Sponsors

	A workshop was held January 18-19, 2006 in Anchorage to discuss surveillance strategies and plans for the early detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Alaska.
Workshop Goal
To develop a field sampling plan, coordinate sample handling and processing, and data management and dissemination for early detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Alaska.
Please note that workshop sponsors do not control and cannot guarantee the relevance, timeliness, or accuracy of these outside materials.

Participants

Reports

An Early Detection System for Highly Pathogenic H5N1Avian Influenza in Wild Migratory Birds U.S. Interagency Strategic Plan

Avian Influenza Workshop Summary Report

Workshop Handouts

CDC: AI Types and Strains [Fact Sheet]

Interim Guidelines for the Protection of Persons Handling Wild Birds With Reference to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 [NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin]

NWHC: Avian Influenza H5N1 Threat [Fact Sheet]

NWHC: Influenza H5N1 [FAQs]

NWHC: Sampling/ Data Protocol

WDIN: Data System Proposed Core Data Fields

Related Links

ADF&G - What Hunters Should Know About Avian Influenza [Fact Sheet]

FWS: Resources to AI in Wild Birds

NWHC: AI Surveillance - Government Initiates [ Fact Sheet]

NWHC: Updates and Resources on AI

WDIN - Fact Sheet on HEDDS AI Testing Database

WDIN: Gateway to AI Resources

Presentations

Photographs

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Photographs provided by workshop attendees Please use proper citations if you reference any materials from the workshop

USGS - Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center (PIERC) - Wildlife Health Web Pages4 Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center is an agency of the department of the United States Geological Survey. Presents links to reports and published conference papers on avian diseases of the Pacific Island region. Issue Overviews,Proceedings, Keywords: Avian pox Biocomplexity Endangered species Habitat conservation Malaria Wildlife conservation

PrPCWD Lymphoid Cell Targets in Early and Advanced Chronic Wasting Disease of Mule Deer224 ABSTRACT - (Free full-text avialable): Up to 15% of free-ranging mule deer in northeastern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming, USA, are afflicted with a prion disease, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), known as chronic wasting disease (CWD). CWD is similar to a subset of TSEs including scrapie and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in which the abnormal prion protein isoform, PrP(CWD), accumulates in lymphoid tissue. Experimental scrapie studies have indicated that this early lymph... Journal Articles Keywords: Chronic Wasting Disease Follicular Dendritic Cells Immunology Lymphocytes Macrophages Veterinary medicine

Fibrils in brains of Rocky Mountain elk with chronic wasting disease contain scrapie amyloid.285 ABSTRACT - (On-line abstract only): Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a progressive, fatal neurological disorder of captive mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk, is characterized neuropathologically by spongiform change in the neuropil, intraneuronal vacuolation and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Recently, scrapie amyloid-immunoreactive plaques have been demonstrated in brain tissues of CWD-affected captive mule deer, Rocky Mountain elk and hybrids of captive mule deer and white-tailed deer. W... Journal Articles Keywords: Amyloid Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Brain Chronic wasting disease Deer Electron microscope General overview Immunoblotting Lab animals Neurofibrils Prion protein Scrapie Veterinary medicine Western blotting Wildlife health

Validation of monoclonal antibody f99/97.6.1 For immunohistochemical staining of brain and tonsil in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with chronic wasting disease290 ABSTRACT - (On-line abstract only): A new monoclonal antibody (MAb), F99/97.6.1, that has been used to demonstrate scrapie-associated prion protein PrP(Sc) in brain and lymphoid tissues of domestic sheep with scrapie was used in an immunohistochemistry assay for diagnosis of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). The MAb F99/97.6.1 immunohistochemistry assay was evaluated in brain and tonsil tissue from 100 mule deer that had spongiform encephalopathy compatible with C... Journal Articles Keywords: Amyloid Brain Chronic wasting disease Disease detection Etiology Histocytochemistry Immunohistochemistry Immunology Monoclonal antibodies Pathology Physiology Prion protein PrPSc proteins Sensitivity and Specificity Tonsil

