into the game, federal, state, and private. It will give local government and business and agriculture some real incentives for buying into watershed protection. It will also give a central role to citizen organizations in working on watershed restoration. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Graham,WG PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The Idaho protected rivers program SOURCE: P.352-355. In: Riparian mangement: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: planning; protected rivers; river basins; wild and scenic rivers COMMENTS: At the time of this paper, 960 miles of Idaho rivers were protected under the state program, in addition to the 550 miles protected under the federal Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. Comprehensive state water plans had been completed for four river basins and one river reach. Three other plans were in preparatory stages of the planning process. The first coordinated planning effort was underway in the South Fork of the Snake River, involving the Bureau of Land Management. US Forest Service, and Idaho Water Resource Board. Recommended actions could include a mix of state and federal protection mechanisms. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Studenmund,RG PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The Nature Conservancy's Sweetwater River project SOURCE: p.356-358. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: biological diversity; partnerships; river conservation COMMENTS: The Nature Conservancy has realized that the protection of biological diversity will be achieved most effectively through the conservation of whole ecosystems. Given the geographic scale of most ecosystems, TNC will not be able to protect diversity through land acquisitions alone. Partnerships with both public and private sectors provides a more comprehensive and affordable approach. The Sweetwater River Project can become the kind of model that epitomizes that collaborative concept. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Allred,MD PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Little Bear River hydologic unit area SOURCE: p.359-363. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Techical Report RM-226. TOPICS: hydologic unit area; planning; riparian management; water quality COMMENTS: The Little Bear River Watershed consists of nearly 200,000 acres in northern Utah, of which 88 percent is privately owned. Since 1990, the USDA Soil Conservation Service has undertaken planning and implementation for the Hydrologic Unit Area. The establishment of strong linkages between agencies has been critical to the implementation of water quality and riparian management applications. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cameron,FW PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Malheur National Wildlife Refuge SOURCE: p.364-368. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: grazing management; livestock grazing; riparian restoration; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: The land use pattern of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge has been dominated by livestock grazing for 140 years. Currently, grazing is still allowed but only in circumstances that benefit wildlife objectives. Consequently, there has been a transition in which 100,000 AUM's were reduced on the Refuge and only 15 percent of the available habitat is presently utilized by livestock. Other changes include the current encouragement of willow regrowth when previously they were considered counterproductive. Such changes in management direction require the involvement and participation of all affected interests. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Yuncevich,GM PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The San Pedro National Conservation Area SOURCE: p.369-372. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: national conservation area; riparian management; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: The San Pedro Riparian NCA was created by passage of the Arizona- Idaho Conservation Act in 1988. The NCA was established to conserve, protect, and enhance the riparian area and the aquatic, wildlife, archaeological, paleontological, scientific, cultural, educational, and recreational resources of the public lands surrounding the San Pedro River. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wissmar,R; Halbert,C; Chu,J; Doyle,J PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Skagit wild and scenic river: management status and issues SOURCE: p.373-388. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: fragmented land patterns; river management; wild and scenic rivers COMMENTS: US Forest Service has the authority to administer federal lands within the Skagit WSR but no management authority or enforcement capability over state and private lands within the corridor. Funding for management has been sparse and has originated primarily from the recreation program. Other funding has been delayed. These factors have combined to seriously compromise the USFS desired management objectives for protecting and enhancing the values that caused the Skagit River to be added to the National Wild & Scenic River system. Problems are exacerbated by the complications of 26 separate agencies or entities having management responsibilities within the corridor. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Caffrey,J; Rivers,J PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The Bluewater Creek story - rebuilding a land ethic SOURCE: p.391-394. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: land stewardship; reforestation; watershed restoration COMMENTS: The Bluewater Creek watershed in the Zuni Mountains of NW New Mexico has a long history of man-caused exploitation and land abuse. A rehabilitation program, beginning in 1986, utilized funding for reforestation, watershed structures, and recreation improvements to promote multi-resource management of the area. Large numbers of volunteers, partners, and cooperators contributed to the variety and success of the completed project. This project was remarkable for two primary reasons: short-term resource recovery and public involvement. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Prange,R PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Duck Creek riparian habitat restoration project, Henry's Lake, Idaho SOURCE: p.395-396. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared values. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: riparian habitat; riparian restoration COMMENTS: This project demonstrated that the traditional barriers between ranchers and fishery interests could be overcome for common gain. A modest project was initially undertaken with one rancher/cooperator. The success of that first project proved contagious and caused other ranchers to become voluntarily involved. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thornburg,T PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Verde River corridor project SOURCE: p.397-401. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: riparian management; river management COMMENTS: The Verde Watershed Association was established on January 19, 1993 at a conference in Prescott, AZ. Arizona State Parks staff were involved as facilitators only. The association is the result of local individuals and groups, not state or federal agencies, and is a consensus-based organization. It will oversee the development of a coordinated river corridor management strategy. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bartuska,A PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A river ran through it SOURCE: p.405-407. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. TOPICS: riparian management COMMENTS: This presentation offered highlights and concluding remarks for the symposium. Selected comments, statements, and remarks are reiterated in a summation of preceding events. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shaw,DW; Finch,DM (Eds.) PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: bringing interests and concerns together SOURCE: Vol. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 359 p. pages. TOPICS: desired future conditions; habitat restoration; riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: C ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Whitney,JC PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: The Middle Rio Grande: Its ecology and management SOURCE: p.4-21. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringinginterests and concerns together. TOPICS: anthropogenic factors; bosque; gallery forest; geology; hydrology; riparian habitat; river morphology COMMENTS: The Middle Rio Grande (MRG) riparian forest, or "bosque", represents the the largest cottonwood gallery riparian forest in the Southwestern United States. This reach of the Rio Grande extends from Cochiti Dam downstream 260 km to San Marcial, NM. It constitutes 8 percent of the river's total length and 34 percen of it's length in New Mexico. The valley traverses three major biotic communities and it's reach can be subdivided into 4 reaches which coincide roughly with the four geologic basins along this portion of the Rio Grande Rift. This system has been affected by man's activities throughout prehistoric and modern eras. The Rio Grande is regulated for water supply and flood control. The effects of this interaction have contributed to the character of the riparian ecosystem in its current expression. This paper discusses the climate, geology, hydrology, river morphology, and anthropogenic factors that have contributed to past and current expressions of the MRG riparian habitat. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tainter,JA; Tainter,BB PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riverine settlement in the evolution of prehistoric land-use systems in the Middle Rio Grande Valley, NM SOURCE: p.22-32. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: bringing interests and concerns together. TOPICS: human influences; land-use patterns; prehistoric disturbance; riverine settlement COMMENTS: Ecosystem management should be based on the fullest possible knowledge of ecological structures and processes. In prehistoric North America, the involvement of Indian populations in ecosystem processes ranged from inadvertant alteration of the distribution and abundance of species to large-scale management of landscapes. The knowledge needed to manage ecosystems today is incomplete without understanding past human involvement in ecological processes and the adjustments of ecosystems to human components. Land-use processes suggest that there were periods of significant prehistoric disturbance to both upland and valley ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wozniak,FE PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Human impacts on riparian ecosystems of the Middle Rio Grande Valley during historic times SOURCE: p.33-43. In:Desired future condition for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: agriculture; human influences; riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: The development of irrigation agriculture in historic times has profoundly impacted riparian ecosystems in the Middle Rio Grande Valley of NM. A vital relationship has existed between water resources and settlement in the semi-arid Southwest since prehistoric times. Levels of technology have influenced human generated changes in the riparian ecosystems of the MRG Valley. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Durkin,P; Muldavin,E; Bradley,M; Carr,S PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: A preliminary riparian/wetland vegetation community classification of the Upper and Middle Rio Grande watersheds in New Mexico SOURCE: p.44-57. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: community classification; resource inventory; resource mapping; vegetation communities COMMENTS: The riparian/wetland vegetation communities of the upper and middle Rio Grande watersheds in New Mexico were surveyed in 1992 through 1994. The communities are heirarchically classified in terms of species composition and vegetation structure. The resulting community types are related to soil conditions, hydrological regime, and temporal dynamics. The classification is part of a comprehensive effort to develop a systematic understanding across the state of riparian/wetland communities and how they are influenced by specific hydrologic, edaphic and climatic environments. An overview of the classification is presented with an emphasis on the middle Rio Grande watershed. The floristic composition, structure, environmental relationships, and successional trends of example communities are briefly described. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mount,J; Krausman,W; Finch,DM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riparian habitat change along the Isleta-Belen reach of the Rio Grande SOURCE: p.58-61. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: riparian habitat; riparian inventory; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: The paper provides a summary of vegetation changes over an 11-year period (1984-1995) in the middle reach of the Rio Grande. Hink and Ohmart (1984) surveyed and mapped riparian vegetation along the middle Rio Grande as part of an extensive biological inventory conducted for the Army Corps of Engineers. The Isleta-Belen reach was field-assessed and remapped in 1995 to determine whether vegetation classes had changed substantially since the original survey. Over the past 11 years, the Rio Grande bosque vegetation has changed, and an assessment of structural types documents this aging process. In addition, the exotic woody species salt cedar and Russian olive have increased in cover, appearing as understories in Rio Grande cottonwood galleries and as independent vegetational communities. In some cases, these introduced species have replaced other vegetation such as the coyote willow. There was evidence of 31 fire events that altered vegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leal,DA; Meyer,RA; Thompson,BC PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Avian community composition and habitat importance in the Rio Grande corridor of New Mexico SOURCE: p.62-68. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: avian species; rio grande corridor; riparian habitat; species richness; vegetation communities COMMENTS: Avian species abundance and richness were investigated within vegetation communities of the Rio Grande Corridor during 1992-1993. A subset of 64 transects, for which all bird and vegetation variables were available, representing 16 composite community types, were subjected to canonical correlation analysis to investigate relative habitat importance. Generally, the higher ranking community types had cottonwood and other native woody species as dominants and the lower ranking communities were those types that are highly manipulated and/or monotypic, such as mowed river edge, pecan orchards, and relatively pure stands of salt cedar. Bird occurance and distribution in the Rio Grande Corridor is not so neatly related to composition of native vegetation as is sometimes characterized. Exotic plant species such as salt cedar and Russian olive are utilized to varying degrees by the existing avian community. Ranking of avian use by habitat types may help direct restoration efforts towards situations where more significant gains in avian use can be made. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Finch,DM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Research and management of soil, plant, animal, and human resources in the Middle Rio Grande Basin SOURCE: p.69-76. In: Desired future condition for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: riparian management; riparian research; sustainability COMMENTS: The Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station initiated a research program in 1994 that is funded by an Ecosystem Management grant from Forest Service Research. Its mission focuses on the development and application of new knowledge to sustain ecological systems and human populations in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Research studies emphasize upland ecology and management, linkages between watersheds and riparian zones, sensitive fish and wildlife populations and species of concern, and past and present cultural resources. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Yong,W; Finch,DM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Landbird species composition and relative abundance during migration along the middle Rio Grande SOURCE: p.77-92. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: avian populations; avian studies; middle rio grande; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The authors report species composition and relative abundance of stopover migrants during spring and fall migration along the middle Rio Grande in 1994. They recorded 157 landbird species using mist-netting and survey methods at sites on the Rio Grande, the Bosque del Apache, and the Rio Grande Nature Center. A total of 6,509 birds was captured. Of 157 species, 47% were neotropical long-distance migrants, 50% were short-distance migrants, and the remaining 3% were residents or border migrants. Comparisons of relative abundance from the 1994 field research to similar findings from studies conducted in 1981-83 and 1987-90 demonstrated that populations of many species have remained relatively stable over approximately 6 or 12 year periods, while some species have become common or rare. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Crawford,CS; Ellis,LM; Molles,MC; Valett,HM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: The potential for implementing partial restoration of the Middle Rio Grande ecosystem SOURCE: p.93-99. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: cottonwood; ecosystem restoration; middle rio grande; nutrient cycling; riparian restoration; wetlands; willow COMMENTS: The Rio Grande currently inundates only a small portion of its riparian forests during late spring runoff. Such flood events were once responsible for the germination of cottonwoods and willows along the river, for a mosaic of wetlands mixed with different aged stands of forest, and for enhancement of decomposition and nutrient cycling. River regualation in this century has decoupled the linkage between the floodplain and the river and has led to senescence without replacement of the once dominant native cottonwoods in the Middle Rio Grande (MRG) valley. The authors propose that partial restoration can be accomplished by re-establishing a regime of seasonal wetting of riparian soils at select sites, most likely in the MRG's southern reach. Research at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge suggests that this practice would 1) accelerate decomposition and nutrient cycling within existing stands and 2) promote cottonwood- willow germination on banks and other cleared areas. It could also expedite the creation of wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Potter,DU; Gorman,SM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Spatial relationships among lightning, precipitation, and vegetative cover in watersheds of the Rio Puerco Basin: An introduction SOURCE: p.113-127. In: Desired future condition for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: annual precipitation; gis; spatial relationships; vegetation patterns; vegetative cover; watersheds COMMENTS: This paper explores the question "is there a relationship between seasonal precipitation amounts and vegetative cover at a specific site near Grants, NM?" Several hypotheses are investigated. One is that the organizing factor for vegetative response to precipitation is the amount of summer precipitation from convective thunderstorms. The variable winter precipitation (high in El Nino years and low in La Nina years) does not provide a dependable amount of moisture,and plant cover or basal areas are not well correlated with it. Alternatively, winter or annual precipitation may be the organizing factor for vegetation response. Otherwise, factors such as land use activities, soil type, geological features, temperatures, etc., could be the primary organizers of vegetation pattern within the study site. A geographic Information System (GIS/ARC/Info) vector data structure will be used to organize, analyze and display the data. Final products will include GIS thematic maps of the study area that display precipitation andvegetation data. The results of statistical and spatial operations such as linear regressions,interpolations, and kriging will be presented and discussed in subsequent publications. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeBano,LF; Ffolliott,PF; Brooks,KN PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Flow of water and sediments through Southwestern riparian systems SOURCE: p.128-134. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: erosion; hydrologic processes; riparian ecosystems; riparian vegetation; sedimentation; stream flow; watertable effects COMMENTS: The paper describes streamflow, sediment movement, and vegetative interactions within riparian systems of the Southwestern United States. Riparian systems are found in a wide range of vegetation types, ranging from lower elevation desert environments to high elevation conifer forests. The climatic, vegetative, and hydrologic processes operating in the southwestern environments provide a unique setting for discussing riparian ecosystem interactions with both water and sediment. Most streamflow at lower elevations is inter- mittent, and riparian vegetation frequently occupies channels that are dry at least part of the year. As a result,water table fluctuations in relation to streamflow and their subsequent effects on the establish- ment and maintenance of of healthy riparian vegetation are key pro- cesses. At higher elevations, streamflow from snowmelt and rainfall is sufficient to sustain perennial streamflow and thereby provides a more consistent source of water for riparian vegetation. At all elevations, precipitation fluctuates widely, with many high-intensity, localized, convection storms occurring during the summer. As a result of this highly variable precipitation-runoff regime, erosion in the southwestern United States is an unsteady or discontinuous process that transports sediments from source areas through a channel system with intermittent periods of storage. This episodic transport process is characteristic of drylands in the southwestern United States where big storms are the prime movers of sediment. Intermittent streamflow coupled with the discontinuous storage and subsequent movement of sediment through channel systems in response to fire and other disturbances is extremely complex, and can be difficult to interpret when assessing responses of southwestern riparian systems to management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sewards,MA; Valett,HM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Effects of livestock grazing on nutrient retention in a headwater stream of the Rio Puerco Basin SOURCE: p.135-142. In: Desired future conditions of Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: benthic biomass; climatic cycles; hydrologic processes; livestock grazing; nutrient loss; sedimentation COMMENTS: Sediment and nutrient loss from headwater streams of sedimentary basins in the semi-arid Southwest have been attributed to both over- grazing by livestock and to climatic cycles that influence arroyo formation. Considerable effort has been directed toward the influence of livestock grazing on riparian species abundance and diversity, Less work has concentrated on the influence of livestock on in-stream processes and communities. In contrast, considerable research has described the importance of floods as ecological organizers of riparian and benthic communities in lotic ecosystems. The focus on this project was the interaction of flooding and livestock grazing on hydrologic and nutrient retention in a headwater stream of the Rio Puerco Basin, NM. Authors propose that grazing decreases retention of water, nutrients, and sediments by changing physical and biological features of the stream that cause the system to be less resistant to natural floods and by decreasing recovery rates when floods do occur. This project repre- sents initial studies of differing nutrient and hydrologic environments created by cattle exclosures. Preliminary results indicate that benthic biomass and transient hydraulic storage are greater in reaches protected from cattle influences. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Neary,DG; Medina,AL PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Geomorphic response of a montane riparian habitat to interactions of ungulates, vegetation, and hydrology SOURCE: p.143-147. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: cattle grazing; elk grazing; geomorphic processes; grazing impacts; riparian habitat; trampling COMMENTS: Wildcat Creek, a tributary of the Black River on the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest is being studied to determine the impacts of cattle and elk grazing on riparian wet measdows. An intensive survey of a selected stream reach revealed a unique channel development involving an aggradation/degradation process in a pool-riffle sequence of an E-6 stream channel. Grazing and trampling impacts of elk and cattle were found to affect the process in two ways: 1) overgrazing of stream banks resulted in exposure of the soil fabric and loss during high flows, sloughing of banks, channel widening, and a reduction in the ability of plants to trap sediments; and 2) trampling at animal crossings initiated a degradation of riffles by breaking down the armoring gravels which are held in place by native aquatic plants of the genera Carex, Cyperus, Juncus, Glyceria, Scirpus, etc. The importance of the aggradation/de- gradation process is in the long-term maintainance of montane cienegas in a quasi-stable condition with fully functional processes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shaw,NL; Clary,WP PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Willow establishment in relation to cattle grazing on an eastern Oregon stream SOURCE: p.148-153. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: cattle grazing; deer browsing; grazing effects; willow COMMENTS: Natural establishment and growth of coyote willow and whiplash willow were monitored from 1987 to 1993 on a low-elevation eastern Oregon stream degraded by more than a century of heavy livestock grazing. Treatments were no grazing, moderate spring grazing, moderate fall grazing, and continued, heavy, season-long grazing by cattle. Fresh sediments deposited by a May 1987 flood provided moist, open seedbed conditions for willow recruitment from off-site seed sources. Initial establishment of coyote willow was limited, but density increased through 1990 with some fluctuation thereafter. Over the 7-year period, density was greatest in pastures grazed moderately in spring and least in pastures grazed moderately in fall or heavily season-long. By contrast, large numbers of whiplash willows established in 1987, but densities declined through 1990 and remained stable thereafter. Den- sities were greater in ungrazed or moderately grazed pastures compared to those grazed season long. Height of both willow species generally increased over time in all pastures and was greater in ungrazed or moderately grazed pastures compared to those grazed season long. Browsing by deer each summer substantially reduced willow growth in all pastures, possibly masking treatment differences. Few willows have grown beyond browsing height to increase site stability and begin providing on-site seed sources. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rodgers,TJ PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Insects of the riparian SOURCE: p.154-156. In: Desired future conditions of Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: insects; riparian habitat COMMENTS: This paper describes life histories, defoliation problems, and other activities of insects associated with forest tree species growing along high elevation streams and river banks. In addition, examples of insects and diseases associated with lower elevation riparian areas are given. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Calamusso,B; Rinne,JN PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Distribution of the Rio Grande cutthroat trout and its co-occurrence with the Rio Grande sucker and Rio Grande chub on the Carson and Santa Fe National Forests SOURCE: p.157-167. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: FISH MANAGEMENT; RIPARIAN HABITAT; TROUT DISTRIBUTION COMMENTS: Studies were initiated in June, 1994, by the USDA Forest Service to update knowledge on the distribution of the Rio Grande cutthroat trout and it's co-occurrence with two native cypriniforms, Rio Grande sucker and the Rio Grande chub. Rio Grande cutthroat trout has been reduced to 5-7% of its former range. The decline is continuing. Remaining populations of pure RG cutthroat need to be protected and management efforts to reintroduce the species into its former range need to continue. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chung-MacCoubrey,A PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Bat species using water sources in pinyon-juniper woodlands SOURCE: p.166-168. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: bat species; middle rio grande basin; water sources COMMENTS: There is much to be learned about the importance of bats in South- western ecosystems, their ecological requirements, and how habitats should be managed to sustain these important species. The primary objective of this study was to identify the bat species which use pinyon-juniper habitats of the middle Rio Grande Basin. Ten PJ sites with permanent water on the Cibola National Forest were mist netted four times from May to September 1995. Sixteen bat species were captured from the 10 sites. The number of sites a species was captured at and frequency of capture varied according to species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Livingston,MF; Schemnitz,SD PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Summer bird/vegetation associations in Tamarisk and native habitat along the Pecos River, southeastern New Mexico SOURCE: p.171-180. In: Desired future conditions for southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: avian populations; bird abundance; pecos river; riparian habitat; tamarisk COMMENTS: The Pecos River lies in the short-grass prairie ecotype and lacked a substantial woodland community prior to tamarisk invasion. Flood- plain grassland areas on the middle Pecos River were low in bird abundance and species richness when compared to tamarisk habitat. Those areas, however, were important to grassland birds including Cassin's and Lark Sparrows, and Eastern and Western Meadowlarks. Removing tamarisk from the Pecos River will provide those species with additional habitat. In contrast, they believe that the vegeta- tional structure provided by tamarisk benefits certain species. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Yellow-breasted Chat, and Rufous-sided Towhee will lose essential habitat when tamarisk is removed. In order to prevent populations declines for these species on the middle Pecos River, the structure provided by tamarisk must be replaced. Establishment of native cottonwood/willow groves should be encouraged where conditions are favorable. Preferably, tamarisk removal will proceed at a rate that will leave sufficient structure for populations to persist. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Periman,RD PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: The influence of prehistoric Anasazi cobble-mulch agricultural features on northern Rio Grande landscapes SOURCE: p.181-188. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM- GTR- 272. TOPICS: cobble-mulch agriculture; drainage basins; pueblo indians; runoff patterns; water trapping COMMENTS: Research concerning ancient Pueblo Indian farming, specifically the innovation of cobble-mulch gardens, suggests a manipulation of the local environment on a landscape level that helped create existing ecosystems. This agricultural technology, which consisted of a pro- tective layer of gravel covering the productive soil, trapped seasonal runoff moisture in field areas, retained it, and guarded against evaporation. These water trapping features are usually found on terraces and slopes above riparian areas. The effect of this lithic-mulch technology on available water, drainage patterns, and general system dynamics is explored. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Raish,C PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Historic land use and grazing patterns in northern New Mexico SOURCE: p. 189-197. In: Desired future condition of Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: domesticated animals; ecosystem restoration; grazing; livestock management; mixed farming; public lands COMMENTS: The entrance of the spanish into what is now New Mexico in the 1500s permanently altered aboriginal land use and subsistence patterns by the introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs. During the Spanish Colonial and Mexican periods, both the Puebloan groups and Hispanic settlers. practiced mixed farming featuring small numbers oflivestock pastured in communal grazing areas. After New Mexico became a United States Territory, large-scale ranching ventures also developed in the area. The rapid rise in stock numbers associated with the commercial ranching ventures, combined with 250 years of grazing around the existing small communities, led to degradation of land and water resources both in the uplands and in riparian areas. Large-scale efforts to reduce livestock and restore degraded lands have been undertaken by the federal government since the early 1900s. Yet grazing on public lands remains a topic of controversy and debate, as well as an important aspect of the lifeway of the small Hispanic com- munities of the region. If the traditional lifeways of these communities are to survive, means must be found to balance the goals of ecosystem restoration with the stock raising needs of the small villages. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Miller,RK; Enote,JE; Martinez,CL PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Tribal experiences and lessons learned in riparian ecosystem restoration SOURCE: p.198-202. In: Desired future condition of Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: cultural values; riparian ecosystems; riparian management;tribal lands COMMENTS: Riparian ecosystems have been part of the culture of land use of native peoples in the Southwest United States for thousands of years. The experiences of tribal riparian initiatives to incorporate modern elements of environment and development with cultural needs are rela- tively few. This paper describes tribal case histories and examples in riparian management which may advance discussions of cultural values in resource management for rural and developing communities such as those on tribal lands in the United States. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Potter,DA; Finch,DM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Rio Grande Basin Consortium: Mission, goals, and activities SOURCE: p.203-207. In: Desired future condition of Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing shared interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: rio grande basin; riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: The Rio Grande Basin Consortium (RGBC) serves as a networking group and clearinghouse for scientific information pertaining to the Rio Grande Basin. Its membership consists of natural and social scientists from New Mexico's three research universities, administrators, and resource managers from federal, state, and local government agencies, members of community and advocacy groups, and private citizens. Members share an interest in better understanding the physical, ecological, economic, social, and cultural dynamics of this drainage area. This report briefly describes the history, mission, goals and objectives, past and current projects and partnerships, and funding of the Consortium. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Barron,T PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Rio Grande Valley State Park maintenance, improvements, and developments SOURCE: p.208-209. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: rio grande basin; riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat; riparian management COMMENTS: Managing the Rio Grande Valley State Park as a valued riparian-wetland area is very important because it encourages conditions for vegetation growth. This growth supports a riparian community consisting of various insects, animals, birds, and fishes, as well as other wildlife. Human activity in riparian areas has led to historic use patterns causing erosion, relocation of animals and birds, and a loss of some valued riparian ecosystems. Riparian areas on the urban edge present a unique management challenge and opportunity. All area residents benefit from a properly functioning riparian-wetland environment. Riparian area managers must consider all concerns when balancing uses of riparian habitat from preservation of archaeological and cultural resources to riparian recovery, improvement, and development. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Becker,R PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: The citizen volunteer SOURCE: p.210-211. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: riparian habitat; riparian management; volunteers COMMENTS: Citizen organizations and their volunteers provide substantial re- sources to the land management agencies which include volunteer time, effort, and funding. Through their assistance, habitat projects are completed. Volunteers, likewise, benefit from the experience. A sense of "stewardship" evolves from this process. The mutual benefits to both agencies and voluteers are discussed in an effort to further promote the recuitment and retention of volunteers. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fleming,CM; Kunkle,SH; Flora,MD PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riparian wetlands and visitor use management in Big Bend National Park, Texas SOURCE: p.212-215. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: park management; recreational impacts; riparian habitat; riparian management COMMENTS: Wetlands and riparian habitats constitute a small but nonetheless vital component in the Chihuahuan Desert. Big Bend National Park encompasses 801,000 acres, of which 27,000 acres is wetland. The Park has riparian or wetland habitat distributed around 315 water sources, some perennial streams, and along 118 miles of the Rio Grande Corridor. These areas contain unique vegetation components, which provide habitats for wildlife, including resident and migratory birds. The same habitats have become increasingly popular as over- night campsites for rafters and boaters on the Rio Grande, or serve as water stops and destination points for backcountry hikers/campers. The paper summarizes these impacts and appropriate park management responses/actions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Randall,KE PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: The Arizona Riparian Area Advisory Coomittee: An experience in defining desired conditions SOURCE: p.216-226. In: Desired future conditions in Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: desired future conditions; ecological integrity; riparian area protection; riparian management COMMENTS: Created in 1992 by the state legislature, the Riparian Area Advisory Committee (RAAC) developed recommendations for protecting, main- taining, and restoring riparian areas in Arizona. These recommendations were submitted to the Legislature and to the Governor after concluding a two-year period of discussion and study. The RAAC, consisting of 34 members broadly representative of federal and state agencies, tribal government, counties, municipalities, major economic resource user groups as well as environmental and recreational organizations, agreed on a Conservation Goal and on the broad outline of a riparian protection strategy that took a watershed approach. The adopted Goal was to sustain and enhance Arizona's riparian areas by managing land, water, and re- source uses to protect ecological integrity and functionality. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Deardorff,D; Wadsorth,K PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Cooperative management of riparian forest habitats to maintain biological quality and ecosystem integrity SOURCE: p.227-229. In: Desired future conditions of Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: ecological integrity; grazing impacts; neotropical birds; riparian restoration COMMENTS: The New Mexico State Land Office has initiated a rare pllant survey of state trust land, an inventory and assessment of riparian areas on the trust land, and the development of a biological resources data base and information management system. Some riparian sites that still belong to the trust have been negatively impacted by livestock such that biological quality and ecological integrity have been reduced. Some sites on state trust land may have high potential for the develop- ment or restoration of riparian forests which could serve as essential habitats for neotropical migratory birds. The NM State Land Office is currently studying ways to manage trust land and restore riparian sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bonomo,T PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Public involvement and consensus building in the Verde River Watershed in central Arizona SOURCE: p.230-236. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: consensus; river management; water issues; watershed COMMENTS: The Verde Watershed Association is the central point for consensus building and public involvement in water issues in the Verde River Watershed. The association is an outgrowth of efforts toward the resolution of watershed issues without passing new laws, initiating regulations, or entering the win-lose arena of litigation. The asso- ciation is premised on the idea that truly effective river management and protection strategies cannot succeed without local consensus and support. The establishment of the Verde Watershed Association and subsequent activities surrounding the association resulted in the national organization American Rivers removing the Verde River from its list of the 20 most endangered rivers in the United States. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Glass,S; Thullen,J; Sartoris,J; Roline,R PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Albuquerque constructed wetlands pilot project:Summary and status of City of Albuquerque project, September 1995 SOURCE: p.243-252. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: biochemical processes; effluents; rio grande corridor; wastewater; water quality COMMENTS: After imposition of stricter water quality standards, it became necessary to pursue methods to enhance the purity of treated municipal wastewater effluent produced at the Southside Water Reclamation Plant (SWRP). Design has begun for additional facilities to support biochemical processes that effectively reduce nitrogen during wastewater treatment. The present permit contains potential limitations for substances including arsenic, silver, aluminum, and cyanide. The permit also requires that water quality evaluations be completed within three years to provide a foundation for future decisions about the river. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vincent,D PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riparian restoration of Senorito Canyon, a tributary of the Rio Puerco SOURCE: p.253-257. In: Desired future conditions of Southwestern riparian eco- systems: Bringing together interests and concerns. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: cottonwood; grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian restoration; willow COMMENTS: Senorito Canyon, a non-functional, degraded tributary stream of the Rio Puerco in New Mexico, has begun to respond to management strat- egies by the Bureau of Land Management. Restoration of the riparian ecosystem has been accomplished prinscipally through livestock grazing management and planting and reestablishment of the native cottonwood/ willow communities. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Zeedyk,B; Romero,B; Albert,SK PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Using simple structures for flow dispersion in wet meadow restoration SOURCE: p.258-259. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: erosion control; meadow restoration COMMENTS: Historically, wet meadow restoration projects have relied on heavy earth moving equipment to harden nick points and install gully plugs or terraces to trap and detain sediments The authors experimented with a variety of simple hand-built structures fashioned of logs, rocks, geotextile fabrics and/or sandbags designed to disperse runoff, rewet surface and subsurface soils and stimulate the growth of wetland dependent vegetation adapted to erosion control and sediment detention. Workers were utilized from a variey of labor pools. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Barron,T PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Restoration guidelines for riparian areas using dormant stock "pole" cuttings SOURCE: p.260-261. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: rio grande corridor; riparian restoration; shrubs COMMENTS: The Open Space Division manages seven thousand acres of riparian areas comprising the Rio Grande Valley State Park. In 1988, Open Space began experimenting with dormant stock cuttings. This paper suggests methods and procedures for establishing dormant stock cuttings, referred to as "poles". ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hughes,D PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Restoring native riparian vegetation SOURCE: p.262-264. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: pecos river; riparian restoration; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: In the lower Pecos Basin, an unusual coalition of conservationists, agriculture producers, business owners, and state agencies have joined together to save what is left of the once naturally diverse Pecos River ecosystem. This organization is going to show a state- of-the-art, economical,effective, efficient, and environmentally safe method to control salt cedar and reestablish native riparian vegetation. The objectives of the project were to realize native wetlands and wildlife habitat improvement through salt cedar management and to monitor possible hydrologic effects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Barron,T PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Mitigatiion in riparian areas: Questions, concerns, and recommendations SOURCE: p.265-266. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: rio grande corridor; riparian restoration COMMENTS: The management of seven thousand acres in the Rio Grande Valley State Park presents a unique management challenge and opportunity. The influence of permanent water or water flows produces visible vegeta- tion and vegetative characteristics on the affected land. Management practices are designed to avoid adverse and negative impacts. Mitigation measures such as creating wetlands and land donations are encouraged. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schweitzer,SH; Finch,DM; Leslie,Jr,DM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Reducing impacts of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds on riparian-nesting migratory songbirds SOURCE: p.267-276. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: avian species; brood parasitism; neotropical birds; riparian habitat; riparian restoration; songbird populations COMMENTS: Riparian habitats throughout the Southwest have been altered directly and indirectly by human activities. Many migrant songbird species specific to riparian communities during the breeding season are experiencing population declines. Conversely, the Brown-headed Cowbird benefits from fragmentation of habitat and livestock grazing in and near riparian habitat. Brood parasitism by cowbirds may accelerate the process of local extirpation of small, remnant populations of migratory songbirds. Cowbird trapping programs have successfully reduced brood parasitism of the Least Bell's Vireo and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher in riparian habitats of California. This removal technique has not been used commonly in riparian habitats of other states but may be beneficial if a significant problem is identified. Preliminary surveys should be conducted to determine abundance and distribution of cowbirds, and nests of potential hosts should be monitored to assess rates of parasitism. It is not likely that remnant populations of migratory songbirds can sus- tain parasitism rates of more than 30 percent. Trapping, habitat restoration, and research suggestions are presented. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chambers,SM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: The riparian species recovery plan: A status report SOURCE: p.277-280. In: Desaired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: collaboration; riparian restoration; species recovery COMMENTS: Several state and federal agencies in Arizona and New Mexico are collaborating on the development of a strategy for the restoration of riparian systems. The strategy that is taking shape is a package of formats, methods, and information that can guide local groups indeveloping/implementing riparian restoration plans. The major elements of the preliminary strategy are described. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Krueper,DJ PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Effects of livestock management on Southwestern riparian ecosystems SOURCE: p.281-301. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: avian species; grazing impacts; land management practices;livestock effects; riparian habitat; wildlife populations COMMENTS: Riparian habitats historically constituted 1% of the land mass in western North America. Within the past 100 years, an estimated 95% of this habitat has been altered, degraded or destroyed due to a wide variety of land use practices such as river channelization, clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, water impoundments, and urbanization. Many authors now concur that the single most important land management practice impacting western riparian eco- systems has been unmanaged domestic livestock grazing. Over 70% of the western United States is currently being grazed by livestock in habitats ranging from sea level to alpine meadows. Unwise grazing practices have been shown to negatively affect Southwestern riparian vegetation composition, ecosystem function, and ecosystem structure. This has resulted in negative impacts on native wildlife populations including insects, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Negative impacts due largely from over a century of heavy domestic livestock utilization in riparian has resulted in the decline of many wildlife populations. Studies have shown that up to 70% of avian species in the desert Southwest depend upon riparian habitat for survival at some stage of their life. Over forty percent of Arizona's state-listed bird species are considered to be riparian obligate species. Ninety percent of Arizona's native fish species are now extinct, extirpated, or Federally or state listed. Many other verte- brate species have declined in recent years due to alteration of riparian habitats, and may soon be considered for Federal listing. To prevent future listings and to reverse population declines of sensitive wildlife species, land management agencies need to imple- ment appropriate practices within riparian ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medina,AL; Baker,Jr,MB; Neary,DG PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Desirable functional processes: A conceptual approach for evaluating ecological condition SOURCE: p.302-311. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: desired future conditions; ecological condition; planning; systems COMMENTS: Determining what "desired future condition" actually means has been viewed as a moving target approach for developing ecosystem manage- ment plans. The difficulty arises from trying to define what the desired conditions are for any given site. In addition, definitions may be plagued with inconsistancies, contention and argument, in- determinate time frames, and less than the best knowledge available. Herein, we propose a conceptual approach called "Desirable Functional Processes", or DFP, for evaluating the ecological condition of an ecosystem or parts therof. It is founded on the premise that eco- systems and their components display varied degrees of functionality. It is based on the degree to which one can observe the interaction of ongoing processes involving the vegetaion, soils, and hydrological components that determine the functionality of a system. Hence, an ecosystem or its components are considered functional if the processes observed are those that move the system to a higher state of dynamic equilibrium, as opposed to a state that is dysfunctional and demon- strates a trend toward system degadation. The identificaion of pro- cesses and their functional status requires a multidisciplinary approach, wherein most elements of the environment are examined to determine functioning condition. Examples using a watershed approach are used to illustrate the concept the concept and its framework. As a concept, it recognizes the public's needs in the decision-making process, and as such provides a mechanism by which the resource managers can communicate environmental concerns in a non-argumentative manner. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ohmart,RD PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Ecological condition of the East Fork of the Gila River and selected tributaries: Gila National Forest, New Mexico SOURCE: p.312-317. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: ecological condition; fluvial systems; grazing impacts; proper functioning condition; riparian habitat; wilderness; wildlife values COMMENTS: Ecological condition of riparian habitats along the East Fork of the Gila River, Main Diamond Creek, lower South Diamond Creek, and Black Canyon Creek are all in very heavily degraded condition. Channel cross sections show extensive entrenchment, high width-to-depth ratios, and numerous reaches where banks are sloughing into the stream, especially on the East Fork of the Gila River. Species of floodplain vegetation typifies degraded channel conditions. Absence of woody species dis- allows bank stabilization except where entrenched to large cobble. Data from channel cross-sections and vegetation sampling validate these conditions. Numerous anthropogenic factors have been involved in the degradation of these riparian streams to their current condition, but the major degrading force has been unmanaged domestic livestock grazing either season-long or year long. Potential to recover these fluvial systems to proper functioning condition is high with management inter- vention. Stream gradients are moderate to low and sediment loads sufficient for bank formation. All stream reaches are in wilderness areas. Wildlife values of these habitats are presently very low because of the heavily degraded stream channel, poor herbaceous ground cover, and the virtual absence of understory and canopy foliage layers. His- torically, these were habitats for the endangered Gila trout and south- western willow flycatcher. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sims,B; Piatt,J; Johnson,L; Purchase,C; Phillips,J PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Channel bed particle size distribution procedure used to evaluate watershed cumulative effects for range permit re-issuance on the Santa Fe National Forest SOURCE: p.318-326. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing intersts and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: grazing impacts; particle size; watershed COMMENTS: Personnel on the Santa Fe National Forest used methodologies adapted from Bevenger and Kin (1995) to collect baseline particle size data on streams within grazing allotments currently scheduled for permit re-issuance. This information was used to determine the relative current health of the watersheds as well as being used in the de- velopment of potential alternatives to current grazing practices, where deemed necessary. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Christman,C; Shaw,DW; Spann,CL; Luehring,P PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: GIS applications in riparian management SOURCE: p.327-328. In: Desire future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: gis; riparian habitat; watersheds COMMENTS: GIS was used to prioritize watersheds for treatment needs across the USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region. Factors in this analysis included soil condition, riparian habitat, population centers and mining sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medina,AL PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Native acquatic plants and ecological conditions of southwestern wetlands and riparian areas SOURCE: p.329-335. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests aned concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: acquatic plants; ecological condition; key species; riparian habitat; wetlands COMMENTS: The determination of the ecological condition of wetland and riparian habitats has been the focus of research by many scientists, because of the importance to understand the processes and related functions of these systems. Research on montane woodland and riparian systems has shown the relative importance of native acquatic plants in maintaining these systems in a functional condition. The presence or absence of key species is used as an indicator of the ecological condition, and de- sired ecological condition of wetlands and riparian habitat can be expressed in terms of the species composition and abundance of native acquatic plants. This type of information is needed by resource managers in defining the endpoint of their management actions. Infor- mation is presented on the functional role of these species in sus- taining the biological and physical integrity of these habitats. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rinne,JN PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Desired future condition: Fish habitat in southwestern riparian-stream habitats SOURCE: p.336-345. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: desired future conditions; fishhabitat; native fishes; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Riparian ecosystems in the Southwestern United States provide valuable habitats for many living organisms including native fishes. An analysis of habitat components important to native fishes was made based on the literature, case histories, and unpublished and observa- tional data. Results suggest a natural, surface water hydrograph and lack of introduced species of fishes being the two most critical habitat components delimiting sustainability of native fishes in the Southwest. Vegetation, channel characteristics and instream hydrological features (i.e. depth, velocity, and substrate) are important in dis- tribution and sustainability of native fishes but secondary to the first two and are more important or relevant as management activities affect them. Desired future condition for native southwestern fishes ultimately depends on proper or desirable functioning of riparian ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Breeding,NA PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Management plan for the Rio Cebolla watershed, Sandoval County and Rio Arriba County, New Mexico SOURCE: p.346-350. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian habitat; water quality; watershed COMMENTS: The upper 16.8 miles of the Rio Cebolla watershed were studied to identify water-related management concerns. Land ownership is divided between private, state, and federal. Recreation is the pre- dominant activity, particularly fishing and camping. Other major land users are residents of the Seven Springs Community, cattle grazers, and fish hatchery employees. In 1994-95, a program to reintroduce now vanished Rio Grande cutthroat trout into the less accessible reaches of the river was undertaken. Water quality problems include eutrophication of Fenton Lake reservoir, riparian damage, and heavy sediment in the river. As a result, fish productivity is low, fishing is poor, and scenic enjoyment is spoiled. A watershed man- agement plan is proposed to remedy these problems. Implementation of the plan is cost-effective, as the benefit/cost ratio equals 2.5. Benefits are derived from the value of an angler day. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pettit,PL PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Discussion of future cooperative actions and closing remarks SOURCE: p.351-353. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. TOPICS: cooperative actions; symposium summary COMMENTS: A discussion of brainstorming sessions and written feedback forms received at the conclusion of the symposium. Sponsers of the symposium will work as a coalition to implement the the most promising and effective ideas and comments. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Steiner,F; Pieart,S; Cook,E; Rich,J; Coltman,V PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: State wetlands and riparian area protection programs SOURCE: Environmental Management 18(2), 183-201. TOPICS: clean water act; riparian habitat; water quality; wetlands COMMENTS: The protection of wetlands and riparian areas has emerged as an important environmental planning issue. In the United States, several federal and state laws have been enacted to protect wetlands and riparian areas. Specifically, the federal Clean Water Act includes protection requirementsin Sections 301 and 303 for state water quality standards, Section 401 for state certification of federal actions (projects, permits, and licences), and Section 404 for dredge and fill permits. The Section 401 water quality state certification element has been called the "sleeping giant" of wetlands protection because it empowers state officials to veto or condition federally permitted or licenced activities that do not comply with state water quality standards. State officials have used this power infrequently. Several states have put inplace model programs. Consequently, there are many examples to follow for other states. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Crandall,KB; Colby,BG; Rait,KA PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Valuing riparian areas: A southwestern case study SOURCE: Rivers 3(2), 88-98. TOPICS: economic benefits; economic impacts; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Instream flows typically have been neglected in the competitive distribution of water in the West, because many of the benefits they provide have public goods characteristics and tend not to be legally recognized as beneficial uses of water. Economists have developed several techniques to value amenity resources, including the Travel Cost Method, the Contingent Valuation Method, and local economic impact analyses. This paper provides a brief review of these techniques and their application to sites with instream flows and riparian ecosystems. It provides economic data to facilitate more informed decisions regarding protection of stream- flows, land use alternatives, and riparian habitat preservation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nelson,SM; Anderson,DC PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: An assessment of riparian environmental quality by using butterflies and disturbance susceptibility scores SOURCE: The Southwestern Naturalist 39(2),137-142. TOPICS: butterflies; revegetation; riparian quality; riparian restoration COMMENTS: The butterfly community at a revegetated riparian site on the lower Colorado River near Parker, AZ, was cimpared to that found in a reference riparian site. Data indicated that the herbaceous plant community, which was lacking at the revegetated site, was important to several butterfly taxa. An index using butterfly sensitivity to habitat change (species classified into risk groups) and number of taxa was developed to monitor revegetation projects and to determine restoration effectiveness. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Taylor,GB; Barnes,JA; Van Lear,DH PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Impacts of beavers (Castor canadensis carolinensis) on riparian ecosystems, water quality, and trout habitat in the Chauga River drainage SOURCE: P.534-535. In: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters National Convention; Indianapolis, IN; November 7-10, 1993. TOPICS: beaver; riparian habitat; trout habitat; water quality COMMENTS: The Chauga River is located in the extreme northwestern corner of South Carolina, and represents the lower end of Southern Appalachian trout habitat. Beaver have impacted, to varying degrees, 60% of 62 inventoried streams in the Chauga River drainage. A study was conducted to determine the effects of beaver on riparian ecosystems, water quality, and trout habitat. Beaver, through their herbivory and dam building, have significantly altered riparian forests and acquatic ecosystems to the detriment of trout habitat within the Chauga drainage. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Berg,DR PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Riparian silvicultural system design and assessment in the Pacific Northwest Cascade Mountains, U.S.A SOURCE: Ecological Applications 5(1), 87-96. TOPICS: economic benefits; riparian habitat; silviculture COMMENTS: Active management of riparian zones can be economically an well as ecologically beneficial. Restoration of riparian forests is simulated with forest growth models. Logs were generated using the model to be of sufficient size to resist annual floods in salmon habitat streams on the west side of the Pacific Northwest Cascade Mountains. The economic feasibility is reported at real interest rates. Economic viability depends on initial volume removed, costs of regeneration and monitoring, volume of thinnings, and interest rate. Harvest operations allow for the restoration of forest structure and composition that is beneficial for salmonid habitat in areas where the primary forest has been replaced with early seral hardwood species and fiercely competitive shrubs. This silvicultural system restores natural functions of riparian forests of watersheds in the Pacific Northwest. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sheley,RL; Mullin,BH; Fay,PK PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Managing riparian weeds SOURCE: Rangelands 17(5), 154-157. TOPICS: riparian habitat; riparian weeds; weed control COMMENTS: Riparian areas should be protected from invasion by noxious weeds because of the extreme natural values of these sites. Invasive weed species, such as purple loosestrife, can be hyper-competitive in a riparian setting, crowding out native species. Studies have shown that weeds often do not stabilze soils as well as native vegetation, which can lead to soil erosion and degradation of the stream channel. Managing weeds in riparian zones is difficult and requires an integrated, well-planned, and coordinated strategy based on the way an area is used. Riparian weed management includes the integration of control methods to prevent weed intrductions, detection and eradication of existing infestations, the proper management of livestock, and revegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dellapenna,JW PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: The regulated riparian version of the ASCE model ware code: The third way to allocate water SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin (American Water Resources Association) 30(2), 197-204. TOPICS: riparian rights; water permits; water rights COMMENTS: Lawyers, engineers, and hydrologists are accustomed to thinking of water law as falling into one of two incompatible models: riparian rights (under which water is allocated by courts according to the relative reasonableness of the competing uses) and appropriative rights (under which water is allocated according to the temporal priority of the competing uses, largely by the action of the water users themselves but perfected by the issuance of an administrative permit). Usually unnoticed is the existance of a third approach, called "regulated riparianism". Under this concept, water is allocated by water permits issued after an administrative determination of the reasonableness of the proposed use before the use is commenced. This practice is widely used in the eastern United States. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown,JE PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Oregon's Forest Practices Act and riparian rules SOURCE: p.51-59. In: Proceedings of the symposium on Riparian Zone Management. Canadian Forest Service (Maritimes Region). Natural Resources Canada. Fredericton, N.B. TOPICS: forest practices; riparian habitat; riparian rules COMMENTS: Recent legislation amending Oregon's Forest Practices Act called for the Board of Forestry to review its classification of waters of the state and make appropriate changes to its riparian administrative rules. The Legislative Assembly did not provide any direction about the expected levels of protection for fish, wildlife, biodiversity, etc. To further complicate matters, the parties involved in negotiating the development of the Bill would not agree to a negotiated process to establish the levels of protection and develop the rules. Rather, they demanded that the Department of Forestry follow wherever "good science" might lead. Additionally, the Legislature constrained the project by establishing a deadline. The Department staff is currently working to redraft the administrative rules. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: BLM-DOI,Oregon State Office PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Oregon/Washington Riparian Enhancement Plan SOURCE: 13 p. TOPICS: riparian enhancement; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Enhancement of riparian areas, which are key habitat for 80 percent of the wildlife species of eastern Oregon and Washington, will provide increased opportunities for bird watching, photography, and hunting upland game, waterfowl and big game. The improved vegetative diversity and productivity resulting from implementation of this plan will be instrumental in reaching prescribed condition and trend objectives. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Merigliano,MF PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Ecology and management of the South Fork Snake River cottonwood forest SOURCE: Technical Bulletin 96-9. Idaho BLM Technical Bulletin. Bureau of Land Management. Boise, ID. 79p. TOPICS: cottonwood; flooding effects; gallery forest; riparian habitat; water flows COMMENTS: This report summarizes an investigation of the cottonwood ecosystem along the South Fork Snake River from Palisades Dam to Heise, ID. Vegetation dynamics, with emphasis on the cottonwood component, were the primary foci of this project, in which the relationship between riparian vegetation and the physical processes of the river were examined. Water flow at this location is dominated by snowmelt and sediment load is strongly influenced by glacial deposits. Usually stable, the primary channel can migrate considerable distances during very high discharges. Floods were the dominant disturbance factor before the Dam closure and most of the cottonwood forest established on sediment deposited during large floods. Smaller floods since dam closure have been less conducive to cottonwood/willow regeneration so that the forest area is shrinking and becoming relatively older. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kinney,JW; Clary,WP PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: A photographic utilization guide for key riparian graminoids SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-308. 13 p. TOPICS: grasses; grazing; grazing effects; grazing intensity; rushes; sedges COMMENTS: Photographic guides are presented to help estimate grazing utilization of important riparian grasses and grasslike plants. Graphs showing the percent of a plant's weight that has been consumed based on the percent of it's height left after grazing allow utilization estimates to be refined further. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clemmer,P PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT TR 1737-10. The use of aerial photography to manage riparian-wetland areas SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-10. 64 p. TOPICS: aerial photography; monitoring; remote sensing; riparian management; wetlands COMMENTS: This report provides basic information, concepts, and procedures associated with using aerial photography to establish baseline data for effective management of riparian-wetland areas. Suggestions for the use of various scales of photography, guidance for acquiring aerial photography, and general procedures for conducting a vegetation inventory are included. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Prichard,D; Bridges,C; Knapf,R; Leonard,S; Hagenbuck,W PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Process for assessing proper functioning condition for lentic riparian-wetland areas SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-11. 46 p. TOPICS: hydrology; proper functioning condition; riparian areas; soils; vegetation changes; wetlands COMMENTS: his report outlines the BLM's process for assesing the functioning condition of lentic riparian-wetland areas on public lands. Emphasis is placed on the interaction of vegetation, landform/soils, and hydrology in defining capability and potential of an area. The importance of using an interdisciplinary team is also stressed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leonard,S; Staidl,G; Fogg,J; Gebhardt,K; Hagenbuck,W; Prichard,D PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Procedures for ecological site inventory - with special reference to riparian-wetland sites SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-7. 135 p. TOPICS: climate; ecology; hydrology; inventory management; riparian areas; soils; vegetation changes; wetlands COMMENTS: This report details field procedures for describing and documenting ecological site information as it applies to the interaction between soils, climate, hydrology, and vegetation for riparian-wetland re- sources as well as for uplands. Possible uses of this information in BLM's planning process, resource evaluations, and other applications are discussed. Maintenance and permanence of baseline data are also incorporated. This document is intended for use with related manuals, and handbooks documented in the work. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cagney,J PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Greenline riparian-wetland monitoring SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-8. 45 p. TOPICS: greenline method; monitoring; plant communities; riparian areas; vegetation changes; wetlands COMMENTS: The greenline monitoring method is a viable alternative for developing the vegetation portion of an Activity Plan. Greenline vegetative data are an ideal complement to data collected by wildlife and fishery biologists, soil scientists, and hydrologists, in order to evaluate the complex relationships found in riparian areas. The method is described and illustrated with photos and diagrams. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Prichard,D; Barrett,H; Cagney,J; Clark,R; Fogg,J; Gebhardt,K; Hansen,PL; Mitchell,B; Tippy,D PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Process for assessing proper functioning condition SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-9. 60 p. TOPICS: hydrology; proper functioning condition; riparian areas; soils; vegetation changes; wetlands COMMENTS: This technical reference outlines the BLM's process for assessing the functioning condition of riparian areas on public lands. Emphasis is placed on the interaction of vegetation, landform/soils, and hydrology in defining capability and potential of an area. The importance of using an interdisciplinary team is also stressed. The document describes four categories of functioning condition - proper functioning condition, functional - at risk, nonfunctional, and unknown, and discusses manage- ment strategies for each. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,B; Prichard,D PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Management techniques in riparian areas SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-6. 44 p. TOPICS: beaver; riparian areas; riparian management; vegetation manipulation; wetlands COMMENTS: Large numbers of techniques have been developed to assist in managing riparian areas. These management treatments and techniques can be as varied as the multiple uses that occur within riparian zones. The application in this document focuses on riparian areas but some can be applied to other forms of wetlands. The following management techniques and their associated concepts are described: fencing, prescribed burns, forestry practices, vegetation plantings, opportunities from mineral activities, structures, beaver, bank stabilization, recreation planning, and road construction and maintenance. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hansen,PL; Pfister,RD; Boggs,K; Cook,BJ; Joy,JW; Hinckley,DK PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Classification and management of Montana's riparian and wetland sites SOURCE: Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, School of Forestry, the University of Montana. Missoula, Montana. Miscellaneous Publication No. 54. TOPICS: inventory; monitoring; riparian areas; riparian management; site classification; wetlands COMMENTS: In the West, riparian and wetland areas are important in the overall landscape mosaic, even though they represent a very small fraction of the total area. Having greater than normal soil moisture, they are more productive than the surrounding upland areas, add to the overall diversity of the landscape, and attract livestock and wildlife for the forage, thermal and other cover, nesting habitat, water, and browse species they afford. Because of this, riparian and wetland areas are focal points for livestock, timber, and wildlife management. Management strategies that recognize all resource values must be designed to main- tain or restore the integrity of riparian and wetland communities. Proper stewardship of riparian and wetlands areas presents multiple opportunities for the land manager. Proper management of riparian and wetland areas means decreased streambank erosion and floodplain losses, increased forage production for livestock, increases in wildlife and fisheries resources, and an increase in water quality and quantity, and recreational opportunities. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bauer,SB; Burton,TA PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Monitoring protocols to evaluate water quality effects of grazing management on western rangeland streams SOURCE: Submitted to: US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. by Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. University of Idaho. Moscow, Idaho 83843. 179 p. TOPICS: grazing impacts; interdisciplinary teams; monitoring; riparian areas; water quality; wetlands COMMENTS: This document describes a monitoring system to assess grazing impacts on water quality in streams of the western United States. The protocols were developed to assess water quality improvement from stream restoration projects funded under the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1987 and the Coastal Zone Management Act as amended in 1990. The monitoring methods were selected for application by natural resource professionals. The project goal is to describe methods that are easy to use and cost-effective. This is achieved by using methods that reduce sample frequency, minimize the need for specialized equipment, and reduce costly laboratory analysis. The document focuses primarily on the attributes of the stream channel, stream bank, and streamside vegetation of wadable streams that are impacted by grazing and are important to support acquatic life. These characteristics are sampled during the low flow conditions in the summer when streams can be waded. The methods require relatively inexpensive equipment compared to standard water chemistry analysis techniques. Implementation requires fielding a trained interdisciplinary team. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dovel,RL PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Cutting height effects on wetland meadow forage yield and quality SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 49(2), 151-156. TOPICS: clipping height; forage yield; grazing impacts; wetlands COMMENTS: Research was conducted to determine the effect of clipping height on forage yield and quality of 3 wetland meadow plant associations. Bluegrass-clover, grass-sedge, and sedge associations were cut to stubble heights of 5,10, or 15 cm in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Forage yield, herbage residue, crude protein (CP), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined for forage harvested in June, July, and August. Highest forage yield, regrowth following clipping, and overall forage quality were obtained at the 5 cm clipping height in all associations. The 5 cm grazing height did not appear to reduce stand vigor or persistance as indicated by high forage yields in the third year of the study. Animal performance in a short duration grazing system would also be expected to be highest at the 5 cm clipping height since forage production was greatest at this defoliation intensity without de- creasing forage quality or availability. Acid detergent fiber of the sedge association was lower than the 2 grass dominated associations, and sedge crude protein content was slightly lower than the other 2 associations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: King,W; Thompson,F PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Fish Creek Restoration Project SOURCE: p.81-82. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 1994. TOPICS: reseeding; revegetation; watershed restoration COMMENTS: The fire that burned 70 acres in Fish Creek Basin south of Battle Mountain, NV in 1991 provided a collaborative opportunity for the local BLM office and communitity organizations. Participants in the restoration project included a local Boy Scout troop, the Lander County Rod and Gun Club, a grazing permittee, community volunteers, the Nevada Division of Forestry, and various BLM employees. This effort provided a restored watershed, improved wildlife habitat, and a reestablished forage base. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fatooh,J; Halford,A; Pollini,J PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Fish slough: from ancient wetland to community stewardship SOURCE: p. 83-88. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 1994. TOPICS: collaboration; stewardship; wetlands COMMENTS: At Fish Slough Area of Critical Environmental Concern, north of Bishop, CA, interagency collaboration, along with public involvement, has produced a managed landscape that exemplifies broad-based stewardship of public lands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bauer,S; Burton,T; Thomas,A PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Livestock grazing: fishery concerns and recommended actions SOURCE: p.105. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 1994. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock grazing; riparian habitat; utilization COMMENTS: This poster paper illustrated that livestock grazing and healthy riparian habitat are not mutually exclusive. Improved grazing strategies were shown that have had high levels of compatibility with stream/riparian habitats. Critical habitat factors for resident salmonids were presented along with proposed standards for grazing utilization. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Biddlecomb,ME PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Railroad Valley wetlands enhancement SOURCE: p.105. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 1994. TOPICS: collaboration; wetlands; wildlife management COMMENTS: A cooperative venture between BLM, Ducks Unlimited (DU), and Round Mountain Gold Company (RMGC) to maintain and enhance a wetlands Wildlife Management Area (WMA) near Tonopah, NV, is described. Cooperative efforts like this one have the advantage of shared costs and expertise on projects that may otherwise not be affordable or logistically possible. Moreover, the opportunities for good public relations advance the relationship between the agency and the public it serves. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thompson,J; Voth,K; Knapp,C PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Trapper Creek acquatic and riparian restoration project SOURCE: p.169-171. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 1994. TOPICS: collaboration; partnerships; riparian areas; stream restoration COMMENTS: Loss of riparian vegetation along Trapper Creek in western Colorado has resulted in high summer water temperatures, increased width:depth ratios and a lower water table. Colorado cutthroat trout are now found only in lower reaches whwere steep canyon walls provide shade and deeper channels. This report describes a partnership between BLM and Trout Unlimited (TU) to rehabilitate the stream channel. Volunteers to date have contributed over 1000 hours of labor to this project. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Beall,JT; Elliott,W PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: West Eugene wetlands project SOURCE: p.175-177. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 1994. TOPICS: collaboration; partnerships; wetlands COMMENTS: The West Eugene Wetlands partnership, composed of BLM, The Nature Conservancy, Lane Council of Governments, Lane County, and the city of Eugene, was formed to acquire and manage wetlands and other connected open spaces. The effort has dramatically improved the relationship of the Bureau with other public entities. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Briggs,M PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Evaluating degraded riparian ecosystems to determine the potential effectiveness of revegetation SOURCE: p.63-67. In: Proceedings: wildland shrubs and arid land restoration symposium. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-315. TOPICS: revegetation; riparian areas; watershed COMMENTS: Revegetation is often limited in its ability to improve the condition of degraded riparian ecosystems. In some cases, revegetation has been implemented in riparian areas that were fully capable of coming back naturally. In other instances, plantings were made in riparian sites where they could not survive. To accomplish riparian revegetation most effectively, the causes of site decline and the current ecological condition of the site need to be understood. This can best be accom- plished by evaluating the condition of the riparian ecosystem from a watershed perspective that takes into consideration how perturbations in surrounding ecosystems may be affecting site conditions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,SD; Murray,KJ; Landau,FH; Sala,AM PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Structure of woody riparian vegetation in Great Basin National Park SOURCE: p.246-251. In: Proceedings: wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-315. TOPICS: plant communities; riparian areas; vegetation structure; woody species COMMENTS: The community composition and population structure of the woody riparian vegetation in Great Basin National Park are described. Community analyses were accomplished by sampling 229 plots along an elevational gradient of 8 major stream systems in the Park. TWINSPAN analysis identified 4 primary species groups that were characterized by aspen, white fir, Woods rose, and narrowleaf cottonwood as dominants, respectively. Detrended Correspondense Analysis (DECORANA) showed that the most important environmental factors associated with the distribution of species were slope and elevation, with flood-related physiographic factors having a secondary effect. Analysis of size-class distributions indicated that each of the four dominants showed good recruitment on most watersheds. Overgrazing by domestic livestock and stream diversion were the two primary disturbance factors affecting riparian vegetation in the Park. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vander Haegen,WM; Degraaf,RM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Predation on artificial nests in forested riparian buffer strips SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 60(3), 542-550. TOPICS: avian species; forest practices; predators; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Artificial nests were used to examine predation in riparian buffer strips created by commercial clear-cutting and in unharvested control areas on industrial forestlands in eastern Maine. Nests in riparian buffer strips were depredated more often than those in intact riparian areas. The pattern was similar for both ground and shrub nests and for both trials. Predation rate for nests in control stands was 15%. compared to 31% in 20-40m wide buffer strips along tributory streams and 23% in 60-80m wide buffer strips along mainstem streams(P=0.045). Predation rates were similar (P=0.41) in mainstem and tributary buffer strips. Greater predation rates documented for nests in riparian buffer strips likely resulted from an elevated number and diversity of predators associated with the narrow, linear forest stands. Red squirrels and blue jays were responsible for >50% of the identified depredations. Managers should leave wide buffer strips (>150m) buffer strips along riparian zones to reduce edge related nest predation, especially in landscapes where buffer strips are an important component of the existing mature forest. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leonard,SG; Staidl,GJ; Gebhardt,KA; Prichard,DE PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Viewpoint:Range site/ecological site information requirements for classification of riverine riparian ecosystems SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 45(5), 431-435. TOPICS: riparian classification; site progression; water features COMMENTS: Few ecological sites have been described sufficiently to interpret the specific functions and processes unique to riverine riparian areas. The utility of using ecological site concepts for riparian classification has also been debated due to the dynamic nature of the systems and the paucity of unaltered vegetation. Riparian sites associated with streams or rivers in 9 western states were evaluated to determine the feasibility of using ecological site concepts in describing and assessing riverine riparian ecosystems. Associated water features must be described in riparian site characterizations to establish relationships and understand "process pathways." A con- cept of "site progression" is proposed to differentiate between secondary succession associated with vegetation changes within a given physical environment and physical "state" changes that lead to a "new" or different potential plant community (i.e., a change in ecological site and secondary succession sequences). The authors conclude that ecological site classification and inventory utilized on uplands can be used on riparian areas with some enhancements to maintain consistency in evaluations at a "management unit" level. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dodd,JL PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Viewpoint: an appeal for riparian zone standards to be based on real world models SOURCE: Rangelands 14(6), 332. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian areas COMMENTS: Riparian systems tolerate spatially and temporally scatered dis- turbances by domestic and indigenous ungulates. Managers need to recognize that local disturbances are a natural part of large ungulate herbivory that these systems evolved with. Local per- turbations may well contribute to the long term good of the system. These are naturally occurring disturbances, whether caused by wild or domestic ungulates. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tucker-Schulz,T; Leininger,WC PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Differences in riparian vegetation structure between grazed areas and exclosures SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 43(4), 295-299. TOPICS: exclosures; grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian areas; willow COMMENTS: Differences in vegetation structure were examined in a montane riparian zone in north-central Colorado after 30 years of cattle exclusion and continued, but reduced, grazing pressure. In order to assess the changes in the riparian community, canopy coverage, density, and standing crop of riparian species were measured in 1985 and 1986. Total vascular canopy cover was greater (P<0.05) in the exclosures as compared to grazed areas, while forb canopy cover was similar (P>0.05) between treatments. Exclosures had nearly 2 times the litter cover, while grazed areas had 4 times as much bare ground. Willow canopy cover was 8.5 times greater in protected areas than in grazed areas. Kentucky bluegrass cover was 4 times greater in grazed areas than exclosures, while the cover of fowl bluegrass was 6 times greater in protected sites. Mean peak standing crop over two years of the study was 2,410 kg/ha in the exclosures and 1,217 kg/ha in caged plots within grazed areas. Cattle utilized approximately 65% of the current year's growth of vegetation during the 1985 and 1986 grazing seasons. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kauffman,JB; Krueger,WC; Vavra,M PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Effects of late season cattle grazing on riparian plant communities SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 36(6), 685-691. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian communities COMMENTS: Livestock impacts on riparian plant community composition, structure, and productivity were evaluated. After 3 years of comparison between fall-grazed and exclosed areas, 4 plant communities out of 10 sampled displayed some significant species composition and productivity differences. Two meadow types and the Douglas hawthorne community type had significant differences in standing biomass. These also were utilized more heavily than any other communities sampled. Shrub use was generally light except on willow-dominated gravel bars. On gravel bars, succession appeared to be retarded by livestock grazing. Few differences were recorded in other plant communities sampled, particularly those communities with a forest canopy. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Grette,T PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Successful range management in the McCoy Gulch Riparian Demonstration Area SOURCE: Rangelands 12(6), 305-307. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; willow COMMENTS: Woody riparian vegetation can improve with livestock grazing, even heavy use on grass species (62 to 80%), as long as the use on willows is regulated. The objective in this demonstration was to have willow leaders browsed just once to remove four to five inches of foliage. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schmidt,RH PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Defining and refining value for riparian systems SOURCE: Rangelands 13(2), 80-82. TOPICS: economic values; riparian areas COMMENTS: This article explores the costs and benefits of: 1). increasing the benefits of riparian systems or their products, and 2). decreasing the costs associated with preserving riparian systems. Economic models for distributing the economic values to landowners have not been fully developed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Campsey,L PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Riparian management improves western rangeland SOURCE: Rangelands 13(1), 26-27. TOPICS: grazing systems; riparian areas COMMENTS: The efforts of rancher Bill Gibbs of Wells, NV are recognized for improving riparian conditions on his public lands allotment. Water developments, grazing systems, salting practices, and erosion control structures have contributed to streambank and riparian recovery. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,MA; Rodgers,JD; Dodd,JL; Skinner,QD PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Habitat selection by cattle along an ephemeral channel SOURCE: Rangelands 15(3), 120-122. TOPICS: livestock effects; riparian habitat COMMENTS: When adequate livestock water is present, grazing cattle will be more likely to select areas of higher forage quality and quantity. Increased selection did not result in increased utilization in preferred areas. Limited water distribution in large allotments probably increases utilization closer to water. Vegetation in or near channels can best be protected by developing water points in adjacent uplands while monitoring utilization of water channels. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shwien,J PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: A pitch for Badger Creek SOURCE: Rangelands 13(4), 181-182. TOPICS: grazing effects; riparian areas; water quality COMMENTS: Best management practices are being implemented on the Stirrup Ranch near Canon City, CO. State of Colorado, US Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and the Sangre de Cristo RC & D are cost-sharing theimprovements. The project will cut erosion and sediment in Upper Badger Creek by half within three years. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson,EW PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Riparian area definition - a viewpoint SOURCE: Rangelands 9(2), 70. TOPICS: riparian areas COMMENTS: The author offers the following definition for "riparian area": ---a distinct ecological site, or combination of sites, in which soil moisture is sufficiently in excess of that otherwise available locally, due to run-on and/or subsurface seepage, so as to result in an existing or potential soil-vegetation complexthat depicts the influence of that extra soil moisture. Riparian areas may be associated with lakes; reservoirs; estuaries; potholes;springs;bogs; wet meadows; muskegs; and intermittant or perennial springs. The soil- vegetation complex is the differentiating criteria. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kindschy,RR PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Riparian reminiscences SOURCE: Rangelands 9(2), 71-74. TOPICS: riparian areas; succession COMMENTS: The demonstrated resiliency of wetland habitats/riparian areas is such that recovery can be rapid. Successional progression likely follows a predictable sequence, dependent upon site potential and the control of dominant factors limiting such progression. Rangeland managers may be able to design management systems to optimize multiple use returns from this important natural resource. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gottfried,GJ; Ffolliott,PF PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Effects of moderate timber harvesting in an old-growth Arizona mixed conifer watershed SOURCE: p.184-194. In: Old growth forests in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain Regions. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-213. TOPICS: old-growth forest; water quality; watershed COMMENTS: There is growing interest in the development of silvicultural prescriptions that will maintain old-growth characteristics while allowing some degree of commercial utilization. A silvicultural prescription based on small patch-clearcut and group-selection openings and single-tree selection in most remaining areas was evaluated in a watershed supporting an old-growth mixed conifer stand. The treatment resulted in increased residual tree growth and relatively constant stand growth. The stand retained its uneven-aged structure and relative species composition. The watershed has retained many of the desired old-growth attributes although many of the largest trees were harvested. The increased growth rates indicate that the basal area in larger trees should recover relatively rapidly. Tree regeneration also has been satisfactory. In addition, the treat- ment resulted in significant increases in water yields and in herbaceous plants for livestock and wildlife use. Nongame birds were generally unaffected by the treatment. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chaney,E; Elmore,W; Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: MANAGING CHANGE: Livestock grazing on western riparian areas SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Denver, CO 80202. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian areas; water quality COMMENTS: This document is a topical sequel and companion piece to its predecessor "Livestock grazing on western riparian areas" (1990). Together the two publications are intended to provide an overview of the functions and values of western riparian areas, the causes and effects of degraded riparian areas and water quality, and case studies representative of problems and opportunities involving improved grazing practices on riparian areas. They are designed to foster broader understanding of how grazing management can enhance water quality and and overall productivity of rangeland watersheds. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro,RC; Belfit,SC; Aitken,JK; Babbs,RD PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The use of timed fixed-area plots and a mark-recapture technique in assessing riparian garter snake populations SOURCE: p.239-246. In: Managent of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-166. TOPICS: garter snakes; riparian areas COMMENTS: Wandering garter snake populations along a thin-leaf alder riparian community in northern New Mexico were sampled using timed fixed-area plots and a mark-recapture method. Both methods served to determine yearly differences and relative magnitude of snake density between years. Population estimates determined by fixed-area plots, however, were inconsistent between study plots in the same year. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dickson,JG; Williamson,JH PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Small mammals in streamside management zones in pine plantations SOURCE: p.375-378. In: Proceedings of the symposium: Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-166. TOPICS: forest practices; riparian habitat; small mammals COMMENTS: Small mammals were captured in live traps in 6 mature-forested zones of 3 widths: narrow (<25m), medium (30-40m), and wide (50-90m), which traversed young, bushy pine plantations. More small mammals were captured in the narrow zones than in the other two, respectively or together. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Samson,FB; Knopf,FB; Hass,LB PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Small mammal response to the introduction of cattle into a cottonwood floodplain SOURCE: p.432-438. In: Proceedings of the symposium: Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-166. TOPICS: cottonwood; floodplains; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Few differences between pastures in small mammal communities were evident prior to grazing, 1 month following grazing, and no differences in numbers or distribution of small mammals were observed 5 months following grazing. Each small mammal species exhibited different habitat use compared to availability and few habitat variables differed on grazed versus ungrazed pastures. Grazing at SCS recommended levels in winter did not appear to have an initial effect on small mammal populations or their habitats in a Colorado floodplain. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kondolf,GM PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Five elements for effective evaluation of stream restoration SOURCE: Restoration Ecology 3(2), 133-142. TOPICS: evaluations; monitoring; stream restoration COMMENTS: River and stream restoration projects are increasingly numerous but rarely subjected to systematic post-project evaluation. The few such evaluation studies conducted have indicated ahigh percentage of failures. Thus, post-project evaluation (and dissemination of results) is essential if the field of river restoration is to advance. Effective evaluation of project success should include: (1) clear objectives, to provide a framework for evaluation; (2) baseline data, for an objective basis for evaluating change; (3) good study design, to demonstrate restoration effects; (4) commitment to long-term monitoring; and (5) willingness to acknowledge failure, so that failures can contribute to the learning process. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clements,C PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Beavers and riparian ecosystems SOURCE: Rangelands 13(6), 277-279. TOPICS: beaver; riparian habitat; riparian management COMMENTS: Habitat changes resulting from beaver activities can have dramatic influences on the quality of a riparian system in both positive and negative ways. In western Nevada, beavers can eliminate black cottonwood from the riparian zone, but leave mountain alder. This, in turn, leads to changes in tree density, height, forest structure, cavity availability, and other physical aspects. Unlimited beaver populations can be harmful to beaver habitats and ultimately to the beavers themselves. Complete removal will eliminate a natural feature of the environment that is important to many other organisms. Beaver management is an important aspect of natural resource stewardship. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Masters,LS; Burkhardt,JW; Tausch,R PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: The geomorphic process: Effects of base level lowering on riparian management SOURCE: Rangelands 13(6), 280-284. TOPICS: channelization; erosion; geomorphic processes; riparian management COMMENTS: Drying of Pleistocene Lakes has resulted in widespread downcutting and headward erosion that is continuing in Great Basin watersheds. Channel erosion and deposition in response to base level changes is a natural geomorphic process. Land managers should consider this when confronted by stream entrenchment and head cuts. Land use is not always the driving force behind stream dynamics. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schwien,J PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: A pitch for Badger Creek SOURCE: Rangelands 13(4), 181-182. TOPICS: grazing management; livestock impacts COMMENTS: In Colorado, 18 federal, state, and local agencies are cooperating to restore Badger Creek to its original status as the premier spawning stream for German Brown Trout on the Arkansas River. Periodic flooding and sediment damage to gravel beds had reduced the stream's fishery value. Treatments include the implementation of best management practices and short duration grazing. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hatfield,D; Hatfield,C PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: The Trout Creek Working Group SOURCE: Rangelands 13(3), 112-115. TOPICS: grazing management; livestock impacts; riparian zones COMMENTS: This article tells a story of building trust and undersatanding among people who view the same area from a vastly different perspective. A widely publicized example of what can occur when that trust and understanding is cultivated is described. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Green,DM; Kauffman,JB PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Succession and livestock grazing in a northwestern Oregon riparian ecosystem SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 48(4), 307-313. TOPICS: grazing effects; livestock impacts; riparian management; species diversity; succession COMMENTS: Comparisons of vegetation dynamics of riparian communities under livestock use and exclusions over a 10 year period were quantified in a Northwestern Oregon riparian zone. Species frequency, rich- ness, diversity, evenness, and livestock utilization were measured. Livestock grazed the study area from late August until mid-September at a rate of 1.3 to 1.8 ha/AUM. Utilization varied from >70% in dry meadows to <3% in cheatgrass dominated stands. Ungrazed dry and moist meadow communities had significantly lower (P<0.1) species richness and diversity when compared to grazed counterparts. In the most heavily grazed communities, ruderal and ruderal competitive species were favored by grazing disturbance. In exclosures of the same communities, competitive or competitive stress tolerant species were favored. Both height and density of woody riparian species were significantly greater in ungrazed gravel bar communities. Results indicated that influences of herbivory on species diversity and richness varies from one community to another. Management recommend- ations based on only one component ignores the complexity of riparian ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baker,BW; Cade,BS PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Predicting biomass of beaver food from willow stem diameters SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 48(4), 322-326. TOPICS: beavers; carrying capacity; logistic model; riparian management; willow COMMENTS: Beaver and willow are important components of riparian restoration on degraded western rangelands. Land managers need quantitative information to evaluate carrying capacity and potential habitat quality for beavers in riparian-willow systems. This study was conducted in the shrub-steppe ecosystem of northwestern Colorado. The authors wanted to determine the best model to predict biomass components of coyote willow from basal stem diameters and compare model predictions to diameter class averages. Percentage of sstem weight that was beaver food varied from 93.6% for the smallest stems to 12.2% for the largest. They concluded that the logistic model provided reliable estimates of beaver food biomass and could be used with food consumption rates and stem density data to evaluate carrying capacity for beaver. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary,WP PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Vegetation and soil responses to grazing simulation on riparian meadows SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 48(1), 18-25. TOPICS: defoliation; grazing impacts; livestock effects; soil compaction COMMENTS: Riparian areas have not responded consistently to grazing systems, suggesting that more knowledge is needed to explain how different areas respond to specific stresses. Studies were conducted to determine herbaceous plant response to simulated grazing on riparian areas, including: one low-elevation redtop site and two high-elevation sedge sites in Idaho. The most consistent plant response among areas was reduction in height growth and biomass production following compaction treatments. When both defoliation and compaction were considered, it appeared that spring, fall, or spring and fall grazing o a 5-cm stubble height on the redtop site did not decrease riparian herbage production. In contrast, when defoliation, compaction, and nutrient return effects were considered in the mountain meadow sedge- dominated communities, grazing once annually during the growing season to a 5-cm stubble height in the spring, or to a 10-cm stubble height in late summer, or at a utilization rate exceeding 30% of the total annual biomass production reduced herbage production significantly. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,MA; Dodd,JL; Skinner,QD; Rodgers,JD PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Dynamics of vegetation along and adjacent to an ephemeral channel SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 46(1), 56-64. TOPICS: channel morphology; grazing impacts; shrubs; weather effects COMMENTS: Ephemeral channels may be greater contributors to nonpoint sediment loads than perennial channels because of their abundance and lower vegetative cover. This study examined above- and below-ground standing crop responses of selected vegetation classes and density of shrubs to grazing use and yearly weather variation along an ephemeral stream in northcentral Wyoming. Perennial grass standing crop in channels did not respond to grazing but decreased up to 73% with decreases in frequency and amount of precipitation. On floodplains and uplands, perennial grass standing crop was not responsive to grazing. Shrub density did not increase as much in grazed as in ungrazed pastures. Location on channels influenced root biomass but grazing did not. Lack of general negative grazing influences on vegetation suggest short periods (10 days) of grazing (as used in this study) represent a sustainable management alternative for grazing in a cold desert. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary,WP; Thornton,CI; Abt,SR PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riparian stubble height and recovery of degraded streambanks SOURCE: Rangelands 18(4), 137-140. TOPICS: grazing impacts; riparian vegetation; sediment storage; stream restoration COMMENTS: In small-stream systems, herbaceous vegetation enhances sediment deposition and the channel restoration process. Shorter length vegetation (0.5 to 6 inches) is most effective in improving sediment entrapment during the deposition phase. The longer length vegetation (8 to 12 inches) retains a larger portion of the de- posited sediment during the flushing phase. Both deposition and retention of sediments are building blocks in the stream restoration process. The authors insist that it is imperative that an optimal vegetation length is determined for specific stream conditions to accomodate grazing while allowing stream restoration to occur. The frequency of sediment loading and flushing cycles as well as vegetation type play important roles in the determination of optimum stubble height. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Larson,LL; Larson,SL PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riparian shade and stream temperature: a perspective SOURCE: Rangelands 18(4), 149-152. TOPICS: riparian vegetation; shading; stream temperature; watershed COMMENTS: Woody vegetation is only one component in a riparian ecosystem. Its relative importance depends upon site conditions. Watershed attributes such as air mass characteristics, elevation gradient, adiabatic rate, channel width and depth, water velocity, surrounding landscape, and interflow inputs all influence water temperature and can be of greater importance to stream temperature than shade. Many stream management strategies were intended to meet a recognized land management need. A current emphasis involves controlling stream temperature with vegetation shade. Management strategies that do not account for the dynamics of riparian systems can lead to failure as well as success. Management decisions need to be site specific. Shade alone does not control stream temperature. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Popolizio,CA; Goetz,H; Chapman,PL PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Short-term response of riparian vegetation to 4 grazing treatments SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 47(1), 48-53. TOPICS: grazing impacts; grazing treatments; livestock effects; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Foliar cover responses of montane riparian vegetation were estimated on the Sheep Creek watershed of northcentral Colorado. Differences were assessed among 4 grazing treatments: long-term grazing, protection from livestock grazing since 1956, recent protection following long- term grazing, and recent livestock grazing following protection. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Average percent grass cover increased under short-term protection after a history of long-term grazing. Short-term grazing stimulated foliar cover of forbs, grasses, and sedges after more than 30 years of cattle exclusion. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sedgewick,JA; Knopf,FL PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Prescribed grazing as a secondary impact in a western riparian floodplain SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 44(4), 369-373. TOPICS: cottonwood; floodplains; forage production; grazing impacts; livestock impacts; prescribed grazing; willow COMMENTS: The effect of late-autumn cattle grazing on plant biomass was examined in a western Great Plains cottonwood riparian zone prone to catastrophic flooding every 5-8 years. Five 16-ha pastures were grazed and compared to 5 control pastures within the South Platte River Floodplain in northeastern Colorado. At a prescribed grazing level of 0.46 ha/AUM, riparian vegetation proved to be resilient to the impacts of grazing. Willows responded negatively to grazing whereas biomass of of prairie cordgrass was greater on grazed plots. Periodic, catastrophic flooding is a major perturbation to that ecosystem and dormant- season grazing within prescribed guidelines is a comparatively minor impact within the floodplain. Grazing impacts were probably further mitigated by a major forage supplement of cottonwood leaves available at the time of cattle introductions. This forage supplement created a lighter grazing treatment than that originally prescribed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schulz,TT; Leininger,WC PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Differences in riparian vegetation structure between grazed areas and exclosures SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 43(4), 295-299. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian vegetation; utilization; willow COMMENTS: Differences in vegetation structure were examined in a montane riparian zone in northcentral Colorado after 30 years of cattle exclusion and continued, but reduced, grazing pressure. In order to assess the changes in the riparian community, canopy coverage, density, and standing crop of important riparian species were measured. Total vascular vegetation, shrub, and graminoid canopy cover was greater in the exclosures as compared to grazed areas, while forb canopy cover was similar between treatments. Exclosures had nearly 2 times the litter cover, while grazed areas had 4 times more bare ground. Willow canopy coverage was 8 1/2 times greater in protected areas than in grazed areas. Kentucky bluegrass cover was 4 times greater in grazed areas than exclosures, while the cover of fowl bluegrass was 6 times greater in the protected sites. Canopy cover of other important riparian species, such as tufted hairgrass, Nebraska sedge, and beaked sedge was similar between treatments. Mean peak standing crop during the study was 2,410 kg/ha in the exclosures and 1,217 kg/ha in caged plots within grazed areas. Utilization levels on grazed areas was approximately 65% of current year's growth. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Conroy,SD; Svejcar,TJ PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Willow planting success as influenced by site factors and cattle grazing in northeastern California SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 44(1), 59-63. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; soil moisture; watertable effects; willow planting COMMENTS: This study evaluated the influence of grazing and selected site factors on survival and leader growth of planted Geyer willow cuttings. Three grazing treatments (early summer, late summer, and non-use) were evaluated on each of 3 streams in broad, low-gradient meadows with silt loam soils in the northern Sierra Nevada. There was no significant effect on grazing treatment on either willow survival or growth despite 3.5 to 5 times more defoliation use of the willow cuttings in the grazed pastures. Streamchannel location (proximity) did significantly affect willow survival but not in- dividual plant leader length. There was a clear relationship between water table depth, soil moisture, and willow planting survival but not between moisture measurements and leader length. Once the water table has declined to the point that Artemisia sp. can survive on a site, the chances of successfully replanting willows are minimal. However, even during drought years, a survival rate of 60% or greater was achieved by planting into Carex nebrascensis communities or bareground in the channel. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Singer,FJ; Mark,LC; Cates,RC PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yellowstone's northern winter range SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 47(6), 435-443. TOPICS: native ungulates; water stress; willow; yellowstone national park COMMENTS: Effects of unmanaged populations of large unmanaged populations of large, mammalian herbivores on vegetation, especially elk, is a concern in Yellowstone National Park. The issue is amplified by the extirpation of wolves from the region, the alterations of ungulate migrations by human activities, and other disruptions of the natural process. Stands of low, hedged (height-suppressed) willows are observed throughout the greater Yellowstone National Park where high densities of wintering elk or moose exist. The height of 47% of the willow stands surveyed on Yellowstone's northern winter range has been suppressed. Tall and intermediate-height willows contained higher concentrations of nitrogen and they exhibited more water stress than height-suppressed willows. The authors suggest that a more xeric climate aned locally-reduced water tables likely contributed to the willow delines on the northern winter range, but that the proximate factor in the declines was herbivory by native ungulates. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Reece,PE; Nichols,JT; Brummer,JE; Engel,RK; Eskridge,KM PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Harvest date and fertilizer effects on native and interseeded wetland meadows SOURCE: J. Range Manage. 47(3), 178-183. TOPICS: fertilization; sedges; wetlands; wildlife habitat Forage quality, COMMENTS: Forage quality, dry matter yield, and response to spring-applied N were similar for native wetland meadow vegetation and interseeded areas over a range of harvest dates. Native vegetation was dominated by sedges. Interseeded sites were dominated by Garrison creeping foxtail. Within levels of N, first cutting yield was about 60% of peak standing crop on June 15 and 90% on July 15 compared with August 15. Regrowth dry matter yield was not affected by spring-applied N. Sedge-dominated, prairie meadows are productive and provide pre- dictable forage and wildlife habitat management alternatives. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wagner,FH; Keigley,RB; Wambolt,CL PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yelllowstone's northern winter range SOURCE: Response to Singer et al. (1994). J. Range Manage. 48(5), 475-477. TOPICS: browsing effects; elk grazing; willow; woody species; yellowstone national park COMMENTS: In a recent JRM article, Singer et al. (1994) report results of a willow study on the northern elk winter range of Yellowstone National Park and immediate vicinity. The authors measured production, forage quality, moisture stress, and tannin content of growth shoots, all in relation to ungulate browsing, browsing- induced architectural variation, and altitude. The inference that reduced chemical defences is attracting further heavier browsing is not supported. The prevailing evidence remains that the pro- gressive decline of woody vegetation on the northern range, especially willow, has been induced by a wintering elk herd that has greatly increased since establihment of the Park. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mills,BM PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Cows and creeks SOURCE: Range Magazine 3(1), 52-54. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian areas COMMENTS: Meadow Creek, in eastern Oregon's Blue Mountains, has made a remarkable comeback since 1953 when it was overused, overgrazed, and overlogged. Various trials tested the results of timing and intensity of grazing. Grass production was increased 1 to 4 times in response to grazing treatments. Riparian areas are resilient and can recover with good management. Grazing, if done properly, can be a compatible use of riparian areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Carson,RG; Edgerton,PJ PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Creating riparian wildlife habitat along a Columbia River impoundment in northcentral Washington SOURCE: p.65-69. In: Proceedings - Symposium on shrub ecophysiology and biotechnology. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-256. TOPICS: browsing effects; riparian plantings; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Irrigated riparian plantings totalling 37.5 ha were developed to compensate for habitats lost as the result of an increase in the operating level of Rufus Woods Lake. Twenty-four species of shrubs and trees were planted to provide forage and cover for wildlife. Soil characteristics, deer browsing, grass competition, and individual species' moisture needs have influenced development of the plantings. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Risenhoover,KL PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Intraspecific variation in moose preference for willows. p.58-63. In: Proceedings - Symposium on plant-herbivore interactions SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-222. TOPICS: browsing effects; moose; willow COMMENTS: Moose preference for Alaskan feltleaf willow and grayleaf willow were observed and compared among different habitats in and around Denali National Park, AK. Observations during the winter-spring searching phase of diet selection indicate that moose are selective browsers, and feed on only a fraction of the plant stems available. Moose preferences for individual willow species varied considerably among habitat types, and did not appear to be related to the availability of biomass. Observed variations in willow preference could not be attributed to plant nutritional quality, or to the ammounts of phenols and condensed tannins they contained. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Behnke,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Value and protection of riparian ecosystems SOURCE: p.164-167. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: grazing impacts; multiple use; riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: The riparian ecosystem is a zone of highly concentrated values associated with fish, wildlife, recreation, and water quality. Multiple use management on federal lands has often severely degraded riparian zones and associated values. This abuse must be corrected. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Aronson,JG; Ellis,SL PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Monitoring, maintainence, rehabilitation and enhancement of critical whooping crane habitat, Platte River, Nebraska SOURCE: p. 168-180. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: flow regimes; platte river; riparian habitat; wet meadows; whooping cranes COMMENTS: In 1978, a portion of the Platte River from Lexington to Denman, NE was designated as critical habitat for the whooping crane. Changes in the flow regime of the Platte River have resulted in modification of the "pristine" riverine habitat, especially with respect to increasing vegetative encroachment on channel islands and decreasing wet meadow habitat. Desirable whooping crane roosting and feeding habitats have been adversely affected by vegetative encroachment and by decreasing groundwater levels. This paper explores the vegetative succession on Platte River islands, compares various river stretches on the basis of vegetative change over time, and discusses the potential for monitoring, maintaining, rehabilitating, and enhancing critical whooping crane habitat as means to mitigate future natural and/or man-made changes in the flow regime. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stanford,JA PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Proliferation of river deltas in reservoirs: a natural mitigative process SOURCE: p.193-195. In: The mitigation symposium: a natural workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: alluvial wetlands; deltas; reservoirs; river habitat COMMENTS: Sedimentary and ecological dynamics of riverine-formed deltas in Texas, Oklahoma, and Montana illustrate importance of alluvial wetlands to river-reservoir ecosystems. Natural creation of deltas may be considered mitigation of habitat lost by reservoir construction. Conversely, destruction of existing delta habitat by mismanagement of lake level regima may present mitigation problems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shabman,L PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Mitigation planning under the principles and standards SOURCE: p.196-202. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. TOPICS: impact mitigation; water policy COMMENTS: Recent water policy reforms stress improved economic and environmental assessment and stricter application of the Principles and Standards framework. While there are practical limits on the use of the assessment tools being developed, the result will be improved mitigation analysis and increased mitigation at federal projects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gore,JA; Johnson,LS PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Biotic recovery of a reclaimed river channel after coal strip mining SOURCE: p.239-244. In: The mitigation symposium: A National workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: channel structures; fishhabitat; reclamation COMMENTS: A newly constructed channel of the Tongue River, WY, reclaimed with layers of gravel and medium cobble, pine snags, bouldered riprap, and rubble piles, was rapidly recolonized with stream invertebrates (70 days). Fish were found only in "snag" areas. Colonization curves predict attainment of a resident fish population in one to two years after channel opening. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kaczynski,VW; Moos,DW PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Strategies for Mid-Colunbia fish production SOURCE: p.289-295. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: columbia river; fisheries COMMENTS: Putting the area-wide fisheries mitigation requirements into one package dramatically increases ways to meet the requirements. Treating salmonid fisheries mitigation for several individual projects in the Mid-Columbia on a combined basis has many apparent advantages. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chalk,DE PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Predicting impacts of a proposed irrigation water conservation project on wildlife habitat SOURCE: p.305-309. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: available water; phreatophytes; wetlands COMMENTS: Irrigation improvements on 84 percent of the treatable land in the Uintah Basin, Utah, could reduce water available to phreatophytes by 40 percent, resulting in the conversion of 19,800 acres of wetlands to upland habitat. Twenty-three percent of the water presently diverted for irrigation is consumed by phreatophytes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mustard,EW; Rector,CD PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Wetlands, irrigation, and salinity control: Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado SOURCE: p.310-317. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: salinity control; wetlands; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: A total of 8,773 ha of wetlands was inventoried on a 72, 800 ha area as part of an environmental assessment for a salinity control project in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, CO. Wetlands were evaluated for wildlife habitat value and use. Implementing measures to reduce salt loading to the Colorado River will cause wetland losses. Mitigation recommendations are provided. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Binns,NA; Eiserman,FM PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Evaluation of fluvial trout habitat in Rocky Mountain streams SOURCE: p.361-364. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: trout habitat COMMENTS: A Habitat Quality Index (HQI) was developed to quantify fluvial trout habitat in Wyoming. As an aid to the mitigation process, the HQI has been used to document and quantify the deterioration of trout habitat and populations caused by man's activities. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Horak,GC PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: The status and success of fish and wildlife mitigation in western water resource projects, 1949-1979 SOURCE: p.391-395. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: water resources; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: This paper summarizes six research projects analyzing the formulation, acceptance, and implementation of 600 fish and wildlife recommend- ations as well as the effectiveness of these measures to preserve of improve populations and habitats in twenty states west of the Mississippi River. Recommendations are offered to improve the effectiveness of fish and wildlife measures. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Armacost,LV PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Lower Snake River fish and wildlife compensation SOURCE: p.408-413. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: fish and wildlife compensation; lower snake river COMMENTS: In 1945, multipurpose water resource projects were authorized on the Lower Snake River without adequate provision for fish and wildlife compensation. With the realization of the impacts, compensation was authorized in 1976. This paper covers development of the plan and efforts to implement it. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Olson,JE; Horak,GC PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Successful and potentially successful measures to protect and improve fish and wildlife habitats SOURCE: p.429-433. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: fish and wildlife habitat; reservoirs COMMENTS: This paper presents information from the new Western Reservoir and Stream Habitat Improvements Handbook on habitat improvement measures . Measures discussed involve improvement possibilities for reservoir water-level management, fish propagation and control, wildlife protection at canals, and others. Specifics concerning design, implementation, cost, and effectiveness will be presented. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson,BW; Ohmart,RD PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Riparian revegetation: An approach to mitigating for a disappearing habitat in the Southwest SOURCE: p. 481-487. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating loses to fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: fish and wildlife habitat; revegetation; riparian enhancement COMMENTS: Revegatation of two test plots was implemented in riparian habitats along the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California to test the feasibility of using this technique to enhance operations or mitigate habitat losses. The data base consisted of plant and vertebrate community data collected monthly for a period of six years. Significant plant and animal correlations developed through community models led to the design of plant communities that pre- dictably would provide maximum wildlife use values. Plant community development on revegetation sites have thus far produced higher wildlife values than predicted. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Solomon,JM; Horak,GC PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Promising legal and procedural strategies for reserving instream flows in thirteen western states SOURCE: p.546-549. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: instream flows; water conservation; water rights COMMENTS: The authors identify, describe, and evaluate the most promising strategies for reserving flows at existing and proposed projects. These strategies were designed to promote the bargaining process between Federal/State resource development and conservation interests. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sinning,JA; Andrew,JW PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Habitat enhancement for Colorado squawfish in the Yampa River in conjunction with railroad construction SOURCE: p.553-555. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: backwaters; colorado squawfish; fishhabitat COMMENTS: Impact assessments for the Colowyo Coal Company's Yampa River railroad spur determined that no adverse effect to the Colorado squawfish would result from construction and adverse effect was only a remote possibility resulting from operation. The conpany and its consultants decided to construct additional backwater habitat suitable for rearing Colorado squawfish in two locations during railroad construction as a habitat enhancement feature. The authors discuss design criteria for the backwaters, applications, and some problems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Burke,TD; Robinson,JW PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: River structure modifications to provide habitat diversity SOURCE: p.556-561. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop for mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: fish and wildlife habitat; habitat enhancement COMMENTS: A discussion of the beneficial and detrimental effects of the Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project and descriptions of structure modifications used to improve fish and wildlife habitats, flood carrying capacity, and accretion control. Methods include notched, rootless, and low elevation structures. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kochman,E PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Channelization in Colorado - past, present, and future SOURCE: p.586-589. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop for mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: aquatic habitat; stream channelization; trout waters COMMENTS: Recognizing the need for control of stream channelization, the Colorado legislature passed the Stream Protection Act, 33-5-101, C.R.S., 1973. The law gave control over state agencies who proposed channelization or other projects that would modify aquatic habitat within streams or rivers. The Division of Wildlife has developed specific organizational guidelines/ procedures to carry out the intent of the law including mitigation measures. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McConnell,CA PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Stream channel renovation methods to mitigate natural resource losses SOURCE: p.611-614. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop for mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: habitat enhancement; stream channelization; stream restoration COMMENTS: Stream channel renovation methods, using a blend of hand labor crews with light equipment where possible and heavy equipment where necessary, were used to minimize damages to natural resources on the Wolf River in Tennessee. Methods, work guidelines, and results are discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cline,LD; Short,RA; Ward,JV PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: The inertia and resiliency of a mountain stream to construction impact SOURCE: p. 617-620. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: inertia; resiliency; stream restoration COMMENTS: Predictive indices of inertia (ability to resist disturbance) and resiliency (ability to recover from disturbance) were applied to a mountain stream in Colorado subjected to highway construction activities. Expected inertia values were exceeded as demonstrated by physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Application of ecological principles elucidates the discrepancy between predicted and observed responses. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mih,WC; Bailey,GC PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: A machine for mitigation of salmonid spawning habitat from silting SOURCE: p.645-648. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: salmonid habitat; silt removal; spawning gravels COMMENTS: A machine developed to remove silt and sediments from spawning gravels utilizes high-velocity hydraulic jets, a suction system, and separation system. The unit travels in the streams during the cleaning operation, and sprays the removed silt on the stream banks above the high water level. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harmon,KW PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Mitigating losses of private wetlands: The North Dakota situation SOURCE: p. 157-163. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-65. TOPICS: drainage basins; watersheds; wetlands COMMENTS: No legal means presently exist for mitigation of private drainage of wetlands. In order to reduce losses, the FWS purchases fee or easement interests in North Dakota wetlands. Concern for reaching its 1,000,000-acre goal caused the FWS to make concessions in a watershed project that left 30,000 acres of wetlands subject to drainage. As opposition to the wetlands program increased, the FWS abolished key positions that provided the only public relations effort for countering the opposition. After six years, this situation remained unchanged. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fisher,HM; Thomas,AE PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Riparian communities: An annotated bibliography of ecosystem and management topics with emphasis on the Intermountain SOURCE: Idaho BLM Technical Bulletin 90-7. USDI Bureau of Land Management. Boise, ID. TOPICS: COMMENTS: This bulletin updates two previous bibliographies (1986 and 1988) published by Idaho BLM. It contains 234 publications appearing in the years 1990 and earlier. Each cited article/paper/technical note is accompanied by a brief abstract of the citation, the authors, the publication source, and key words or phrases. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kusler,J PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Wetlands delineation: An issue of science or politics SOURCE: Environment 34(2), 7-37. TOPICS: national wetland policy; wetlands; wetlands delineation COMMENTS: A 1991 USDI study indicates that only an estimated 103.3 million acres of wetland remain intact in the lower 48 states out of an original 221 million acres. Losses are continuing at an estimated rate of 200,000 to 300,000 acres each year. The author believes that the debate over appropriate federal regulatory definition of wetlands has become so politicized that delineation criteria could be adopted that will be scientifically unsound. This factor could not only reduce protection for wetlands but would be costly to developers and landowners as well. Setting national wetland policy should involve both politics and science. National debate is necessary to produce effective wetland management policies and guidelines. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schlosser,IJ PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Stream fish ecology: a landscape perspective SOURCE: BioScience 41(10), 704-711. TOPICS: aquatic ecosystems; fishhabitat; landscape ecology COMMENTS: Various life stages and species of stream fish require different kinds of physical habitats. Spatial heterogeneity and the maintenance of connectivity between habitat patches is critical for reproduction and survival of fish in lotic ecosystems. The terrestrial-aquatic interface in upstream areas is the most critical area of the landscape, where most fish reproduction occurs. This interface also experiences extreme fluctuations and variability and is most vulnerable to land-use activities which are concentrated there. Alterations at this location may cause severe reductions in fish diversity, trophic structure, and fish abundance. The predictive capability of stream fish ecologists would be greatly enhanced by the use of evolving quantitative techniques to establish relationships between environmental heterogeneity and critical biological processes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Allan,JD; Flecker,AS PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Biodiversity conservation in running waters SOURCE: BioScience 43(1), 33-43. TOPICS: biodiversity; fishhabitat; riverine systems; species diversity; stream restoration; water quality; watersheds COMMENTS: In terms of biological diversity, streams and rivers are both rich in species and severely imperiled. Habitat degradation and species invasion are the greatest threat to these systems. However, multiple factors frequently interact in the demise of species. In the coterminous United States, only 2 percent (<100,000 km) of the 5.2 million km of streams are of high enough quality to warrant federal protection. Present methods of protection address segment conservation instead of entire watersheds, the equivalent of forest fragments. A national policy of protected waters is urgently needed. Since habitat quality is of vital importance to biodiversity preservation, protective measures aimed at both instream and near- stream habitat conditions will benefit ecosystem functions and individual species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Whigham,D; Dykyjova,D; Hejny,S (Eds.) PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Wetlands of the world: Inventory, ecology, and management SOURCE: vol.1. Africa, Australia, Canada and Greenland, Mediterranean, Mexico, Papua, New Guinea, South Asia, Tropical South America, United States. 1st ed. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 788 pages. TOPICS: wetlands COMMENTS: In the public mind, wetlands have been transformed in recent years from mosquito-infested swamps suited for ditching, diking, and reclamation into valuable ecosystems with high intrinsic and aesthetic value that provide beneficial services to humans and wildlife. Each chapter in this book corresponds to a common format. Each geographical region and climate is described followed by descriptions of geology, geomorphology, and hydrology; distribution of wetlands within the region; flora, fauna, and ecological attributes; human impacts; and conservation/management recommendations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Adler,R PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: The Clean Water Act: Has it worked SOURCE: EPA Journal 20(1-2), 10-16. TOPICS: clean water act; fish/wildlife contamination; point source pollution; water quality COMMENTS: In many ways, the Cleam Water Act has been successful in the last twenty years. Pollution from point sources has been dramatically reduced and some threats to human health and the environment have also declined. Many problems continue, however, including the following: (1) we continue to release large amounts of toxic and other pollutants into our water, causing cumulative contamination of water, sediment, fish, and wildlife, (2) relatively little has been done to stop polluted runoff from farms, lawns, and city streets, and (3) the biological health of our waters is still declining. A revised CWA would address these flaws in the present law. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Monks,V PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: The beauty of wetlands SOURCE: National Wildlife June/July, 20-27. TOPICS: clean water act; species diversity; wetlands; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Science is steadily advancing our understanding of the functions of wetlands and their benefits to society. If changes in laws such as CWA, however, already approved by the House of Representatives, are endorsed by the 104th Congress, as much as 95 percent of the remaining U.S. wetlands could be opened for development. Proposed legislation could also hinder efforts to preserve habitat for wide-ranging species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson,BL; Richardson,WB; Naimo,TJ PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Past, present, and future concepts in large river ecology SOURCE: BioScience 45(3), 134-141. TOPICS: geomorphology; multidisciplinary studies; partnerships; river ecology; river-floodplain ecosystems; riverine dynamics COMMENTS: Neither the river-continuum concept nor the flood-pulse concept explains system function in all large rivers. Within a single river, both concepts may apply, depending upon the geomorphology of the system and the temporal and spatial scale of analysis. Multidisciplinary studies, involving hydrologists, geomorphologists, and aquatic and terrestrial biologists, are needed to elucidate the relations between and among physical and biological components. There is a current challenge to develop partnerships among researchers, managers, governmental agencies, and the private sector necessary to plan and conduct these large-scale studies. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gore,JA; Shields,FD,Jr PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Can large rivers be restored SOURCE: BioScience 45(3), 142-151. TOPICS: biological integrity; river rehabilitation; river restoration; river-floodplain ecosystems; riverine ecology COMMENTS: Large rivers have a remarkable resiliency in their ability to recover from physical and chemical disturbances. When the disturbance occurs as a pulse (instantaneous alteration), recovery to the original condition of the ecosystem frequently occurs. When the disturbance is sustained (press disturbance) and causes a complete loss of critical habitat elements, ecological integrity cannot be maintained. The stability and sustained function of large river ecosystems is dependant upon maintenance of watershed and floodplain integrity. The process of restoration is an attempt to direct biological, geological, and hydrological processes toward an end point at or near predisturbance conditions. Although this is not practical in most cases, rehabilitation -partial restoration of riverine habitats and eccosystems - has considerable potential. Systems that have not achieved true restoration will continue to require constant management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sparks,RE PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Need for ecosystem management of large rivers and their floodplains SOURCE: BioScience 45(3), 168-181. TOPICS: ecosystem management; erosion; flooding effects; river-floodplain ecosystems; sedimentation COMMENTS: Most of the 79 large river-floodplain ecosystems in the world have been altered by human activity, the others face alteration soon. These are complex ecosystems that consist of flowing channels, together with the floodplain lakes, backwaters, forests, and wetlands that support much of the Earth's terrestrial and fresh- water biodiversity. These systems are characterized by seasonal floods that promote the exchange of nutrients and organisms among a mosaic of habitats. The annual flood pulses are so predictable and long-lasting that plants, animals, and human societies have adapted to take advantage of them. Ecosystem management works with such natural processes as erosion, sedimentation, and seasonal flood pulses. Non-structural approaches to flood management, such as opting not to rebuild damaged structures in floodprone areas and moving people out of harm's way, are congruent with restoration of floodplains and riparian zones. Over the long-term, ecosystem management could save money and enhance economic efficiency, because natural services are restored (e.g. flood storage, conveyance, and moderation; water purification; fish and wildlife production; and biodiversity preservation) instead of being maintained by human intervention at great costs and considerable risks of failure. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ligon,FK; Dietrich,WE; Trush,WJ PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Downstream ecological effects of dams SOURCE: BioScience 45(3), 183-191. TOPICS: dams; ecological impacts; geomorphology; riverine ecosystems COMMENTS: Most resources committed to identifying the downstream effects of dams on riverine ecosystems are expended on biological studies. The authors suggest that geomorphic studies directed at ecologically significant features of river morphology and hydraulics may some- times be more valuable in short-term evaluations associated with environmental assessments or relicensing procedures. Geomorphological changes are usually the key to understanding the long-term consequences of dams and other disturbances. While geomorphological changes to rivers may be more subtle below dams, they are equally important and may have profound impacts on the ecosystem. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Power,ME; Sun,A; Parker,G; Dietrich,WE; Wootton,JT PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Hydraulic food-chain models SOURCE: BioScience 45(3), 159-167. TOPICS: biological diversity; flood pulses; floodplains; hydrology; modeling; research COMMENTS: Modeling efforts can be particularly effective in guiding field studies in large, dynamic, riverine systems, where sampling and experimental manipulations are difficult. The authors see the interaction of modeling and field investigation as the best approach to understanding the complex environmental problems such as those that arise when levees eliminate the floodplain and the flood pulse, or regulation eliminates, alters or dampens seasonal changes in discharge - the master variable that limits and resets river populations throughout entire drainage networks. Future research is likely to support the basic ecological paradox of rivers: that large, frequent hydrologic perturbations are crucial for long- term maintenance of their biodiversity, their enormous productivity, and the higher trophic levels, which include the biological populations most prized by humans. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bayley,PB PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Understanding large river-floodplain ecosystems SOURCE: BioScience 45(3), 153-157. TOPICS: biodiversity; economic benefits; flooding effects; hydrology; river restoration; river-floodplains COMMENTS: Ecologists in temperate countries have not benefitted from studying relatively unperturbed systems in order to understand how their systems functioned naturally. Prevailing economic perspectives of rivers are grossly distorted by government subsidies and the inability of most economists to value natural resources unless they are currently being exploited and are thus in the market economy. Less- impacted tropical river-floodplains, whose ecological attributes seem to be shared among all systems, have contributed to ecological and economic knowledge; although many of these are also undergoing rapid development in pursuit of advanced technology. Large-scale processes and benefits common to relatively pristine systems in some tropical areas, however, are sufficiently known to indicate that significant economic advantages, in addition to benefits associated with increased biodiversity and stability would result from restoration of impaired systems. Our cultural development has caused river-floodplain ecosystems in most temperate areas to be more adversely affected than most other natural systems. It has also almost destroyed our ability to study their ecology. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Meyer,JL PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: A blackwater perspective of riverine ecosystems SOURCE: BioScience 40(9), 643-651. TOPICS: food webs; lotic ecosystems; nutrient cycling; research; riverine systems; stream restoration; wetlands COMMENTS: Streams and rivers are vital natural resources. They provide fresh water to support a growing human population as well as transport and treatment of waste water. They are valuable for recreation and fisheries, providing an essential source of protein in many countries. Streams and their riparian wetlands are the habitat for diverse assemblages of species. When Europeans first colonized this North America, streams and rivers were used for transportation and were the arteries of the continent. Today they are used instead as kidneys - processing and purifying the wastes of an industrialized society. More complete understanding of these systems in the future would be facilitated by the following studies: (1) Quantification of rates of exchange of nutrients and organic matter between different components of stream ecosystems plus an assessment of factors controlling those rates, (2) assessments of the significance of the microbial food web as a pathway of organic carbon transfer and nutrient spiralling in flowing waters, and (3) whole system experimental manipulations to develop an understanding of factors controlling lotic ecosystem function and structure. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Allan,PF; Anderson,WL PUB. YEAR: 1955 TITLE: More wildlife from our marshes and wetlands SOURCE: p.589-596. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. House Document No. 32. TOPICS: economic values; marshes; wetlands COMMENTS: Marshlands have been shrinking in size since colonial days as a result of industrial expansion, urbanization, agricultural drainage and development, sedimentation, and landfill of wetlands. [In 1955,] --Waterfowl and furbearers were the principal marsh products of economic value and the need to preserve marshes was becoming more urgent to maintain or expand production of those harvestable species. Reviewer's Note: In this early paper, there is no focus on marshes or wetlands as critical links in larger systems or scenarios. They are perceived as entities which produce specific marketable products instead of entities with important intrinsic values. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schrader,TA PUB. YEAR: 1955 TITLE: Waterfowl and the potholes of the North Central States SOURCE: p.596-604. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. House document No. 32. TOPICS: waterfowl management; wetlands; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: The prairie pothole region of the Dakotas and Minnesota is the most important waterfowl nesting area in the United States. Formerly, it produced up 15 million ducks (by 1955, production had dropped to about 5 million ducks annually). Pothole drainage for agricultural development was the primary cause. An acceptable program to save wetlands would have involved two factors. Subsidies to provide farmers with incomes equitable with that which could be achieved by drainage and/or compensation for the problems caused by undrained potholes. Another desirable but impractical alternative would be direct purchase of such lands by the federal government. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shaw,SP; Crissey,WF PUB. YEAR: 1955 TITLE: Wetlands and the management of waterfowl SOURCE: p.604-614. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. House Document No. 32. TOPICS: land-use planning; waterfowl management; wetlands COMMENTS: During the preceding one or two decades, the accepted method of encouraging necessary conservation measures had been the use of incentive payments to private landowners. Since the use of public funds for such purposes is in the longterm public interest, there should be little opposition to the use of public monies to benefit the waterfowl resource. Land-use planners should have public support to preserve and improve wetlands on private lands, especially if they can assure the availability of technical and financial assistance. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cronemiller,FP PUB. YEAR: 1955 TITLE: Making new trout streams in the Sierra Nevada SOURCE: p.583-586. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. House document No. 32. TOPICS: fisheries; stream restoration; trout habitat COMMENTS: Small, intermittant streams have been improved to accomodate trout spawning and summer-long habitat by the construction of small, "flow-maintenance" dams. Such dams, developed through cooperative efforts with sportmen's groups, assure the release of stored water through the summer to create permanent streams with excellent fishing. These installations become natural "trout factories"which have very low maintenance costs. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown,CB; Murphy,WT PUB. YEAR: 1955 TITLE: Conservation begins on the watersheds SOURCE: p.161-165. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. House document No. 32. TOPICS: flood control; land-use planning; watersheds; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: At the time of writing, the concept of small watershed management was just beginning to be applied on the ground. National programs of assistance to landowners had not provided adequate aid in the resolution of interrelated community problems. Such problems included local agricultural and urban flood control, mutual irrigation developments, drainage improvements on creeks, local water supplies, pollution abatementon tributaries, wildlife habitat improvements, and stabilization of eroded and degraded lands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Salmond,GR; Croft,AR PUB. YEAR: 1955 TITLE: The management of public watersheds SOURCE: p.191-198. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. House document No. 32. TOPICS: erosion; water management; watersheds COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Monsen,SB; McArthur,ED PUB. YEAR: 1955 TITLE: Implications of early Intermountain range and watershed restoration practices SOURCE: p.16-25. In: Proceedings: Wildland shrub and arid land symposium; October 19-21, 1993; Las Vegas, NV. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-315. TOPICS: disturbed wildlands; ecological restoration; watersheds COMMENTS: Ecological restoration of disturbed wildlands continues to gain acceptance as the most desirable approach to site improvement. However, some disturbed sites have been so seriously altered that native communities cannot recover. In addition, weeds are dominant over large areas, and appear more persistent and resilient than many native species. In these and related situations, introduced species and altered plant communities will have to be maintained to protect all resources. Previous site rehabilitation practices provide information to better restore disturbed watersheds, rangelands, and weed-infested sites. Previous research and project plantings have provided information to better identify sites that are suitable for restoration, and to define more appropriate planting practices. Native species and ecotypes have been identified and tested to define their range of adaptation and use in reconstructing native communities. Equipment has been developed to culture plants, prepare seedbeds, control weeds, and seed a variety of species. Considerable information can be gained by examining previous rehabilitation practices, including documentation of secondary succession of seeded as well as protected natural sites. This information is essential in developing sound restoration measures. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kay,CE PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Browsing by native ungulates: Effects on shrub and seed production in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem SOURCE: p.310-320. In: Proceedings: Wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium; 1993 October 19-21; Las Vegas, NV. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-315. TOPICS: grazing impacts; shrubs; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Long-term grazing exclosures were used to compare browsed vs unbrowsed shrubs in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Deciduous shrubs protected by wild ungulates exhibited greater canopy-cover, height, size, and volume than unprotected plants. Browsed shrub populations were dominated by significantly smaller plants than were unbrowsed populations. Protected shrubs increased in canopy-coverageand size while browsed plants remained static or declined. Ungulate browsing in recent times has virtually eliminated shrub seed production in areas frequented by wintering elk. This elimination of shrub seed production over much of the ecosystem suggests that ungulates are not in equilibrium with their food resources,as required under the "natural regulation" paradigm. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ramsey III,EW; Spell,RE; Day,RM PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: GIS and remote sensing as wetland resource management tools: The fire monitoring example SOURCE: p.133-145. In: Proceedings of an international workshop on requirements for integrated geographic information systems; 1994 2-3 February; New Orleans, LA. TOPICS: gis; remote sensing; wetlands COMMENTS: In a preliminary analysis of burn monitoring, site-specific canopy reflectance spectra and light attenuation curves were acquired for a number of fresh marsh sites in coastal Louisiana. Near the time of reflectance acquisitions, thematic mapper scenes were obtained for winter, spring, and summer analysis. Three sites chosen for monitoring canopy reflectance depicted changes in unburned, winter- burned, and spring-burned marsh. Comparison among all images indicated that winter-early spring burns were identifiable on the spring image, but not all winter-early burns were identifiable in summer. Spring burns - post-spring image - were detectable on the summer image, as were some winter-early spring burns; however, the two burn ages were not separable. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goodloe,S PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Watershed restoration through integrated resource management on public and private rangelands SOURCE: p.136-145. In: Desired future conditions for pinyon-juniper ecosystems: Proceedings of the symposium; 1994 August 8-12; Flagstaff, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-258. TOPICS: grazing impacts; integrated resource management; livestock effects; riparian restoration COMMENTS: Until recently, much of the rangelands in the western United States was in a serious downward trend. Water quality and quantity were declining as the result of the continuous livestock grazing practices employed at the turn of the century followed by 80 years of fire suppression. Thirty-five years of integrated/holistic resource management at the Carrizo Valley Ranch site has reversed this trend. In addition to the restoration of rangeland productivity, the riparian area on the ranch has been restored, wildlife populations enhanced, and perennial streamflow restored. The practical experience gained at the ranch should be useful to private landowners, public land managers, and water quality agencies throughout the brittle ecosystems of the southwestern United States. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jones,JA; Grant,GE PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Peak flow discharges to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon SOURCE: Water Resources Research 32(4), 959-974. TOPICS: flow discharges; stream flow; water balance COMMENTS: This study examined long-term changes in streamflows associated with clearcutting and road construction and explored alternative hydrologic mechanisms to explain stream hydrochanges in the Cascades Range, western Oregon. They determined differences in paired peak discharges for 150 to 375 storm events for five basin pairs, using 34-year records from two pairs of 60- to 101-ha experimental basins in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, and 50- to 55-year records from three pairs of adjacent basins ranging from 60 to 600 km2. Forest harvesting has increased peak discharges by as much as 50% in small basins and 100% in large basins over the last 50 years. These increases are attributable to changes both in flow routing due to roads and in water balance due to treatment effects and vegetation succession. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hinchman,VH; Birkeland,KW PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Age prediction based on stem size for riparian cottonwood stands SOURCE: The Southwestern Naturalist 40(4), 406-409. TOPICS: cottonwood; riparian forest; tree size COMMENTS: Accurate estimations of tree age based on size are useful for hydrologic and geomorphic studies of riparian environments. The use of stem size to predict age for Fremont cottonwood is assessed based on increment bores and stem diameter measurements along two rivers of the southwestern United States. Predictive models for tree age were established for creeks in Utah and Arizona and were compared to previously published regression equations. Results indicated that good age-size relationships exist within short reaches with uniform geomorphic site conditions. However, these correlations may not hold for entire drainage basins, or larger geographic areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Busch,DE PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Effects of fire on southwestern riparian plant community structure SOURCE: The Southwestern Naturalist 40(3), 259-267. TOPICS: fire effects; riparian forest; riparian shrubs; salt-cedar COMMENTS: Studies of plant water- and salinity-relations suggest that halophytic riparian shrubs may recover from burning more efficiently than do mesophytic trees. A compilation of fire records from the lower Colorado River floodplain was used to assess the change in riparian community structure resulting from fire. Approximately 37% of the riparian vegetation in the study area burned during the 12-year period evaluated. Fire extent was associated with the area of saltcedar burned, whereas fire affected disproportionately small areas formerly dominated by mesquite. Saltcedar and arrowweed were dominant in post- fire riparian communities. Arrowweed replaced riparian trees in response to fire in habitats dominated by cottonwood/willow and mesquite. Species turnover was low over the post-fire periods evaluated, so the replacement of riparian forests by water- or salinity-stress tolerant shrubs can be considered long-lived. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shaw,DC; Bible,K PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: An overview of forest canopy functions with reference to urban and riparian systems SOURCE: Northwest Science 70, 1-6. TOPICS: aquatic habitat; forest canopy; riparian forest COMMENTS: Functions of forest canopy ecosystems generally include photosynthesis; sexual reproduction of trees; light absorption, modification, and shading; atmospheric interaction; hydrologic interaction; and biodiversity. This paper reviews some of those functions and draws comparisons from two specialized systems, the urban and the riparian. Urban forest canopies abate noise, ameliorate urban temperature increases, conserve energy by shading buildings, and capture particulate matter, pollutants, and carbon dioxide, which make cities more habitable for humans. Riparian and wetland forest canopies affect temperature and primary production of aquatic habitat by shading, influence productivity by controlling allochthonous inputs, including coarse woody debris, and provide unique habitat for wildlife and other biota. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harr,RD; Nichols,RA PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Stabilizing forest roads to help restore fish habitats: A northwest Washington example SOURCE: Fisheries 18(4), 18-22. TOPICS: fishhabitat; flood hazards; watershed rehabilitation COMMENTS: As part of a total watershed rehabilitation to improve fish habitats and reduce flood hazards, 30- to 40-year old, unused, largely impassable roads and landings within the Nooksack River watershed were decommissioned by stabilizing fills, removing stream crossings, recontouring slopes, and reestablishing drainage patterns to reduce the landslide hazards. The average cost for decommissioning a road was $3500 per kilometer (earthmoving) where considerable amounts of alder brush were cleared and sidecast material was pulled back upslope. Lower costs were associated with lesser earthmoving jobs; the highest costs resulted when fills at stream crossings or landings had to be removed. In contrast to unused roads not treated, decommissioned roads and landings were largely undamaged by rain-on- snow runoff that produced a 50-year flood in 1989 and sustained little damage during rain-on-snow runoff in 1990 that severely damaged main haul roads in the region. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leidholt-Bruner,K; Hibbs,DE; McComb,WC PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Beaver dam locations and their effects on distribution and abundance of Coho salmon fry in two coastal Oregon streams SOURCE: Northwest Science 66(4), 218-223. TOPICS: beaver; fishhabitat; stream rehabilitation COMMENTS: Beaver dams and coho salmon fry were examined for their relationships in two coastal Oregon streams in 1987. The initial spring survey of 19 km of stream found only one beaver dam intact after winter. By autumn, the number of dams had increased to 1.1 and 1.2 per km on the two streams. Beaver dams increased summer pool habitat 7 to 14 percent over unmodified conditions. Although density of coho was similar among pool types, beaver ponds were larger and contained more coho fry than non-beaver pools; thus, beaver increased rearing habitat for coho during the summer low flow. Beaver present a low-cost tool deserving more consideration for stream rehabilitation projects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Howe,WH; Knopf,FL PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: On the imminent decline of Rio Grande cottonwoods in central New Mexico SOURCE: The Southwestern Naturalist 36(2), 218-224. TOPICS: cottonwood; rio grande basin; riparian forest; river restoration COMMENTS: Increment cores from 144 Fremont cottonwoods were taken at three riparian woodland sites along the Rio Grande in New Mexico. Trees at two study sites averaged 38.8 and 43.2 years old. All trees fewer than 26 years old at those sites were root suckers from older trees whose primary trunks had decayed. The third site, one of a few known locations where young trees were present, had 75% of the trees between 5 and 25 years old. Cottonwood recruitment generally, but not always, could be associated with years of overbank flooding. The combination of a paucity of cottonwood regeneration over the last 30 years, the rapid colonization during this century of Russian- olive and salt-cedar into the valley, and current river channel management practices suggest that the Rio Grande riparian woodland will become dominated by the exotic shrubs over the next 50 to 100 years. To assure the continued survival of the cottonwood riparian community along the Rio Grande, resource managers need to implement strategies to enhance cottonwood regeneration and survival and to control the spread of exotics. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown,BT; Trosset,MW PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Nesting-habitat relationships of riparian birds along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona SOURCE: The Southwestern Naturalist 34(2), 260-270. TOPICS: avian species; riparian communities; salt-cedar; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Vegetation structure and the numbers of shrubs were measured at nest sites of 11 species of riparian birds in a tamarisk community to characterize breeding habitat by species. Riparian birds exhibited significant differences in their use of nesting habitat. Bell's vireo, yellow warbler, and yellow-breasted chat were relative generalists in their use of nesting habitat, while common yellowthroat and Bullock's oriole were relative specialists. Bell's vireo and American coot used the most dissimilar habitats. Willow flycatcher and yellow warbler consistently used habitat most similar to that used by other species. The tamarisk community created by the operation of the Glen's Ferry Dam represents the ecological equivalent of native habitat for some riparian birds, and its presence has enhanced breeding habitat for these 11 species of birds. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McIntosh,BA; Sedell,JR; Smith,JE; Wissmar,RC; Clarke,SE; Reeves,GH; Brown,LA PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Historical changes in fish habitat for select river basins of Eastern Oregon and Washington SOURCE: Northwest Science 68, 36-53. TOPICS: anadromous fishes; fishhabitat; land use; stream restoration COMMENTS: From 1934 to 1942 the Bureau of Fisheries surveyed more than 8,000 km of streams in the Columbia River Basin to determine the condition of fish habitat. Changes in fish habitat over time were evaluated by resurveying a subset of the historically surveyed streams from 1990 to 1992. Many streams were as degraded from past use practices (e.g. timber harvest, splash dams, stream channelization, livestock grazing, and mining) as before the 1930's. Differences in land-use histories partially explain current fish habitat conditions and declines in anadromous fish runs. Strategies to protect, restore, and maintain anadromous and resident fish habitat need ecosystem approaches that protect as well as restore the remaining habitats. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Darveau,M; Beauchesne,P; Belanger,L; Huot,J; Larue,P PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Riparian forest strips as habitat for breeding birds in boreal forest SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 59(1), 67-78. TOPICS: avian species; boreal forest; riparian forest; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Riparian forest strips are usually protected from logging for their buffer effect on aquatic habitats. However, their value to terrestrial wildlife is generally unknown. From 1989 -1992, the authors compared bird abundance and species composition in 5 experimental riparian forest strips (20-m, 40-m, 60-m, and control [>300m wide], intact strips, and 20-m wide thinned strips), in boreal balsam fir stands, for three years following clear-cutting. Bird densities increased 30 - 70% in all strips the year after clearcutting and decreased thereafter to approximately pretreatment levels. The 20- and 40-m-wide riparian strips had the highest mean bird densities, but also the fastest decreases thereafter. The removal of 33% of the trees in some of the 20-m strips resulted in a <20% decline of bird densities. There was evidence that 60-m strips are required for forest-dwelling birds. Bird populations may continue to decline in strips before regeneration of adjacent clear-cuts provides suitable habitat for forest-dwelling species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wunderlich,RC; Winter,BD; Meyer,JH PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Restoration of the Elwha River Ecosystem SOURCE: Fisheries 19, 11-19. TOPICS: anadromous fishes; fishhabitat; river restoration COMMENTS: Historically, the Elwha River in western Washington was renowned for the abundance and diversity of anadromous salmonids. Most of the river system lies within the Olympic National Park and remains in pristine condition, but two dams in the lower river have blocked all anadromous fish for more than 80 years. To restore the Elwha's historic fishery resources and resolve an impasse about federal licensing og the dams, the U.S. Congress passed the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act in 1992. The act required an analysis of alternatives (dam retention with fish passage facilities vs dam removal) to achieve full ecosystem and fishery restoration. Analysis indicates that removal of both dams is the only option that will achieve full restoration, but dam removal and fish restoration efforts could span 20 years and cost $147 to $203 million. Although fish restoration poses problems because of limited native runs, sediment management presents the most sign- ificant environmental challenge and cost. Nevertheless, a unique opportunity to fully restore the ecosystem of a major anadromous- salmonid-producing river is at hand. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lichatowich,J; Mobrand,L; Lestelle,L; Vogel,T PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of depleted Pacific salmon populations in Pacific Northwest watersheds SOURCE: Fisheries 20(1), 10-18. TOPICS: anadromous fishes; fishhabitat; river restoration COMMENTS: The authors propose an approach to the development of restoration programs for Pacific anadromous salmon that recognizes the importance of an ecosystem perspective. Important concepts such as habitat complexity and self-organizing capacity of the stock are reviewed. A planning process comprised of six steps is described. The approach includes a comparison of historic and current habitat complexity and connectivity and intrapopulation life history diversity. Uncertainties are incorporated into the planning process through assumptions that are clearly identified. Risk of project failure is determined through a quantitative or qualitative weighing of the critical uncertainties. They emphasize the concept that restoration planning is an iterative process that must be continued after implementation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vellidis,G; Lowrance,R; Smith,MC; Hubbard,RK PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Methods to assess the water quality impact of a restored riparian wetland SOURCE: J. Soil and Water Conserv. 48(3), 223-230. TOPICS: bioremediation; riparian restoration; wetlands COMMENTS: The feasibility and effectiveness of restoring a riparian wetland and using it as a bioremediation site for nutrients moving downslope from an animal waste application site is being evaluated. In question is the short term effectiveness of the restored wetland in enhancing the quality of water leaving the site. The wetland was restored by reintroducing a combination of native trees that will be harvested for pulpwood or timberwood. Native grasses and forbs were allowed to reestablish themselves among the trees. An intensive monitoring system using a network of shallow groundwater wells and automated surface runoff collectors was established to measure nutrient movement through the wetland in shallow groundwater and surface runoff. Soil samples are collected for nutrient analysis and denitrification measurements. Details of wetland restoration, instrumentation, and sampling strategies are discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McComb,WC; McGarigal,K; Anthony,RG PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Small mammal and amphibian abundance in streamside and upslope habitats of mature Douglas-fir stands, western Oregon SOURCE: Northwest Science 67(1), 7-15. TOPICS: amphibians; riparian habitat; small mammals COMMENTS: Capture rates of small mammals and amphibians were compared between streamside and upslope habitats along 700-m transects in each of six mature Douglas-fir stands, 1988. Equitability and diversity of small mammal communities were higher along streamside than upslope transects. There was no difference in small mammal or amphibian species richness per transect between streamside and upslope transects. Capture rates of marsh shrews, Pacific jumping mice, long-tailed voles, white-footed voles, and Dunn's salamanders were higher along streamside than upslope transects. Capture rates of western red-backed voles, Townsend's chipmunks, creeping voles, Trowbridge's shrews, and Ensatina salamanders were higher along upslope than streamside transects. Capture rates of marsh shrews, Pacific jumping mice, deer mice, shrew-moles, and Pacific shrews, decreased with distance from the stream along transriparian transects. Capture rates of western red-backed voles incresed with distance from the stream. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson,DC PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Demographics of small mammals using anthropogenic desert riparian habitat in Arizona SOURCE: J. Wildl. Manage. 58(3), 445-454. TOPICS: riparian habitat; riparian restoration; small mammals COMMENTS: Resource managers attempting to rehabilitate degraded desert riverine ecosystems must understand the effects of vegetation management on riparian wildlife. The author used capture-recapture methods to investigate demography of small mammals in the xerified Colorado River floodplain, five years after treatment to replace salt-cedar with native woody plants. The site had become a mosaic of various vegetation types, including closed canopy cottonwood/willow. The site represents source habitat for most native small mammal species. High levels of measured biomass suggest the reclaimed site has potential to be important in local ecosystem functioning. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gomez,DM; Anthony,RG PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Amphibian and reptile abundance in riparian and upslope areas of five forest types in western Oregon SOURCE: Northwest Science 70(2), 109-119. TOPICS: amphibians; herpetofauna; reptiles; riparian habitat COMMENTS: This paper compares species composition and relative abundance of herpetofauna between riparian and upslope habitats among 5 forest types (shrub, open sapling-pole, large sawtimber and old-growth conifer forests, and deciduous forests) in western Oregon. Riparian and upslope associated species were identified based on capture frequencies from pitfall trapping. Species richness was similar among forest types but slighly greater in the shrub stands. The abundances of 3 species differed among forest types. Total captures was highest in deciduous forests, intermediate in mature conifer forests, and lowest in the 2 young coniferous forests. Species richness wasbetween stream and upslope habitats; however, captures were higher in riparian than upslope habitat. The authors suggest that riparian management zones should be at least 75 - 100 m on each side of the stream and that management for upslope and/or old forest associates may be equally as important as for riparian species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wissmar,RC; Smith,JE; McIntosh,BA; Li,HW; Reeves,GH; Sedell,JR PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: A history of resource use and disturbance in riverine basins of eastern Oregon and Washington (early 1800s-1990s) SOURCE: Northwest Science 68(Special Issue), 1-35. TOPICS: ecosystem management; resource disturbance; riparian restoration; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: A historical review of human activities influencing stream and riparian ecosystems in eastern Oregon and Washington shows that cumulative effects of resource uses and management over the last two centuries are altering the health of many river basins. Past practices such as livestock grazing and forest harvest near riparian areas and streams became collectively significant over long time periods and are continuing today. Historic cumulative effects on stream and riparian ecosystems include livestock grazing and mining from the 1860's until about 1910. Timber harvest, roads, fire management, dams, irrigation, and fisheries increased in importance during the 20th century. Continuous dissent from competing entities only compounds this situation as available water and habitats continue to decline. Alternatively, new basin-wide management strategies of federal agencies and environmental organizations offer hope for improving the ecosystem diversity and population levels of fish and wildlife. Intact watersheds function as critical habitats and refugia for fish and wildlife of adjoining ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kondolf,GM PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: A cross section of stream channel restoration SOURCE: J. Soil and Water Conserv. 51(2), 119-125. TOPICS: flood control; stream channelization; stream restoration COMMENTS: Professional/public interest in the restoration of traditional values to degraded stream channels has grown enormously in recent years. Interest in developing flood control strategies that retain ecological values has grown concurrently. "Stream restoration" has been frequently used to encompass all efforts at ecologically sound river management, even though sone of these involve attempts to minimize negative environmental effects of flood management or channel relocation works. This paper presents case studies illustrating various goals and techniques in stream restoration projects and discusses the need for systematic studies to evaluate success of restoration projects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hawkins,CP; Kershner,JL; Bisson,PA; Bryant,MD; Decker,LM; Gregory,SV; McCullough,DA; Overton,CK; Reeves,GH; Steedman,RJ; Young,MK PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: A heirarchical approach to classifying stream habitat features SOURCE: Fisheries 18(6), 3-11. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian habitat; stream classification COMMENTS: The paper proposes a heirarchical system of classifying stream habitats based on three increasingly fine descriptions of the morphological and hydraulic properties of channel geomorphic units. Channel geomorphic units are defined as areas of relatively homogeneous depth and flow that are bounded by sharp gradients in both depth and flow. Differences among these units provide a natural basis for habitat classification that is independant of spatial scale. At the most general level of resolution, they divide channel units into fast- and slow-water categories that approximately correspond to the commonly used terms "riffle" and "pool". Within the fast-water category, they identify two subcategories of habitat, those that are highly turbulent (falls, cascades, chutes, rapids, and riffles) and those with low turbulence (sheets and runs). Slow-water habitats include pools formed by channel scour (eddy pools, trench pools, channel pools, convergence pools, lateral scour pools, and plunge pools) and those formed behind dams. Dammed pools include those obstructed by debris dams, beaver dams, landslides, and abandoned channels. Backwaters are a kind of dammed pool. Fishes and other stream organisms distinguish among these habitats at one or more levels of the heirarchy. Habitats defined in this way represent an important habitat template on which patterns of biological diversity and production form. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson,DC PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Are cicadas (Diceroprocta apache) both a "keystone" and a "critical- link" species in lower Colorado River riparian communities SOURCE: The Southwestern Naturalist 39(1), 26-33. TOPICS: avian species; biodiversity; cottonwood/willow; riparian habitat; salt-cedar COMMENTS: Apache cicada densities were estimated to be 10 individuals/m2 within a closed-canopy stand of Fremont cottonwood/Goodding willow in a revegetated site adjacent to the lower Colorado River. The author estimates that up to 1.3 cm of water may be added to the upper soil layers annually through the feeding activities of cicada nymphs. This is equivalent to 12% of the annual precipitation received in the study area. Apache cicadas may have significant effects on ecosystem functioning via effects on water transport and thus act as a "critical-link" species in this southwestern desert riverine ecosystem. Cicadas emerged later within the cottonwood/willow stand than in saltcedar/mesquite stands; this difference in temporal dynamics would affect their availability to several insectivorous birds and may help explain the birds' recent decline. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan,WF; King,JG; Seyedbagheri,KA PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Hydrologic and erosional responses of a granitic watershed to helicopter logging and broadcast burning SOURCE: Forest Science 41(4), 777-795. TOPICS: logging effects; prescribed burning; sedimentation; stream flow; surface erosion COMMENTS: Effects of helicopter logging and prescribed burning on streamflow and sediment yields from headwater drainages in the Idaho Batholith were evaluated, using paired watersheds monitored from 1966 to 1986. In the fall of 1976, 23% of a 162 ha watershed was clearcut. All the cutting units were on south-facing slopes. Helicopter logging was followed by broadcast burning on cutting units. Streamflow parameters showed little change in response to logging and burning. However, total annual sediment yields increased an average of 97% in the 10 years following logging, with the largest increases occurring in the years of highest sediment yields. About 94% of the increased sediment yields was attributed to accelerated surface erosion on the cutting units. Accelerated erosion persisted on the cutting units throughout the study period. The accelerated surface erosion occurred primarily as a result of the prescribed burning rather than the helicopter logging; surface erosion rates on the burned areas were about 66 times greater than those on undisturbed slopes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schlosser,IJ PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Dispersal, boundary processes, and trophic-level interactions in streams adjacent to beaver ponds SOURCE: Ecology 76(3), 908-925. TOPICS: beaver ponds; fish dispersal; fish predation; stream discharge; stream invertebrates COMMENTS: In Minnesota, experiments conducted in an artificial stream located below a beaver pond indicated discharge and fish predation have potentially strong and interactive effects on invertebrate colon- ization in stream ecosystems. Differences in colonization of riffles and pools under low vs. elevated discharge and fish vs. no-fish treatments suggested, however,that the interactive effects of these factors on invertebrate was variable over even small spatial scales. Elevated discharge increased invertebrate colonization in riffles but decreased invertebrate colonization in pools. Contrary to expectations, fish predation reduced invertebrate colonization more under elevated than low discharge conditions, particularly in pool habitats. Results suggest that: (1) beaver ponds act as reproductive sources for fish on the landscape, while adjacent stream environments act as potential reproductive "sinks", (2) large-scale spatial re- lationships between beaver ponds and streams, along with the in- fluence of discharge on the permeability of the boundaries between these habitats, are critical in controlling fish dispersal between ponds and streams and the subsequent abundance and composition of fish in lotic ecosystems, and (3) fish predation and discharge have potentially cascading effects on invertebrate colonization in lotic ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goodloe,S PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Watershed restoration through integrated resource management on public and private rangelands SOURCE: p.136-140. In: Desired future conditions for pinyon-Juniper ecosystems: Proceedings of the symposium; 8-12 August 1994; Flagstaff, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-258. TOPICS: grazing effects; stream flow; water quality; watershed restoration; wildlife values COMMENTS: Until recently, much of the rangeland in the western United States was in a serious downward trend. Water quantity and quality were declining as the result of the continuous livestock grazing practices employed at the turn of the century followed by 80 years of fire suppression. Thirty-five years of integrated/holistic resource management at the Carrizo Valley ranch site has reversed this trend. In addition to restoration of rangeland productivity, the riparian area of the ranch has been restored, wildlife populations enhanced, and perennial streamflow restored. The practical experience gained at the ranch should be useful to private landowners, public land managers, and water quality agencies throughout the brittle ecosystems of the southwestern United States. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gottfried,GJ; Ffolliot,PF PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Stand dynamics on upper elevation pinyon-juniper watersheds at Beaver Creek, AZ SOURCE: p.38-45. In: Desired future conditions for pinyon-juniper ecosystems: Proceedings of the symposium; 8-12 August 1994; Flagstaff, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 258. TOPICS: pinyon-juniper; tree products; watershed evaluation; woodlands COMMENTS: There is a lack of information about stand dynamics, especially volume growth, in the pinyon-juniper woodlands of the southwestern United States. Such information is vital for managing woodlands on a sustainable basis for tree products. Harvesting in excess of growth will diminish the resource. Growth information is also needed to understand ecosystem dynamics and to ascertain stand changes that affect other resources, such as wildlife habitat. Two overstory inventories, spanning a 24-year period, were conducted on permanent points on two untreated watersheds in central Arizona. Alligator juniper is the dominant species on the watersheds, which are representative of woodlands at the upper elevations of the Mogollon Rim. Although inventory techniques have changed since the first inventory in 1964, repeated measurements using the original techniques can produce valuable information about stand changes in the interim. Mean annual growth for trees present in 1964 and 1988 was 18.5 cubic feet per acre and net periodic annual growth was 20.3 cubic feet per acre. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baker,SB,Jr; Benevides-Sonorio,JDD; Talavera-Zuniga,E PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Relationship between precipitation and streamflow on El Carrizal watershed, Tapalpa, Jalisco SOURCE: p.115-120. In: Partnerships for sustainable forest ecosystem managemment: Fifth Mexico/U.S. Biennial Symposium; 17-20 October 1994; Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-266. TOPICS: riparian restoration; stream flow; watersheds COMMENTS: A 789 ha watershed was gauged to study the hydrology of the area and to assist in the assessment and restoration of its riparian ecosystem. Streamflow for the 1994 season began one month after the first summer precipitation occurred. Response in daily flow was generally associated with rainfall amounts of 10 mm or more. Maximum daily flow of 5.27 and 4.79 mm occurred following rainfalls of 60 and 35 mm, respectively. A total of 81 mm of runoff was produced from May through October by a total rainfall of 990 mm. Results suggested that streamflow is basically generated by sub- surface flow and will average about 10 percent of the total annual precipitation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Burns,RG; Huendo,LM; Neary,DG PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Low cost methods to control sedimentation from roads SOURCE: p.121-127. In: Partnerships for sustainable forest ecosystem management: Fifth Mexico/U.S. Biennial Symposium. 17-20 October 1994; Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. TOPICS: roads; sedimentation; stream protection COMMENTS: Throughout the world there are many km of roads or natural surface roads located along streams. Sediment reduces the water quality for human uses and aquatic ecosystem productivity. One objective of road management should be to protect adjacent resources, such as streams and riparian areas. Common practices presented in this paper can be built by hand or machines using resources that are commonly available in the area. These include: wing ditches, sediment traps, berms, weeps, outslopes, humps, and relief pipes. These practices are described and illustrated. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Huerta,YC; Medina,AL; Sanchez,XM; Reyes,TS PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: A preliminary classification of the riparian vegetation of El Carrizal in Tapalpa, Jalisco, Mexico SOURCE: p.128-133. In Partnerships for sustainable forest ecosystem management: Fifth Mexico/U.S. Biennial Symposium. 17-20 October 1994; Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-266. TOPICS: classification; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: The primary objective of this study was to identify a classification for the riparian vegetation of "El Carrizal" watershed in Tapalpa, Jalisco, Mexico. The classification was proposed for application to: (1) better understand the structure and composition of the riparian vegetation, (2) provide a point of reference for other riparian studies where comparisons of types, species, etc. could be made, (3) provide basic, essential information for the development of watershed management plans, (4) provide a basis for defining critical wildlife habitat, and (5) provide a model for assessing the condition of other watersheds in the region. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dolloff,A PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Ecological role of large woody debris in forest streams SOURCE: p.54-57. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian vegetation; woody debris COMMENTS: This paper summarizes the key role of large woody debris (LWD) in mountain streams and its importance to fish habitat. Management strategies are described which can promote sources of LWD and maturation of riparian vegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Moreau,JK PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Placing large wood debris to restore salmonid habitat SOURCE: p.58-64. In: National Hydrology Workshop Proceedings. 27 April-1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: fishhabitat; salmonid habitat; stream restoration COMMENTS: Fishery managers are placing large wood debris to restore habitats in salmonid streams in the Pacific Northwest. Desirable skills for habitat restoration practicioners are described. A process is presented to plan, implement, and monitor fish habitat restoration projects to maximize the potential for success. Innovative technologies adapted for large woody debris projects are described and sources for tools and materials are presented. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Potyondy,JP PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Technical issues related to nonpoint source management SOURCE: p.65-73. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: best management practices; non-point source pollution; water quality COMMENTS: Nonpoint source pollution is a major water quality problem. Because of inherent differences between point sources and nonpoint sources, different control strategies are required. Nonpoint source control strategies rely primarily on the application of Best Management Practices (BMP's) as the means to achieve protection of designated beneficial uses. Increasingly, environmental groups and regulatory agencies are looking toward instream numeric water quality criteria as a regulatory mechanism for controlling nonpoint sources. Numerous technical problems exist with this approach. The most significant being the highly variable and poorly understood relationships between land-use and the beneficial uses that have to be protected. The continued use of BMPs appears to offer important advantages over instream water quality standards and their continued use is suggested. In the long-term, monitoring data accumulated to evaluate BMPs can be used to build a sound scientific basis for eventual evolution to water quality based approaches. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ice,GG PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Approaches to solving nonpoint source issues SOURCE: p.74-79. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: non-point source pollution; water quality; watersheds COMMENTS: Numerous difficult nonpoint source issues are currently being addressed by western state agencies using innovative approaches. Issues include managing for cumulative effects, how to cooperatively manage in mixed-ownership watersheds, development and monitoring of load allocations for nonpoint sources, revisions to nonpoint source control programs, assessing BMP effectiveness, and application of antidegradation water quality standards. Many of these issues present almost intractable technical or social difficulties. A number of special approaches are being followed by states to address these concerns. These include: panels of experts, detailed decision strategies, adaptive management, interdisciplinary team assessments, cooperative watershed planning, and focused forest practice regulations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schmidt,LJ PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: The national riparian policy SOURCE: p.81-84. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: riparian management; riparian policy evaluation COMMENTS: In 1989, the US Forest Service initiated a national effort to make riparian area management a prominent part of the on-going forest planning and management process. The approach involved: (1) developing an integrated approach to implementing riparian standards and guidelines; (2) setting national, regional, and forest goals for on-the-ground accomplishment; (3) using an integrated basinwide approach to accomplish priority goals with demonstration areas on every district; (4) conducting an inventory of current riparian ecological conditions; (5) and building increased internal and external support for the initiative. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: LaFayette,RA; Pruitt,JR; Zeedyk,WD PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riparian area enhancement through road design and maintenance SOURCE: p.85-95. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: riparian restoration; road design/maintenance COMMENTS: Traditional road location, design, construction, and maintenance have generally had adverse effects on riparian areas. Road locations, drainage methods, and maintenance practices have resulted in a net loss of both acreage and related values in riparian areas, par- ticularly in the arid and semi-arid regions of the West. Results of these activities include drainage of riparian ecosystems, reduced site productivity, loss of fish and wildlife habitat, reduced base flows with increased peak flows, gully development, and accelerated downstream sedimentation. Recent changes in management philosophy and activities are reversing this trend by using road design and maintenance to rehabilitate riparian areas and restore their productivity. Methods being used to accomplish these goals include road obliteration, modified culvert designs, raised culvert inlets, modified bridge and ford design, flow dispersal, stilling basins, and more frequent and effective ditch management. Results have been dramatic, with more than 405 ha of degraded riparian areas improved or improving in the SW Region of the USFS. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeBano,LF; Rinne,JN; Medina,AL PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Understanding and managing southwestern riparian-stream ecosystems: National Forest Systems and Forest Service partnerships SOURCE: p.96-102. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: partnerships; riparian management COMMENTS: Partnerships between research scientists and land managers can facilitate the application of research findings. Successful partnerships developed between scientists and field staff have been involved in addressing riparian-stream interactions. These successful partnerships involve several interpersonal and organizational considerations. Examples and keys to successful partnerships are described. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bates,DT PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Development, implementation, and monitoring of riparian standards and guidelines SOURCE: p.103-107. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. TOPICS: monitoring; riparian management; riparian standards and guidelines COMMENTS: This paper discusses the development and implementation and results of the first year of monitoring of the Riparian Standards and Guidelines and the Riparian Management Guide (Gregory, 1990) used on the Willamette National Forest on western Oregon. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,RD PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Geomorphic effects of large woody debris in streams SOURCE: p.113-127. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: geomorphology; stream restoration; woody debris COMMENTS: This paper reviews the geomorphic effects of in-channel obstructions, including large woody debris. It includes discussion of debris flows, debris removal, obstruction-pool interactions, obstruction-channel morphology interactions, mechanisms of pool scour, and scour in obstruction-related pools. There is also a discussion of information needs for widespread application of the turbulent scour model in forest streams. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chavez,L PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Above-below diversion study SOURCE: p.145-150. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: diversion sites; stream channels COMMENTS: Stream channel condittions were studied above and below diversion sites on 20 streams in Colorado. Ninety-one percent of the channel reaches showed a decrease in a bankfull cross-sectional area, below diversions. Eighty-five percent sustained a decrease in bankfull width and eighty-eight percent had decreased in mean depth at bankfull. D50 particle sizes of streambed material decreased in seventy-two percent of the reaches. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bartuska,AM; Buford,MA PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: USDA Forest Service's National Wetlands Research Program SOURCE: p.160-167. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: riparian research; wetlands COMMENTS: This paper describes the genesis of the USDA Forest Service's National Wetlands Program, and gives a regional summary of some important wetlands and riparian research accomplishments of its eight research stations. Key program directions for future emphasis are also discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Toliver,JR PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Multiple-use values of forested wetlands - policy and management implications SOURCE: p.168-173. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: best management practices; silviculture; wetlands COMMENTS: Applying "normal silvicultural activities" through state-of-the-art "Best Management Practices" is crucial to maintaining and enhancing the multiple-use benefits and values of forested wetlands. The 1977 Clean Water Act (CWA) permitting normal silvicultural activities or practices in forested wetlands allows managers the opportunity to manage these wetlands for values such as timber, wildlife habitat, and clean water. Silvicultural practices and how they are applied to maintain or enhance the multiple-use benefits of forested wetlands are discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Vowell,Jl PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Management issues in forested wetlands SOURCE: p.174-177. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: wetlands COMMENTS: Management issues involving forested wetlands are largely centered around balancing utilization of the timber resource with other wetland functions and values. Because of the nature of timber harvesting activities, forest management issues concerning Streamside Management Zones, Bedding, Wetland Conversion, and Wet Weather Operations are complex and oftencontroversial. These issues are discussed, along with associated regulations, where applicable. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Malanson,GP PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riparian landscapes SOURCE: 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 306 pp. pages. TOPICS: landscape ecology; riparian management COMMENTS: This book examines the ecological systems of streamside and flood- plain areas from the perspective of landscape ecology. The author describes the specific spatial pattern of riparian vegetation as a result of, and a control on, the ecological, geomorphological, and hydrological processes that operate along rivers. He also discusses the role of the riparian zone in controlling species distribution and abundance and highlights the intelligent management of these valuable ecological resources. Finallly, he explores the potential for linking hydrological, geomorphological, ecological simulation models. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Todd,AH PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Watershed rehabilitation: a program for Lake Tahoe SOURCE: p.178-186. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: partnerships; watershed rehabilitation COMMENTS: Watershed rehabilitation has been recognized as a critical element in the programs needed to improve the quality of Lake Tahoe's waters. Erosion control and restoration needs in the Lake Tahoe Basin have been estimated at over $300 million on urban and forest lands. The USFS developed a comprehensive watershed rehabilitation program for forest lands in approximately 1980 and has since completed projects on over 3000 acres of disturbed slopes and streamzones. The program includes holistic watershed problem inventories, cooperative fisheries/streamzone rehabilitation projects, retrofit of forest facilities and roads, harsh site revegetation, KV and mitigation projects, and erosion control monitoring. Program success stems from institutionalizing the Forest commitment to watershed rehabilitation in the planning/budget process, and the involvement of partners and support groups. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hansen,WF PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Watershed rehabilitation and monitoring SOURCE: p.187-200. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: monitoring; stewardship; watershed rehabilitation COMMENTS: An overview of watershed rehabilitation is discussed . Examples of project successes and failures are included . Primary emphasis is placed on USFS opportunities and programs to rehabilitate severe natural or man-induced conditions that can dominate water quality and beneficial uses. The information provided may prove useful to increase management or specialist awareness of rehabilitation opportunities and benefits as well as encourage the use of public participation and involvement to provide support to agency land and resource stewardship efforts. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wirtz,B; Martinez,R; Sims,B PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Watershed restoration on the French Mesa Grazing Allotment SOURCE: p.201-204. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-279. TOPICS: consensus; erosion control; watershed restoration COMMENTS: A Watershed Condition Inventory was completed on the French Mesa Grazing Allotment on the Santa Fe National Forest in north central New Mexico in 1988. This inventory identified and documented numerous erosional problems which were linked to ongoing land management practices. Meetings were held with allotment permittees and and interdisciplinary Forest Service planning team. The team was successful in reaching consensus with the permittees and restoration measures were employed. These measures included earth dam gully plugs, sagebrush mowing, fencing which created new pastures, road management, and repair of existing developments. The key to success was in establishing cooperative ties with the permittees and over- coming traditional attitudes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Masters,L; Swanson,S; Burkhardt,W PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riparian grazing management that worked: I. Introduction and winter grazing SOURCE: Rangelands 18(5), 192-195. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock grazing; riparian management COMMENTS: Various sites in Nevada represented a spectrum of elevations, vegetation communities, precipitation patterns, and historical uses. These factors all contributed to recent differences in watershed condition. On one allotment, long term winter use maintained healthy conditons along most of two streams. On another, winter grazing proved successful for restoring streamside vegetation and building new stream channels. These treatments followed season-long and year-round grazing, which in combination with other use impacts, had created more unstable conditions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Masters,L; Swanson,S; Burkhardt,W PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Riparian grazing that worked: II. Rotation with and without rest and riparian pastures SOURCE: Rangelands 18(5), 196-200. TOPICS: grazing systems; livestock impacts; rest-rotation; riparian management COMMENTS: Rest-rotation grazing strategies can be specifically designed for the unique conditions of an allotment or watershed. The three- pasture rest-rotation systems can succeed with seasons of use matched to climate, moderate stocking rates, and maintenance (rather than improvement) of herbaceous and woody vegetation. More complex systems may be appropriate when streambanks require more protection and the additional pastures allow for shorter grazing seasons and greater flexibility. Season of grazing use should be determined by site elevation, mean annual precipitation and seasonal occurrence, and aspect. Higher elevation, cool, mesic sites may respond well to summer grazing. Low elevation, hot, dry sites, however, may respond better to early or late applications within the rotation schedule. Grazing use on critical riparian areas should be kept moderate to low. Utilization standards can guarantee conservative use if they focus on the right plants in the right places at the right lkevels. All such efforts require the full cooperation of both the managing agency and the permittees. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rabe,F; Elzinga,C; Breckenridge,R PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Classification of meandering glide and spring stream natural areas in Idaho SOURCE: Natural Areas Journal 14(3), 188-202. TOPICS: idaho streams; natural areas; stream classification COMMENTS: The authors present a classification of meandering glide and spring stream types in Idaho that effectively identifies potential sites as additional natural areas in a statewide network of those reserves. These two stream types are defined by water source, sinuosity, substrate, and other physical characteristics. The first level of the heirarchical classification separates streams based on geomorphologic landscape characteristics. Further subdivisions consider water chemistry and plant communities. Modifying terms provide detail but are not essential in the classification scheme. This classification approach is compared to others and describes 16 sites representing the two stream types. Photographs and captions describing the classification is shown for each stream site. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Todd,PA PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Mountain beaver habitat use and management implications in Yosemite National Park SOURCE: Natural Areas Journal 12(1), 26-31. TOPICS: beaver; natural areas; stream classification; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Sierra Nevada mountain beavers were studied in Yosemite National Park, California to describe current and historic distributions and habitat use, and to evaluate the need for state or federal protection. A survey of eight riparian areas, each 15 km long, conducted during the summers of 1988 and 1989 indicated that distribution has changed over the past 100 years partly from human impacts. Development pressures have impacted several active sites. Four variables characterizing mountain beaver habitat, which may be useful in distinguishing potential habitat, were shrub and herbaceous plant abundance, stream depth, and stream gradient. Techniques used in this investigation may be applicable to species of concern in other natural areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rabe,FW; Chadde,SW PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Classification of aquatic and semiaquatic wetland natural areas in Idaho and western Montana SOURCE: Natural Areas Journal 14(3), 175-187. TOPICS: aquatic areas; natural areas; wetland classification COMMENTS: A heirarchical classification of aquatic and semiaquatic zones asociated with lentic (standing water) systems in Idaho and western Montana is proposed. This classification is structured like Cowardin et al. (1979), but is modified to apply to conditions in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Aquatic or open water sites are defined as having a depth greater than 0.5 m. Sites less than 0.5 m were considered semiaquatic. Wetland types found in Idaho and Montana such as peatlands, marshes, potholes, swamps, and vernal pools are described and classified. Photos of selected study sites illustrate the classification process. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thompson,DQ PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: History of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) biological control efforts SOURCE: Natural Areas Journal 11(3), 148-. TOPICS: incomplete; biological control; natural areas; purple loosestrife; wetlands COMMENTS: After a relatively slow beginning on the northeastern maritime coast, purple loosestrife has spread across temperate North America to the Pacific Coast. It has displaced native wetland vegetation in pastures, marshes, and riparian meadows. Thus far, all methods of cultural, mechanical, and chemical controls have proven unsatisfactory for use in natural areas. Since 1968, the beginnings of a purple loosestrife monitoring network have succeeded in obtaining congressional support for the biological control of purple loosestrife. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wallace,JB; Grubaugh,JW; Whiles,MR PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Biotic indices and stream ecosystem processes: results from an experimental study SOURCE: Ecological Applications 6(1), 140-151. TOPICS: biotic indices; stream monitoring COMMENTS: The authors investigated the ability of the North Carolina Biotic Index (NCBI) and the Ephemeroptera + Plecoptera + Trichoptera (EPT) index to track the experimental manipulation of the invertebrate community and resultant alteration of several ecosystem-level processes in headwater streams in western North Carolina. The EPT indes was the easiest to use from both the standpoint of time required for sample processing and ease of application. The EPt indes was relatively simple and displayed a remarkable ability to track the secondary production of invertebrates in the treatment stream. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stromberg,JC; Tiller,R; Richter,B PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Effects of groundwater decline on riparian vegetation of semiarid regions: The San Pedro, Arizona SOURCE: Ecological Applications 6(1), 113-131. TOPICS: ecosystem degradation; groundwater; riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: Groundwater depletion threatens many riparian ecosystems in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The aquifer that sustains Arizona's San Pedro River riparian ecosystem, for example, is threatened by regional groundwater declines and localized pumping from the alluvial aquifer. This paper demonstrates the important role of shallow groudwater in structuring the San Pedro River plant community, portions of which function as reference areas that indicate site potential for a globally rare forest type. Several ecological indicators varied with depth to groundwater, including a weighted average wetland indicator score calculated for herbaceous and woody plant species, cover of plants within wetland indicator groups, and frequency of indicator plant species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wallace,PM; Kent,DM; Rich,DR PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Responses to wetland tree species to hydrology and soils SOURCE: Restoration Ecology 4(1), 33-41. TOPICS: hydrology; riparian soils; riparian trees; wetland species COMMENTS: The authors conducted a study of the flood tolerance of nine wetland tree species on seven soil types in western Florida. Seedlings were subjected to 11 months of continuous shallow inundation or moist soil conditions on three mineral soils, two organic soils, a manufactured designed to mimic the practice of layering muck over mineral soil, and a stockpiled topsoil. In general, greatest net height and total biomass were achieved on moist organic soils, and least net height and total biomass were achieved on stockpiled topsoils and inundated soils. Findings suggest that transfer of organic soils will benefit restoration and creation efforts, and that layering organic soils over mineral soil is more effective than using mineral soils or stockpiled topsoil. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Zonge,L; Swanson,S PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Changes on streambanks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: perspectives from a dry and a wet year SOURCE: Restoration Ecology 4(2), 192-199. TOPICS: channel erosion; drought effects; riparian vegetation; streambanks COMMENTS: This paper summarizes the findings of a two-year study of vegetation and streambank erosion on incised streams. The first year of the research was conducted during the sixth year of a drought. During the second year of study, precipitation totals ranged from normal to 200% of normal. The focus of the study was to determine if vegetation established on a bank affects the erosion of or deposition on that bank. During the drought year, most banks showed relatively little change. During the high water year, 27% of all vegetation and 32% of all bare llower banks retreated more than 250 mm. This similarity between vegetated and unvegetated banks indicates that, on the streams studied, vegetation had little effect on bank erosion. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rosgen,DL PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A stream classification system SOURCE: p.10-16. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Moutain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: stream classification COMMENTS: A stream classification is presented which categorizes various stream types by morphological characteristics. Delineation criteria are stream gradient, sinuosity, width/depth ration, channel materials, entrenchment, confinement, and soil/landform features. Applications include riparian management guidelines, fishery habitat interpretations, hydraulic geometry, and sediment transport relationships. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stednick,JD PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The influence of riparian/wetland systems on surface water quality SOURCE: p.17-19. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium by the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: nutrient removal; riparian ecosystems; water quality COMMENTS: Principles of water quality maintenance or improvement by riparian/wetland systems have been used to wastewater renovation systems. The removal or immobilization of organic or inorganic sediments, nitrogen and phosphorous, and heavy metals has the potential to improve point source and nonpoint source water quality. Riparian/wetland management must include recognition ot the hydrology-soils-water quality interrelationships. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Knopf,FL PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Riparian wildlife habitats: more, worth less, and under invasion SOURCE: p.20-22. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposiuum of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: riparian vegetation; woody species COMMENTS: Displacement of native woody species will produce dramatic physiognomic transformation of native communities from multi- layered, multi-species assemblages to simpler, uniform "scrub" landscapes. This displacement will be accompanied by a 30% loss in the number of migratory bird species breeding in lowland areas. The author projects that Rocky Mountain and western Great Plains vegetation below 1500 m elevation will include 50 percent canopy coverage of Russian olive within the next 50 years and 90 percent Russian olive in 90 years. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cooper,DJ PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Mountain wetland vegetation dynamics SOURCE: p.23-25. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A Symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. TOPICS: plant propagation; vegetation dynamics; wetlands COMMENTS: Many wetland plants reproduce largely by very vigorous rhizomes. This can be used to the advantage of those trying to revegetate disturbed wetlands that do not have hydrologic problems. Many of the most common wetland species have very broad niches and can occur in a wide variety of situations. They can be propagated by stem cuttings, sprigging, soil banking and respreading, plugs and many other means. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: MacDonnel,LJ PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetlands protection and water rights SOURCE: p.8-9. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: water rights COMMENTS: Establishing a water right for wetlands likely will involve four legal issues: 1.) the physical diversions requirement, 2) the exclusive enjoyment requirement, 3)the beneficial purpose requirement, and 4) the efficient and beneficial use requirement. Meeting all four requirements will pose significant difficulties inmost states. However, there are options in most states by which water for wetlands can be given a legally protected status. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dougherty,S PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetlands mitigation banking: a policy worth pursuing in Colorado SOURCE: p.49-54. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: wetlands mitigation banking COMMENTS: Mitigation banking is a concept in which a developer or group of developers would undertake measures to create, restore, enhance, or restore environments similar to those that will be impacted. The adoption and implementation of wetlands mitigation banking can produce win-win solutions to many of the present Section 404 (FWPCA) difficulties experienced by agencies and applicants. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tiedemann,RB PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Development and use of a wetland bank as a mitigation alternative in Idaho SOURCE: p.55-60. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. TOPICS: wetland mitigation banking; wetlands restoration COMMENTS: Wetlands restoration is, at times, impossible to accomplish on- site, comes with such risk that successful mitigation cannot be assured, or can only be accomplished at extraordinary cost. Use of a previously constructed, off-site wetland may be appropriate in these situations to compensate for wetland losses. This paper documents the development of the wetland banking system in Idaho and the consensus building which has led to a memorandum of agreement with all resource and regulatory agencies with a statutary interest in wetland issues. The Idaho effort is the first to enlarge the scope of wetland banking to an entire state and to all the 4 activities of an sigle agency (Idaho Transportation Department). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Scott,ML; Horak,GC; Slauson,WL PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Landscape analysis of woody riparian vegetation along a portion of the Cache La Poudre River, CO SOURCE: p.63-70. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: land use; landscape analysis; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Infrared aerial photography was used to assess the extent of woody riparian vegetation along a gradient from urban to agricultural areas on the Cache La Poudre River, CO. Although the aerial extent of riparian vegetation in the urban area is not significantly different than that in the agricultural area, detailed examinations of land use patterns in indicated a change in occurrence and nature of riparian vegetation from urban to agricultural land uses. In urban areas, riparian vegetation is associated with gravel mined areas or narrow alluvial terraces between the channel and channel riprap. In contrast, riparian vegetation in agricultural areas with unconfined channelsis found on point bars and low, uncultivated alluvial terraces along the channel edge. Decisions regarding the values and management of ecosystems should be made in view of landscape level changes in hydrology, vegetation dynamics, and land uses. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sun,K PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Historical perspective of riparian areas along the Oregon Trail SOURCE: p.71-72. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: riparian classification; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: This paper describes range sites based on photographic and narrative information in the Sweetwater Valley, Wyoming from the 1870's to the present time. The author projects contemporary technical ratings systems to historical conditions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Athearn,FJ PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Habitat in the past: historical perspectives of riparian zones on the White River SOURCE: p.73-75. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: riparian habitat; riparian vegetation; riparian zones COMMENTS: Beginning in 1880, much of the woody vegetation along the White River, CO, was removed for agricultural purposes. Elimination of vegetation resulted in increased run-off, unstable soils, and a reduction of surface vegetative cover. The present time indicates the reintroduction of cottonwoods and willows for bank stabilization. Restoration after human disturbance is occurring as landowners increasingly recognize the importance of riparian habitat. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Henzy,RJ; Wolff,SW; Wesche,TA; Skinner,QD; Hubert,WA PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Assessment of a flow enhancement project as a riparian and fishery habitat mitigation effort SOURCE: p.88-93. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. TOPICS: riparian habitat; stream enhancement; stream flow COMMENTS: As part of mitigation procedures for impacts caused by a water development project in the Little Snake River Drainage, WY, the flow in a previously ephemeral watercourse on the east slope of the Laramie Range is being enhanced to create a perennial stream. Water used enhance this flow is obtained by transbasin diversion. The mitigation is being done in hopes of enhancing the riparian and fishery habitat. This paper describes the study to assess the results of this action and the feasibility of applying this strategy to other watersheds. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Roesser,Jr,JC PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Blue River reclamation project, Breckenridge, CO SOURCE: p.94-101. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: riparian restoration; stream rehabilitation COMMENTS: An assemblage of partnerships has been instrumental in re-creating a river and wetland environment that was lost years ago to gold mining operations. One-half mile of river, including a new river channel, drop structures, and revegetation has been reconstructed at approximately one-half the cost of typical riparian reclamation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rink,LP; Wikndell,JR PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Riparian wetland enhancement in the San Miguel River Valley, Telluride, CO SOURCE: p.102-105. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. TOPICS: riparian restoration; wetland enhancement COMMENTS: Historically, the San Miguel River corridor had been severely impacted by channelization, mine tailing deposition, and livestock grazing. The mitigation project involves replacement of riparian vegetation, streambank stabilization through willow plantings, creating riparian wetland buffer zones, and enhanced control of nonpoint source pollution control. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Emerick,JC PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The restoration potential for wetlands impacted by acid mine drainage in the Colorado Rocky Mountains SOURCE: p.109-111. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. TOPICS: acid mine wastes; wetlands restoration COMMENTS: Restoration possibilities for wetland systems that are presently impacted by mine drainage include: 1. removing the source of metals (by rechanneling drainages or removing tailings), 2. reducing the toxicological effects of some metals by judicious application of Ca and P to stimulate plant production, and 3. removing some of the soil and replacing it with a layer of organic mulch, then planting plugs of healthy vegetation on 2- or 3-foot centers. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tupa,M; Olgeirson,E; Stevens,M PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Beaver Creek stream relocation and restoration, Beaver Creek Ski Area, Avon, CO SOURCE: p.112-114. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. TOPICS: stream restoration COMMENTS: This paper describes an interdisciplinary team approach to designing and constructing a stream reach in the central Rocky Mountains. Pooled skills and backgrounds contributed to the overall success of this project. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Buckner,DL; Wheeler,RL PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Construction of cattail wetlands along the East Slope of the Front Range of Colorado SOURCE: p.126-131. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: wetland restoration; wetlands COMMENTS: This paper describes the objectives, methods, and results of construction of 12 acres of cattail wetland at Boulder Reservoir and discusses recommended procedures and potential problems for similar projects along the east slope of the Front Range, CO. Use of live topsoiling was a feasible means of establishing wetland vegetation quickly, with a high diversity of species. Cattails were propagated by seed resulting in almost-mature stands in about four months. The creation of appropriate hydrological conditions was more critical than propagating wetland species. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Borutski,D PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The Alberta streambank fencing program SOURCE: p.133-137. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetlands and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Weland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: riparian enhancement; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The streambank fencing program in Alberta has experienced a high degree of public support because of dramatic increases in fish populations and angling use. Landowner concerns, however, continue to be problematical. Strategies to address these concerns include: financial and other forms of compensation for lost agricultural production in riparian areas, implementation of low-impact grazing systems, and land exchanges to acquire desirable riparian areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Auble,GT; Hamilton,DB; Clayton,J; Fredrickson,LH PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A prototype expert system for moist soil management SOURCE: p.137-143. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO. TOPICS: wetlands management COMMENTS: Moist soil management is an intensive management strategy for wetland wildlife habitat, It involves manipulating seasonally flooded, manmade impoundments to provide hydrologic conditions and food resources for migrating waterfowl. Effective moist soil management requires considerable expertise concerning how wetland units will respond to management actions and how multiple objectives can be met with complimentary management regimes on sets of units. This paper describes a computer program that suggests management regimes for a set of moist soil impoundments. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hancock,JL PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Selling a successful riparian management program: a public land manager's point of view SOURCE: p.1-3. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: riparian management COMMENTS: The major challenge for public land managers is selling an effective riparian management program to public land users, interest groups, and private landowners whose holdings are intermingled with public lands throughout the west. A successful program developed in central Oregon in the preceding 10 years was based upon six major steps: 1.) identifying benefits derived from proper riparian management,2.) having access to a recovered riparian area accomplished through grazing management, 3.) bringing key players together to agree on goals, alternatives, and a plan of action, 4.) closely monitoring progress in reaching goals, 5.) keeping all parties involved and communicating, and 6.) remaining flexible to changes needed to make the program work. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hanson,ML PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: The Oregon Watershed Improvement Coalition's approach to riparian management SOURCE: p.5-6. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: riparian management COMMENTS: A unique coalition of ranchers, environmentalists, and range specialists, the Oregon Watershed Improvement Coalition is dedicated to improving communications between its member groups and improving riparian ecological conditions in Oregon's rangeland environment. Formed in 1986, the OWIC has developed, through the consensus process, specific objectives to meet it's goal of insuring the long term benefits of riparian areas and their associated uplands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nedeff,N PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Cooperative resource management on the Muleshoe Ranch Preserve SOURCE: p.7-9. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: riparian management COMMENTS: The Muleshoe Ranch (22,182 ha) is a historic cattle ranch owned jointly by the Arizona Nature Conservancy, the Bureau of Land Management, and the US Forest Service. One of the best watered areas in southern AZ, the ranch supports seven perennial streams and five species of rare native species. Riparian forests and mesic shrublands also provide habitat to uncommon bird and mammal species. Riparian and watershed protection and enhancement are among the most important biological management objectives and serve to focus cooperative management activities between the three operating agencies. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Phinney,DE; Deusen,MS; Keller,SM; Knudsen,PA PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: A new approach to riparian management in Washington State SOURCE: p.11-15. In: Practical approches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: conflict resolution; riparian management COMMENTS: The 1974 State Forest Practices Act regulates forest practices on state and private forest lands in Washington in order to protect public resources and maintain a viable forest industry. New conflicts between industries, tribes, environmentalists, and state agencies have evolved as revisions to the Act have been adopted. In 1986, when riparian management regulations were proposed, rampant controversy erupted. With the assistance of a non-profit organization, the State brought all represntatives of interests into a negotiating process. The Timber, Fish, and Wildlife Agreement has successfully resolved previous conflicts by providing positive benefits to all parties while sustaining regulatory integrity. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hemstrom,MA PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Integration of riparian data in a Geographic Information System SOURCE: p.17-22. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: gis; stream enhancement COMMENTS: A geographic information system (GIS) offers the opportunity to integrate stream resource information at the watershed scale. A case study is presented that uses several layers of information and their uses in developing a stream enhancement model. The GIS map and information bases for Cummins Creek, Oregon Coast Range, included geomorphic stream reaches, stand conditions, plant associations, large woody debris survey, and the stream network. Integration of these data bases allows analysis of the distribution of large woody debris, potential input of woody debris from riparian stands, and the location of areas most suitable for silvicultural treatment to increase the representation of decay- resistant wood in riparian stands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Horak,GC PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Integrated riparian planning in the urban setting SOURCE: p.41-44. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: riparian management; riparian planning COMMENTS: The city of Fort Collins, CO has implemented an innovative approach to riparian area creation and preservation. The solid foundation provided by previous planning products ( open space, basin master, urban fishery, wildlife, and national recreation plans) are contributing to sensible decisions concerning riparian areas. Environmental advantages are complemented by functional values such as flood control and recreational benefits. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Chadde,SW; Pfister,RD; Hansen,PL PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Management implications for riparian dominance types of Montana SOURCE: p.83-85. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: riparian classification; riparian management COMMENTS: A classification system of Montana's riparian plant communities, based on dominant species, was developed by the Montana Riparian Association. The dominance-type approach allows land managers to identify, inventory, and map riparian communities, plus it provides basic management information for each type. A weakness of this classification method is the broad and overlapping range of environments spanned by individual dominance types. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bilby,RE; Wasserman,LJ PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Forest practices and riparian management in Washington State:data- based regulation requirement SOURCE: p.87-94. In: Pracical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: riparian forest; riparian management COMMENTS: Since 1986, separate regulations were devised for eastern and western Washington due to the differences in vegetation, climate, and timber management strategies. In western Washington, where clear-cutting is the predominant harvest method, regulations were based on existing data on large organic debris (LOD) loading in channels coupled with simulation models of stand dynamics. Data for eastern Washington were collected specifically for the purpose of developing new regulations. Uneven-aged management is the most common silvicultural technique practiced in this area. Regulations were designed to maintain LOD levels observed in unmanaged stands and were based on the relationship between stand density and LOD frequency. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goodman,T; Donart,GB; Kiesling,HE; Holochek,JL; Neel,JP; Manzanares,D; Severson,KE PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Cattle behavior with emphasis on time and activity allocations between upland and riparian habitats SOURCE: p.95-102. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management.An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: grazing effects; grazing systems COMMENTS: Cattle distribution and behavior were studied in riparian and upland habitats at Fort Bayard in SW New Mexico. A three-pasture seasonal rotation grazing scheme with a moderate stocking rate was employed after 47 years of no grazing. Habitat use shifted from heavy use on riparian areas during the growing season to virtually no grazing use during the dormant season. Riparian use was also influenced by pasture changes. Riparian observations increased significantly (P<0.05) during the first data collections in a new pasture. During the dormant season, open-upland and browse-upland were selected. Time spent grazing and distance travelled were greatest during the summer months and least during the winter months. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Marlow,CB; Olson-Rutz,K; Atchley,J PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Response of a southwest Montana riparian system to four grazing management alternatives SOURCE: p.111-116. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: grazing effects; grazing systems COMMENTS: The effects of deferred rotation, Savory Grazing Method (SGM), season-long, and livestock exclusion has been monitored for 3 years. A decline in trout habitat condition appeared to be more a function of stream discharge and channel aggradation than grazing management. Studies also suggest that that it is the interaction between grazing and stream discharge events that dictate the magnitude of streambank alteration. Downward shifts in cattle numbers will probably not limit streambank degradation and loss of trout habitat. Decreasing the length of access time that cattle have to riparian zones and adjusting the grazing period to coincide with low streambank moisture levels are two devices that show promise for improving riparian zone protection. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clifton,C PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Effects of vegetation and land use on channel morphology SOURCE: p.121-129. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: land use; stream morphology; vegetation effects COMMENTS: Spatial and temporal morphologic variability in mountain streams may be attributed to local prevailing conditions. In the Blue Mountains of central Oregon, morphologically distinct reaches result from differences in the composition and structure of streamside vegetation, physiography, and land use. Comparisons of grazed and ungrazed meadow reaches and a forested reach loaded with large organic debris reveal special differences related to the local environmental setting. Overall, width, depth, and cross-section area do not increase systematically downstream. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dickson,JG PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Streamside zones and wildlife in southern U.S. forests SOURCE: p.131-133. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: riparian vertebrates; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Strips of mature trees, retained along intermittant streams when streams were harvested and replanted to pine, reduce effects of nonpoint pollution and enhance wildlife habitat. Relative abundance of vertebrates was related to the width of those strips. Virtually no squirrels were found in narrow streamside zones. Amphibians and reptiles were abundant in medium and wide streamside zones characterized by canopied overstory, shaded understory, and leaf litter. Amphibians and reptiles were low in abundance in dense brushy narrow zones with logging slash, but this habitat supported the highest abundance of small mammals. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dieter,CD; McCabe,MC PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Habitat use by beaver along the Big Sioux River in eastern South Dakota SOURCE: p.135-139. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: beaver; riparian forest; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Habitat use by beavers was investigated in grazed and ungrazed areas. Forty-eight percent of the trees in ungrazed areas were small (<7.5 cm), but a majority of trees (58%) in grazed areas were large (>30 cm). A greater proportion of trees were cut by beavers in ungrazed than grazed areas. Beaver did not select trees for cutting according to availability. Trees cut by beaver were significantly smaller in diameter than uncut trees. Mean distance from water for cut trees was less than for uncut trees. Over one-half of the trees damaged by beavers either resprouted or remained alive after cutting. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hamilton,JB PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Response of juvenile steelhead to instream deflectors in a high gradient stream SOURCE: p.149-158. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana. TOPICS: fishhabitat; habitat improvement COMMENTS: Stream channel characteristics and juvenile steelhead populations were estimated before and after placement of boulder/rock triangular wing deflectors in 10 sections of a northern California stream in an effort to improve rearing habitat. After winter flows, only 14 percent of the structures were functionally intact. Reviews of similar projects indicated that habitat improvements that actually increase steelhead populations have usually been sited on lower gradient (mean = 1 %) stream reaches. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kondolf,GM; Micheli,ER PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Evaluating stream restoration projects SOURCE: Environmental Management 19(1), 1-15. TOPICS: riparian restoration; stream restoration COMMENTS: River and stream restoration projects are increasingly numerous but rarely subjected to systematic postproject evaluation. Postproject evaluation must be incorporated into the initial design of each project, with the choice orf evaluation technique based directly upon the specific project goals against which performance will be evaluated. The authors emphasize measurement of geomorphic characteristics, as these constitute the physical framework supporting riparian and aquatic ecosystem. Techniques for evaluating other components are discussed, particularly where they relate to geomorphic variables. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hibbs,DE; Giordano,PA PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Vegetation characteristics of alder-dominated riparian buffer strips in the Oregon Coast Range SOURCE: Northwest Science 70(3), 213-222. TOPICS: riparian forest; woody species COMMENTS: The authors examined the effects of harvesting adjacent trees on tree regeneration, understory development, and overstory dynamics in riparian buffer strips and compared them with undisturbed riparian communities. Through a chronosequence of buffers aged 0 to 32 years, little change in overstory composition or cover was observed. Tree regeneration was scarce. The alder-dominated community appeared largely resistant to environmental changes associated with becoming buffer strips. Future tree regeneration may be limited after alder senescence. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: France,RL; Peters,RH PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Predictive model of the effects of lake metabolism of decreased airborne litterfall through riparian deforestation SOURCE: Conservation Biology 9(6), 1578-1586. TOPICS: nutrient cycles; riparian forest COMMENTS: The importance of airborne allochthonous litter to the carbon and nutrient budgets of lakes has been seldom studied. These studies suggest that terrestrial litter can contribute up to 15% of the total carbon supply to oligotrophic lakes and up to 10% of the total phosphorous supply to lakes with a large surface area relative to that of their drainage basin. Results were incorporated into a simple model that predicts that removal of shoreline trees could increse the ratio of plankton production to respiration in oligotrophic lakes situated within small drainage basins. Such lakes may therefore shift from allotrophy to autotrophy following riparian deforestation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Carlson,JR PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Selection, production, and use of riparian plant materials for the western United States SOURCE: p.55-67. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-211. TOPICS: plant materials; riparian plantings COMMENTS: Riparian plantings are established to restore native plant communities, stabilize streambanks and shorelines, restore fish and wildlife habitat, improve surface and ground water quality, and control weedy phreatophytes. Native planting stock may be collected from local sources or provided by commercial nurseries. Source guidelines are based on relatively narrow target areas inferred from riparian site classifications and constrained by limited knowledge of the genetic structure of plants. Riparian plant cultivars are developed with specific structural attributes. Nurseries should emphasize production of large plant materials, such as stumps and poles. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Garcia,B; Williams,RL PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: The Strawberry Valley Project: A history and initial experiences SOURCE: p.68-70. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-211. TOPICS: reclamation practices; riparian restoration COMMENTS: After acquisition by the US Forest Service and changes in grazing practices, the Strawberry Valley in Wasatch, Utah, initiated a series of rehabilitation projects. These included streambank stabilization, installation of gulley plugs, and willow planting. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goodrich,S PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Field key to Salix of Utah based on vegetative features SOURCE: p.71-73. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-211. TOPICS: field key; plant identification; willow COMMENTS: A field key to Salix (willows) of Utah based on vegetative features is presented. Thirty species are described. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hurd,EG; Shaw,NL PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Seed technology of Carex and Juncus species of the Intermountain Region SOURCE: p.74-83. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. US Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-211. TOPICS: plant materials; seed technology COMMENTS: Seed technology is being developed for common sedges and common rushes of the Intermountain Region to evaluate the feasibility of propagating container stock from seed as well as from vegetative material. Germination requiremnts vary among species. Pretreatments are being developed to enhance germination. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Morgenson,G PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Vegetative propagation of poplar and willow SOURCE: p.84-86. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. US Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-211. TOPICS: plant materials; plant propagation COMMENTS: This paper discusses the processes involved in the propagation of poplar and willow from hardwood cuttings including stooling block establishment, cutting planting, growth, use of equipment, and chemical inputs. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Evans,JM PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Propagation of riparian species in southern California SOURCE: p.87-90. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-211. TOPICS: plant materials; plant propagation; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Riparian corridors in southern California are typically vegetated with a tree cover, an understory shrub layer of woody plants, and a sub-shrub cover of herbaceous plants. As mitigation for Least Bell's Vireo, an endangered species, habitat is being restored using nursery produced container and bare root plants. Propagation and production techniques are described. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Greytak,G PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: A technique for producing riparian plants for Nevada SOURCE: p.91-93. In: Proceedings, Intetrmountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-211. TOPICS: plant materials; plant propagation; wetland restoration COMMENTS: This paper provides a brief overview of riparian planting as it occurs in Nevada and then describes a method the nursery is using to produce plants for use in constructed wetland creation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jahn,LR PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Strengthening procedures for maintaining wetlands SOURCE: p.1-8. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: wetlands management COMMENTS: Legal authorities, implementation procedures, and management techniques to maintain and enhance our wetlands must be strengthened to perpetuate their wide array of public values and services. The pressing need is for federal, state, and local governments to recognize all values associated with wetlands and to work actively and cooperatively to advance comprehensive wetland maintenance programs through the public trust doctrine of law. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tiner,RW,Jr PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Agricultural impacts on wetlands in the northeastern United States SOURCE: p.9-14. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: wetlands management COMMENTS: Despite its reputation as a highly industrialized region, the northeastern U.S. is mostly farmland and forests. Consequently, the agricultural impacts to wetlands are more sigmificant than commonly thought. Available information about these impacts is presented. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bardecki,MJ PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Impacts of agricultural land drainage om wetlands SOURCE: p.15-21. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetlands management COMMENTS: A discussion of the impacts of agricultural drainage is presented based on a municipality-specific investigation of the distribution of drainage in Ontario, Canada. This analysis forms the basis for the identification of areas of concern regarding potential impacts on wetlands and provides a regional perspective on the past and present distributions of wetlands and their relationship to agricultural drainage. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stinnett,DP; Smith,RW; Conrady,SW PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Riparian areas of western Oklahoma: a case study of the Canadian River SOURCE: p.22-29. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; riparian inventory COMMENTS: An inventory was conducted for wetland composition on the Canadian River floodplain in 1954-55 and in 1981-84. Eleven palustrine and riverine wetland types were quantified through computer digitization. Results were analyzed for temporal and for trend identification in distribution of wetland types. Total wetlands declined from 38, 655 ha to 23,717 ha. Conversion of floodplain land to agriculture and plant colonization of unconsolidated alluvial sediments have occurred. Wetland and associated floodplain changes were principally due to hydrological modifications in the upper Canadian River Basin. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lewis,GL; Bockelman,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetlands impacts of large scale center-pivot irrigation in Nebraska's Sandhills: hydrologic and habitat issues SOURCE: p.30-37. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-27 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetland management; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Wetlands impacts from irrigation were investigated at an intensive center-pivot irrigation operation in Nebrasks's Sandhills region. Ground water levels have recently risen, creating record wet conditions and necessitating drainage of farmland. At issue in mitigation and restoration planning were whether climate or farming promoted high water tables and what effects ditching and wetland modification had on available breeding habitat for waterfowl. Hydrologic investigations indicated that area geology substantiated the existance of an aquitard below the property. Examination of well data and predipitation records did not support the hypotheses that excessive irrigation or perching due to the aquitard were causing the rises. Instead, there was strong temporal correlation between water level changes and corresponding precipitation amounts, since area precipitation was averaging 120 percent of normal for the previous six years. Blue-winged teal habitat units at two major ditches declined by 57-72 percent in these same years. These declines occurred because the ditched areas had become so wet that the upland nesting habitat rather than wetland habitat was limiting production. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Willard,DE; Willis,JA; Hillegeist,CL PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Regional-scale impacts from using agricultural wastewater for wildlife refuges SOURCE: p.47-54. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: wetland management; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Many western wetlands serve as agricultural wastewater sumps. These will inevitably build up contaminants. Mitigation sites should receive water upstream of agriculture. These upstream refuges will have greater ecological utility if they are available for populations to "spread the risk" before thr existing sump refuge becomes hazardous. Time is short! ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Winger,PW; Schultz,DP; Johnson,WW PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Contaminanat residues in fish from national wildlife refuges in the southeast SOURCE: p.38-46. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetlands management; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: In fish from five of twenty refuges sampled, mean residue concentrations of organochlorine chemicals in fish tissue were at levels high enough to pose a threat to fish-eating wildlife. Concentrations of elemental contaminants in fish were considered higher than background levels in only six of twenty refuges surveyed. Potential environmental impacts of the chemicals of the elements at these levels are not known. Most refuges in the SE reflect contamination from agricultural chemicals, but only 5 of 20 examined were seriously contaminated. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Grue,CE; Tome,MW; Swanson,GA; Borthwick,SM; DeWeese,LR PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Agricultural chemicals and the quality of prairie-pothole wetlands for adult and juvenile waterfowl - what are the concerns SOURCE: p.55-64. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; waterfowl management; wetlands management COMMENTS: A review of the literature and results of ongoing studies indicates that the potential for agricultural chemicals, particularly aerially-applied insecticides, to enter prairie potholes and reduce the quality of these wetlands for waterfowl is great, and that a coordinated effort by farmers, wildlife managers, and regulatory agencies is needed to minimize and mitigate these impacts. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dinan,KF PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetland protection in the Rainwater Basin of Nebraska SOURCE: p.65-72. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetlands management COMMENTS: The Rainwater Basin covers parts of 17 counties in central Nebraska south of the Platte River. Historically, 4,000 wetlands totaling 94,000 acres occurred in the Basin. Today, less than 400 of these wetlands remain, totaling about 20,000 acres. Many of the Rainwater Basin wetlands have been dramatically altered or destroyed, primarily due to agricultural practices designed to gain additional cropland and eliminate wetlands that interfere with center-pivot systems. One step being taken by federal and state agencies to protect the Rainwater Basin is application of the Advanced Identification of Disposal Sites Process within the Clean Water Act, more commonly called the 230.80 Process. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heimlich,RE PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The swampbuster provision: implementation and impact SOURCE: p.87-94. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protecting wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetlands management COMMENTS: The location and conversion probability of wetlands were analyzed in relation to direct government payments for U.S. counties. Swampbuster provisions will likely retard conversion on only about one-third of convertible wetlands. The author suggests that preservation of our wetland heritage, because federal programs fall short, may now be up to state and local efforts. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leitch,JA; Grosz,KL PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Wetlands and agriculture in transition: a look at wetlands protection in North Dakota SOURCE: p.95-98. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: waterfowl management; wetlands management COMMENTS: North Dakota has been the center of controversy regarding drainage of prairie potholes since the 1960's. Landowners have typically treated wetlands as private property and as obstacles to farming. With federal "Swampbuster" sanctions and the state's "no net loss" law, landowners will need to more seriously evaluate plans to drain wetlands, even though some drainage may be economically feasible. The effect of Swampbuster may be negated by rises in land market prices. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jones,LA PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Swampbuster in North Dakota SOURCE: p.103-105. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetlands management COMMENTS: The Swampbuster provision has had a very controversial beginning in North Dakota. Landowner opposition due to the lack of information, severe penalties, loss of managerial rights, and a desire to be conpensated for preserving wetlands have all led to a thrust for changes. As a consequence, the state's Congressional delegation has been active in pursuing changes to Swampbuster. The effectiveness of Swampbuster to protect prairie wetlands will be determined by the outcome of legislative efforts to weaken or modify the current regulations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goldman-Carter,JL PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Implementing Swampbuster: plowing new ground at USDA SOURCE: p.106-112. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetlands management COMMENTS: During the two years since Swampbuster was passed, the law has not been implemented and has contributed little to wetland conservation. Future implementation will depend upon how strictly Swampbuster is implemented at the local level beyond the 1988 growing season. Congressional oversight, expeditious wetland delineation, strengthening amendments, and adequate agency resources will improve Swampbuster implementation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson,PA; Brechtel,S; Ambrock,KR PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: The Alberta landowner habitat project. p.113-120. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts SOURCE: 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetlands management COMMENTS: A three-year pilot project aimed at providing incentives to private landowners to retain and enhance wildlife habitat on their own lands was initiated in Alberta in 1986. Through field coordinators, these incentives are offered to landowners by negotiation and include rental or habitat retention agreements as well as various habitat enhancement opportunities. Various indirect incentives are also being promoted including signage and recognition to landowners and, wherever possible, encouragement of conservation-oriented farming practices. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Young,DA PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Development of water management plans to protect waterfowl resources during agricultural drainage SOURCE: p.121-130. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetlands management COMMENTS: The interest in expanded drainage activities in Alberta prompted various government agencies to commission water management planning exercises which could accomodate the interest of various water user groups including agriculture and wildlife. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wallace,N PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Circle irrigation and wetlands SOURCE: p.166-172. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: agricultural impacts; wetland management COMMENTS: The prairie pothole region of the north central states is a major waterfowl producing area with over 1,000,000 wetland acres under protective easement. The area also provides excellent opportunities for irrigated crops. Problems arise when protected wetlands become impassable quagmires for circle irrigators. During a two-year study, several techniques were developed for crossing wetlands with circle irrigators without biologically degrading wetland values. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Skinner,QD; Wesche,TA; Smith,MA; Dodd,JD PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Restoring/creating cold desert riparian zones. Muddy Ceek, Wyoming: a case study SOURCE: p.173-178. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildife Service. Biological Report 88(16). TOPICS: riparian management; riparian restoration COMMENTS: The Muddy Creek study evaluates riparian zone response to cost efficient restoration processes using instream structures and diversions. Sediment storage, vegetation production, salt storage in sediment, and groundwater were measured to determine worth of the restoration process. Preliminary results indicate that riparian zones help abate nonpoint pollution and that their economic value depends on who is using them and for what purpose. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Krueper,DJ PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Effects of land use practices on western riparian ecosystems SOURCE: p. 321-330. In: Status and management of neotropical migritory birds. 21-25 September 1992. Estes Park, CO. [Eds. Deborah M. Finch and Peter W Stangel]. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-229. TOPICS: riparian management; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Riparian ecosystems are among the rarest and most sensitive habitat types in the western United States. Riparian habitat is critical for up to 80 % of terrestrial vertebrate species, and is especially important in the arid West. Estimates have placed riparian habitat loss at greater than 95 % in most western states. Impacts ot riparian areas are reviewed along with mitigation and conservation recommendations for resource managers. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson,VJ; Hardin,PJ PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Infrared photo interpretation on non-riparian wetlands SOURCE: Rangelands 14(6), 334-336. TOPICS: aerial photography; wetlands COMMENTS: Despite recent debates, modifications of regulations, and interpretations of wetlands policies, delineation of wetlands will likely continue to be necessary by law to conserve this critical resource. Approaches to make this evaluation logistically feasible and reasonably accurate will need further attention. Interpretation of infrared aerial photography holds promise as a useful technique. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Armour,CL PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Effects of deteriorated range streams on trout SOURCE: Bulletin. Idaho State Office. Bureau of Land Management. Boise, ID. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; stream degradation COMMENTS: Improper management of domestic livestock on western ranges has caused habitat degradation of trout streams in some areas. As a result, there is either less trout production or conditions have deteriorated to such a degree that the fish cannot survive in streams. To accomodate requirements of sportsmen for additional fishing opportunities and to achieve national objectives for better balance in managing resources, it is necessary for habitat degradation problems to be solved. Livestock can alter the quality of stream habitat by damaging banks and decreasing the density of streamside vegetation. Bank damage, besides contributing to erosion and the alteration of channels, can eliminate important trout habitat associated with banks. When stream-side vegetation is cropped unacceptably, erosion and sedimentation are promoted. If shading is decreased, water temperatures can elevate to levels unsuitable for trout. Sedimentation can lessen trout reproductive success and production of aquatic insects which are the predominant food base. Problem resolution will require inter-disciplinary efforts and the cooperation of the livestock industry. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Armour,EL; Duff,DA; Elmore,W PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: The effects of livestock grazing on riparian and stream ecosystems SOURCE: Fisheries 16(1), 7-11. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects COMMENTS: This paper was submitted to and approved by the Executive Committee of the American Fisheries Society in 1990. It was published for the expressed purpose of soliciting comments. It includes a section describing and discussing the major issues, a section on the impacts of grazing on aquatic ecosystems, and a discussion of needed actions to formulate a remedial strategy. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ashton,WS; Bredthauer,SR PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Riverbank erosion processes on the Yukon River at Galena, Alaska SOURCE: p.415-423. In: Proceedings of the Cold Regions Hydrology Symposium. July 1986. American Water Resources Association. TOPICS: bank erosion; hydrology COMMENTS: Periodic measurements of riverbank recession on the Yukon River at Galena, Alaska have been made since 1946. Intensive studioes of channel shape and riverbank erosion were conducted in 1959, 1984, and 1985. Erosion rates varied from 0.3m/yr at banks with developed vegetative protection (peat or bank debris) to 10.8m/yr at steep banks with active thermoerosional niching. Comparison of channel profile measurements from June 1984 and June 1985 indicate that the thalweg did not significantly change location or elevation during a 10-year recurrence interval flood. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Asplund,KK; Gooch,MT PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Geomorphology and the distributional ecology of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) in a desert riparian canyon SOURCE: Desert Plants 9(1), 17-27. TOPICS: geomorphology; grazing impacts; riparian trees COMMENTS: DBH data were collected from Fremont cottonwood in a desert riparian canyon in west-central Arizona. Recruitment was found to depend on geomorphologic features and flood "refugia" rather than on the absence of grazing. Fremont cottonwood is specifically a "strandline" streamside species, particularly of braided aggradations and their associated secondary channels, a microhabitat that ultimately depends on upstream and upslope erosion. The concept of flood-subclimax succession explains vitually nothing of the ecology of obligate riparian trees. Riparian classification based upon geomorphology and hydrology are likely to have significant meaning for biogeography and management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Atchley,JL PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Temperature, light, and soil effects on the establishment of Bebb's willow (Salix bebbiana) SOURCE: M.S. Thesis, Montana State University. Bozeman, Montana. 54p. p. TOPICS: riparian shrubs; willow COMMENTS: Bebb's willow is a commom riparian shrub along Rocky Mountain foothill streams and springs. In eight-year-old grazing exclosures near Norris, MT, decadent Bebb's willow has not reproduced by seed and its establishment requirements are uncertain. The effects of light, temperature, and soil type on Bebb's willow were examined in this study. Significantly more seeds germinated at 20 degrees C than at any of four other temperature regimes. Seedlings grown under the highest light intensity, 20% of full daylight, produced more biomass and taller shoots. There were no significant differences among soil treatments. Responses within light and soil treatments were not consistent. This species may possess a suite of reproductive strategies to establish under a variet of environmental conditions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Aust,WM; Mader,SF; Mitchell,LJ; Lea,R PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: An approach to the inventory of forested wetlands for timber- harvesting impact assessment SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 215-225. TOPICS: forest wetlands; wetland inventory; wetland trees COMMENTS: A methodology for assessment of timber-harvesting impacts in a tidal freshwater wetland was developed. Indices were chosen to detect changes in net primary productivity, plant nutrient assimilative capacity, soil nutrient retention and transformation, decomposition, sedimentation rate, hydrology, and the provision of wildlife habitat. Methods were chosen for data collection efficiency, interpretive simplicity, and ability to provide a relative index of the integrity and recovery rates of a disturbed ecosystem. This assessment enables wetland managers to determine which parameters are sensitive to functional changes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baldwin,MF PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Wetlands: Fortifying federal and regional cooperation SOURCE: Environment 29(7), 16-20, 39-43. TOPICS: wetlands COMMENTS: Future protection of wetlands will largely depend on federal initiatives and authorities that can support and strengthen local and state programs. A two-pronged effort is essential. First, federal agencies should implement an effective, efficient wetland regulatory program under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Second, they must supplement that program with carefully focused planning to protect valuable and vulnerable wetlands in close cooperation with other federal, state, and local agencies, private groups, and the public. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baltosser,WH PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Seasonal analysis of a southwestern New Mexico riparian bird community SOURCE: Western Birds 17, 115-131. TOPICS: avian species; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The lower Gila River Valley of southwestern New Mexico has some of the finest riparian habitat and most diverse association of wildlife in the entire lower Colorado River drainage. Over two- thirds of New Mexico's total of 449 species of birds are known from the valley. In addition, the New Mexico portion of the Gila River Valley contains the greatest diversity of raptors in the lower Colorado River drainage and the largest number of endangered, threatened, and peripheral bird species. This study was conducted to examine and quantify seasonal changes in avian composition, density, and diversity along the Gila River and the results reaffirm the richness of avian fauna in the study area. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Baltz,DM; Vondracek,B; Brown,LR; Moyle,PB PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Influence of temperature on microhabitat choice by fishes in a California stream SOURCE: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116, 12-20. TOPICS: fishhabitat; stream characteristics COMMENTS: In this study, eight microhabitat variables (temperature, total depth, focal point elevation, focal point velocity, mean water column velocity, surface velocity, substrate, and cover) were used to determine their adequacy to discriminate among species' microhabitat. Two variables were especially important in discriminating among species. Focal point elevation explained between 32 and 43% of the variance in the models it was available. Temperatures made significant contributions in 12 of 14 models in which it was available. When total depth was included in a model, it was always more important than temperature. However, temperature and focal point elevation were the only two significant variables on two sampling dates. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Banister,R PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Eight principles of range management SOURCE: Rangelands 13(2), 85-86. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects COMMENTS: Dealing effectively with riparian problems has been hindered in the past because ther has been little effort by the land management agencies to work cooperatively with ranchers in developing goals or using evaluation methods for solving streambank problems. Often the rancher has more experience and expertise in the critical aspects of the problem. Without the ranchers' input, most projects are doomed to failure. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Liming,B; Mohr,R PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Bear Valley Creek fisheries habitat enhancement project - Surface water hydrology analysis SOURCE: Technical Memorandum NO.6. James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineers, Inc. 30pp. TOPICS: fishhabitat; hydrology; modeling COMMENTS: This technical memo provides an analysis of the surface water hydrology for the Bear Valley Creek study area based upon computer simulation modeling. Physical watershed characteristics directly measured or estimated were presented along with technical assumptions. Results indicate that that the maximum snowmelt runoff event can be expected to to generate an estimated peak flow of approximately 616 cfs, based on the record 1974 snowpack water content. This snowmelt runoff flow was compared with estimated peak flows resulting from the 100-year, 24-hour general storm event, and 48 cfs from the 100-year, 1-hour thunderstorm event for the study area drainage basin. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Beecher,HA PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Standards for instream flows SOURCE: Rivers 1(2), 97-109. TOPICS: stream flow; water resources COMMENTS: Instream flow standards are not clearly defined in laws of most western states. Such a standard should imply a formula that would incorporate biological and hydrological information to assign a range of instream flows for a stream. Ambiguity in instream flow standards has led to unresolved controversy over water allocation. A clear policy would reduce costly delays in water resource planning. Five elements of to an unambiguous instream flow standard are identified: goal, resources to be considered, unit of measurement, benchmark time period, and protection statistic. Future water management options and instream resource levels are influenced by choices pertaining to each of these elements. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bettis III,EA; Thompson,DM PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Gully erosion SOURCE: Rangelands 7(2), 70-72. TOPICS: erosion control; gully erosion COMMENTS: It is important to recognize that gullies are "native" to many areas and are not a unique phenomena resulting from man's modification of the landscape. Through recognition of gully-prone valley sections and promotion of land uses aimed at preventing or lessening the impacts in those areas, we can inhibit gully growth and impede its impacts. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary,WP; Shaw,NL; Dudley,JG; Saab,VA; Kinney,JW; Smithman,LC PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Response of a depleted sagebrush steppe riparian system to grazing control and woody plantings SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Research Paper INT-RP-492. 32pp. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; revegetation; riparian restoration COMMENTS: Five management systems were applied to a depleted riparian system in sagebrush steppe for a period of 7 years. These treatments ranged from no to heavy grazing and, in some cases, planting of woody species. All treatments were too limited to significantly restore the damaged areas within the 7-year term of study. Although some improvements were made in woody plant densities, little meaningful change occurred in the frequencies of herbaceous wetland plants, densities of small wildlife, or stream channel morphology. Without increased revegetation efforts, they concluded that restoration would take many years, possibly decades. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Beier,P; Barrett,RH PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Beaver habitat use and impact in Truckee River Basin, California SOURCE: Journal of Wildlife Management 51(4), 794-799. TOPICS: beaver; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Stepwise regression was used to identify factors for habitat use by beavers on streams. Increasing stream width and depth and decreasing gradient had the strongest positive effects on habitat use ; food availability variables added little further explication. Some abandoned colony sites appeared to have been located on physically unsuitable habitat, whereas others appeared to be physically suitable sites abandoned due to resource depletion. The fact that few unused or uncolonized reaches were classified as suitable habitat suggests that suitable habitat has been saturated. Local extirpation of quaking aspen and black cootonwood occurred on 4 - 5% of stream reaches. Willow demonstrated good vigor despite heavy use in most reaches. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Belt,GH; O'Laughlin,J; Merrill,T PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Design of riparian forest buffer strips for the protection of water quality: Analysis of scientific literature. Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis Group SOURCE: Report No. 8. University of Idaho. Moscow, ID 83843. TOPICS: bufferstrips; fishhabitat; forest practices; riparian management; water quality COMMENTS: This report summarizes the research-based knowledge in the current scientific literature concerning the effectiveness of streamside buffer zones in protection of water quality. More than 300 papers were located and reviewed; almost 100 were relevant and are cited in this report. Cited papers addressed the definitions of buffer strips, their effectiveness for reducing impacts of forest practices, their effect on water quality and fish habitat, issues surrounding them, and the available models for utilization. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bolen,EG; Smith,LM; Schramm,HL Jr PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Playa lakes: Prairie wetlands of the southern High Plains SOURCE: BioScience 39(9), 615-623. TOPICS: instream flows; playa; water rights; wetlands COMMENTS: Playas have received little study focused on their ecological structure and function as wetland ecosystems. Future investigations should emphasize primary production, energy flow, and nutrient budgets. Future quatifications of these processes will allow integration of playa ecosystems with other, more thoroughly investigated wetlands. Furthermore, better understanding of these processes will provide a foundation for uses and management of playas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bond,CE; Rexstad,E; Hughes,RM PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Habitat use of twenty-five common species of Oregon feshwater fishes SOURCE: Northwest Science 62(5), 223-231. TOPICS: avian species; fish dispersal; fish populations; fishhabitat; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The purpose of this paper/study was twofold. The first objective was to determine the use of physical habitat by the 25 most common native freshwater fishes of Oregon, and the second was to evaluate the use of a large computer database of museum records in the determination. Habitat use identified by this study was generally consistent with the subjective evaluations of field ichthyologists, and the study revealed additional information for some species. A large computer database compiled from field notes of many collectors allowed useful generalizations concerning species habitat, even though methods of collecting and recording differed greatly. Small databases also permit greater quantification than is typical of species accounts and more robust habitat descriptions than those gleaned from a small number of site specific studies. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bolen,EG; Smith,LM; Schramm,HL Jr PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Playa lakes: Prairie wetlands of the southern High Plains SOURCE: BioScience 39(9), 615-623. TOPICS: instream flows; playa; water rights; wetlands COMMENTS: Playas have received little study focused on their ecological structure and function as wetland ecosystems. Future investigations should emphasize primary production, energy flow, and nutrient budgets. Future quatifications of these processes will allow integration of playa ecosystems with other, more thoroughly investigated wetlands. Furthermore, better understanding of these processes will provide a foundation for uses and management of playas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bond,CE; Rexstad,E; Hughes,RM PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Habitat use of twenty-five common species of Oregon feshwater fishes SOURCE: Northwest Science 62(5), 223-231. TOPICS: avian species; fish dispersal; fish populations; fishhabitat; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The purpose of this paper/study was twofold. The first objective was to determine the use of physical habitat by the 25 most common native freshwater fishes of Oregon, and the second was to evaluate the use of a large computer database of museum records in the determination. Habitat use identified by this study was generally consistent with the subjective evaluations of field ichthyologists, and the study revealed additional information for some species. A large computer database compiled from field notes of many collectors allowed useful generalizations concerning species habitat, even though methods of collecting and recording differed greatly. Small databases also permit greater quantification than is typical of species accounts and more robust habitat descriptions than those gleaned from a small number of site specific studies. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Born,SM; Rumery,C PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Institutional aspects of lake management SOURCE: Environmental Management 13(1), 1-13. TOPICS: lake management; lakes; water resources COMMENTS: The major barriers to successful lake management are institutional but these aspects have received little attention. These institutional factors include: overlapping areal jurisdictions among governmental units, fragmented functional program responsibilities, ineffective coordination, limited authority, financial constraints, private sector roles, and inadequate public awareness and consensus. Because lake management programs with institutional shortcomings rarely realize their goals, it is critical to assimilate, evaluate, and apply this experience in order to effectively manage lake resources. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Boughton,WC PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Estimating partial areas of watershed runoff SOURCE: J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 113(3), 356-367. TOPICS: overland flow; runoff; water balance; watersheds COMMENTS: Variations in surface storage capacity over a watershed produce partial areas of saturation overland flow, which vary from storm to storm. This paper describes a method by which proportions of a watershed that contributes to overland flow in different storms and at different times in the same storm can be determined by analysis of rainfall and runoff records. Calculated amounts and proportions of surface storage capacity are incorporated into water balance models of watershed runoff to show the accuracy of runoff estimation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Boule,ME PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Wetland creation and enhancement in the Pacific Northwest SOURCE: p.130-136. Proceedings: Wetlands: Increasing our wetland resources. October 1987. TOPICS: water storage; wetlands COMMENTS: A variety of federal, state, and local regulations have caused enhancement and creation of welands to become common components of suburban development activies. Utilization of stormwater storage functions has often been a key goal of project design for wetlands as retention/storage facilities. More recently, concern for water quality, fisheries and wildlife habitat, and aesthetic values has also been expressed by both project proponents and regulatory agency personnel. In response to these diverse needs several key elements for the design of wetlands have been identified to maximize the opportunities for success. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Braatne,JH; Hinckley,TM; Stettler,RF PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Influence of soil water on the physiological and morphological components of plant water balance in Populus trichocarpa, Populus deltoides and their F1 hybrids SOURCE: Tree Physiology 11, 325-339. TOPICS: riparian trees; soil-water conditions COMMENTS: Patterns of leaf growth and whole-plant water balance in Populus trichocarpa, P. deltoides, and their F1 hybrids were studied during a soil drying cycle. Survival was more strongly correlated with the hydraulic conductivity than with the dehydration tolerance of leaf tissues. Collectively, responses suggested that F1 hybrids were more drought resistant than either parental species and highlight the importance of whole-plant studies of functional relationships between plant growth, water balance and hydraulic conductivity. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bridgham,SD; Faulkner,SP; Richardson,CJ PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Steel rod oxidation as a hydraulic indicator in wetland soils SOURCE: American Journal of the Soil Science Society 55, 856-862. TOPICS: water tables; wetland soils COMMENTS: Depth of rusting on steel rods is proposed as an inexpensive means of determining depth to the water table. In laboratory microcosms, the steel rod rusting depth exactly matched water-table levels under both permanently flooded and drained conditions. Under a rapidly fluctuating hydrology, however, once heavy rust formed on the rods, it did not dissolve upon partial flooding. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown,JK PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Effects of fire on aquatic systems SOURCE: p. 106-110. In: Proceedings of the Wild Trout IV Symposium. Mammoth, Wyoming. 18-19 September 1989. TOPICS: fire effects; riparian management COMMENTS: Fire affects spawning areas and food habitat in streams by indirectly influencing waterflow, nutrients, erosion, sedimentation, debris, and water temperature. The response of vegetation following fire is the most important factor affecting aquatic areas. Effects of fire on aquatic systems vary over time tending to be detrimental at first but often beneficial later. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bryant,HT; Blaser,RE; Peterson,JR PUB. YEAR: 1972 TITLE: Effect of trampling by cattle on bluegrass yield and soil compaction of a Meadowville Loam SOURCE: Agronomy Journal 64, 331-334. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; trampling COMMENTS: This study evaluated the tolerance of loam soils and bluegrass to trampling by cattle. The trampling pressures, repeated four times a year, were 0, 60, and 120 trips per cow. As trampling pressure increased, maximum resistance to the penetrometer was encountered closer to the soil surface. The height of forage at trampling had no significant effect on either the force required to penetrate the soil or depth of soil at which maximum resistance to penetration was encountered. Increasing trampling pressure had a significantly adverse effect on forage yield for tramplings in June and September. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bull,EL; Skovlin,JM PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Relationships between avifauna and streeamside vegetation SOURCE: p.496-506. In: Transactions of the Forty-seventh North American Wildlife Conference. TOPICS: avian species; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The avifauna is influenced by the deciduous vegetation in riparian habitats. One group of birds, the deciduous users, is particularly dependent on shrubs and deciduous trees for nesting and feeding. By understanding the associations between birds and habitat, management activities can be implemented to provide appropriate habitat for desired species. Removal of vegetation that reduces strtuctural diversity also reduces bird diversity. Management by limited entry or closure during the spring nesting season may restore habitat and, as a result, maintain bird populations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cantor,LF; Whitham,TG PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Impotance of belowground herbivory: Pocket gophers may limit aspen to rock outcrop refugia SOURCE: Ecology 70(4), 962-970. TOPICS: belowground herbivory; meadows; small mammals COMMENTS: Aspens may be limited to rock outcrops that are largely inaccessible to pocket gophers and act as refugia from belowground herbivory. The authors found that distributions of pocket gophers and aspen were nonoverlapping 93% of the time. Pocket gophers were almost always associated with the deep soils of mountain meadows while the centers of aspen clones were almost always associated with rock outcrops. Although tree ring analyses indicate that aspens grow best in the deep soils of meadows in the absence of pocket gophers, when pocket gophers encounter aspens, tree mortality can be high. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Carlson,JR PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Selection, production, and use of riparian plant materials for the western United States SOURCE: p. 55-67. In: Proceedings of the Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, UT. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-211. TOPICS: plant materials; riparian plantings; riparian restoration COMMENTS: Riparian plantings are established to restore native plant communities, stabilize streambanks and shorelines, restore fish and wildlife habitat, improve surface and groundwater quality, and control weedy phreatophytes. Native planting stock may be collected from local sources or provided by commercial nurseries. Source guidelines are based on relatively narrow target areas inferred from riparian site classifications and constrained by limited knowledge of the genetic structure of plant populations. Riparian plant cultivars are developed with specific structural attributes. Nurseries should emphasize production of large plant materials, such as stumps and poles. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Carlson,JY; Andrus,CW; Froehlich,HA PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Woody debris, channel features, and macroinvertebrates of streams with logged and undisturbed riparian timber in northeastern Oregon, USA SOURCE: Canadian Journal of Fish Aquatic Science 47(6), 1103-1111. TOPICS: fishhabitat; logging effects; macroinvertebrates; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Macroinvertebrate communities and several aspects of fish habitat were examined for NE Oregon stream segments. Amounts of woody debris in streams and pools formed by the debris were similar between undisturbed and logged sites. Pool volume was inversely related to stream gradient and directly related to the amount of woody debris in the stream. Stream surface substrate composition was not significantly different between streams in logged and undisturbed areas. Macroinvertebrate density was 20 to 113% greater at the logged sites and diversity was similar at undisturbed and logged sites. Macroinvertebrates were most abundant at lower elevation streams and at streams less shaded by surrounding vegetation. Timber harvesting does not appear to have damaged aquatic insect habitat and pool abundance was not altered, suggesting the habitat's carrying capacity for fish was not affected. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Carter,V PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: An overview of the hydrologic concerns related to wetlands in the United States SOURCE: Can. J. Bot. 64, 364-374. TOPICS: groundwater; hydrology; wetlands COMMENTS: There is a tremendous diversity in wetland types and wetland vegetation in the United States, caused primarily by regional, geologic, topographic, and climatic differences. Wetland hydrology, a primary driving force influencing wetland ecology, development, and persistance, is poorly understood. The interaction between groundwater and surface water and the discharge - recharge relationships in wetland affect water quality and nutrient budgets as well as vegetative composition. Hydrologic considerations necessary for an improved understanding of wetland ecology include detailed water budgets, water chemistry, water regime, and boundary conditions. These hydrologic functions include: flood storage and flood-peak desynchronization; recharge and disharge; base flow and estuarine water balance; and water quality regulation. Expanded research and data collection are needed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary,WP; Webster,BF PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Recommended riparian grazing practices SOURCE: p.77-81. In: Erosion Control: Technology in transition. Proceedings of Conference XXI of the International Erosion Control Association. 14-17 February 1990. Washington, D. C. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; management practices COMMENTS: Management practices in any grazing system must provide for regrowth of riparian plants after use or should leave sufficient vegetation at the time of grazing for maintenance of plant vigor and streambank protection. Minimum herbage stubble height must be present on all streamside areas at the end of the growing season, or at the end of the grazing season if grazing occurs after frost in the fall. Residual stubble/regrowth should average at least 4 to 6 inches in height to provide sufficient herbaceous biomass. Spring grazing should be emphasized and the use level limited to about 65%. If summer grazing is conducted, the suggested use level is 40 to 50%, and if fall grazing is conducted, the suggested use level is about 30 to 40%. The key point is to end the grazing season with the 4 to 6 inches of streamside herbaceous stubble height. These riparian grazing management practice recommendations were developed as an aid to reduce nonpoint pollution in western streams and for application in Best Management Practices. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Childers,DL; Gosselink,JG PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Assessment of cumulative impacts to water quality in a forested wetland landscape SOURCE: Journal of Evironmental Quality 19, 455-464. TOPICS: environmental impacts; water quality; wetlands COMMENTS: Improvement of the aquatic ecosystem can be achieved in a number of ways, including the reestablishment of natural hydrologic flow wherever possible, the use of agricultural practices that reduce runoff, the protection of forested corridors along streams, and the mitigative creation of new buffering zones. In this conservation plan, site-by-site permitting occurs within the context of a comprehensive plan for managing the renewable resources of an entire Basin landscape; a plan based on the intensity of past cumulative impacts to the ecosystem. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Clary,WP; Medin,DE PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Vegetation, nesting bird, and small mammal characteristics - Wet Creek, ID. USDA Forest Service SOURCE: General Technical Report INT-293. 11p. TOPICS: avian species; riparian habitat; small mammals COMMENTS: Most ground cover and herbaceous plant measures were similar among the riparian plant communities. Shrub cover was greatest in the Potentilla- and Salix- dominated communities while shrub height and biomass were greatest in the Salix community. Fourteen species of birds established nesting territories on the study reaches. Four bird foraging guilds were represented by the riparian nesters, while only one foraging guild was represented by the upland nesters. Nine species of small mammals were trapped on the study sites. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Coats,R; Swanson,M; Williams,P PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Hydrologic analysis for coastal wetland restoration SOURCE: Environmental Management 13(6), 715-727. TOPICS: hydrology; wetland restoration; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Increasing recognition of the values of tidal wetlands has led to interest in how to restore and enhance areas that have been modified by human activity. The policy of recognizing restoration or enhancement as mitigation for destruction of other wetlands is controversial. One key element of the design of a successful project is quantitative hydraulic and hydrologic analysis of alternatives. Restoration projects at two sites in California used a combination of empirical geomorphic relationships, numeric modeling, and verification with field observations. Experience with wetland restoration projects indicates the importance of postproject monitoring, inspection, and maintenance. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Contor,CR; Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Assessment of COWFISH for predicting trout populations in grazed watersheds of the Intermountain West SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-278. 