Pathogenicity and Antigenicity of a New Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Isolated from Duck Meat747 From abstract (online abstract only): Avian influenza A viruses are the ancestral origin of all human influenza viruses. The outbreak of highly pathogenic (HP) avian H5N1 in Hong Kong in 1997 highlighted the potential of these viruses to infect and cause severe disease in humans. Since 1999, HP H5N1 viruses were isolated several times from domestic poultry in Asia. In 2001, a HP H5N1 virus, A/Duck/Anyang/AVL-1/2001 (Dk/Anyang), was isolated from imported frozen duck meat in Korea. Because of thi... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Ducks Humans Immunology Influenza A Virus Influenza A Virus, H5N1 subtype Microbiology Pathogenicity Poultry Virology

Vaccines for List A Poultry Diseases: Emphasis on Avian Influenza [Review]762 From abstract (online abstract only): Various vaccine technologies have been shown experimentally to be effective for immunization against avian influenza (AI) virus and include conventional inactivated oil-based whole AI virus, vectored virus, subunit protein and DNA vaccines. Vaccine-induced protection is based upon antibodies produced against the surface glycoproteins, principally the haemagglutinin, but also the neuraminidase. This protection is specific only for individual subtypes of haema... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Immunology Poultry diseases Standards Therapy Vaccines

Recombinant Paramyxovirus Type 1-Avian Influenza-H7 Virus as a Vaccine for Protection of Chickens Against Influenza and Newcastle Disease763 From abstract (online abstract only): Current vaccines to prevent avian influenza rely upon labor-intensive parenteral injection. A more advantageous vaccine would be capable of administration by mass immunization methods such as spray or water vaccination. A recombinant vaccine (rNDV-AIV-H7) was constructed by using a lentogenic paramyxovirus type 1 vector (Newcastle disease virus [NDV] B1 strain) with insertion of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene from avian influenza virus (AIV) A/chicken/NY/13142-... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Chickens Immunology Influenza A Virus Newcastle disease Poultry diseases Therapy Vaccines

Vaccines Protect Chickens Against H5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in the Face of Genetic Changes in Field Viruses Over Multiple Years769 From abstract (online abstract only): Inactivated whole avian influenza (AI) virus vaccines, baculovirus-derived AI haemagglutinin vaccine and recombinant fowlpoxvirus-AI haemagglutinin vaccine were tested for the ability to protect chickens against multiple highly pathogenic (HP) H5 AI viruses. The vaccine and challenge viruses, or their haemagglutinin protein components, were obtained from field AI viruses of diverse backgrounds and included strains obtained from four continents, six host spec... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Chickens Genetics Immunogenetics Immunology Influenza A Virus Prevention & control Vaccines

Protection Against Diverse Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens Immunized with a Recombinant Fowlpox Vaccine Containing an H5 Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin Gene Insert771 From abstract (online abstract only): A recombinant fowlpox vaccine with an H5 hemagglutinin gene insert protected chickens against clinical signs and death following challenge by nine different highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses. The challenge viruses had 87.3 to 100% deduced hemagglutinin amino acid sequence similarity with the recombinant vaccine, and represented diversely geographic and spatial backgrounds; i.e. isolated from four different continents over a 38 year period. The rec... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Fowlpox Genetics Immunology Influenza A Virus Vaccines Viral Hemagglutinin

Efficacy of Recombinant Fowl Poxvirus Vaccine in Protecting Chickens Against a Highly Pathogenic Mexican-origin H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus774 From abstract (online abstract only): Internationally and nationally, governments and the poultry industries have used various strategies to control avian influenza (AI), ranging from a minimum of living with mildly pathogenic AI virus (AIV) infections to the other extreme of implementing a total quarantine-slaughter approach for eradication of highly pathogenic (HP) forms of the disease. However, recent economic considerations in various countries have prompted a broader reevaluation of vaccina... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Chickens Immunology Influenza A Virus Influenza A Virus, H5N2 subtype Poxviridae Prevention & control Vaccines

Avirulent Avian Influenza Virus as a Vaccine Strain against a Potential Human Pandemic779 From abstract (free full-text available): In the influenza H5N1 virus incident in Hong Kong in 1997, viruses that are closely related to H5N1 viruses initially isolated in a severe outbreak of avian influenza in chickens were isolated from humans, signaling the possibility of an incipient pandemic. However, it was not possible to prepare a vaccine against the virus in the conventional embryonated egg system because of the lethality of the virus for chicken embryos and the high level of biosafety... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Immunology Influenza A Virus Vaccines

Immunization of Pigs with a Particle-Mediated DNA Vaccine to Influenza A Virus Protects against Challenge with Homologous Virus781 From abstract (free full-text available): Particle-mediated delivery of a DNA expression vector encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) of an H1N1 influenza virus (A/Swine/Indiana/1726/88) to porcine epidermis elicits a humoral immune response and accelerates the clearance of virus in pigs following a homotypic challenge. Mucosal administration of the HA expression plasmid elicits an immune response that is qualitatively different than that elicited by the epidermal vaccination in terms of inhibition of... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Immunology Influenza A Virus Orthomyxoviridae infections Swine Vaccines Viral DNA

Antigenic and Genetic Analyses of H1N1 Influenza A Viruses from European Pigs782 From abstract (free full-text available): H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated from pigs in Europe since 1981 were examined both antigenically and genetically and compared with H1N1 viruses from other sources. H1N1 viruses from pigs and birds could be divided into three groups: avian, classical swine and 'avian-like' swine viruses. Low or no reactivity of 'avian-like' swine viruses in HI tests with monoclonal antibodies raised against classical swine viruses was associated with amino acid substitut... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Europe Genetics Humans Immunology Influenza A Virus Influenza A Virus, H5N1 subtype Swine Variation (genetics) Viral antigens Viral hemagglutinins

Antigenic and Genetic Analysis of a Recently Isolated H1N1 Swine Influenza Virus787 From abstract (online abstract only): Hemagglutinins (HA) of H1N1 swine influenza viruses isolated in the United States have remained antigenically and genetically conserved for many years. In contrast to such conservation, the HA of A/Swine/Nebraska/1/92 (Sw/Neb) could readily be distinguished from those of contemporary porcine viruses. Twenty-eight amino acid mutations differentiated the HA of Sw/Neb and A/Swine/Indiana/1726/88, the most recent H1N1 swine influenza virus for which HA sequence ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Genetics Immunology Influenza A virus Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Metabolism Microbiology Pathology Swine Veterinary medicine Viral antigens Viral genes

Antigenic and Genetic Conservation of the Hemagglutinin in H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses790 From abstract (online abstract only): We examined the level of antigenic conservation amongst the haemagglutinins (HAs) of H1 swine influenza viruses, recently isolated from a wide geographical area, in haemagglutination inhibition assays against a panel of four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We found a high degree of conservation with a dominant variant (52 of 54 isolates) that reacted with all MAbs. Only two minor variants, each failing to react with one MAb, were found. Using a one-step PCR te... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Genetics Immunology Influenza A Virus Influenza A Virus, H1N1 subtype Viral antigens Viral hemagglutinins

Hemagglutinin Mutations Related to Antigenic Variation in H1 Swine Influenza Viruses791 From abstract (free full-text available): The hemagglutinin (HA) of a recent swine influenza virus, A/Sw/IN/1726/88 (H1N1), was shown previously to have four antigenic sites, as determined from analysis of monoclonal antibody (MAb)-selected escape mutants. To define the HA mutations related to these antigenic sites, we cloned and sequenced the HA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction of parent virus and MAb-selected escape mutants. The genetic data indicated the presence of four amino aci... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Comparative studies Genetics Immunology Influenza A Virus Mutations Swine Viral hemagglutinins

Virulent Avian Influenza A viruses: Their Effect on Avian Lymphocytes and Macrophages in Vivo and in Vitro793 From abstract (online abstract only): To investigate the pathogenesis of virulent avian influenza A viruses, the effect of A/turkey/Ont/7732/66 (H5N9) (Ty/Ont), A/tern/South Africa/1961 (H5N3) (Tern/S.A.) and A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 (H5N2) (Ck/Penn) on avian lymphoid cell populations was examined in vivo. Previous studies have shown that infection of chickens with Ty/Ont resulted in the extensive destruction of lymphoid tissues. In this study, other virulent avian H5 influenza viruses, Te... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Chickens Immunology Influenza A Virus Lymphocytes Macrophages Orthomyxoviridae infections Poultry diseases

Laboratory Characterization of a Swine Influenza Virus Isolated from a Fatal Case of Human Influenza [Case Report]795 From abstract (free full-text available): A swine influenza virus-like type A (H1N1) virus, designated A/Wisconsin/3523/88, was isolated in September 1988 from a Wisconsin woman who had died with primary viral pneumonia. Antigenic analyses with hemagglutinin-specific monoclonal antibodies and postinfection ferret serum indicated that the hemagglutinin of A/Wisconsin/3523/88 was antigenically closely related to viruses currently circulating in swine. Genetic analysis of the A/Wisconsin/3523/88 vi... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Analysis aspect Avian Influenza Humans Immunology Influenza A Virus Microbiology Swine Viral antigens Viral pneumonia Viral RNA