28p. TOPICS: fishhabitat; grazing impacts; livestock grazing COMMENTS: The COWFISH model, developed and applied in selected Montana streams, was tested on 14 streams in Idaho, Nevada, and Utah, where it proved to have little value for predicting numbers of trout in watersheds grazed by livestock. The model holds promise for estimating the health of stream channels and riparian complexes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cooper,DJ PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Colorado's wetlands SOURCE: The Green Thumb 45(2), 38-45. TOPICS: water quality; wetlands COMMENTS: In dry regions, where water is at a premium, wetlands are extremely valuable ecosystems. The diversity of habitat is important both to wildlife and people. In addition, many wetlands provide other important functions including water quality control that is vital to downstream users. etlands should be preserved and protected wherever possible. Many of the plants occurring in these sites occur nowhere else. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Cooper,DJ PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Ecology of wetlands in Big Meadows, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado SOURCE: USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 90(15). Washington, D.C. 45p. TOPICS: water table relations; wetlands COMMENTS: This paper describes in detail the results of studies of hydrology, water chemistry, soils, and vegetation at a wetland complex in the Rocky Mountain National Park in north-central Colorado. Five water sources affect the compolex and each water source somewhat differently structures the hydrological character, vegetation, and water chemistry of various portions of the complex. Twelve plant communities that make up the complex are described and characterized relative to measurements taken throughout the complex. The water table is highest in Mat and lowest in fall and early winter. The growing season usually lasts only three months and water tables fluctuate drastically among years depending on the depth of the snowpack. Soil saturation during July is seemingly the critical variable for peat formation in the study area. Sites with a water table within 20 - 30 cm of the surface in July usually support peat soils. Oxidation - reduction potential measurements indicate that for any soil depth, the soils stay reduced for up to 3 weeks after a water table drop below that depth. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Crouch,GL PUB. YEAR: 1979 TITLE: Long-term changes in cottonwoods on a grazed and ungrazed plains bottomland in northeastern Colorado SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Research Note RM-370. 4p. TOPICS: cottonwood; grazing impacts; livestock grazing; riparian forest COMMENTS: Numbers of cottonwood trees declined between 1961 and 1978 on a grazed and an ungrazed bottomland in northest Colorado. Cottonwoods were larger in diameter in 1978 but basal area stocking was unchanged. Trees were taller in 1978 on the ungrazed area, and the amounts of canopy deadwood were greater on both areas. Water management, grazing by livestock and deer, plant competition on the ungrazed area, and beaver-felling of young trees all contributed to a lack of regeneration that appears responsible for the general decline in overstory vegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: De Boer,DH PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Constraints on spatial transference of rainfall-runoff relationships in semiarid basins drained by ephemeral streams SOURCE: Hydrological Sciences 37, 491-504. TOPICS: drainage basins; ephemeral streams; runoff COMMENTS: Field data on drainage basin response have a characteristic scale which is determined by the size of the basin investigated, and this scale can be extrapolated over a limited range only. This paper identifies the nature of constraints on spatial scale transference. Spatial scale transference between systems of differing scale was restricted by morphological and functional constraints. Morphological constraints are caused by morphological elements present in large scale systems but absent in small ones. Functional constraints arise solely from the characteristics of the matter and energy flows in the systems of interest. Limits imposed upon spatial scale transferences by morphological and functional constraints are fuzzy rather than sharp in character. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dieter,CD PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Water turbidity in tilled and untilled prairie wetlands SOURCE: Journal of Freshwater Ecology 6(2), 185-189. TOPICS: sedimentation; water turbidity; wetlands COMMENTS: Water turbidity was compared between tilled prairie pothole wetlands, partially tilled wetlands, and untilled wetlands in South Dakota. Specific differences in sedimentation as measured by humidity were indicated. Turbidity was significantly higher in tilled than in untilled wetlands. Average turbidity was 24 times greater in tilled than in untilled wetlands. There was no significant difference in turbidity between tilled and untilled wetlands. Turbidity measurement may be a useful tool for estimating relative sedimentation rates. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dmowski,K; Kozakiewicz,M PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Influence of a shrub corridoron movements of passerine birds to a lake littoral zone SOURCE: Landscape Ecology 4(2/3), 99-108. TOPICS: landscape ecology; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: A pine forest was separated from a lake littoral zone by a meadow on one area (discontinuous) while these habitats were separated by a shrub strip in another area. This shrub strip acted as an ecological corridor enhancing the movement of birds between the forest and the littoral reed zone. Movements of birds were concentrated along the edge of the shrub strip. The spatial configuration of the landscape facilitated access by some forest birds to the littoral habitat. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Draper,SE; Rao,SG PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Runoff prediction using remote sensing imagery SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin 22(6), 941-949. TOPICS: remote sensing; runoff; watersheds COMMENTS: Percent imperviousness is an important parameter in modeling the urban rainfall-runoff process and is usually determined using manual methods such as random sampling or conventional accounting methods. In this study, two computerized methods were used for estimating the percent imperviousness of urban watersheds using high altitude remote sensing imagery. Results indicate that imperviousness determined by using remote sensing imagery was as accurate as that obtained by the manual methods and that use of remote sensing imagery requires significantly less time and money. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: DeVelice,R PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Potential effects of global climate change on riparian forests SOURCE: P.7. In: Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana. 4th Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September 1990. Whitefish, MT. TOPICS: riparian forest COMMENTS: Global climate change is likely to affect fire management policies and budgets, insect and disease programs, wildlife prescriptions, natural area management, forest tree planting and harvest guidelines, and other aspects of management in riparian forests. Current management does not consider the potential effects of climatic change. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Duff,DA; Gnehm,M; Shrader,T; Howard,L PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Indexed bibliography on stream habitat improvement SOURCE: USDA Forest Serice. Intermountain Region. Ogden, UT. 97p. TOPICS: habitat improvement; riparian habitat COMMENTS: This bibliography contains 1106 entries of published and unpublished references on or related to stream habitat improvement. Entries are categorized into 20 subject areas relating to both instrream and streambank-riparian structural and non-structural improvement. References relate to resident and anadromous salmonid and coldwater fish species as well as warm water fish species. The manuscript contains most of the important references to stream habitat from 1933 to 1985. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Erwin,KL PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Wetland evaluation for restoration and creation SOURCE: p.429-458. In: Wetland Creation and Restoration. Eds.J.A. Kusler & M.E. Kentula. Island Press. Washington, D.C. TOPICS: wetland restoration COMMENTS: A rapidly accessible, easily undersood, and cost effective database on wetland creation and restoration projects is needed to support environmental regulatory agency review, decision making, and action on specific projects. Any comprehensive wetland evaluation effort must be preceded by the establishmnet of criteria which the investigator and regulator believe to be fundamental to the existence, functions, and contributions of the wetlands system and its surrounding landscape. Failure to address the wetland system's surrounding landscapeleads to an inaccurate characterization of the wetland. Additional research is needed to establish the inter- relationships between wetlands, transitional areas, and adjacent uplands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Everett,RL; Meeuwig,RO; Robertson,JH PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Propagation of Nevada shrubs by stem cuttings SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 31(6), 426-429. TOPICS: riparian shrubs COMMENTS: Stem cuttings of 54 Nevada shrub species varied in rooting capacity. Semihardwood cuttings were superior to either softwood or hardwood cuttings in rooting success. Differences in rooting potential among cuttings of th4e same species taken from different sites were also apparent. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Bohn,CC; Megahan,WF PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Changes in sediment storage in the South Fork Salmon River, Idaho SOURCE: p. 12-23. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Intragency Sedimentation Conference. 18-21 March 1991. LasVegas, NV. TOPICS: sedimentation; watershed rehabilitation COMMENTS: A large volume of sediment was deposited in the upper 60 miles of the South Fork Salmon River in 1965. A survey of the sediment storage in 1989 demonstrated that large amounts of material, primarily sands, have been transported out of the study area in the ensuing 24 years. As much as 78 % of the sand and gravel have moved out of the study area. The paticle size distribution of the stream bed describes a shift toward larger particles. Results suggest that the sources of sediment have stabilized to some degree and that stream power has been sufficient to transport sediment out of the study area. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fenner,P; Brady,WW; Patton,DR PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Effects of regulated water flows on regeneration of Fremont cottonwood SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 38(2), 135-138. TOPICS: cottonwood; riparian habitat; water flows COMMENTS: The reduction in extent of riparian forests in the southwestern United States has been a topic of recent concern. The effect of dams on downstream river flow and the consequent modification of the riparian habitat was studied along the lower Salt River in central Arizona.Dams were found to change the magnitude of river flows and change the timing of flows in such a way that the habitat appeared less adapted for regeneration of Fremont cottonwood. Modification of river flow patterns, therefore, appears likely to have been a significant factor causing change in vegetation along the Salt River. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Frissell,CA; Nawa,RK PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Incidence and causes of physical failure of artificial habitat structures in streams of western Oregon and Washington SOURCE: J. Fish. Manag. 12, 182-197. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian habitat; stream restoration COMMENTS: Increasing shares of fishery management resources have been committed in recent years to alteration of fish habitat with artificial stream structures. The authors evaluated rates and causes of physical impairment or failure for 161 fish habitat structures following a flood of a magnitude that recurs every 2-10 years. The median failure rate was 18 percent and the median impairment rate was 60 percent. Results suggest that commonly prescribed structural modifications are often inappropriate and counterproductive in streams with high or elevated high peak flows, or highly erodible bank materials. Large-scale restoration will require reestablishment of natural watershed and riparian processes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Snyder,WD; Miller,GC PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Changes in riparian vegetation along the Colorado River and Rio Grande, Colorado SOURCE: Great Basin Naturalist 52(4), 357-363. TOPICS: cottonwood; riparian habitat; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Changes in vegetation including area occupied, canopy cover, and maturity class of cottonwoods within lower-elevational zones of the Colorado River and Rio Grande in Colorado were monitored over 25- and 37-years, respectively. Estimated loss of cottonwoods along the Colorado River was 17.5 percent. Cottonwoods along the Rio Grande increased 9.5 percent. Shrubs declined along the Rio Grande but not along the Colorado River. Loss of hay fields declined along both rivers; developed lands increased along the Colorado River. Wildlife habitat deteriorated much more rapidly along the Colorado than along the Rio Grande. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Allen,DR; Marlow,CB PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Shoot population dynamics of beaked sedge following cattle grazing SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 47(1), 64-69. TOPICS: grazing effects; riparian pastures; sedges COMMENTS: The authors studied the effects of cattle grazing on shoot density and flux in Montana beaked sedge stands for two years. Mean shoot density increased more in grazed than in ungrazed plots and ended 12-16% higher. Mean shoot emergence was 20% greater in the grazed than in the ungrazed plots. Mean shoot height declined similarly in grazed and ungrazed plots, indicating that shoot productivity was equal between treatments. Beaked sedge was tolerant of light to moderate grazing, given adequate regowth between spring and fall treatments. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,MA; Rodgers,JD; Dodd,JL; Skinner,QD PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Habitat selection by cattle along an ephemeral channel SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 45(4), 385-390. TOPICS: ephemeral channels; grazing effects; riparian pastures COMMENTS: Higher proportions of cattle selected channel anf floodplain habitats than selected upland habitat. Animal preference for channel habitat was attributed to more available forage in the channels. In contrast, selection of floodplains was sue to succulence and high protein content of greaswood. Greater avoidance of upland areas by cattle was likely due to greater distances to drinking water. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Novak,MA; White,RG PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Impact of fire and flood on the trout population of Beaver Creek, Upper Missouri Basin, Montana SOURCE: P.120-126. In: Willd Trout IV. Proceedings of the Symposium. [Eds. F. Richardson & R.M. Hamre]. 18-19 September 1989. Mammoth, WY. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian habitat COMMENTS: A 100-year flood in the Beaver Creek drainage was caused by a forest fire followed by an intense convectional rainstorm. The study documented changes in resident trout populations and use of the stream by adfluvial spawning fish. Two months after the event, trout populations in the impacted portion of the stream were nearly eliminated. Within two years, numbers and biomass of rainbow trout had increased to 55% and 51% greater, respectively, than before the event. Rapid recovery of the rainbow trout population resulted from large spawning runs from the Missouri River. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown,TC; Daniel,TC PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Landscape aesthetics of riparian environments: relationship of flow quantity to scenic quality along a wild and scenic river SOURCE: Water Resources Research 27(8), 1787-1795. TOPICS: scenic quality; water flows COMMENTS: The relationship between flow quantity and scenic quality was measured for a "wild and scenic" river in Colorado. Respondents' scenic beauty judgements of video sequences depicting the river at flow rates of 120 to 2650 cfs were scaled to an interval scale measure of perceived scenic beauty following psychophysical procedures. Regressions of scenic beauty on variables describing flow increased up to about 1100 - 1500 cfs and then fell as flow continued to increase. Optimum flows for scenic quality typically occur for two short periods each year, during the ascending and descending portions of the annual late spring runoff season. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gregory,SV; Swanson,FJ; McKee,WA; Cummins,KW PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones SOURCE: BioScience 41(8), 540-551. TOPICS: riparian classification; riparian management COMMENTS: Riparian zones contain valuable water resources, plant communities, fisheries, and wildlife. Perspectives of riparian zones based on isolated components of the terrestrial-aquatic interface are ecologically incomplete and have limited application to understanding of ecosystems. The structure and processes of lotic ecosystems are determined by their interface with adjacent ecosystems and are extremely dynamic, having frequent disturbance events. They are important routes for the dispesal of plants and animals, as well as avenues for the transfer of water, nutrients, sediments, and organic matter. The ecosystem perspective provides a rigorous ecological basis for identifying riparian management objectives, evaluating current land-use practices, and developing future resource alternatives. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede,BH PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Rehabilitation of disturbed watersheds through vegetation treatment and physical structures SOURCE: Research Note. USDA Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimnet Station. 7p. TOPICS: erosion control; revegetation; watershed rehabilitation COMMENTS: Watersheds can be successfully rehabilitated by combining physical structures with vegetation management. This combination of treatments in the southern Rocky Mountains reduced suspended sediment by 95% in 11 years, reduced erosion rate in waterways by 80% after 12 years, and produced perrennial streamflow in a formerly ephemeral gully system 7 years after treatment. Results indicate that stabilization could be achieved by placing physical structures only in the mainstream gully, the larger tributary gulliesa anf the headcuts of discontinuous gullies. Placing physical structures only at strategic locations could have reduced treatment costs 30%. This study demonstrated the need for basing watershed rehabilitation treatments on basic geomorphic processes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1982 TITLE: Sheep and cattle grazing strategies on riparian - stream environments SOURCE: p.251-253. In: Symposium on Wildlife-Livestock Interactions. 20-21 April 1981. Couer d'Alene, ID. University of Idaho. TOPICS: grazing effects; grazing strategies; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Studies involving the effects of cattle and sheep grazing strategies on stream riparian habitat are discussed. Initial results indicate that herded sheep grazing may have little effect on streams and the riparian environment. The effects of cattle grazing first appear on the streambanks and riparian vegetation. Habitat alteration occurs at utilization rates of 65% or more, and alteration is insignificant when utilization is less than 25 percent. Continued research is needed to identify grazing stategies compatible with riparian environments. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: LaFayette,RA; DeBano,LF PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Watershed condition and riparian health: Linkages SOURCE: p.473-484. In: Watershed Planning and Analysis in Action. The Symposium Proceedings of IR Conference on Watershed Management. 9-11 July 1990. Durango, CO. TOPICS: riparian health; watershed management COMMENTS: The present focus on riparian areas could ignore the relationship of the riparian area to its contributing watershed. Failure to recognize the influence of the surrounding watershed may lead to unnecessary failures of many riparian projects. This paper presents 3 concepts to assist in the understanding the relationship between watershed condition and watershed health. The first addresses the commonality of possible combinations of the two factors. The second presents the acceptability of these combinations to managers and their publics. The third concept integrates the previous two in a way to: 1) aid understanding in assessment of existing conditions, 2)help in setting improvement goals, and 3) assist in formulating ways to achieve these goals. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Colman,EA PUB. YEAR: 1953 TITLE: Vegetation and watershed management SOURCE: The Ronald Press Co., New York, NY. 412p. pages. TOPICS: riparian vegetation; watershed management COMMENTS: The key relationship investigated in this book is that of vegetation management water control and supply. Plant life influences the rate at which rain and snow can enter the soil and groundwater reservoirs and slows the runoff of water and inhibits erosion of soils. Vegetation can be used to manage the timing, quality, and quantity of water harvest from watersheds. Riparian and phreatophytic vegetation also play important roles in the utilization of surface waters from streams and rivers and from the groundwater table. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dortignac,EJ PUB. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Forest water yield management opportunities SOURCE: p.579-592. In: International Symposium on Forest Hydrology. National Science Foundation Advanced Science Seminar Proceedings. 29 Aug-10 Sept 1965. University Park, PA. Pergamon Press. NY,NY. TOPICS: water management; watershed management COMMENTS: Strategies are described for enhancing the quantity, quality, and timing of water yield from forested and nontilled watersheds. The author regards as overly optimistic the estimate that one-fourth of the water now used by phreatophytes could be saved by management or control techniques. The removal of trees from stream borders and waterways may raise the water temperatures beyond the acceptable limits for game fish. Streamside/lakeside trees are also important for wildlife, recreation, and aesthetic values. In general, tree removal is not sound management and is unlikely to gain public acceptance. Reduction of vegetation mass might be more acceptable and still meet essential goals. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Fletcher,HC; Rich,LR PUB. YEAR: 1955 TITLE: Classifying southwestern watersheds by their water yields SOURCE: Journal of Forestry 53(3), 196-202. TOPICS: water yield; watershed classification COMMENTS: Annual water yield from southwestern watersheds are more affected by elevation, soil, temperature, and prevailing precipitation than from other areas. Topography and vegetation are other factors affecting water yield which may be primary in classification of these watersheds. Evapotranspiration by vegetative cover may also be effective in classifying those areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kramer,PJ PUB. YEAR: 1952 TITLE: Plant and soil water relations on the watershed SOURCE: Journal of Forestry 50(2), 92-95. TOPICS: soil-water conditions; water relations COMMENTS: Forest and other vegetation affect soil moisture directly by transpiration, and indirectly by interception, evaporation, and infiltration. Transpiration can remove water from field capacity to permanent wilting point. Leaf structure is not a reliable indicator of transpiration rates. There are large seasonal variations in the rates and volumes of transpiration. Shallow-rooted trees and plants generally remove less water than deep-rooted species and are therefore preferable on watersheds where scarcities may occur. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Biswell,HH PUB. YEAR: 1968 TITLE: Water control by rangeland management SOURCE: p.740-746. In: Water for Peace: International Conference on Water for Peace. 23-31 May 1967. TOPICS: erosion; runoff; watershed COMMENTS: Rangeland water can be regulated by controlling the intensity and season of grazing and prohibiting livestock on areas susceptible to compaction. In areas of deep soils and excess precipitation, water runoff can be increased by replacing deep-rooted species with shallow-rooted species (such as desirable grasses and forbs). This can not occur in areas where precipitation is less than 18 inches annually. In areas of relatively high rainfall and erodible soils, runoff and erosion can be lessened by planting deep-rooted plants (such as shrubs and trees) to increase water storage capacity. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Croft,Ar; Hoover,MD PUB. YEAR: 1951 TITLE: The relation of forests to our water supply SOURCE: Journal of Forestry 49(4), 245-249. TOPICS: hydrology; timber management; water management COMMENTS: A usable water supply can be sustained only if the forestry profession assumes responsibility for water management as well as timber management. For that to occur, these things must happen: 1) the forestry profession must clearly recognize and assume responsibility for management of water from forested lands; 2) the job of managing water supply from forested lands must be integrated with forest management, and 3) forestry schools must give adequate instruction in the hydrology of forested lands to prepare managers for doing their job. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goodell,BC PUB. YEAR: 1965 TITLE: Watershed treatment effects on evapotranspiration SOURCE: p. 477-482. In: International Symposium on Forest Hydrology. National Science Foundation. Advanced Science Seminar Proceedings. 29 Aug - Sept 10 1965. Pergamon Press. NY, NY. TOPICS: water management; watersheds COMMENTS: Spatial and temporal confluence of water and thermal energy at watershed surfaces controls evapotranspiration. Radiant energy provides the heat source for evapotranspiration (ET). In any vegetation mass on any land area, ET is maximized when plant substance is most uniformly distributed. Canopy interception of precipitation and radiation and transport of soil water to transpiring surfaces are maximized in those circumstances. Any kind of forest manipulation can cause heterogeneity in canopy and root distribution, resulting in a tendency to minimize ET. Persistant discontinuities in the canopy must be produced in order to reduce ET. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rich,LR PUB. YEAR: 1952 TITLE: Forest and range vegetation SOURCE: American Society of Civil Engineering Transactions 117, 974-990. TOPICS: water management; watersheds COMMENTS: Few areas in the western United States have unlimited water available or for full potential consumptive use. Water use has varied from 77 percent to 90 percent on forested watersheds, and is generally higher on rangelands. A method for describing consumptive use of forest and range vegetation is to divide the water year into four periods: 1) soil moisture recharge, 2) water surplus, 3) soil moisture utilization, and 4) water deficit. Consumptive use is dependent on total precipitation less the amount of surface runoff. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Horton,JS; Robinson,TW; McDonald,HR PUB. YEAR: 1964 TITLE: Guide for surveying phreatophyte vegetation SOURCE: USDA Agricultural Handbook #266. 37p. TOPICS: phreatophytes; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: The extent and nature of vegetation cover is essential information for planning treatments of the vegetation and estimating potential water savings or other events. Vegetative surveys require an economical sampling scheme that can be repeated and will yield data that are precise enough to be reliable. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Robinson,TW PUB. YEAR: 1952 TITLE: Phreatophytes and their relation to water in the western United States SOURCE: American Geophysical Union Transactions 33(1), 57-61. TOPICS: phreatophytes; water management COMMENTS: About 15 million acres of phreatophytes occur in the 17 western states and this area is expanding. These plants may waste as much as 20 -25 million acre-feet of water by transpiration into the atmosphere. The potential applications of the water that could be reclaimed or salvaged annually are substantial. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Culler,RC PUB. YEAR: 1970 TITLE: Water conservation by removal of phreatophytes SOURCE: American Geophysical Union Transactions 51(10), 684-689. TOPICS: phreatophytes; water management COMMENTS: Removal of phreatophytes from the Gila River floodplain in southeastern Arizona produces a significant reduction in evapotranspiration. Long-term benefits from phreatophyte removal depends on the successful establishment of vegetation with low consumptive use of water. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ingebo,PA PUB. YEAR: 1971 TITLE: Suppression of channel-side chaparral cover increases streamflow SOURCE: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 26(2), 79-81. TOPICS: riparian management; stream flow COMMENTS: Shrubs and trees in an experimental watershed in central Arizona were chemically suppressed. Both duration and volume of streamflow increased in the two years following treatment. Intermittant streamflow became continuous. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Garcia,B; Williams,RL PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: The Strawberry Valley Project: A history and initial experiences SOURCE: p.68-70. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, UT. TOPICS: grazing effects; riparian management COMMENTS: At this location in central Utah, rehabilitation projects are ongoing since the lands were transferred to the USFS and subsequent changes in grazing management were made. The rehabilitation projects included streambank stabilization, installation of gulley plugs, and willow plantings. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gebhardt,K; Vinson,M; Platts,WS; Jackson,W PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Using expert systems in riparian management SOURCE: p. 187. In: Practical Approaches to Riparian Resource Management: An Educational Workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings, MT. DOI Bureau of Land Management. TOPICS: classification; monitoring; riparian management COMMENTS: BLM - Idaho has begun a project to develop knowledge based expert systems for riparian management. Project objectives are to provide a means for the riparian expert to store knowledge of management outcomes,. to help others to apply the knowledge to other areas, and to help in selecting appropriate monitoring techniques. One expert system is designed to capture knowledge on the causes and effects from management actions. The second is to link the management options to riparian types defined by classification. The third is designed to help users select monitoring techniques. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gholz,HL; Hawk,GM; Campbell,A; Brown,AT PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Early vegetation recovery and element cycles on a clear-cut watershed in western Oregon USA SOURCE: Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 15(2), 400-409. TOPICS: nutrient cycles; primary production; watersheds COMMENTS: Aboveground biomass and leaf area, net primary productivity and nutrient cycling through vegetation were studied for 3 years after clear-cutting of a 0.24 ha watershed in the Oregon Cascade Mountains. No correlation was found between plant uptake and nutrient loss in streamflow. Uptake of all elements exceeded return through leaching and litter fall by 16 percent, except that of Mg, which exceeded return by 44 percent. Because of early dominance by species with animals, the proportion of elements redistributed internally by vegetation was generally low. The amount of nutients of flux through vegetation, atmosphere and stream was small in comparison to the amount lost in the removal of tree stems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hall,DA; Amy,PS PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Microbiology and water chemistry of two natural springs impacted in south central Nevada SOURCE: Great Basin Naturalist 50(3), 289-294. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; nutrient cycling COMMENTS: Bacterial levels were influenced by water temperatures, with higher counts correlating with warmer water. Bacterial levels also reflected precipitation and cattle presence because of the influx of nutrients necessary for growth of micoorganisms. Influence of cattle could be seen months after their physical presence when precipitation allowed an influx of nitrogen and phosphorous. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Goldner,BH PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Riparian restoration efforts associated with structurally modified flood control channels SOURCE: p.445-451. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA. TOPICS: riparian habitat; riparian restoration COMMENTS: Drought-tolerant ornamental and native species have been planted for five years along channel banks and levees with mixed results. The most important determinants of successful establishment are a fixed irrigation system and a weel-managed weed abatement program. Densely planted, liner-size rooted cuttings irrigated by overhead sprinklers can reduce both installation and maintenance costs. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Greenway,SH PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Aspen regeneration: a range management problem SOURCE: Rangelands 12(1), 21-23. TOPICS: aspen; grazing impacts; livestock effects COMMENTS: Management of browsing pressures upon aspen regeneration is necessary. In live standing aspen, regeneration will be limited due to apical dominance. Around disturbances, from fire, clear-cutting, or around beaver ponds, aspen shoots should be abundant. If they are not, over- browsing should be suspected. Reduced or removed livesock from local areas for 5 - 10 years after disturbance, plus wildlife control should result in successful aspen regeneration. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Greytak,D PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: A technique for producing riparian plants for Nevada SOURCE: p. 91-93. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, UT. TOPICS: riparian habitat; riparian plants; wetlands COMMENTS: A brief overview of riparian planting as it occurs in Nevada. Paper then describes a method the nursery is using to produce plants for use in constructed wetland creation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Groves,JR PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: A practical soil moisture profile model SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin 25(4), 875-880. TOPICS: hydrology; modeling; soil moisture COMMENTS: A computationally simple, physically based model capable of generating reliable estimates of volumetric soil moisture content is decribed. The model requires only rainfall, pan evaporation, and soil column description by texture groups as inputs, and predicts soil moisture values within as many as three user-defined soil horizons. The micometer based model is intended for practical engineering and agricultural applications. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hachmoeller,B; Matthews,RA; Brakke,DF PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Effects of riparian community structure, sediment size, and water quality on the macroinvertebrate communities in a small, suburban stream SOURCE: Northwest Science 65(3), 125-132. TOPICS: macroinvertebrates; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The paper examined the relationships between benthic macroinvertebrates, water quality, sediment characteristics, and riparian community structures in Washington to look for patterns in the macroinvertebrate community structure between upstream and downstream sites. The effects of channelization, deforestation, and pollution resulted in major changes in the structure of macroinvertebrate communities at downstream sites, suggesting that such riparian alterations imitate similar urbanization effects of higher-order rivers. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hanson,JS; Malanson,GP; Armstrong,MP PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Landscape fragmentation and dispersal in a model of riparian forest dynamics SOURCE: Ecological Modelling 49, 277-296. TOPICS: modelling; riparian forest; seed dispersal COMMENTS: A computer simulation model, SEEDFLO, is described, which models tree species dispersal based on empirical evidence. The analyses test the hypothesis that a model with seed dispersal differs in its projections from a model that assumes ubiquitous dispersal. The effects of considering landscape fragmentation and dsipersal are amplified when environmental stress, in this case flooding, is increased. The results conform to theoretical expectations and indicate that seed dispersal should be incorporated in landscape simulation models. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Harris,RR; Fox,CA; Risser,R PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Impacts of hydroelectric development on riparian vegetation in the Sierra Nevada Region, California, USA SOURCE: Environmental Management 11(4), 519-527. TOPICS: hydroelectric development; riparian impacts; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Fourteen streams in the Sierra Nevada,were sampled to determine whether diversions of streamflow for hydroelectric development had caused significant changes in riparian vegetation. Several streams showed significant differences in vegetation cover, community composition, or community structure between pairs of diverted and undiverted areas. On some streams, environmental conditions rather than streamflowdiversions may have been responsible for vegetation differneces. Streams in the Sierra Nevada respond individually to diversions. Prediction of vegetation reponsesmust take into consideration environmental characteristics of specific stream reaches. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede,BH; Rinne,JN PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Hydrodynamic and fluvial morphologic processes: Implications for fisheries management and research SOURCE: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 10(3), 249-268. TOPICS: fish management; fishhabitat; hydrology COMMENTS: Streamflow, sediment transport, and channel morphology have been used in the past to describe the interactions between physical and biological processes. Interaction of the hydraulic and morphological factors creates either equilibrium or disequilibrium. Indicators are given for the type of equilibrium condition. Characteristics of fish habitat must be modified with great care, only if: 1) the causes for undesirable condition are known, and, 2) the measures will be compatible with future stream development. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heinze,DH PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Willows of Montana. Riparian Technical Bulletin No. 2 SOURCE: DOI Bureau of Land Management. Montana State Office. 69 p. TOPICS: riparian shrubs; willow COMMENTS: This bulletin is a technical guide to assist field people in the identification of 34 species of Salix. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Heede,BH; DeBano,LF PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Gully rehabilitation - a three-stage process in a sodic soil SOURCE: Soil Science of America Society Journal 48, 1416-1422. TOPICS: erosion control; gully rehabilitation; riparian restoration COMMENTS: The geomorphic, edaphic, and vegetation changes occurring in sodic soils were studied during a gully rehabilitation project in western Colorado. Data analysis showed that gully rehabilitation occurred in three stages: nonvegetated sodium banks disintegrated; the colluvial material from these eroded banks was weathered and leached; and, finally, when enough sodium had been leached from the eroded material, it was stabilized and vegetated as older colluvial material at the base of high sodium gully banks or as channel alluvium deposited behind gully structures. These changes led to an overall stabilization of the gullies and reduced suspended sediment and peak flows. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hensel,BR; Miller,MV PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Effects of wetlands creation on groudwater flow SOURCE: Journal of Hydrology 126, 293-314. TOPICS: groundwater; hydrology; wetlands COMMENTS: Changes in groundwater flow near Experimental Wetland Areas were observed during monthly monitoring of groundwater elevation in nested piezometers and shallow observation wells before and after the wetlands were filled with water. Increase in groundwater levels was a result of seepage from the wetlands. Difference in seepage rate was attributed to two factors: 1) hydraulic conductivity of sand and gravel versus till, and 2) wetlands over till were flow- through ponds and wetlands over sand and gravel were primarily groundwater recharge areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hewitt,MJ,III PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Synoptic inventory of riparian ecosystems: The utility of Landsat Thematic Mapper data SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 605-620. TOPICS: remote sensing; riparian inventory COMMENTS: It is estimated that 66% of the naturally occurring vegetation of the U.S. has been eradicated since 1776. Even though riparian zones are critical to the maintenance of wildlife populations, no adequate methods exist for the synoptic inventory and assessmnet of this resource. Results of a feasibility study in central Washington are presented. The map accuracy assessment in this study was only 80 percent but recommendations for improving accuracy are discussed. High resolution satellite systems potentially provide the means to synoptically inventory riparian habitat. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hoffman,GR; Stanley,LD PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Effects of cattle grazing on shore vegetation of fluctuating water level reservoirs SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 31(6), 412-416. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock effects; shoreline management COMMENTS: Shore vegetation of reservoirs develops between periods of high water; thus annual fluctuations in water levels, along with cattle grazing as limiting factors, keep shore vegetation in an early seral stage. Minimizing both water fluctuation levels and cattle grazing for for a reservoir in a given year, or years, permits considerably more shoreline vegetation development. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hollands,GG PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Regional analysis of the creation and restoration of kettle and pothole wetlands SOURCE: p.281-296. In: Wetland Creation and Restoration. The Status of the Science. Island Press. Washington, D.C. TOPICS: hydrology; wetlands COMMENTS: Kettles are topographic basins created by a variety of glacial processes and occur randomly throughout glaciated regions. They are associated with both permeable and impermeable deposits. They may have complkex hydrology but are divided into two general hydrologic types: those associated with surface streams and those without inlets or outlets. Water hydrology depends on whether kettles are associated with permeable or low permeable deposits. A primary concern with creating kettle wetlands is establishment of the proper hydrology. There is little research available specific to kettle and pothole creation and restoration. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hostetler,SW PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Analysis and modeling of long-term stream temperatures on the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon; Implications for land use and management SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin 27(4), 637-647. TOPICS: fishhabitat; logging effects; stream temperature COMMENTS: Steamboat Creek Basin is an important source of timber but also is crucial habitat for steelhead trout. Stream temperatures have gradually decreased since major logging operations ceased in 1969, but most tributaries are still at the upper limit of tolerance for survival of juvenile steelhead. Changes in forest management practices have somewhat lessened the logging effects on stream temperatures, but there is little margin for increases in temperature stemming from land-use in the watershed or natural causes. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jensen,SE; Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Restoration of degraded riverine/riparian habitat in the Great Basin and Snake River Regions SOURCE: p.367-403. In: Wetland Creation and Restoration. The Status of the Science. Island Press. Washington, D.C. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian restoration; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Riverine/riparian habitat (RRH) includes interdependent aquatic (riverine) and streamside (riparian) resources that are valuable for fish and wildlife habitat, flood storage, and desynchronization, nutrient cycling and water quality, recreation, and heritage values. RRH includes resources both wetter and drier than stipulated for wetlands. Whereas, the "natural or achievable state" of a riparian habitat may be wetland, the "existing state" may be non-wetland because of natural or anthropogenically induced changes in the hydrologic character of RRH. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnejack,KR; Megahan,WF PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Sediment transport in headwater channels in Idaho SOURCE: p.4-155 - 4-161. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference. [eds. Tan, S-S. and Y-H. Kuo]. Subcommittee on Sedimentation of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data. TOPICS: hydrology; sediment transport COMMENTS: Prediction of sediment transport in steep, headwater channels is complicated by step-pool profiles and large-scale roughnesws from boulders, logs, and brush. This study evaluated four common sediment transport equations. Although agreement between predicted and measured transport rates was encouraging, appropriate modeling of the physical processes was not necessarily indicated. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnston,CA; Naiman,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: The use of a geographic information system to analyze long-term landscape alteration by beaver SOURCE: Landscape Ecology 4(1), 5-19. TOPICS: beaver; fishhabitat; gis; riparian habitat COMMENTS: A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to analyze how beaver had altered hydrology and vegetation in Minnesota over a 46-year period. Total area impounded increased from 1% to 13% of the landscape between 1940 and 1986 as the beaver population increased from near extirpation to a density of 1 colony/km2. Most of the impoundment area increase occurred during the first two decades, when 77% of cumulative impoundment area was flooded. Once impounded, >60% of the area maintained the same water depth or vegetation during any decade. GIS procedures were combined with field data to show that available nitrogen stocks nearly tripled between 1940 and 1986 as a result of beaver impoundment. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnston,CA; Naiman,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Aquatic patch creation in relation to beaver population trends SOURCE: Ecology 71(4), 1617-1621. TOPICS: beaver; gis; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The creation of aquatic patches by beaver in the boreal forest of northern Minnesota was studied to determine how the population dynamics of a disturbance-causing animal are linked to the rates of patch formation and growth over a period of population and expansion. Earlier ponds tended to be larger. Even though rate of pond creation paralleled the increase in number of beaver colonies between 1961 and 1986, the rate of new pond creation prior to 1961 greatly exceeded the increase in number of beaver colonies. The authors conclude that the rate of patch formation after the first two decades of beaver colonization was contrained by geomorphology, which limited the availability of sites at which a beaver dam could impound a large area of water. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnston,CA; Naiman,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Browse selection by beaver: Effects on riparian forest composition SOURCE: Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, 1036-1043. TOPICS: beaver; riparian forest; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Beaver herbivory has both immediate and long-term effects on biomass, structure, and composition of riparian forests. Intense beaver foraging of aspen decreased tree density and basal area by as much as 43% within 1-ha forage zones surrounding two beaver ponds in Minnesota. Maximum diameter of trees cut was 43.5 cm; average aspen stem diameter cut was 13.9 cm and 10.2 cm, respectively. Woody biomass harvested per beaver averaged 1.4 Mg/ha/year over a 6-year foraging period. Most wood was left on site or used in dam con- struction. Selective foraging by beaver decreased the relative importance of preferred species (e.g. aspen) and increased the relative importance of avoided species (e.g. alder), with lont-term implications to forest succession and dynamics. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kantrud,HA; Krapu,GL; Swanson,GA PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Prairie basin wetlands of the Dakotas: A community profile SOURCE: USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 85(7.28). Washington, D.C. 89p. TOPICS: marshes; wetlands COMMENTS: The shallow basin wetlands of the Dakotas form the bulk of the portion of the Prairie Pothole Region lying within the United States. This region produces a large proportion of North American waterfowl and other prairie dwelling marsh and aquatic birds. Wetlands in the region are frequently drained for crop production. These wetlands vary greatly in their ability to maintain surface water and their water chemistry, which varies from fresh to polysaline. In addition, these wetlands are affected by a variety of agricultural land uses and practices, including pasture, cultivation, mechanical forage removal, idle conditions, and burning. It is important to understand how these factors operate in prairie basin wetlands, since they profoundly affect flora and fauna. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Keddy,PA PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Effects from competition from shrubs on herbaceous wetland plants: a 4-year field experiment SOURCE: Can. J. Bot. 67, 708-716. TOPICS: lakeshores; riparian shrubs; wetlands COMMENTS: While competition is known to occur among some species in some plant communities, it is still not possible to predict in which environments, or among which species, competitive interactions will be most intense. On this study site between shrubs and herbaceous lakeshore plants, shrubs were removed from treatment plots paired with controls. On shores with frequent disturbance and low fertility there was no evidence for competitive release. There were highly significant increases in cover, richness, and diversity in the removal plots, but less than one-quarter of the individual species responded significantly. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kershner,JL; Snider,WM; Turner,DM; Moyle,PB PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Distribution and sequencing of mesohabitats: Are there differences at the reach scale SOURCE: Rivers 3(3), 179-190. TOPICS: instream flows; stream channels; stream classification COMMENTS: Stream classification techniques may provide useful information about the function of stream habitat. Relationships between habitat characteristics at the mesohabitat scale and how these characteristics are influenced by other scales, such as watershed and reach, is poorly understood. Results of studies in the Sierra Nevada Mountains indicated that even though differences in in mesohabitat do occur between distinct stream reaches, the mesohabitat composition is highly variable. Use of representative reaches to describe stream habitats should be viewed with caution, given the dynamic nature of stream habitats and the biotic and abiotic factors that influence them. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ketcheson,GL; Megahan,WF PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Sediment tracing in step-pool granitic streams in Idaho SOURCE: P.4-147 - 4-153. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference. [eds. S-S Tan & Y-H Kuo]. Subcommittee on Sedimentation of the Interagency Advisory Commission on Water Data. TOPICS: hydrology; instream flow; sedimentation COMMENTS: Sediment tracer studies were conducted on four channels in the Silver Creek Study Area in south-central Idaho. A single dose of tracer particles was placed at the head of each reach just prior to snowmelt. After runoff, samples of bed materiarian zones. A 4- level geomorphic/floristic classification is proposed. Geomorphology is especially useful on riparian sites where the natural vegetation composition, soils, and/or water regimes hal were collected from all discrete deposits within the test reaches. About two-thirds of the tracer material remaining in the reaches was deposited behind natural organic debris in the channel, while one-third was evenly divided among deposition in point bars, pools, and random bed and bank locations. Transport of tracer through the reaches was directly proportional to channel gradient and flow rate. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kovalchik,BL; Chitwood,LA PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Use of geomorphology in the classification of riparian plant associations in mountainous landscapes of central Oregon, USA SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 405-418. TOPICS: geomorphology; riparian classification; riparian plants; riparian vegetaion COMMENTS: Resource managers are increasingly interested in the importance, unique values, classification, and management of riparian zones. Understanding the ecology of the riparian zone is complicated by the extreme variation in geology, climate, terrain, hydrology, and disturbances by humans. Consequently, it is often difficult to determine the vegetation potential of riparian sites and develop management options. This study used geomorphology in addition to floristic classification to identify vegetation potential in ripave been altered by past disturbance, either natural or human-induced. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Krueger,HO PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Avian response to mountainous shrub-willow riparian systems in southeastern Wyoming SOURCE: Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY. 101p. p. TOPICS: avian species; grazing effects; riparian shrubs COMMENTS: Census data within shrub-willow and upland habitats indicated that obligate avian species in each of the study sites. In study sites with high variation in shrub density, numerous bird species selected density values significantly different from random samples (P<0.05). Higher bird densities were found on the site associated with high beaver activity. Beaver impact bird communities by building dams which impound water and trap nutrients and sediment, both of which are factors which increase the productivity of the aquatic system and food availability. Cattle were found to alter shrub density and structure, both factors that affect bird communities. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Leopold,LH; Rosgen,DC PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Movement of bed material clasts in mountain streams SOURCE: p.4-183 - 4-188. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference. [eds. S-S. Tan & Y-H. Kuo]. Subcommittee on Sedimentation of the Interagency Advisory Commission on Water Data. TOPICS: instream flow; stream characteristics COMMENTS: The growth in observational data shows that it generally is true in gravel streams that the material on the immediate surface is coarser than that which lies below. Unfortunately, this has led to the use of the words armored or paved. The use of those words has given the impression to those who do not work directly with gravel bed streams that the bed material of the stream does not move with ordinary discharges. In this study, about 65% of the total rocks placed in stream channels moved during the season, even though discharges in none of the streams reached the bankfull stage. The distance the rocks moved was relatively small during one movement, generally less than a few meters. Some individual rocks moved more than once, and a few moved as many as four times during the season. These observations represent one type of evidence that material of the bed surface moves at discharges equal to or less than bankfull, even though the movement is for a short distance and the resultant transport rate is small. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Loucks,OL PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Restoration of the pulse control function of wetlands and its relationship to water quality objectives SOURCE: In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The status of the science. (Eds: Kusler,JA; Kentula,ME) Island Press, Washington, D.C., p. 467-477. TOPICS: streamflow simulation; wetland restoration; wetlands COMMENTS: Many wetlands and wetland restoration opportunities occur in the poorly drained headwaters of streams, along the stream floodplains, and at discharge points to larger water bodies. All of these were greatly changed by upland development that accelerates flows and increases the runoff pulse from headwater areas. In turn, the runoff increases scouring and transport of sediments, and subsequent deposition in or erosion of downstream wetland types. Successful restoration must consider how the hydrologic pulse may have been changed and whether pulse control measures can bring stream flows within a range consistent with historical development of downstream wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lotspeich,FB; Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: An integrated land-aquatic classification SOURCE: p.103-109. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory. 28-30 October 1981. Portland, OR. TOPICS: riparian classification; riverine systems; watersheds COMMENTS: This paper develops a simple classification system based on causes of differences between classes of lands and integrates the riverine system into the land classification. The classification system integrates various resource components, with climate and geology as controlling, independent variables. Because of their homogeneity and simplicity, first order watersheds are used as the basicd unit cell in the classification. Soils and vegetation are used to delineate individual classification units, which are then integrated into higher levels of classification. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lewis,RR,III PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Wetlands restoration/creation/enhancement terminology: Suggestions for standardization SOURCE: In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The status of the science. (Eds: Kusler,JA; Kentula,ME) Island Press, Washington, D.C., p.417-422. TOPICS: wetlands; wetlands restoration COMMENTS: This chapter contains a glossary that was prepared after review by all authors contributing to this book. The specific definitions in the glossary represent an attempt to bring some order to the terminology applied to the topic of wetland creation and restoration. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Malanson,GP; Butler,DR PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Woody debris, sediment, and riparian vegetation of a subalpine river, Montana, USA SOURCE: Artic and Alpine Research 22(2), 183-194. TOPICS: hydrology; riparian plants; sedimentation; woody debris COMMENTS: The relationships among woody debris, composition of vegetation, topography, and sediment on ten gravel bars along a Montana river are examined in order to test a hypothesis of positive feedback leading to reduced rates of sediment transport. Plant species diversity is related to the area, sediment, and woody debris of bars. Several variables were significantly correlated and significant regressions of vegetative composition on sediment, topography, and debris resulted. The amount of wood debris, however, is not a statistically significant function of topography, sediment, or vegetation. Analyses of systems of linear equations representing hypothetical pathways of causality regarding vegetation, woody debris, topography, and sediment were not statistically significant. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mazjors,JE PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Opportunities to protect instream flows and wetland uses of water in California SOURCE: USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 89(10). 