Neutralizing Epitopes of the H5 Hemagglutinin from a Virulent Avian Influenza Virus and their Relationship to Pathogenicity796 From abstract (free full-text available): To define and characterize the major neutralizing epitopes of the H5 hemagglutinin, a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for the H5 hemagglutinin of the virulent avian influenza virus A/Turkey/Ontario/7732/66 (H5N9) was prepared. Antibodies which neutralized infectivity of the virus were used to select a panel of escape mutants. Reactivity patterns of the panel of monoclonal antibodies against the panel of mutants by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Analysis aspect Antigens Avian Influenza Immunology Influenza A Virus Viral hemagglutinins

Induction and Activity of Class II-Restricted, Lyt-2+ Cytolytic T Lymphocytes Specific for the Influenza H5 Hemagglutinin797 From abstract (online abstract only): In influenza A virus infections, CTL are a significant component of the host immune response which limits viral replication and promotes recovery. To examine the CTL response to the influenza virus A/Ty/Ont/7732/66[H5N9], particularly the H5 hemagglutinin, a long term CTL line was generated from spleen cells of A/Ty/Ont-immune Balb/c [H- 2d] mice secondarily stimulated in vitro with A/Ty/Cal/Hurst- 2/71[H5N2]. This CTL line was highly specific for influenza ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Antigens Avian Influenza Immunology Influenza A virus Lymphocyte activation Lymphocytes Viral hemagglutinins

The Isolation of Influenza A Viruses and Paramyxoviruses from Feral Ducks in New Zealand803 ON-LINE ABSTRACT ONLY: Tracheal and cloacal swabs from apparently healthy ducks, gulls, shearwaters and terns in New Zealand were tested for myxoviruses by inoculation into embryonated eggs. Seven influenza A viruses belonging to three antigenic subtypes (H4N6; H1N3; H11N3) and nine paramyxoviruses of two antigenic subtypes (PMV-1; PMV-4) were isolated from feral ducks. The occurrence of the same virus subtypes in birds, including ducks, in other countries suggests that they were introduced into... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Comparative studies Ducks Immunology Isolation & purification Mammals Microbiology Paramyxoviridae Professional Association Viral Viruses

Reassortant Virus Derived from Avian and Human Influenza A Viruses is Attenuated and Immunogenic in Monkeys809 ON-LINE ABSTRACT ONLY: An influenza A reassortant virus that contained the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a virulent human virus, A/Udorn/72 (H3N2), and the six other influenza A virus genome segments from an avirulent avian virus, A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 (H2N2), was evaluated for its level of replication is squirrel monkeys and hamsters. In monkeys, the reassortant virus was as attenuated and as restricted in its level of replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract as its ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Genetics Humans Immunology Mammals Monkeys Professional Association Viral Viruses

Failure to Detect Hemagglutination-inhibiting Antibodies with Intact Avian Influenza Virions810 FREE FULL-TEXT AVIALABLE: Avian influenza viruses replicate in a variety of mammals and birds, yet hemagglutination inhibition tests show that postinfection sera from these animals (e.g., ferrets and ducks) have insignificant levels of antibodies (Hinshaw et al., Infect. Immun. 34:354-361, 1981). This suggested that avian influenza viruses, in contrast to mammalian viruses, may not induce a significant humoral response. Studies reported here indicate that avian influenza viruses do induce high l... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Analysis aspect Avian Influenza Birds Ducks Ferrets Immunology Mammals Mice Orthomyxoviridae infections Professional Association Viral Viral antibodies Viral hemagglutinins Viruses

Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Hemagglutinin Subtype of Influenza A Viruses from Gulls812 FREE FULL-TEXT AVAILABLE: Influenza A virus isolates from ring-billed, Franklin, blackback, and herring gulls in the United States possess a hemagglutinin (HA) distinct from the 12 reference HA subtypes. Serological assays (hemagglutination inhibition and double-immunodiffusion) with specific antisera to reference strains and to a representative gull isolate showed that the HA of the gull virus was not antigenically related to that of any known subtype. The gull virus did not replicate in ducks ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Immunology Mammals Microbiology Professional Association Viral Viral hemagglutinins Viruses

Characterization of Viruses from Doves Representing a New Serotype of Avian Paramyxoviruses815 NO ON-LINE ABSTRACT AVAILABLE Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Immunology Mammals Microbiology Nongovernmental Association Viral Viral proteins Viruses

Influenza A viruses: Combinations of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Subtypes Isolated from Animals and Other Sources [Review]817 NO ON-LINE ABSTRACT AVAILABLE Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Classification Hemagglutinins Horse Humans Immunology Influenza A virus Microbiology Swine Viral antigens

Influenza A viruses: Combinations of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Subtypes Isolated from Animals and Other Sources. Brief review. [Review]827 NO ON-LINE ABSTRACT AVAILABLE Journal (Articles) Keywords: Analysis aspects Antigens Avian Influenza Birds Classification Humans Immunology Mammals Microbiology Nongovernmental Association Viral Viruses

Characterization of a New Avian Influenza Virus Subtype and Proposed Designation of this Haemagglutinin as Hav10828 ON-LINE ABSTRACT ONLY: The haemagglutinin of A/Dk/alb/60/76, an influenza A virus isolated from feral ducks in Canada, possesses no antigenic relatedness to any of the 16 reference haemagglutinin subtypes. Results of serological tests (HI and double immunodiffusion) with monospecific antisera to the haemagglutinin of this virus indicate that it represents a new avian haemagglutinin subtype. We propose that this haemagglutinin be designated as Hav10 under the current system of nomenclature. Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Chickens Ducks Immunology Mammals Microbiology Professional Association Viral Viral hemagglutinins Viruses

The Prevalence of Influenza Viruses in Swine and the Antigenic and Genetic Relatedness of Influenza Viruses from Man and Swine832 ON-LINE ABSTRACT ONLY: Serological and virological surveillance of swine during 1976-77 showed that Hsw1N1 influenza viruses were prevalent throughout the swine population of the U.S., particularly in the northern states. A low incidence of H3N2 virus infections was detected serologically in pigs and confirmed by the isolation of a virus antigenically similar to A/Vic/3/75 from one herd. Both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of the human New Jersey isolate, A/NJ/8/76, were indistingu... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Humans Immunology Isolation & purification Mammals Microbiology Nongovernmental Association Swine Viral Viruses

Influenza Viruses from Avian and Porcine Sources and their Possible Role in the Origin of Human Pandemic Strains833 ON-LINE ABSTRACT ONLY: Studies on influenza viruses from feral ducks trapped in Canada in August 1976, gave a 26% isolation rate from cloacal samples of juvenile birds. Several different influenza A viruses were isolated, some of which possessed novel hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase antigens. Influenza A viruses isolated from the rectum of feral ducks replicate in the upper respiratory tract and also in the intestinal tract of feral and domestic ducks. Representative human influenza viruses o... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Ducks Etiology Immunology Isolation & purification Mammals Professional Association Viral Viruses

Measurement of Antibodies to Avian Influenza Virus A(H7N7) in Humans by Hemagglutination Inhibition Test848 From abstract (online abstract only): During the epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) in 2003 in The Netherlands, RT-PCR and culture confirmed infection was detected in 89 persons who were ill. A modified hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using horse erythrocytes and 2 hemagglutinating units of virus was applied to assess retrospectively the extent of human (subclinical) infection. Validation of the HI-test with sera from 34 RT-PCR and culture confirmed A(H7) infected perso... Journal Articles Keywords: Antibodies Hemagglutinins Human health Immunologic tests Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype

Occurrence of Hsw 1 N 1 Subtype Influenza A Viruses in Wild Ducks in Europe1077 From abstract (online abstract only): Two identical strains of influenza A viruses antigenically related to swine influenza (Hsw 1 N 1) have been isolated from adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in Southern Germany. They were designated A/Duck/Bavaria/1/77 and A/Duck/Bavaria/2/77. Serologic tests revealed a close antigenic relationship to the strain A/Duck/Alberta/35/76. Experimental infections of piglets with strain A/Duck/Bavaria/1/77 demonstrated the susceptibility of swine to this viru... Journal Articles Keywords: Ducks Orthomyxoviridae infections Swine Swine diseases Viral antigens Viral hemagglutinins West Germany