76p. TOPICS: instream flows; water rights; watersheds COMMENTS: This report is one of a series providing surveys of State prerogatives and programs that may be used to protect the instream uses of water. Most of the opportunities for protecting instream flows are related to fish and wildlife habitat, although many other instream uses are considered, including hydroelectric power production, recreation, navigation, downstream delivery, and waste load assimilation. These documents illustrate methods to protect instream uses within the context of existing laws and regulations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Maser,C PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: On the "naturalness" of natural areas: a perspective for the future SOURCE: Natural Areas Journal 10(3), 129-133. TOPICS: biological diversity; ecological integrity COMMENTS: The key to and value of both restoration ecology and ecological restoration is the thought process the terms imply. Part of this process is setting aside an ecologically adequate system of natural areas - an unconditional gift of potential knowledge for the future. In doing so, present and future generations have a repository not only of species, which more often then not are region-specific, but also of processes, which more often than not are worldwide in principle and application. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mathias,ME; Moyle,P PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Wetlands and aquatic habitats SOURCE: Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 42, 165-176. TOPICS: biological diversity; riparian habitat; wetlands COMMENTS: Riparian wetland areas often represent critical corridors for animal and plant dispersion in wildland watersheds and downstream river systems. It is essential that integrated management of riparian wetland areas bedeveloped to reverse the loss of biological integrity. Agricultural and urban uses, and related water developments, have led to a marked decline of stream-side wetland habitats. Six major ways are discussed in which conventional agriculture alters wetlands and aquatic habitats: wetland drainage, water diversions. stream channelizations, bank stabilization, grazing, and the release of agricultural pollutants. This paper also discusses ways that biological diversity can be protected or enhanced. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McComb,WC; Sedell,JR; Buchholz,TD PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Dam-site selection by beavers in an eastern Oregon Basin SOURCE: Great Basin Naturalist 50(3), 273-281. TOPICS: beaver; riparian characteristics; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The authors compared physical and vegetative characteristics at 14 dam sites occupied by beaver with those at 41 unoccupied reaches to identify features important to dam-site selection in eastern Oregon. Stream reaches with dams were shallower and had a lower gradient than unoccupied reaches. Beaver did not build dams at sites with a rock substrate. Bank slopes at occupied reaches were not as steep as unoccupied reaches; and occupied stream reaches had greater tree canopy cover, especially of thinleaf alder, than did unused reaches. Four habitat suitability models for beaver were also tested with positive results. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McGarigal,K; McComb,WC PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Streamside versus upslope breeding bird communities in the central Oregon Coast Range SOURCE: Journal of Wildlife Management 56(1), 10-23. TOPICS: avian species; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Despite perceived ecological and management significance of streamside areas in the coniferous and mixed deciduous-coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest, there is little empirical data on the relative importance of streamside habitat to area avifauna. This paper examines breeding bird species diversity, richness, evenness, and individual species' abundance between streamside and upslope areas in mature, unmanaged forest stands. Bird community composition and structure differed between streamside and upslope areas. Streamsides exclusively contributed only 9% of the species versus 33% in the uplands. Vegetation structure and composition may have been responsible for observed bird distributions. Management of riparian areas alone may not meet the needs of several bird species. The authors suggest that a landscape-level approach addressing both upslope and riparian habitat may be more effective in meeting the needs of breeding bird communities. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medin,DE; Clary,WP PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Small mammals of a beaver pond ecosystem and adjacent riparian habitat in Idaho SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Research Paper INT-445. 4p. TOPICS: beaver; riparian habitat; small mammals; willow COMMENTS: Small mammal populations and community organization were compared between a beaver pond habitat dominated by willows and an adjacent nonwillow riparian habitat. Small mammal relative density was 3.06 times higher and standing crop biomass was 2.71 times higher in the beaver pond habitat than in the adjacent nonponded habitat. There were no pronounced differences between the two habitats in small mammal species richness or species diversity. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medin,DE; Clary,WP PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Bird populations in and adjacent to a beaver pond ecosystem in Idaho SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Research Paper INT-432. 6p. TOPICS: avian species; beavers; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Breeding bird populations and community organizations were compared between a beaver pond habitat dominated by willows and an adjacent riparian habitat. Total bird density in the ponded habitat was three times that of the nonponded habitat. Bird biomass, bird species richness, and bird species diversity were 3.49, 3.25, and 1.67 times higher, respectively, in the beaver pond habitat. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medin,DE; Clary,WP PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Breeding bird populations in a grazed and ungrazed riparian habitat in Nevada SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Research Paper INT-441. 7p. TOPICS: avian species; grazing effects; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Breeding bird populations and bird community organization were compared between a grazed and ungrazed aspen-willow riparian habitat. There were no differences between the two sites in bird density, species richness, species composition, or other attributes. There were also no pronounced differences between the sites in total density or total standing crop biomass of a nine-species guild of riparian birds. There were no obvious relationships between the responses of individual bird species and any physiognomic differences in the vegetation of the two habitats. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Medina,AL PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Possible effects of residential development on streamflow, riparian plant communities, and fisheries on small mountain streams in central Arizona SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 351-361. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian plants; stream flow COMMENTS: Increased residential development along small mountain streams within pine forests in central Arizona has surged in the last 20 years and presents a potential threat to riparian plant communities because it can alter the nature of streamflow from perennial to ephemeral. The change in streamflow increases water stress on riparian plants along those streams. Cultural activities associated with residential development that alter streamflows are water diversions, groundwater pumping, and changes in land use. Measurements of tree densities and stand composition of Arizona alder and box elder showed that perennial streams had greater tree densities in all diameter classes, compared with ephemeral streams where small-diameter trees were absent. Xylem water potential measurements decreased more rapidly on trees occupying ephemeral reaches than on trees of comparable reaches of perennial streams during the summer. The increase in water stress in trees growing along ephemeral stream reaches may be responsible for the lower plant densities and lack of seedling establishment measured. Trout populations also declined when streamflow changed from perennial to ephemeral. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Megahan,WF; Potyondy,JP; Seyedbagheri,KA PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Best management practices and cumulative effects from sedimentation in the South Fork Salmon River: An Idaho case study SOURCE: In: Watershed Management: Balancing Sustainability and Environmental Change. (Ed: Naiman,RJ) Springer-Verlag,, 401-414. TOPICS: incomplete; best management practices; logging impacts; sedimentation COMMENTS: Poor land use, including intensive unregulated logging from 1940 through the mid-1960's, contributed to massive cumulative effects from sedimentation in Idaho's South Fork Salmon River by 1965. Severe damage to valuable salmon and steelhead habitat resulted. Present-day management practices, properly implemented, have the potential of reducing sediment yields by about 45 to 95% compared with yields caused by historical land use. Cumulative effects analysis is a useful tool for evaluating management alternatives. Some increases in sedimentation are unavoidable even using the most cautious logging and roading methods.However, much of the sedimentation in the SFSR and other drainages could have been avoided if logging and road construction had followed best management practices. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Merendino,MT; Smith,LM; Murkin,HR; Pederson,RL PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: The response of prairie wetland vegetation to seasonality of drawdown SOURCE: Wildlife Society Bulletin 18, 245-251. TOPICS: water cycles; wetlands COMMENTS: Diversity and productivity of prairie wetland flora are maintained by cyclic wet and dry periods that can be either natural or man- induced. This study evaluated the effects of four drawdown dates on recruitment of species from the seedbank. Season of drawdown affected the abundance, species richness, and flowering of wetland vegetation. Overall shoot densities were highest for a May 15 drawdown, with alkali bulrush the dominant species. The number of flowering shoots was highest in the June 15 drawdown. Cattail dominated the June 15 drawdown and purple loosestrife reached maximum densities. Mid-summer drawdowns (July 15) and late-summer drawdowns (August 15) were characterized by low species abundance and absence of seed production. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Miller,TB; Johnson,FD PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: Sampling and data analyses of narrow, variable-width gallery forests over environmental gradients SOURCE: Tropical Ecology 27, 132-142. TOPICS: gallery forest; riparian classification; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: A system for sampling and data analyses for narrow, variable-width gallery forests is described. Gallery forests studies were along steep tributory streams of a deep river canyon in the western US. A series of transects, perpendicular to the stream, was designed to sample riparian vegetation plus that of adjacent vegetation types. Data analysis consisted of two-dimensional ordination, discriminant analysis, and polythetic-agglomerative classification. Results showed that species can be related to environmental parameters and to each other and that community types can be designated and similarly related. Authors suggest that this sampling/data analysis system can be successfully applied to gallery forests or other riparian vegetation in narrow stream courses. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Minkley,WL; Clark,TO PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: Formation and destruction of a Gila River mesquite bosque community SOURCE: Desert Plants 6(1), 23-30. TOPICS: bosque; flooding effects; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Evidence is presented for repeated formation and destruction of a Mesquite bosque community on a Gila River terrace in eastern Arizona. Terrace formation was induced by coarse alluvial cone produced by flooding in an ephemeral tributary, followed by vegetative colonization culminating in Mesquite. Destruction was accomplished by sustained flooding in the mainstream Gila River. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Minshall,GW; Brock,JT; Varley,JD PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Wildfires and Yellowstone's stream ecosystems SOURCE: BioScience 39(10), 707-715. TOPICS: fire ecology; fire effects; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Fires of the magnitude such as those that burned during 1988 in the Greater Yellowstone Area can have profound effects on the ecology of streams. The extent of the near-term effects of fire on stream ecosystems and the rates of return to prefire conditions are largely dependent on the degree of disruption of the watershed and stream channel in the first few years after fire. The difference appears to be due primarily to the size of the watershed and the intensity of the fire. The chance occurrence of intense summer thunder storms is also a factor. Three scenarios or alternative trajectories are presented for potential responses to the different degrees of disturbance resulting from the fire. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Morgenson,G PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Vegetative propagation of poplar and willow SOURCE: p.84-86. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association Annual meeting. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, UT. TOPICS: riparian plantings; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Discusses the processes involved in the propagation of poplar and willow from hardwood cuttings including stooling block establishment, harvest, cutting planting, growth, use of equipment, and chemical inputs. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Myers,TJ; Swanson,S PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Aquatic habitat condition index, stream type, and livestock bank damage in northern Nevada SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin 27(4), 667-677. TOPICS: riparian condition; riparian habitat; riparian monitoring COMMENTS: The quality of stream habitat varies for a variety of natural and anthropogenic reasons not identified by a condition index. However, many people use condition indices to indicate management needs or even direction. Stream types and levels of ungulate bank damage were related to estimates of aquatic habitat condition index and stream width parameters in a large datqa base. Soil and vegetation stability were highly correlated. Riparian area width did not vary significantly with either stream type or ungulate bank damage. Variation among stream type indicates that riparian management and monitoring should be stream type and reach specific. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Niering,WA PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Vegetation dynamics in relation to wetland creation SOURCE: Wetland Creation and Restoration. (Eds: Kusler,JA; Kentula,ME) Island Press, Washington, D.C., 479-486. TOPICS: hydrology; wetland vegetation; wetlands COMMENTS: The understanding of ecological processes involved in wetland vegetation development is essential to wetland managers concerned with wetland creation. Ascertaining a sound hydologic system is basic in any attempt to recreate a wetland system since the vegetation and associated fauna are dependent upon a consistent but usually fluctuating hydrologic regime. Any hydrologic manipulations can also greatly modify what species will become established in a given site or those that may decline in abundance. Traditional succession-climax dogma has limited usefulness in interpreting vegetative change. Thus, an understanding of the complex of factors involved in the process, including chance and coincidence, makes management more challenging. Since vegetation change is not necessaraily predictable and orderly, as is sometimes thought, it is often difficult to predict the ultimate vegetation of a given site. Some wetland communities once created may be relatively stable; others may undergo directional or cyclic change. One of the major goals of wetland creation should be the persistance of the wetland as a self-perpetuating oscillating system, which is assured by assuring a sound hydrologic regime. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Onuf,CP; Zedler,JB PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Pattern and process in arid-region salt marshes - southern California SOURCE: The Ecology and Management of Wetlands. Vol. Volume 1: Ecology of Wetlands. (Eds: Hook,DD et al.) Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 570-581. TOPICS: incomplete; arid wetlands; salt marshes; wetlands COMMENTS: Salt marshes of the moist eastern United States have been long and often the subject of studies of ecosystem function. In comparison, ecological investigations of arid-region salt marshes are recent and limited. This review relies primarily on research from the last decade in southern California. The results contradict several paradigms of ecosystem function that have emerged from research in the eastern United States. Key differences in the salt marshes between the regions provide insights about the governing process. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Osborn,HB; Simanton,JR PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Gullies and sediment yield SOURCE: Rangelands 11(2), 51-56. TOPICS: erosion control; gullies; sedimentation COMMENTS: Estimates of total sediment yield, over a nine-year period, for a small gullied watershed, were partitioned to account for main gully contribution, tributary gully contribution, and upland erosion. The main gully contributed about 50% of the total sediment yield. Estimates of upland erosionranged from about 20% of the total based on the USLE to 40% based on comparison with an adjacent ungullied watershed. The remiander (10 to 30%) was attributed to contribution from tributary gullies. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ottenbreit,KA; Staniforth,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Life cycle and age structure of ramets in an expanding population of Salix exigua (sandbar willow) SOURCE: Can. J. Bot. 70, 1141-1146. TOPICS: riparian plants; willow COMMENTS: The sandbar willow is a dominant woody pioneer and stabilizer of riverbanks and sand dunes over much of North America. A population growing on a point bar in Manitoba was assessed. Average annual height increments were 29.7 cm, and the average annual girth increments were 2.6 mm/year. There were no significant differences between sexes. Significant linear correlations existed between basal stem diameter and age and between stem height and age. Flowering occurred in a few 2- and 3-year old stems, regardless of sex. Flowering frequency increased to 93% at the age of 9 years. Stem mortality was highest in 3-, 4-, and 6-year old ramets, and senescence was first observed at about 12 years. Few stems were over 12 years old but the oldest stem encountered was 31 years old. The sex ratio of 1.7:1.0 significantly favored males. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Pionke,HB; Hoover,JR; Schnabel,RR; Gburek,JB; Urban,JB; Rogowski,AS PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Chemical-hydrologic interactions in the near-stream zone SOURCE: Water Resources Research 24(7), 1101-1110. TOPICS: chemical responses; hydrology; watersheds COMMENTS: The chemical and hydrologic responses of a hilly watershed to a typical summer storm event were determined and compared. Patterns and the relative magnitudes of NO3, NH4, phosphorus, and PO4 concentrations observed in seepage, surface runoff, storm flow, base flow, and rainfall, fit those hypothesized in the storm hydrograph and associated water table responses observed in the near-stream zone. Nitrate concentrations in seepage and base flow were similar and, typically, exceeded those in surface runoff, rainfall, and peak storm flow by 5-20 times. Conversely, NH4, P, and PO4 concentrations in surface runoff from the seep zone and in peak storm flows exceeded those in seepage and base flow by 2-20 times. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Managing fisheries and wildlife on rangelands grazed by livestock: A guidance and reference document for biologists SOURCE: Nevada Department of Wildlife. 114p. TOPICS: livestocks effects; riparian habitat COMMENTS: If progress is to be made in rehabilitating western streams, rangeland management has to be improved greatly over that being practiced today. This document is dedicated to seeing that the field biologist has the tools, background, methods, and input necessary to turn this system around. If the present body of knowledge were only put on the ground, western streams would rehabilitate quite rapidly. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Effects of sheep grazing on a riparian-stream environment SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Research Note INT-307. 6p. TOPICS: erosion; grazing impacts; livestock effects COMMENTS: A stream section in a meadow receiving high intensitygrazing from sheep was almost five times as wide and only one-fifth as deep as an adjoining stream section where the meadow received light or no grazing. In the heavily grazed area, undercut banks were eliminated, streambanks were outsloped, and water depth at the stream surface- stream channel interface was only one-thirteenth as deep as in the lightly or nongrazed areas. Prolonged holding of sheep on meadows for long periods of time is apparently detrimental to the riparian-stream ecosystem. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS; Martin,SB PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Hydrochemical influences on the fishery within the phosphate mining area of eastern Idaho SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Research Note INT-246. TOPICS: fishhabitat; hydrochemical influences; hydrology; mining impacts COMMENTS: Hydrochemical analysis of selected streams in the upper Blackfoot River drainage showed waters in these streams were in a near-natural state, with possible modification from surrounding land uses. Stream hydrochemistry and physical condition of fish indicated the fishery was in good condition. No influences from present phosphate mining were found that threatened fish health or survival. Hydrochemically, the Blackfoot system is capable of producing a good cutthroat trout fishery, but high levels of nutrients probably restrict optimum cutthroat trout populations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Livestock grazing SOURCE: Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and their Habitats. (: ) American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19,, 389-423. TOPICS: incomplete; grazing impacts; livestock effects COMMENTS: The range environment includes 485.6 million hectares in the USA. Sixty-nine percent of this rangeland was grazed by livestock in 1970, furnishing 213 million animal unit months of forage. Much of this rangeland has become depleted of natural and desirable vegetation, adversely affecting runoff and altering sediment recruitmentand transport to and within streams. Even though livestock use on western ranges has passed the 100-year mark, the importance of grazing effects on aquatic resources is just beginning to be understood. Research has not fully iderntified these problems, described their magnitude, or provided methods for their solution. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Prichard,DE; Upham,LL PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Texas Creek riparian enhancement study SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management. Colorado State Office. Tech. Bull. 13p. TOPICS: livestock grazing; riparian habitat COMMENTS: This study in south-central Colorado concludes that enhancement of riparian habitat can occur by implementing any of the three manipulated factors: 1) deferred livestock grazing, 2) protective fencing, and 3) habitat treatments. The most dramatic improvements occurred where livestock grazing was excluded in combination with intensive habitat treatment projects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rabe,FW; Biggam,RC; Breckenridge,RM; Naskali,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1986 TITLE: A limnological description of selected peatland lakes in Idaho SOURCE: Journal of the Idaho Academy of Science 22(2), 63-85. TOPICS: natural aeas; wetlands COMMENTS: Six peatland lakes in northern and central Idaho that occur in terrain glaciated during the Pleistocene Epoch were sampled. Three lakes were formed in glacial deposits and three lakes formed in ice-scoured depressions. The dominant plants comprising the peat mats were Carex spp. and Sphagnum spp. The mats were located either peripherally along shore, midway between a lagg zone open water, or in the center of the lake. Only a few flowering plant species were observed on sphagnum bogs. Two species of insectivorous plants (Drosera spp.) were common along with other species able to tolerate low nitrogen conditions. Seventy species of aquatic insects were identified. Low acidity in some bogs limited the number of insects that respire cutaneously or by gills. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ratliff,RD PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Nebraska sedge (Carex nebrasksis Dewey): Observations on shoot life history and management SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 36(4), 429-430. TOPICS: grazing impacts; riparian plants; sedges COMMENTS: Nebraska sedge, a valuable and distinct species, can withstand a high degree of defoliation by livestock without being seriously damaged. Shoot life history was studied on the Sierra National Forest, California. Initial results indicated that: 1) Nebraska sedge roots live longer than one year, 2) a high proportion of vegetative shoots overwinter, 3) overwintering shoots have cores of live leaf tissue which can develop rapidly in spring, and 4)about half of the shoots surviving winter become reproductive and die. As a culmless species, it is better able to withstand defoliation. Reproduction appears to be mainly vegetative, and a management goal of producing an abundance of healthy rhizomes is suggested. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Reeves,GH; Hall,JD; Roelofs,TD; Hickman,TL; Baker,CO PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Rehabilitating and modifying stream habitats SOURCE: Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management of Salmonid Fishes and their Habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:519-557. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian habitat; riparian restoration COMMENTS: Techniques for rehabilitating and modifying habitats have been used for over 50 years in fishery management, but they have been applied to a relatively small degree in the management of western salmonids, particularly anadromous stocks. Increased rates of harvest and other threats to the survival of many wild populations of salmon and trout call for intensified fishery management. Intensified looging, grazing, irrigation, agriculture, and urbanization have diminished the quality and quantity of habitats available to wild salmonid stocks. In principle, rehabilitation and modification of habitats are attractive means to restore the abundance of these salmonids. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rex,KD; Malanson,GP PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: The fractal shape of riparian forest patches SOURCE: Landscape Ecology 4(4), 249-258. TOPICS: floodplain forests; riparian forest; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Remnant patches of a forest corridor were examined in Iowa. A fractal dimension was found for these patches which was incorporated with the perimeter:area ratio in an index of shape. The index was then regressedon five hydrogeomorphic variables hypothesized to represent processes which might control patch dimensions, plus a variable to represent human impact. Results indicate that in this landscape the hydrogeomorphic structures play a role, but that human impact is more significant in its effect on the shape of the forest patches. Other structures, such as regional topography, may account for the unexplained variance. The index of shape used in this papermay be useful as an independant variable in studies of ecological processes affected by patch shape and form and as a guide to conservation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rickard,WH; Price,KR PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Uptake of tritiated groundwater by black locust trees SOURCE: Northwest Science 63(3), 87-89. TOPICS: groundwater; riparian plants COMMENTS: Artificially planted trees have survived for four decades in the dry climate of south-central Washington without irrigation. It was believed that tree-survival depended on root contact with groundwater but this assumption had never been tested. Leafwater from trees growing at a location where groundwater was 7.7 m below the the surface had elevated levels of tritium. Well water also had elevated levels of tritium indicating that some of the tritium measured in leafwater was obtained from root contact with tritiatied graoundwater. Concentrations in leafwater were greatest in August when sources of tritium other than groundwater were least abundant, suggesting that the trees relied most heavily on groundwater during the dry season. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rinne,JN PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: The utility of stream habitat and biota for identifying potential conflicting forest land uses: Montane riparian areas SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 363-383. TOPICS: land use; monitoring; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Recent investigations on the effects of land management practices on riparian stream systems have often produced contradictory results. Inconsistencies have occurred, in part, because of efforts that have not been totally comprehensive and, in part, because of poor study design and/or procedure. This paper reviews the literature on the use of fine sediment, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and fishes as indicators for identifying and describing the effects of various land-use practices on riparian stream systems. The results of research on the effects of land-management practices on these three variables is also presented. The author suggests it is valid to use these variables to detect the effects of multiple-use practices on riparian stream systems, although other variables such as solar radiation, water quality, water temperature, riparian vegetation, and others may also be useful. More reliable definition of effects will require the collection of baseline data, protracted ecosystem scale studies, and consideration of multiple physical and biotic features. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rinne,JN; LaFayette,RA PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Southwestern riparian-stream ecosystems: research design, complexity, and opportunity SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. Research Paper RM-299. 8p. TOPICS: fisheries; monitoring; riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Two basic approaches to research design in riparian areas - intrastream and interstream - and their merits are evaluated based on physical, chemical, and biological data from streams in central Arizona and northern New Mexico. For effective generation of dependable, and applicable information for future management of forest lands, a partnership: 1) characterized by constant and intimate interaction of research and management personnel, 2) operating within the framework of daily forest land mangement activity, and 3) vigilant of research opportunity - is proposed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rosentreter,R PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: High-water indicator plants along Idaho waterways SOURCE: p.18-24. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecology and Management of Riparian Shrub Communities. 29 - 31 May 1991. Sun Valley, ID. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289. TOPICS: monitoring; riparian habitat; riparian plants COMMENTS: Plants restricted to and common under seasonally flooded conditions along Idaho waterways can be useful for managing and monitoring riparian areas. They can function as indicator plants that relate topography and channel capacity to annually fluctuating water levels. Indicator plants can also be useful in evaluating present and past stream hydrology conditions. The presence of these indicator species can help determine mean flood levels relative to the current water level. Stream channel geometry is highly variable over the length of a stream, and estimating mean high water can help one determine the sites available for rehabilitation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Roth,D; Bridges,C; Zimmerman,C (Eds.) PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Riparian: What does it mean to me? SOURCE: Procedings of the Third Annual Convention of the Colorado Riparian Association ed. The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO. 48 pages. TOPICS: riparian habitat; riparian management COMMENTS: A compilation of 16 topical and technical papers addressing riparian management in Colorado. Most of the latter are syntheses of presentations offered in more technical detail during the proceedings. Much of the information contained herein has been published in greater detail in more formal contexts. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schneller-McDonald,K; Ischinger,LS; Auble,GT PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Wetland Creation and Management: Description and Summary of the Literature SOURCE: USDI-US Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 90(3). 198 p. TOPICS: wetlands; wetlands creation; wetlands restoration COMMENTS: This report provides bibliographic information contained in the Wetland Creation/Restoration data base. One thousand one hundred records are included. Each record represents one article, report, or other publication dealing with the data subjects. Information contained in the records is: 1)introduced in a description of all fields and keywords, 2) summarized in terms of findings in a set of graphs and tables, and 3) accessible through a cross-referenced index. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Shroeder,RL; Allen,AW PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Assessment of habitat of wildlife communities on the Snake River, Jackson, Wyoming SOURCE: USDI - US Fish and Wildlife Service. Resource Publication 190. TOPICS: gis; modeling; riparian habitat; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: The composition of wildlife communities in western riparian habitats is influenced by the horizontal and vertical distribution of vegetation, the physical complexity of the channel, and barriers to movement along the corridor. Based on existin information, a model was developed to evaluate wildlife communities along the Snake River. The model, which compares new information to pre-1956 conditions (before levees were constructed), may be applied with remotely sensed data and is compatible with GIS analysis. The model evaluates floodplain and channel complexity and assesses anthropogenic disturbance and its potential effect on the quality of wildlife habitat and movement in the riparian corridor. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Schulz,TT; Leininger,WC PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Nongame wildlife communities in grazed and ungrazed montane riparian sites SOURCE: Great Basin Naturalist 51(3), 286-292. TOPICS: livestock grazing; nongame species; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Livestock grazing can alter vegetative structure and composition of riparian habitat for nongame species. This study, in north central Colorado, suggests that previous heavy cattle grazing changed the bird and small mammal community composition through reduction of shrub and herbaceous cover. More research is indicated for the intensities and season of grazing. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sedgwick,JA; Leininger,WC PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Prescribed grazing as a secondary impact in a western riparian floodplain SOURCE: Journal of Range Management 44(4), 369-373. TOPICS: cottonwood; flooding effects; grazing impacts; livestock grazing COMMENTS: The effect of late-autumn grazing on plant biomass was examined in a western Great Plains cottonwood riparian zone prone to catastrophic flooding every 5-8 years. At the prescribed level of 0.46 ha/AUM, riparian grazing proved to be resilient to the impacts of grazing. Willows responded negatively to grazing whereas biomass of prairie cordgrass was greater on grazed plots. Periodic, catastrophic flooding is a major perturbation to the ecosystem and dormant season grazing within prescribed guidelines is a relatively minor impact within the floodplain. Grazing impacts were probably further mitigated by a major forage supplement of cottonwood leaves available at the time of cattle use. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sharma,KD; Dhir,R P1992; Murthy,JSR PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Modeling suspended sediment flow in arid upland basins SOURCE: Hydrological Sciences 37(5), 481-490. TOPICS: hydrology; modeling; sedimentation COMMENTS: A conceptual basin model of the instataneous unit sediment graph was developed for sediment graph prediction from arid upland basins by routing mobilized sediments through a series of linear reservoirs. The mobilized sediment during a storm was related to effective precipitation and the parameters of the model were estimated from observed events. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sidle,RC; Hornbeck,JW PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Cumulative effects: A broader approach to water quality research SOURCE: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46(4), 268-271. TOPICS: monitoring; riparian ecosystems; water quality; watersheds COMMENTS: Research on cumulative watershed effects requires significant departures from traditional procedures/approaches. Research questions are usually divided into their component parts with each part being intensively studied by its respective disciplines. The cumulative effects approach requires a look at ecological changes in the broadest context over varying scales of time and space. The issue demands the continuing participation of many disciplines and enhanced interaction and cooperation among those participants. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Simons,DB PUB. YEAR: 1975 TITLE: The geomorphic and hydraulic response of rivers SOURCE: p.209-219. In: Transactions of the Wildlife Management Institute; 40th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. March 1975. Pittsburg, PA. TOPICS: hydrology; monitoring; water resources COMMENTS: Increasing interest in conserving and improving our environment has identified a need for methods to predict river response due to various changes resulting from water resource planning. River response is an unsteady phenomenon in nature. For the study of transient phenomena in natural alluvial channels, the equations of motion and continuity can be used. Understanding the physical process boverning river response is the first step toward successful water resources utilization and management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,LM; Kadlec,JA PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Fire and herbivory in a Great Salt Lake Marsh SOURCE: Ecology 66(1), 259-265. TOPICS: fire effects; grazing impacts; primary production; wetlands COMMENTS: The effects of fire and of herbivory by vertebrates on the standing crop and aboveground net primary production of Typha latifolia, Scirpus lacustris, S. maritimus, and Distichlis spicata investigated in a freshwater marsh adjacent to the Great Salt Lake. Production of T. latifolia, S. lacustris, and S. maritimus vegetation responding after fire was not different from control areas, but flooding following fire eliminated D. spicata. Grazing by wetland vertebrates reduced net primary production of marsh macrophytes. Significant reductions occurred in previously burned areas of T.latifolia (48%), S.lacustris (25%), and S. maritimus (9%), illustrating the importance of the herbivory food chain for inland marshes. Evidence of incresed protein in vegetation responding after fire and preferential grazing was consistent with the hypothesis that wetland vertebrates select vegetation of higher nutritive quality. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Smith,LM; Kadlec,JA PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Habitat management for wildlife in marshes of Great Salt Lake SOURCE: p.222-231. In: Transactions of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. TOPICS: avian species; habitat management; wetland habitat; wetlands COMMENTS: The marshes surrounding the Great Salt Lake have historically been known for their rich and plentiful avifauna. The marshes have provided vital habitat for breeding shorebirds and waterfowl and have also been critical for molting and wintering birds. Substantial changes have occurred in modern times. This study highlights historical, physical, and biological conditions of the GSL marshes and relates recent habitat management schemes to vegetation succession and associated wildlife use. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sprugel,DG PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Disturbance, equilibrium, and environmental variability: What is natural vegetation in a changing environment? SOURCE: Biological Conservation 58, 1-18. TOPICS: natural areas; plant communities; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: In recent years, the definition of "natural" ecosystems has undergone a change of perspective. It is now realized that in most areas some type of large-scale disturbance is indigenous and must be considered in any realistic interpretation of "naturalness". In some areas, an equilibrium may exist in which patchy disturbance is balanced by regrowth, but in others equilibrium may be impossible because 1) individual disturbances are too large of infrequent, 2) ephemeral events may have long-lasting disruptive effects, and/or 3) climate changes interrupt any movement toward equilibrium that does occur. Vegetation may not be stable over long periods of time in a given area even without man's influence. For any given site at any given time, there are several communities that could be the 'natural vegetation'. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stahlecker,DW; Kennedy,PL; Cully,AC; Kuykendall,CB PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Breeding bird assemblages in the Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River Recreation Area, New Mexico SOURCE: The Southwestern Naturalist 34(4), 487-498. TOPICS: avian species; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Breeding bird assemblages were quantified on a 7,600-ha study area in northern New Mexico. Birds were cencused om spot-mapping grids within six of the eight habitats during the spring and summer of 1985. Population estimates were made for 43 species in at least one habitat while 113 confirmed and potential breeding species were documented in the study area. The riparian habitat had the highest density of breeding birds (203.3 pairs/40 ha) while sagebrush-grasslands had the lowest density (75.6 pairs/40 ha). Sagebrush-grassland habitat had the lowest species richness, and wooded canyon benches had the highest species richness. The greatest similarity in breeding bird species occurred in adjacent and structurally similar habitats. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Stromberg,JC; Patten,DT PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Riparian vegetation instream flow requirements: A case study from a diverted stream in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA SOURCE: Environmental Management 14(2), 185-194. TOPICS: instream flow; modeling; riparian habitat; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: A methodology is described for determination of instream flow requirements for maintenance of riparian trees. Tree-ring data revealed strong relationships between tree growth and stream flow volume for riparian species on an alluvial stream. These relationships allowed development of models that predict growth rats from hydrologic variables. The models can be used to assess instream flow requirements under the assumption that certain levels of growth are necessary to maintain the population. Previous models have focused on aquatic animals and may underestimate the requirements of the entire riparian ecosystem. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro,RC PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Southwestern riparian plant communities: Site characteristics, tree species distributions, and size-class structures SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 315-334. TOPICS: riparian communities; riparian forest; riparian trees COMMENTS: Elevation, stream direction, stream gradient, and valley cross- sectional area affect the distribution of riparian tree species in the SW United States. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to examine variability of physical site characteristics on 153 sites in NM and AZ. Elevation was the most significant factor for all community types, all riparian forest types, and all riparian shrub community types. Both stream gradient and stream direction also correlated significantly, but on a more limited and local level. Tree population size structures and tree species distribution were studied on sites where species were dominant and at other sites where they occurred. The dominance and/or codominance of some species, such as Arizona walnut (Juglans major), was directly related to site characteristics such as elevation and direction of stream flow. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro,RC; King,RM PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Sampling intensity and species richness; Effects on delineating southwestern riparian plant communities SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 335-349. TOPICS: riparian communities; riparian studies COMMENTS: Riparian communities in the SW United States often occur in patches and isolated pockets along stream corridors, making classifications of community types highly dependant on sampling design and methodology. The authors determined the number of plots (5 X 25m) and tree species richness in estimating density, basal area, and species ranks. Variability in species density ranks for the most frequent species stabilized, with about 10 - 20 plots. As species richness increased, so did the variability associated with estimating ranks. Studies, wqhich are based on only a few arbitrarily selected sample plots, may not produce reliable results. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tabacchi,E; Planty-Tabacchi,A-M; Decamps,O PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Continuity and discontinuity of the riparian vegetation along a fluvial corridor SOURCE: Landscape Ecology 5(1), 9-20. TOPICS: riparian studies; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: The concept of continuity/discontinuity was applied to the riparian vegetation of the corridor of the River Adour in SW France, in order to define longitudinal structure, and to test the degree of floristic continuity of the fluvial axis. The measure of floristic connectance along the river course was based on presence/absence data, and was applied to successive stretches of the river, at various resolution levels. Analysis showed that the river corridor could not be assumed to be floristically continuous. Observed discontinuities may correspond to two types of change in the riparian vegetation; zones of slow change (high level of floristic connectance) or zones of sharp change (low level of floristic connectance). ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tarlock,AD PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: New water transfer restrictions: The West returns to riparianism SOURCE: Water Resources Research 27(6), 987-994. TOPICS: water allocation; water rights; watershed COMMENTS: Fundamental shifts in water allocation and management are occurring throughout the West. Changing public values have forced the reallocation of existing water supplies. This reallocation can be accomplished in three ways: 1) the rededication of unallocated or unused blocks of storage water on federal and state reservoirs, 2.) the voluntary transfer of existing water rights, and 3.) the redefinition of existing rights by judicial decisions and legislation which trim consumptive entitlements. Many emerging new watershed rules, which could make all transfers presumptively suspect, are reintroducing the principle of watershed protection in the form of a premise that river systems should be managed on an ecosystem basis. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Thurow,R; King,J PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Effects of fine sediment on fish populqations SOURCE: p.49-56. In: Proceedings of the Third Federal Intragency Sedimentation Conference. March, 1989. Las Vegas, NV. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The authors evaluated the particle size distribution of egg pockets, redd pits, and tailspills, artificially constructed redds, and undisturbed substrate outside redds. Egg pockets were located in upper strata an average of 14.9 cm below the substrate surface. Egg pockets contained fewer fines (<6.35 mm) than other sites. except in artificial redds. As substrate depth increased, percent fines tended to increase at all sampling sites and variability in percent fines among sites was reduced. They observed no change in percent fines sampled from May to July, except in cleaned intrusion sites where free interstitial areas rapidly accumulated sediments. Dissolved oxygen levels declined in redds during incubation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tilley,LJ; Slack,KV; Kennelly,SS PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Transport of invertebrates and detritus in streams SOURCE: p.9-17. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Intragency Sedimentation Conference. 18-21 March 1991. Las Vegas, NV. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian habitat; sedimentation COMMENTS: Stream sediment includes living and non-living particulate organic matter along with inorganic particles. Living organisms range in size from bacteria to large plants and animals. Non-living organic matter is mostly of plant origin. Drift, the downstream movement of invertebrates in the water column is a universal feature of streams and an important component of suspended particulate organic matter. Drift samples, usually collected with nets, contain the invertebrates along with the organic and inorganic particles collectively termed detritus. Particulate organic matter is important to stream ecosystem functioning, and is also involved in the transport and fate of plant nutrients, trace metals, pesticides and other substances. This study describes sampling techniques and the factors affecting drift and detritus abundance in Rocky Mountain streams. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tiner,RW PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: The concept of a hydrophyte for wetland identification SOURCE: BioScience 41(4), 236-246. TOPICS: hydrophytes; plant communities; wetlands COMMENTS: Existence of wetland ecotypes lacking distinguishing morphological characteristics to separate them from the typical species and the broad ecological amplitude or wide wetness tolerance of many species make it difficult to rely on plant community composition to identify many wetlands and delineate their boundaries. Consequently, evaluation of soil properties and other hydrological characteristics are essential to accurate identification and delineation of wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Tiner,RW PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Use of high-altitude aerial photography for inventorying forested wetlands in the United States SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 593-604. TOPICS: aerial photography; inventory; wetlands COMMENTS: The USFWS is conducting an inventory of the wetlands of the US through its National Wetlands Inventory Project (NWI). The project selected high-altitude aerial photography (1:40,000 to 1:130,000 scale) as its primary data source. Stereoscopic interpretation of this photography is an efficient and cost-effective method for identifying, classifying, and inventorying wetlands on a national, state, or regional level. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Idaho water quality status report and nonpoint source assessment 1988 SOURCE: Division of Environmental Quality. Water Quality Bureau. State of Idaho. 138 p. TOPICS: non-point pollution; water quality COMMENTS: The purpose of this report was to provide an assessment of the water quality of rivers, lakes, and groundwater in the state of Idaho, that were being impacted by nonpoint, point, and toxic pollutants. The report was also intended to satisfy the requirements of Sections 319, 305b, 304, and 314 of the federal Water Quality Act. It also serves as a management tool for targeting priority waters and implementing pollution control strategies. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Crouch,GL PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Effects of protection from livestock grazing on a bottomland wildlife habitat in northeastern Colorado SOURCE: p.118-125. In: Proceedings of the Lowland River and Stream Habitat in Colorado Symposium. 4-5 October 1978. Greeley, CO. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock grazing; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Vegetation on a bottomland wildlife habitat protected from grazing for 7 and 25 years was compared to an adjacent grazed tract along the South Platte River on NE Colorado. Overall cover and height of the understory was about twice as great on the ungrazed area for each evaluation, but did not change appreciably over the 18-year interval. A significant decrease in the number of cottonwood trees occurred on both areas, particularly the grazed area. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis,JW PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Livestock vs. riparian habitat management - there are solutions SOURCE: Proceedings of the Symposium on Wildlife-Livestock Relationships. Univ. of Idaho. 20-22 April 1981. Couer d"Alene, ID. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock grazing COMMENTS: The riparian habitat of the Southwest, once in great abundance along every stream, is now greatly reduced. Many factors account for this destruction but one of the most destructive forces is the long-term impact of livestock. Many techniques are being used to solve the problem including protective fencing and rest-rotation grazing. The most encouraging development is the adaptation of the rest-rotation system being tested on the Santa Rita Experimental Range. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Johnson,RR; Carothers,SW; Simpson,JM PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: A riparian classification system SOURCE: p.374-382. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis CA. TOPICS: riparian classification; riparian ecology COMMENTS: Riparian ecology, as one of the newest scientific disciplines, is developing a conceptual framework which includes new supportive terminology and classification schemes. This branch of ecology has developed largely in the arid western U.S. as an offshoot of wetlands ecology. This paper discusses concepts, classifications, and interrelationships between riparian ecology and other disciplines. Applications are important to floodplain zoning and management, natural resource management, and recreation management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Swanson,S PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Riparian values as a focus for range management and vegetation science SOURCE: Vegetation science applications for rangeland analysis and management. (Ed: Tueller,PT) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, London, p.425-445. TOPICS: livestock grazing; riparian classification; riparian values COMMENTS: Riparian vegetation is defined by its association with free or unbound water. The productivity and diversity of riparian vegetation and its relationship with aquatic ecosystems makes it extremely valuable to fish, wildlife, livestock, and people. Intense human and livestock use has accentuated the naturally high disturbance in most riparian areas. This has caused significant alteration to riparian vegetation and hydrologic processes, threatening the quality of riparian habitats. The long process of developing an integrated interdisciplinary and heirarchical riparian classification is just beginning. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Laymon,SA PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Photodocumentation of vegetation and landform change on a riparian site, 1880-1980: Dog Island, Red Bluff, CA SOURCE: p.150-158. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CO. TOPICS: aerial photography; monitoring; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: The author used ground and aerial photos taken over a 100-year period to track the development of present riparian vegetation. These photos show changes in the Sacramento River channel which have led to the present configuration of the area. The photos show: 1) the dynamic nature of the riparian system showing rapid and dramatic changes at this site, 2) the rapidity with which riparian vegetation develops, and 3) the use of historic and present day photography to document changes in riparian environment. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jackson,WL; Hudson,S; Gebhardt,K PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Considerations in rangeland watershed monitoring SOURCE: USDI Bureau of Land Management Technical Note BLM/YA/DT/85-006-4341. BLM Service Center. Denver, CO. 25p. TOPICS: monitoring; sampling; watershed COMMENTS: This paper describes the components of a rangeland watershed monitoring plan, distinguishes between direct monitoring strategies (sampling) and indirect monitoring strategies (modeling), describes common watershed monitoring techniques, and discusses statistical considerations in sampling designs and data analysis. It also describes some monitoring principles and concepts but does not prescribe applications since these will always need to be tailored to meet particular issues, objectives, and conditions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Salwasser,H; Shimamoto,K PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Pronghorn, cattle, and feral horse use of wetland and upland habitats SOURCE: p.210-213. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CO. TOPICS: livestock grazing; wetlands; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Developed wetlands play a critical role in habitat quality for pronghorn, domestic livestock, and feral horses in Great Basin range types. Wetlands provide abundant summer forage for pronghorn when cattle and horse grazing has removed coarse, grasslike plants, making forbs available. Wetland creation should be balanced with needs for existing habitats on ranges. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Abbruzzese,B; Allen,AB; Henderson,S; Kentula,ME PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Selecting sites for comparison with created wetlands SOURCE: Unreferenced, 291-297. TOPICS: incomplete; created wetlands; wetlands COMMENTS: This paper describes a study conducted in Oregon by the US EPA to evaluate the success of wetland creation and restoration required as compensation for wetland losses permitted under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Methods for selecting natural wetlands to compare with created wetlands are described. Results of the selection process and the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lloyd,JR PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: A guide for estimating the effects current livestock management has on stream fish production SOURCE: Unreferenced, 2-11. TOPICS: incomplete; fishhabitat; grazing impacts; livestock grazing COMMENTS: ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Meents,JK; Anderson,BW; Ohmart,RD PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Sensitivity of riparian birds to habitat loss SOURCE: p.619-625. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CO. TOPICS: avian species; riparian communities COMMENTS: The extent and composition of riparian plant communities in the Lower Colorado River valley have historically been altered, primarily by man. Some of these communities are disappearing (cottonwood and mesquite) and others are expanding (salt cedar and arrowweed). In this study, the avian community associated with riparian vegetation was examined and avian habitat specialists were identified. Nearly all specialists were concentrated in cottonwood/willow or honey mesquite communities. Salt cedar generally saupported no avian species with narrow habitat breadth. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Anderson,BW; Engel-Wilson,RW; Wells,D; Ohmart,RD PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Ecological study of southwestern riparian habitats: Techniques and data applicability SOURCE: p.146-155. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Importance, Preservation, and Management of Riparian Habitat. 9 July 1977. Tuscon, AZ. TOPICS: avian species; ecological niches; riparian habitat; rodent populations COMMENTS: This paper presents techniques used in a comparative ecological study of bird and rodent populations along the Lower Colorado River. Data were collected to examine faunal community relationships to various plant community types and to gain detailed knowledge of species' vegetational preference and niche within the riparian habitat. Parameters such as habitat breadth, habitat and niche overlap, and dispersal are instructive for the determination of a species' niche. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Patton,DR PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Riparian research needs SOURCE: P.80-82. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Importance, Preservation, and Management of Riparian Habitats. 9 July 1977. Tuscon, AZ. TOPICS: riparian research; riparian studies COMMENTS: (In 1977), approximately 22 studies on riparian habitat were in progress in the western United States. Six categories of studies were identified as needed to provide managers with data for making decisions about the riparian ecosystem. The concept of "validation sites" was suggested for use in a team approach to solve plant and animal problems in the riparian zone. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hubbard,JP PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Importance of riparian ecosystems: Biotic considerations SOURCE: p.14-18. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Importance, Preservation, and Management of the Riparian Habitat. 9 July 1977. Tuscon AZ. TOPICS: riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat COMMENTS: The SW states of NM and AZ are among the richest of any in the USA as far as biotic diversity and richness. They also display significant and important area-to-area differences in the composition of biotas occupying similar situations. Riparian ecosystems are described in terms of their importance in perpetuating these varied resources. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Erman,NA PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: The use of riparian systems by aquatic insects SOURCE: p.177-182. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA. TOPICS: aquatic insects; riparian ecosystems COMMENTS: Nearly all aquatic insects spend some portion of their lives in riparian zones. Many examples are given of terrestrial stages and activities of aquatic insects. The examples are divided into the areas of feeding, pupation, emergence, and egg laying. Special emphasis is given to recent studies on caddisflies (Trichoptera) in riparian systems of the Sierra Nevada. Knowledge of life cycles is essential for predicting the effect of disturbance in riparian areas on populations of aquatic insects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McCall,JD; Knox,RF PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Riparian habitats in channelization projects SOURCE: p.125-128. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and other Riparianm Ecosystems. 11-13 December 1978. Galloway Gardens, GA. TOPICS: channelization; riparian habitat COMMENTS: A joint MOU between state and federal agencies has fostered development and implementation of project features designed to protect or mitigate losses of fish, wildlife, and riparian habitats on constructed channels in Indiana. Successful implementation of such features has expanded their use to channel modification caused by highway bridge construction and legal county drain maintenance. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Winsor,C PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Methods of improving small trout streams SOURCE: Fly Fisherman Late Season 1977, 38-41. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian enhancement; stream improvements COMMENTS: This is a topical article that analyzes which methods fit which type of creek and suggests some rules to guide fishing groups/clubs, individual stream owners, and even fish commissions, in their stream- improvement work to provide better fly fishing. Different types of streams demand different methods of improvement. The author presents three rules for stream improvement: 1) never touch a good natural pool; 2) take advantage of any natural conditions when you improve, and; 3) drop a boulder or two in the pool at the dam or in the fast water above. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Davis,HS PUB. YEAR: 1934 TITLE: The purpose and value of stream improvement SOURCE: p.63-67. In: The Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian enhancement; stream improvements COMMENTS: The aims of stream improvement include: 1) to provide sufficient cover and shelter for the needs of the fish, 2) to prevent, as far as possible, extreme and rapid fluctuations in the volume of flow; 3) to prevent or control soil erosion and its consequent evils; 4) to ensure the production of fish food; 5) to ensure favorable temperatures for the species of fish to which the stream in question is best adapted; and 6) to provide favorable conditions for natural propagation. Methods to achieve these objectives are discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Burghduff,AE PUB. YEAR: 1934 TITLE: Stream improvement SOURCE: California Fish and Game 18 (1932-34), 113-118. TOPICS: riparian enhancement; stream improvements COMMENTS: Stream improvement is a phase of conservation that may be divided into two classes of endeavor: 1) retardation of stream flow by the construction of dams or weirs; and 2) storage of water near the source of streams to be released in a continuous quantity sufficient to maintain stream flow during that portion of the year when streams would normally be low or dry. Numerous examples of stream improvements in California are discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Warren,PL; Anderson,LS PUB. YEAR: 1985 TITLE: Gradient analysis of a Sonoran Desert wash SOURCE: p.150-155. In: Proceedings of the First North American Riparian Conference. 16-18 April 1985. Tuscon, AZ. TOPICS: riparian vegetation; watershed COMMENTS: Vegetation was sampled along two parallel environmental gradients in the Sonoran Desert - one each in an upland bajada site and in a xeroriparian wash site. The wash gradient was more complex than the upland site, with three areas of plant species turnover compared to zero turnover along the upland gradient. This was likely due to the interactions of three major limiting environmental factors related to watershed area acting in different portions of the wash gradient. The upland gradient is controlled by only one overriding environmental factor. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jones,AR; Sharpe,FP; Strauss,P; Deason,WO PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: 1544. Jones,AR; Sharpe,FP; Strauss,P; Deason,WO (1978): Interaction of water management and riparian ecosystems: Altitudes, practices, and effects SOURCE: P.284-288. In: Proceedings of the Synposium on Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems. 11-13 December 1978. Callaway Gardens, GA. TOPICS: riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat; water management COMMENTS: Under the broad mission of planning, developing, and managing water and related land resource projects which supply water for agriculture, domestic, and industrial use in the 17 western states, the Bureau of Reclamation also fulfills the mission of preserving or mitigating riparian habitat. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Eckert,RE,Jr PUB. YEAR: 1974 TITLE: Improvement of mountain meadows in Nevada SOURCE: USDI- Bureau of Land Management Research Report. Reno, NV. 45p. TOPICS: mountain meadows; riparian restoration; stream improvements COMMENTS: This research report describes five methods in use for improving mountain meadows for livestock, wildlife, and site stability. These five methods include iris control studies, fertilization studies, tree and shrub transplants, and hydrologic evaluations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ames,CR PUB. YEAR: 1977 TITLE: Wildlife conflicts in riparian management: Grazing SOURCE: p.49-58. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Importance, Preservation, and Management of the Riparian Habitat. 9 July 1977. Tuscon, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Tech. Report RM-43. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock grazing; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Grazing has a negative effect on riparian zones which constitute a small but critically important part of the overall range resource. Riparian types in southern AZ have increased in the last 100 years due to stream eutrophication. This is most apparent where streams pass through grassland types. Effective protection of grazed riparian types can only be accomplished through fencing. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brown,DE PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Evolution and riparian dynamics SOURCE: p.288-290. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA. TOPICS: riparian classification; wetland classification COMMENTS: Perennial streams and marshes in AZ have been mapped and classified under a new wetland classification system. The latter is systematic, universal, and heirarchical, and recognizes evolutionary relationships. Biogeography was an important consideration. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Nunnally,NR PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Improving channel efficiency without sacrificing fish and wildlife habitat: The case for stream restoration SOURCE: p. 394-399. In: Proceedings of the National Riparian Ecosystems Symposium. 11-13 December 1978. Calloway Gardens, GA. TOPICS: riparian improvement; stream restoration COMMENTS: Stream restoration is a much more efficient means for improving hydraulic efficiency of streams than conventional channelization and is less expensive and less environmentally damaging. Restoration creates a more stable channel by removing debris, providing fairly uniform cross sections, and stabilizing stream banks with minimal disturbance of the streambed and riparian vegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Best,LB; Stauffer,DF; Geier,AR PUB. YEAR: 1978 TITLE: Evaluating the effects of habitat alteration on birds and small mammals occupying riparian communities SOURCE: p.117-124. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems. 11-13 December 1978. Pine Mountain, GA. TOPICS: avian species; riparian habitat; small mammals COMMENTS: Birds and small mammals were censused along stream segments that represented a range of habitats from open fields to closed-canopy woodlands. The reciprocal of Simpson's Index was used to express breadth of habitats selected and nest-site specificity. The general application of using an index of niche breadth in conjunction with conventional plant and animal sampling techniques to assess species' susceptibility to habitat alteration was discussed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Jorgensen,SE PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Changes of redox potential in aquatic ecosystems SOURCE: In: Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology. (Eds: Mitsch,WJ; Jorgensen,SV) John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 341-355. TOPICS: aquatic ecosystems; redox potential; shallow lakes COMMENTS: Case studies on shallow lakes suggest that destratification has certain disadvantages caused by the elevation of the hypolimnetic temperature. However, positive effects were also observed on hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus, and oxygen. The effect on primary production seemed to be minimal. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Michael,ED PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Creating wetlands along highways SOURCE: p.50-55. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of Way Management. 25-28 October 1987. Indianapolis, IN. TOPICS: wetlands COMMENTS: This paper describes guidelines for creating wetlands along highways. Studies were conducted in WV but findings apply to any areas having hilly terrain. Sites conducive to wetland creation are : 1) waste areas, 2) old stream beds, 3) existing streams perpendicular to the highway, 4) drainage channels parallel to the highway, 5) interchanges, and 6) rest areas. For site selection, the following guidelines should be used: 1) size of at least one acre, 2) site should be visible to passing motorists, 3) other wetlands should be nearby, 4) site should be bordered by shrubs or trees, and 5) site should have a dependable water source. Wetlands associated with highways reduce pollution and make travel more enjoyable due to the diversity of scenery and wildlife provided. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1976 TITLE: Validity of methodologies to document stream environments for evaluating fishery conditions SOURCE: p.267-284. In: Proceedings of the Symposium and Specific Conference on Instream Flow Needs. Western Division of the American Fisheries Society. 3-6 May 1976. Boise, ID. TOPICS: fishhabitat; riparian habitat; stream factors COMMENTS: Studies conducted from 1970-1972 addressed: 1) the relationship of the physical structural components of aquatic environments to each other, 2) the relationship of stream structure and fish populations, 3) the importance of multiple variables in controlling fish populations, and 4) the validity of using present methodologies to evaluate fishery productivity. A large area in the upper South Fork Salmon River was evaluated for environment-fishery relationships. Certain valid interpretations were made concerning aquatic variable control of fish populations, but the overall observed variation was low. In-stream conditions controlled the density of the fish populations and the composition of fish species. Control was not isolated to any one variable. Stream width, depth, and the elevation of the stream channel were the most important evaluated variables controlling the fish populations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Riparian system/livestock grazing interaction research in the Intermountain West SOURCE: p.424-428. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA. TOPICS: grazing impacts; grazing systems; livestock grazing COMMENTS: Actual research that identifies the influences of livestock grazing has on riparian and aquatic ecosystems is limited. A research study initiated by the USDA Forest Service in 1975 studied these influences and was seeking to find solutions so that managers would have better information to evaluate range management alternatives. Continuous and rest-rotation grazing systems on riparian ecosystems were compared and described. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Platts,WS PUB. YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Vegetation requirements for fisheries habitats SOURCE: p.184-188. In: Proceedings of the Symposia on Managing Intermountain Rangelands - Improvement of Range and Wildlife Habitats. 15-17 September 1981; Twin Falls, ID. 22-24 June 1982; Elko, NV. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-57. TOPICS: aquatic environment; fishhabitat; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: The paper discusses the importance of streamside vegetation to each of the four habitat components that make up the aquatic environment. The effects of changes in riparian vegetation on stream temperatures, streambank stability, stream nutrients, fish cover, and fish food are discussed. Questions are presented to help land managers make intelligent decisions concerning management of riparian vegetation. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Mahoney,DL; Erman,DC PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: The role of streamside bufferstrips in the ecology of aquatic biota SOURCE: p.168-176. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA. TOPICS: logging effects; riparian habitat; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Riparian vegetation is important as a source of food to stream organisms, as shade over small-order streams, and as a bank- stabilizing force to prevent excessive sedimentation and intercept pollutants. Logging may significantly affect each of these factors unless proper protective measures are employed. Light intensity and chlorophyll concentrations are also major factors related to logging activity and affect instream primary production. Transportable sediment was found to be significantly higher in logged and marrow buffered streams than in controls 7 to 10 years after logging. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Knight,AW; Bottorff,RL PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: The importance of riparian vegetation to stream ecosystems SOURCE: p.160-167. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA. TOPICS: fishhabitat; invertebrates; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Riparian vegetation is important in determining the structure and function of stream ecosystems. Most aquatic organisms, both invert- ebrates and fish, are directly or indirectly dependent on inputs of terrestrial detritus to the stream for their food. Natural changes in riparian vegetation and the biotic processing of detritus, as well as other factors, determine the kinds and abundance of aquatic invertebrates living in streams, from headwaters to large rivers. Removal of riparian vegetation will significantly affect stream organisms by: 1) decreasing detritus inputs, 2) increasing the potential for primary production in aquatic plants, 3)increasing the summer water temperatures, 4) changing water quality and quantity, and 6) decreasing terrestrial habitat for adult insects. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Myers,LH PUB. YEAR: 1981 TITLE: Grazing on stream riparian habitats in southwestern Montana SOURCE: In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management. 9-13 February 1981. Tulsa, OK. TOPICS: grazing impacts; grazing systems; livestock effects COMMENTS: Livestock grazing and riparian habitat management can be compatible on some streams if grazing systems are properly designed. No single type of grazing system has an apparent advantage but the frequency of heavy use and rest treatments seems to be the key factors. Grazing systems with hot season use (July 10 - September 1 in Montana) in more than one year out of three or four met riparian habitat goals in only 24% of sampled streams. Grazing systems lacking hot season use, or with no more than one hot season treatment in three or four years met riparian habitat management goals on 90% of evaluated streams. Livestock use may be incompatible with riparian management on some streams because of exceptional or unique biological values, frail channels, or rangeland phenology. The extended summer green season may be a key factor to success of grazing systems in SW Montana. In areas with hot and dry summers, where green forage is largely limited to the riparian zone, grazing may have to be more restricted. In wetter areas of the West, riparian grazing management is more successful with less intensive management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Szaro,RC PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Wildlife communities of southwestern riparian ecosystems SOURCE: In: Wildlife and habitats in managed landscapes: An overview. (Eds: Rodiek,JE; Bolen,EG) Island Press, Washington, DC, 173-201. TOPICS: riparian ecosystems; riparian vegetation; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: Successful management of southwestern riparian communities requires a suite of strategies to enhance and maintain riparian diversity. An ecosystem approach to management of riparian systems should consider goals and standards for the condition of major indicators of plant and animal community health. It should provide for the continued monitoring of habitat indicators and of species' population levels over an extended time period to fully assess the effects of environmental perturbations and the adequacy of management strategies. Ongoing studies address the need for a long-term ecosystem approach. This chapter also discusses: 1) appropriate management actions, 2) factors affecting riparian zone management, 3) examples from case studies, and 4) recommendations for future research and development. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Sedgewick,JA; Knopf,FL PUB. YEAR: 1992 TITLE: Cavity turnover and equilibrium cavity densities in a cottonwood bottomland SOURCE: Journal of Wildlife Management 56(3), 477-484. TOPICS: avian species; cottonwood; riparian habitat COMMENTS: A fundamental factor in regulating the numbers of secondary cavity nesting (SCN) birds is the number of extant cavities available for nesting. The number of available cavities may be thought of as being the in an approximate equilibrium maintained by a very rough balance between recruitment and loss of cavities. Based on estimates of recruitment and loss, cavity densities in a mature plains cottonwood bottomland along the South Platte River in northeastern CO were ascertained. Equilibrium cavity density along the South Platte River was estimated to be 238-289 cavities/100 ha. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ellis,S; Danley,L PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Prescription for a troubled stream SOURCE: Rangelands 15(5), 233-235. TOPICS: beaver; grazing systems; riparian habitat; riparian restoration COMMENTS: The management prescription for a degraded stream in south-central Idaho included these components: 1) a deferred rotation grazing system, 2) maintaining sufficient habitat for big game and upland game birds, 3) a goal of maintaining 80% of the allotment in native vegetation, and 4) a goal of brush control on private lands. In addition, several beavers were releasd in the riparian system. The effort required the intensive cooperation of federal and private land owners. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Knopf,FL; Scott,ML PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Altered flows and created landscapes in the Platte River Headwaters, 1840-1990 SOURCE: In: Management of dynamic ecosystems. (Ed: Sweeney,JM) The Wildlife Society, West LaFayette, IN, 47-69. TOPICS: riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: The North and South Platte Rivers played a major role in development of the West. Historical flow dynamics have been altered dramatically with annual runoff peaks and total discharge severely reduced in the North Platte drainage. In contrast, the South Platte continues to exhibit natural peak and annual flows. Impoundments in the North Platte and drought during the 1930's in both drainages have contributed to extensive vegetation development in the respective floodplains of the Great Plains. The deciduous vegetation provides local habitats for more wildlife species than currently occur else- where in the headwaters. Secondary successional vegetation is colonizing rapidly up the North Platte floodplain, but more slowly in the South Platte floodplain. Exotic plant species are spreading rapidly in both drainages. Extensive colonization by riparian vegetation has led to the development of rich vertebrate assemblages along both floodplains. The authors conclude that: 1) the South Platte is a unique river in the arid West because of historical peak flows and mean annual channel flows, 2) enhanced low flows have had the highest single ecological impact upon the Platte River headwaters, and 3) floodplain vegetation dynamics, historically regulated by pulsed flows, are now primarily driven by ecological processes. Conservation of biotic associations along the North and South Platte Rivers is clouded by the complexity of autonomous government authorities with jurisdiction in the headwaters. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Oregon State University Extension Service PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Watershed management guide for the interior Northwest SOURCE: Oregon State University Extension Service. EM 8436. 38p. TOPICS: grazing impacts; livestock grazing; watershed COMMENTS: This report summarizes numerous case studies and concludes: 1) riparian zones are importwant focal points for most of the products and uses associated with many natural ecosystems, 2) abusive land practices can easily degrade these areas, 3) the inherent capacity for recovery of degraded riparian zones is remarkable, perhaps because of grazing tolerant species, the rich nutrient and soil resource, or the relatively higher available moisture in these areas, and 4) managers can exercise the appropriate tools and allow levels of livestock grazing that are compatible with other uses and values. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van Hees,WWS PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Boreal forested wetlands - What and where in Alaska SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 425-438. TOPICS: boreal forest; wetlands COMMENTS: There are extensive areas of forested wetlands throughout interior Alaska. Tree cover on these sites is composed primarily of black spruce (Picea mariana) but also includes stands of poplar (Populus sp.). The Forest Inventory and Analysis method developed by USDA Forest Service shows promise for low cost/ unit area estimation. Current utilization of the resource is minimal due to low human- population levels, inadequate economic and physical infrastructures, and the dispersed nature of the resource. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Van Sickle,J; Gregory,SV PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Modeling inputs of large woody debris to streams from falling trees SOURCE: J. Can. For. Res. 20, 1593-1601. TOPICS: modeling; riparian forest; woody debris COMMENTS: A probabilistic model predicts means and variances of the total number and volume of large woody debris pieces falling into a stream reach per unit time. The estimates of debris input are based on the density (trees/area), tree size distribution, and tree-fall probability of the riparian stand adjacent to the reach. Distributions of volume, length, and orientation of delivered debris pieces are also predicted. Applied to an old-growth conifer stand in Oregon, the observed inputs from the riparian stand exceeded estimated inputs; debris pieces observed in the stream were generally smaller than predicted. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Von Guerard,P PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Variation in streambed material, bedload, and benthic invertebrates SOURCE: p.13-1 to 13-8. TOPICS: incomplete; invertebrates; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Grain-size distribution of streambed material and bedload and the occurrence of benthic invertebrates were determined at two sites in SE Colorado. Grain-size distribution of streambed material differed noticeably at the upstream sample site but were similar at the downstream sample site. There were significant differences between the two sites for mean density values for all major taxa of benthic invertebrates. Median density of all organisms was 9,500/sq m at the upstream site and 370/sq m at the downstream site. Even though other factors affected the density of benthic invertebrates, analysis indicated that as the grain-size of the streambed material approaches that of bedload, benthic invertebrate populations might be adversely affected. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Warner,WS PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: A PC-based analytical stereoplotter for wetland inventories: An efficient and economical photogrammetric instument for field offices SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 571-581. TOPICS: wetland inventory; wetlands COMMENTS: Highly flexible photogrammetric systems, controlled entirely by PC technology, can collect primary data from aerial photographs and process these data in a variety of cartographic systems and statistical programs. This paper descibes an instrument in use by the USDA Forest Service and other organizations that has relatively low cost and high accuracy that make it suitable for field office use. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ward,N PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: The problem of sediment in water for fish SOURCE: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Northern Ontario Boreal Forest Management Technical Note-21. 8p. TOPICS: erosion; fishhabitat; sedimentation COMMENTS: Erosion and the resultant input of soil particles to lakes amd streams is of particular concern to fish managers. Spring floods and "flushing flows" are necessary to remove sediment from between the rocks, not just from spawning bed surfaces. Problems of having sediment deposited in water can be minimized if contractors use prescribed construction practices. For water crossing sites that may affect critical fish habitat, it is advisable to develop sediment control plans. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Weller,MW PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Waterfowl management techniques for wetland enhancement, restoration and creation useful in mitigation procedures SOURCE: In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science. (Eds: Kusler,JA; Kentula,MA) Island Press, Washington, D.C., 517-528. TOPICS: wetland restoration; wetlands COMMENTS: Wildlife managers have long been involved in wetland restoration and enhancement and have developed functional techniques for management. Most of these procedures use natural processes to tap natural seed banks, modify cover/water ratios, or control weeds via water level control and herbivores. This chapter presents strategies for restoring, creating, or enhancing wetlands to meet mitigation requirements. These procedures may also be used to enhance wetland functions such as water quality, shoreline protection, and esthetic values. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wentworth,TR; Johnson,GP; Kologiski,RL PUB. YEAR: 1988 TITLE: Designation of wetlands by weighted averages of vegetation data: A preliminary evaluation SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin 24(2), 389-396. TOPICS: classification; wetlands COMMENTS: Weighted averages (WA) of vegetation data proved to be a useful tool for assessing wetland status of the vegatation types included in this study: 1) rankings of vegetation stands by WA correlated well with their positions on environmental moisture gradients, and 2) the results of WA could be used - together with a wetland/ upland break- point - to designate areas as wetland or upland but these should be verified with supplemental data on soils and hydrology. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wilen,BO; Frayer,WE PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Status and trends of U.S. wetlands and deepwater habitats SOURCE: Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 181-192. TOPICS: wetlands COMMENTS: Historically, annual wetland losses have averaged 458,000 acres: 440,000 acres of palustrine losses of which 300,000 acres are forested, and 18,000 acres of estuarine wetland losses of which less than 100 acres are shrubs, scrub trees, or forested. Of these losses, 66% are forested wetlands. Agricultural development was responsible for 87% of wetland losses and 90% of the losses of forested wetlands. Urban development and other development caused only 8% and 5% of the losses, respectively. Forested-wetland losses caused by urban development and other development were 6% and 4%, respectively. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Yount,JD; Niemi,GJ PUB. YEAR: 1990 TITLE: Recovery of lotic communities and ecosystems from disturbance - A narrative review of case studies SOURCE: Environmental Management 14(5), 547-569. TOPICS: lotic systems; riparian restoration COMMENTS: This paper presents a narrative account of case studies on the recovery after disturbance of flowing water systems. In the majority of studies examined, the systems recovered rapidly. The most commonly cited reasons for short recovery times were: 1) life history characteristics that allowed rapid recolonization and repopulation of the affected areas, 2) the availability and accessibility of unaffected upstream and downstream areas as sources of organisms for repopulation, 3) the high flushing rates of lotic systems that allowed them to dilute or replace polluted waters, and 4) the fact that lotic systems are naturally subjected to a variety of disturbances and the biota have evolved the characteristics that favor flexibility or adapatability. Longer recovery times were generally associated with alterations to physical conditions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Gough,S PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Riparian trees and stream channel management SOURCE: p.66-72. In: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Forestry Committee, Great Plains Agricultural Council. 20-23 June 1994. Manhattan, KS. TOPICS: livestock grazing; riparian trees; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Management of streamside trees is poorly understood, even though trees greatly influence the form and process in many river systems. In order to manage riparian areas, we must first understand fluvial process and be able to separate systemic forces, such as large-scale watershed change, from local influences, such as vegetation clearing. We must also better understand the history of river systems and acknowledgepast fluvial change. In Missouri, photographic analysis revealed that cattle exclusion was more effective than riprap in stabilizing streambanks. Vegetation is the only manageable component in most wildland stream reaches. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Friedman,JM; Auble,GT; Scott,ML PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Geomrphic requirements for establishment and maintenance of cottonwood forest SOURCE: p.80-88. In: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Forestry Committee, Great Plains Agricultural Council. 20-23 June 1994. Manhattan, KS. TOPICS: cottonwood; geomorphology; riparian forest; stream flow COMMENTS: The relation between streamflow and establishment of bottomland trees is conditioned by the dominant fluvial process(es) acting along a stream. Plains cottonwood requires bare, moist surfaces protected from disturbance for successful establishment. Channel narrowing, channel meandering, and flood deposition promote different spatial and temporal patterns of establishment. Floods, sediment deposition, and channel change are essential for establishment of disturbance- dependent species like plains cottonwood. Managers need to be aware that they cannot have both a channelized, regulated stream and a naturally reproducing stand of plains cottonwood. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rhodes,BJ; Marlow,CB; Sherwood,HW PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Monitoring streambank stability: Grazing impacts or stream variability SOURCE: Montana AgResearch 12(2), 3-8. TOPICS: grazing impacts; monitoring; riparian standards and guidelines COMMENTS: Stream channel monitoring and management efforts should be directed toward specific areas of concern, rather than the grazing unit as a whole. Riparian grazing standards must be developed for the specific reach or stream conditions. Widespread use of the same set of grazing standards over large areas and entire allotments can not be con- sidered a reliable basis for monitoring efforts because of the natural variation occurring within and between streams in the same watershed. The use of regional or national standards may not be beneficial to either the natural resource base or local economic uses. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Phinn,SR; Stow,DA; Zedler,JB PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Monitoring wetland habitat restoration in southern California using airborne multispectral video data SOURCE: Restoration Ecology 4(4), 412-422. TOPICS: monitoring; remote sensing; wetlands COMMENTS: Remote sensing provides a complementory approach to field sampling to assess whether restored wetland areas provide suitable habitat. This paper describes the application of image classification techniques to high-spatial-resolution digital video imagery to delimit patches of different marsh vegetation. Preliminary field- checking results indicate that this approach is an accurate, noninvasive, and cost-efficient means of providing ecological information for restoration monitoring. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Knapp,RA; Matthews,KR PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Livestock grazing, golden trout, and streams in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California: Impacts and management implications SOURCE: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16, 805-820. TOPICS: fishhabitat; grazing impacts; livestock grazing COMMENTS: Impacts of livestock grazing on golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita) and their habitat were studied inside and outside of livestock exclosures in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. In two consecutive years, the majority of stream physical characteristics showed large differences between grazed and ungrazed areas, and the directions of these differences were consistent with the recovery of exclosed streams and riparian areas from impacts caused by livestock grazing. Results suggest that current levels of livestock grazing are degrading the stream and riparian components of the area to the detriment of golden trout populations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hashisaki,S PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Functional wetland restoration: An ecosystem approach SOURCE: Northwest Science 70(4), 348-351. TOPICS: wetland restoration COMMENTS: The hydrogeomorphic wetland classification system (HGM) evaluates a broad suite of wetland functions such that specific goals can be established. In planning functional restoration projects, it is important to consider the interactions between upland and wetland areas, and to work within the bounds of functional units such as floodplains or riparian zones, rather than restrict actions only to jurisdictionally-recognized areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Busch,DE; Scott,ML PUB. YEAR: 1995 TITLE: Western riparian ecosystems SOURCE: p.286-290. In: Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. USDI National Biological Survey. Washington, D.C. TOPICS: exotic plants; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Health of natural riparian ecosystems is linked to the periodic occurrence of flood flows, associated channel dynamics, and the preservation of base flows capable of sustaining high floodplain water tables. Establishment of native riparian vegetation is diminished when the frequency and magnitude of peak river flows are reduced. Water uptake and water-use patterns indicate that native trees are relaced by non-native species in riparian ecosystems where streamflows are highly modified. Additional factors threaten riparian integrity including: groundwater pumping, grazing, timber harvest, and land-clearing. Studies underway will focus on the effects of global climate change on the encroachment of exotic plants into riparian ecosystems. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Henke,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1994 TITLE: Using geographic information systems to manage wetlands and riparian areas SOURCE: p.101-103. In: Issues and technology in the management of impacted wildlife: Proceedings of the 6th Symposium. 6-8 April 1994. Boulder, CO. TOPICS: gis; monitoring; riparian vegetation; wetlands COMMENTS: GIS is a common computer tool for projects involving natural resources and is designed to manage, analyze, and display spatial data. The ARC/INFO GIS software package can be used to facilitate the identification, delineation, monitoring, and impact assessment of wetlands and riparian areas. This tool enables planners and scientists to analyze large remote sites quickly and economically. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ferren,WR,Jr; Fiedler,PL; Leidy,RA PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Wetlands of California, Part 1: History of wetland habitat classification SOURCE: Madrono 43(1), 105-124. TOPICS: classification; wetlands; wildlife habitat COMMENTS: This review of the history of vegetation classification in California reveals a serious underestimation of the diversity, extent, and functions of the state's wetlands and a misrepresentation of the perceived paucity of wetlands in the arid West. The classification systems of California's wetlands is reviewed beginning with early efforts in vegetation typing by the USDA Forest Service. A comprehensive methodology for classifying and describing wetlands is required before they can be adequately protected and managed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Ferren,WR,Jr; Fiedler,PL; Leidy,RA; Lafferty,KD; Mertes,LAK PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Wetlands of California, Part II: Classification and description of wetlands of the central and southern California coast and costal watersheds SOURCE: Madrono 43(1), 125-182. TOPICS: classification; watersheds; wetlands COMMENTS: The modified Cowardin et al. (1979) classification is decribed which provides a methodology to identify all wetlands along the central and southern California coast and in the adjacent coastal watersheds. Use of classification tables in association with concepts of ecosystem context. site scale, and classification goals was intended to result in the development of a code (wetlands type number) that include information on the: 1) system, subsystem, class, and subclass; 2) water regime and water chemistry; 3) hydrogeomorphic unit; and substrate, dominance, or characteristic type of the wetland in question. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Hogg,ID; Williams,DD PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Reponse of stream invertebrates to a global-warming thermal regime: An ecosystem-level manipulation SOURCE: Ecology 77(2), 395-407. TOPICS: global warming; invertebrates; stream temperature COMMENTS: The thermal regime of a first-order permanent stream near Ontario, Canada was manipulated in accordance with global warming predictions. The effects of a 2.0 - 3.5-degree C water temperature increase on densities, biomass, species composition, and life histories of resident stream invertebrates were examined. The stream was divided longitudinally at the source into two channels, one control and one experimental. Following commencement of the manipulation, these changes were observed: 1) decreased total animal densties, particularly Chironomidae (Diptera); 2) earlier onset of adult insect emergence; 3) increased growth rates and precocious breeding in Amphipoda; 4) smaller size at maturity for Plecoptera; and 5) altered sex ratios for Lepidostoma Vernale (Trichoptera). Results partially corroborated previous laboratory and field studies but variation of the responses of individual target species was unexpected and may have been influenced by the genetic structure of local populations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kyle,HM; Schmidt,MG; Lertzman,KP PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: A spatially dynamic riparian buffer model: Conservation on the edge SOURCE: p.341-346. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems. Ft. Collins, CO. TOPICS: edge effect; gis; riparian zones COMMENTS: The procedural simplicity of constant width buffering in geographic information systems has compelled many resource managers to apply an un-ecologically sound conservation tool. This paper describes a spatially dynamic riparian buffer model with an edge mitigation component. This model more efficiently targets the zone of interest than traditional static width buffers, reduces the opportunity cost of losing land to "no-touch" areas, while maintaining a strong conservation agenda. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Great Plains Riparian Forest Management Task Force PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: Riparian forest managment in the Great Plains SOURCE: p.32-45. In: Riparian Area Management: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting, Forestry Committee, Great Plains Agricultural Council. 20-23 June 1994. Manhattan, KS. TOPICS: biodiversity; riparian forest; riparian management COMMENTS: On the Great Plains, specialized woodlands known as riparian forests, grow along streams and rivers. These important but sensitive ecosystems are extremely productive and play a crucial role in the Plains environment. Two of their more vital functions include protecting water quality and increasing biodiversity. At this time, however, the current amount or condition of riparian forests in any state cannot be substantiated. The decline of this vital ecosystem has attracted the attention of the Great Plains Agricultural Council (GPAC), which considers the management of riparian forests as extremely important. The Great Plains Riparian Forest Management Task Force was assembled to find solutions to reverse this trend of destruction. The key objective of the task force was to identify the issues and problems confronting riparian forests, anmd to develop recommendations to address the situation. This white paper captures the recommendations of the task force for suggested actions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Miller,RK; Enoter,JE; Martinez,CL PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Tribal experiences and lessons learned in riparian ecosystem management SOURCE: p.198-202. In: Desired Future Conditions for Southwestern Riparian Ecosystems: Bringing Interests and Concerns Together. 18-22 September 1995. Albuquerque, NM. USDA Forest Service. General Techical Report RM-272. TOPICS: cultural values; desired future conditions; riparian management COMMENTS: Riparian ecosystems have been part of the culture of land use of native peoples in the southwestern United States for thousands of years. The experiences of tribal riparian initiatives to incorporate modern elements of environment and development with cultural needs are relatively few. This paper describes tribal case examples and approaches in riparian management which may advance discussions of cultural values in resource management for rural and developing communities such as those on tribal lands in the U.S. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Xiang,W-N PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: GIS-based riparian buffer analysis: injecting geographic information into landscape planning SOURCE: Landscape and urban planning 34(1), 1-10. TOPICS: bufferstrips; gis; inventory; riparian management COMMENTS: Establishment and maintenance of riparian buffer zones along shore- lines or streams is a common best management practice in the U.S. These vegetated areas function as sinker, filter, and transformer to delay, absorb, or purify contaminated runoff before it enters surface waters. Their effectiveness for nonpoint source pollution control has been widely recognized. This paper describes a case study in which a GIS-based buffer analysis was conducted on a North Carolina watershed. This study accomplished a series of tasks that likely could not have been accomplished in conventional ways. These tasks included: 1) calculating and mapping variable riparian buffer zones; 2) identifying inadequately regulated areas; and 3) estimating land acquisition costs associated with unregulated areas. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Arno,MK PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Reestablishing fire-adapted communities to riparian forests in the ponderosa pine zone SOURCE: p.12-13. In: The Use of Fire in Forest Restoration. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-341. TOPICS: fire ecology; riparian forest; riparian vegetation COMMENTS: Prior to 1900, frequent, low-intensity fires occurred on upland forests in this forest zone at intervals of five to thirty years. With fire exclusion, dense understories and thickets of conifers developed, producing stands that are highly susceptible to a variety of insect and disease epidemics and severe wildfires. This paper describes a study in western Montana designed to create conditions that will allow a return of seral vegetation and will reduce the hazards of severe wildfire and insect and disease infestations. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Rogers,TJ PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: Insects of the riparian SOURCE: p.154-156. In: Desired future conditions for southwestern riparian ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. 18-22 September 1995. Albuquerque, NM. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-272. TOPICS: invertebrates; riparian forest; riparian insects COMMENTS: The author describes life histories, defoliation problems, and other activities associated with forest tree species growing along high elevation streams and river banks. In addition, examples of insects and diseases associated with lower elevation riparian areas are given. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Neary,D; Ross,KC; Coleman,SS PUB. YEAR: 1996 TITLE: National Hydrology Workshop Proceedings. 27 April -1 May 1992. Phoenix, AZ SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-279. TOPICS: incomplete; hydrology; riparian vegetation; watershed COMMENTS: This publication contains 30 papers from the USDA Forest Service's National Hydrology Conference. Topics include: Cumulative Effects, External Responsibilities, Aqautic Ecology, Monitoring, Large Woody Debris, Nonpoint Source Pollution, Riparian Areas, Water Rights, Fluvial Geomorphology, Land Management Planning, Coastal Zone Management, Channel Maintenance, Sediment Modeling, Wetlands, Watershed Rehabilitation, Data Management, and Marketing Hydrology Programs. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Roper,BB; Dose,JJ; Williams,JE PUB. YEAR: 1997 TITLE: Stream restoration: Is fisheries biology enough SOURCE: Fisheries 22(5), 6-11. TOPICS: fisheries; riparian restoration; stream restoration COMMENTS: The fisheries profession plays a key role in planning and implementing stream restoration projects throughout the world. To date, however, few examples exist of effective stream restoration programs/projects. One of the primary reasons that stream restoration projects have not succeeded has been that projects have been implemented on a small scale, site-specific basis. The authors suggest that stream restoration would have a better chance of success if planned and implemented at a watershed scale. For this to happen, stream restoration projects must be expanded beyond instream work to include modification of upslope and riparian conditions that cause stream habitats to decline. Such efforts must incorporate other disciplines. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Kauffman,JB; Beschta,RL; Otting,N; Lytjen,D PUB. YEAR: 1997 TITLE: An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United States SOURCE: Fisheries 22(5), 12-24. TOPICS: riparian restoration; stream restoration COMMENTS: There is an unprecedented need to preserve and restore aquatic and riparian biological diversity before extinction eliminates the opportunity. "Ecological restoration" is the reesetablishment of processes, functions, and related biological, chemical, and physical linkages between the aquatic and associated riparian ecosystems; it is the reparation of damages caused by human activities. The first and most critical step in ecological restoration is "passive restoration", the cessation of anthopogenic activities that are causing degradation or preventing recovery. Given the capacity of riparian ecosystems to naturally recover, this is often all that is needed to achieve successful restoration. A period of time sufficient for natural recovery is recommended prior to the beginning of active and physical restoration approaches. Restoration should be undertaken at the watershed or landscape scale. Riparian/ stream ecosystems cannot be restored by manipulations within the channel only. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lehman,S PUB. YEAR: 1997 TITLE: The national watershed assessment program SOURCE: Fisheries 22(5), 25. TOPICS: monitoring; watershed; watershed condition COMMENTS: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), working with tribes, states, federal agencies, and other partners, initiated the National Watershed Assessment Program (NWAP) in 1996. NWAP is designed to collect, organize, and evaluate multiple sources of environmental information at the watershed level. Objectives of this program are to: 1) characterize the conditon and vulnerability to pollution of 2,150 watersheds of the U.S., 2) empower citizens to learn more about their watersheds and work to protect them, 3) provide the basis of dialogue among water quality managers, and 4) measure progress toward the goal that all watersheds will be healthy places. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Dombeck,MP; Williams,JE; Wood,CA PUB. YEAR: 1997 TITLE: Watershed restoration: Social and scientific challenges for fish biologists SOURCE: Fisheries 22(5), 26-27. TOPICS: watershed restoration; watersheds COMMENTS: Watershed coalitions will play an increasing role in local decision making processes. The fisheries biology profession will miss a formidable opportunity to reorient the social, physical, and biological structure of watersheds in a healthy and productive way. Working across scientific disciplines and with broad coalitions requires a strong commitment to collaborative problem-solving, a willingness to listen to new ideas, and support from top management. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Brouha,P; Chappell,W PUB. YEAR: 1997 TITLE: A watershed call to arms SOURCE: Fisheries 22(5), 4. TOPICS: watershed restoration; watersheds COMMENTS: Current understanding and knowledge of the effects of chemical, biological, and mechanical processes in North America's streams and rivers is often inadequate and not well applied. Public policies often aggravate watershed problems. Inadequate and misapplied policies are a major cause of continued deterioration of many of our watersheds. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Beschta,RL PUB. YEAR: 1997 TITLE: Riparian shade and stream temperature: an alternative perspective SOURCE: Rangelands 19(2), 25-28. TOPICS: riparian condition; stream temperature COMMENTS: Increased levels of shading for water quality limited streams would greatly improve summertime stream temperatures in most situations. In many instances, it may even be possible to reduce maximum temperatures so that they no longer exceed state water quality standards. It is clear that achieving improved levels of riparian shade and decreased summertime temperatures will require landowners to change those management practices that have contributed to current conditions. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Apple,LL; Smith,BH; Dunder,JD; Baker,BB PUB. YEAR: 1984 TITLE: The use of beavers for riparian/aquatic habitat restoration of cold desert, gully-cut stream systems in southwestern Wyoming SOURCE: In: Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society/Wildlife Society Joint Chapter Meeting. 8-10 February 1984. Logan, UT. TOPICS: beaver; riparian habitat; stream restoration COMMENTS: Several study projects have been initiated in the Rock Springs District to develop techniques for restoring and re-establishing degraded riparian and aquatic habitats. The major objective has been to utilize primarily "natural systems" to restore the habitat rather than use labor and capital-intensive artificial methods. This strategy included beaver reintroduction. The new beaver dams are trapping sediment, reducing stream velocity, locally elevating the water table, and reducing the effects of seasonally fluctuating water levels. This process, in turn, is encouraging the development of willow and other riparian plants in an expanded riparian zone, stabilizing stream banks, and improving habitat. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: McCurdy,MK PUB. YEAR: 1989 TITLE: Public trust protection for wetlands SOURCE: Environmental Law 19, 683-721. TOPICS: public trust doctrine; wetlands COMMENTS: The speed and scale at which man can harm the environment today calls for legal tools that are flexible and comprehensive in their application. The public trust doctrine offers courts a common-law method for protecting changing public expectations in natural resources. Traditionally, courts applied the doctrine to protect certain public uses of navigable waterways. The evolution of the doctrine within the water area reflects judicial willingness to apply it to new situations. The next logical extension of the trust is to wetlands. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Toliver,J PUB. YEAR: 1993 TITLE: What are wetlands SOURCE: Journal of Forestry 91(5), 12-14. TOPICS: riparian zones; wetlands COMMENTS: Managers, scientists, and administrators must play an important role in the future of wetland forests. The official policy of the EPA is no net loss of wetlands area in the U.S. Riparian zones have their greatest value as buffers and filters between urban and agricultural developments and our most vital life support - water. Preservation of public riparian rights provides an effective hedge against over- development of urban sprawl and agriculture or forest monoculture. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Wells,MD PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Wetlands in watersheds SOURCE: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46(6), 415-416. TOPICS: watersheds; wetlands COMMENTS: Creating numerous small watershed dams, both on cropland and woodland areas, has enhanced wildlife values in Missouri. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Lock,PA; Naiman,RJ PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: old growth riparian birds of the Olympic Penninsula: Effects of stream size on community structure. Proceedings of the Sixty- fourth Annual Meeting of the Northwest Science Association SOURCE: 20-22 March 1991. Boise, ID. TOPICS: avian species; riparian habitat COMMENTS: Spring breeding bird communities of large and small rivers on the Olympic Plateau were censused and compared. The objectives of this study were to : 1) provide a basline description of old growth riparian bird communities, 2) deetermine whether there is a difference between bird communities along large and small rivers, and 3) define what aspects of the fluvial corridor are most important in determining bird abundance and community structure. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Riegel,GM; Svejcar,TJ; Trent,JD PUB. YEAR: 1991 TITLE: Seasonal physiologic and community response to a riparian montane meadow water table gradient SOURCE: In: Proceedings of the Sixty-forth Annual Meeting of the Northwest Scientific Association. 20-22 March 1991. Boise, ID. TOPICS: riparian meadows; watertable effects COMMENTS: Many highly productive meadows lose much of their productivity when stream channels become eroded or cut down. Mesic communities that once dominated the meadow may now be restricted to a zone adjacent to a stream. The objective of this research was to determine how a decrease in water table depth caused from down cutting, influences physiology of montane meadow species in the northern Sierra Nevada. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Radko,MA PUB. YEAR: 1997 TITLE: Spatially linking basinwide stream inventories to arcs representing streams in a Geographic Information System SOURCE: USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-345. 22p. TOPICS: fishhabitat; gis; stream inventories COMMENTS: Basinwide stream habitat inventories were linked to arcs representing streams in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The creation of a fish habitat GIS layer provides fisheries and land managers additional data that can be queried in relation to other landscape features and processes (i.e. vegetation, roads, erosion, etc.) in a GIS for analytical or planning purposes. GIS offers enormous organizational and information-sharing capabilities in a corporate database environment. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: Donnelly,DD PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: State-of-the-art methods of of assessing wildlife values, benefits, and costs SOURCE: In: Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of Washington. Seattle, WA. TOPICS: economic assessment; riparian habitat; wildlife values COMMENTS: Assessment, or estimation, of values, benefits, and costs implies several steps that precede the actual valuation effort. Most attention in this paper is given to defining the product in terms of inputs and production functions. A second portion offers a framework for suggesting appropriate valuation analysis techniques considering the product, its economic characteristics, and the markets. Finally, the particular techniques available --- market analysis, travel cost and contingent valuation methods, and hedonic methods --- are briefly reviewed. ============================================================================ AUTHOR: O'Toole,R PUB. YEAR: 1987 TITLE: Social and economic benefits of riparian forests other than for timber SOURCE: In: Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of Washington. Seattle, WA. TOPICS: riparian management; riparian values COMMENTS: Major changes in public forest management and water laws are needed to protect riparian resources. Public land managers should charge fair market value for all forms of recreation. Collection of as little as ten percent of the values the Forest Service claims for recreation would cover all costs plus enforcement. Riparian management would also be improved if water rights were freely transferable, giving landowners an incentive to protect water quality by making it more valuable. ============================================================================