Detection of Influenza A Viruses by Sentinel Domestic Ducks in an Ecological Survey1154 From abstract (no online abstract available): In a 7-month field experiment domestic ducks were used as sentinels to detect inflouenza A virus in a seabird-breeding island in the Baltic Sea. Twenty influenza A virus isolates representing 3 subtypes were recovered from tracheal and cloacal swabs from 10 sentinel ducks. The ducks responded to natural infection by a short rise in antibodies; there was a correlation between virus isolation and appearance of antibodies. Journal Articles Keywords: Ducks Viral antibodies

Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research - Current Wildlife Disease Research1173 From web site: The research group "Wildlife Diseases" investigates the influence of diseases on free-living and captive wild animals. The group works on four main topics: 1) Diseases and their influence on endangered species populations, 2) Epidemiology and zoonoses (esp. mutual transmission of pathogens between domestic and wild species), 3) Evolution of pathogens, and 4) diseases of zoo and wild life animals with emphasis on metabolic diseases. The web page provides an overview of the individ... Issue Overviews Keywords: Epidemiology Immunology Microbiology Parasitology Pathology Research Wildlife disease Zoo animals

An epornitic of Type A Influenza Virus Infection in Ducks1279 No online abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Ducks Immunology Microbiology Orthomyxoviridae infections Pathology Poultry diseases Veterinary medicine

How Flu Invades Cells and Multiplies [Image]1319 From image text: "The success of the flu virus is due to the tricks it has evolved to dodge or hijack a cell's defences". Graphic depicts the step-by-step process of how a flu virus binds to a health cell in seven detailed images. Illustrations Keywords: Avian Influenza Etiology Immunology

The Origin of Pandemic Influenza1406 From abstract (free full-text available): Serological tests, using antisera specific to the surface subunits of the viruses (e.g., antisera to the haemagglutinin subunits devoid of any antineuraminidase or anti-host antigen activity) showed that the haemagglutinin subunits of the Hong Kong virus were, immunologically, distinct from the subunits of the preceding A/Asian strains. On the other hand, the neruaminidase subunits of the Hong Kong virus are related to those of the A/Asian strains. The h... Newsletters/Bulletins Keywords: Disease outbreaks Etiology Humans Immunogenetics Immunology Orthomyxoviridae Viral antigens

Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-headed Gulls1456 From abstract (free full-text available): In wild aquatic birds and poultry around the world, influenza A viruses carrying 15 antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 antigenic subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) have been described. Here we describe a previously unidentified antigenic subtype of HA (H16), detected in viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in Sweden. In agreement with established criteria for the definition of antigenic subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition assays and immuno... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza DNA Europe Genes Hemagglutinins Immunology Influenza A virus Isolation and purification Molecular structure Sweden Virology

Antibodies to Human Influenzavirus Neuraminidase (the A-Asian-57 H2N2 Strain) in Sera from Australian Pelagic Birds1457 From abstract (free full-text available): Sera collected from Australian pelagic birds specifically inhibited the neuraminidase of the Asian/57 (H2N2) strain of human influenzavirus. Neuraminidase inhibition titres of some sera were high and the avidity of the inhibitor was comparable to that of specific antibody. The neuraminidase of A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2), which was undergone considerable antigenic drift in man since 1957, was inhibited to a lesser extent by the bird sera, while the neuramini... Journal Articles Keywords: Analysis aspects Animals Antibodies Australia Avian influenza Bird diseases Birds Human influenza Humans Immunology Microbiology Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae Serology Veterinary medicine

Cross-Reactive, Cell-Mediated Immunity and Protection of Chickens from Lethal H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Hong Kong Poultry Markets1462 From abstract (free full-text available): In 1997, avian H5N1 influenza virus transmitted from chickens to humans resulted in 18 confirmed infections. Despite harboring lethal H5N1 influenza viruses, most chickens in the Hong Kong poultry markets showed no disease signs. At this time, H9N2 influenza viruses were cocirculating in the markets. We investigated the role of H9N2 influenza viruses in protecting chickens from lethal H5N1 influenza virus infections. Sera from chickens infected with an H... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Chickens Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Immunology Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Lymphocytes Virology

Survey of the Hemagglutinin (HA) Cleavage Site Sequence of H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses: Amino Acid Sequence at the HA Cleavage Site as a Marker of Pathogenicity Potential1465 From abstract (free full-text available): The deduced amino acid sequence at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site of 76 avian influenza (AI) viruses, subtypes H5 and H7, was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cycle sequencing techniques to assess pathogenicity. Eighteen of the 76 viruses were isolated in 1993 and 1994 from various sources in the United States. In addition, 34 H5 (4 highly pathogenic [HP] and 30 non-highly pathogenic [non-HP]) and 24 H7 (3 HP and 21... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Birds Chemistry DNA Hemagglutinins Immunology Influenza A virus Pathogenicity Polymerase chain reaction Species specificity United States

Vaccination for Avian Influenza in Asia1530 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Asia Avian influenza Immunology Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Italy Poultry Poultry diseases Prevention and control Vaccines

Antibody Response to Influenza Vaccination in the Elderly: a Quantitative Review1538 From abstract (online abstract only): We performed a quantitative review of 31 vaccine antibody response studies conducted from 1986 to 2002 and compared antibody responses to influenza vaccine in groups of elderly versus younger adults. We did a weighted analysis of the probability of vaccine response (measured as seroconversion and seroprotection) for each vaccine component (H1, H3 and B antigens). Using a multiple regression model, we adjusted for factors that might affect the vaccine respons... Journal Articles Keywords: Antibodies Humans Immunology Vaccines

A Plague Epizootic in the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys Ludovicianus)1594 From abstract (free full-text available): Plague is the primary cause for the rangewide decline in prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) distribution and abundance, yet our knowledge of plague dynamics in prairie dog populations is limited. Our understanding of the effects of plague on the most widespread species, the black-tailed prairie dog (C. ludovicianus), is particularly weak. During a study on the population biology of black-tailed prairie dogs in Wyoming, USA, plague was detected in a colony under ... Journal Articles Keywords: Epidemiology Immunology Plague Prairie dog Rodent diseases Sciuridae Seroepidemiologic studies Veterinary medicine Wyoming Yersinia pestis

Susceptibility of Greater Sage-Grouse to Experimental Infection with West Nile Virus1597 From abstract (free full-text available): Populations of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have declined 45-80% in North America since 1950. Although much of this decline has been attributed to habitat loss, recent field studies have indicated that West Nile virus (WNV) has had a significant negative impact on local populations of grouse. We confirm the susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to WNV infection in laboratory experimental studies. Grouse were challenged by subcutaneous ... Journal Articles Keywords: Bird diseases Galliformes Immunology Pathogenicity Sage-grouse Vaccines Veterinary medicine West Nile Virus

Is MHC Enough for Understanding Wildlife Immunogenetics? [Editorial]1599 From abstract (free full-text available): Along with reproductive success and predation, infectious disease is a major demographic and evolutionary driver of natural populations. To understand the evolutionary impacts of disease, research has focussed on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a genetic region involved in antigen presentation. There is a pressing need for the broader research currently conducted on traditional vertebrate models to be transferred to wildlife. Incorporating su... Journal Articles Keywords: Disease dynamics Epidemiology Genetics Immunology Wildlife

Detection of Antibody to Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Human Serum by Using a Combination of Serologic Assays1681 From abstract (free full-text available): From May to December 1997, 18 cases of mild to severe respiratory illness caused by avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses were identified in Hong Kong. The emergence of an avian virus in the human population prompted an epidemiological investigation to determine the extent of human-to-human transmission of the virus and risk factors associated with infection. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, the standard method for serologic detection of influenza ... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Comparative studies Cross reaction Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Immunology Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Neutralization tests Sensitivity and specificity Seroepidemiologic studies Serology Viral antibodies

Evaluation of Antibody Responses of Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) to Avian Influenza Virus Infection1695 From abstract (free full-text available): Emu antibody responses to avian influenza virus (AIV) infection were evaluated by the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. All birds infected with AIV H5N1, H5N3, or H7N7 developed antinucleoprotein (NP) antibodies as early as 7 days postinfection as detected by the C-ELISA. The responses lasted 49 days for the emus receiving H5N3 and at least 56 days for emus... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Hemagglutinins Immunodiffusion Immunology Influenza in birds Sensitivity and specificity Time factors Viral antibodies

Hemagglutinin Molecules of Hong Kong, Equine-2, and Duck/Ukraine Influenza Viruses Lack N-terminal Aspartic Acid1708 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Aspartic acid Avian influenza Genetic recombination Hemagglutinins Horses Influenza A virus RNA

Characterization of a Novel Influenza Hemagglutinin, H15: Criteria for Determination of Influenza A Subtypes1712 From abstract (online abstract only): Two viruses with a novel hemagglutinin (HA), A/duck/Australia/341/83 and A/shearwater/West Australia/2576/79, have been isolated from a duck and a shorebird in Australia. Hemagglutination inhibition and double immunodiffusion assays failed to reveal cross-reactivity with any of the known subtypes (H1 to H14). We therefore propose that these viruses constitute a new HA subtype, H15. Sequence analysis of the HA genes confirmed the serologic findings. When comp... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Antigens Avian influenza Comparative studies Genes Hemagglutinins Immunology Influenza A virus Molecular structure Phylogeny RNA Viral proteins

Some Observations on the Circulation of Influenzaviruses in Domestic and Wild Birds1714 No abstract available (free full-text available). Journal Articles Keywords: Analysis aspects Animals Antigens Avian influenza Bird diseases Birds Europe Immunology Microbiology Orthomyxoviridae Serologic tests USSR Veterinary medicine

A Pathogenesis Study of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N2 in Chickens, Using Immunohistochemistry1717 From abstract (online abstract only): Eighteen specific pathogen-free chickens (nine hens older than 1 year and nine 15-week-old males) were inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/1983 (H5N2). Birds were serially killed and tissues collected for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. In the group of older hens, disease was acute or peracute. By immunohistochemistry, antigen was abundant in capillary endothelium in multiple organs, and staini... Journal Articles Keywords: Analysis aspects Animals Antigens Avian influenza Brain Chickens Immunohistochemistry Immunology Influenza A virus Influenza A virus, H5N2 subtype Influenza in birds Pathogenicity Pathology

Antigenic and Genetic Conservation of H3 Influenza Virus in Wild Ducks1718 From abstract (online abstract only): The hemagglutinins of H3 influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks on the Pacific flyway in Japan during the period 1977 to 1985 were analyzed antigenically and genetically. Antigenic analysis using monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinins of A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and A/duck/Hokkaido/8/80 (H3N8) viruses showed that antigenic drift occurred extensively in human strains, whereas the hemagglutinins of duck viruses were highly conserved. It was also found... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Base sequence Comparative studies Ducks Hemagglutinins Humans Immunology Influenza A virus Japan Microbiology

Molecular Evidence for a Role of Domestic Ducks in the Introduction of Avian H3 Influenza Viruses to Pigs in Southern China, Where the A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) Strain Emerged1730 From abstract (online abstract only): The haemagglutinins (HAs) of five H3 influenza A viruses isolated from domestic ducks and one from a goose in southern China were analysed antigenically and genetically. The patterns of reactivity of two of the duck viruses and the goose virus with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to 10 different epitopes on the H3 HA were similar to those of influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks and pigs, as well as those of the earliest human H3 viruses. The other thr... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Base sequence China DNA Ducks Geese Hemagglutinins Humans Immunology Influenza A virus Influenza A virus, H3N2 subtype Microbiology Molecular structure Swine

Demonstration of Type-specific Influenza Antibody in Mammalian and Avian Sera by Immunodiffusion1736 No abstract available (free full-text available). Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Bird diseases Chickens Horse diseases Horses Humans Immunodiffusion Immunology Turkeys

Antibodies to Influenza Viruses (Including the Human A2-Asian-57 Strain) in Sera from Australian Shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus)1739 No abstract available (free full-text available). Journal Articles Keywords: Analysis aspects Animals Antibodies Australia Avian influenza Bird diseases Birds Disease reservoirs Humans Immunology Orthomyxoviridae Veterinary medicine

Studies on the Origin of Pandemic Influenza. I. Antigenic Analysis of A 2 Influenza Viruses Isolated Before and After the Appearance of Hong Kong Influenza Using Antisera to the Isolated Hemagglutinin Subunits1742 From abstract (online abstract only): Specific antisera to the isolated hemagglutinin subunits of representative A2 influenza viruses were used to examine antigenic variation among influenza A2 viruses and, in particular, the origin of the Hong Kong strain of influenza (A2/Hong Kong/68). These sera were used in hemagglutination-inhibition tests with the A2 viruses grown in duck embryos, thus avoiding the problem of steric inhibition of hemagglutination by antibodies to the neuraminidase and host... Journal Articles Keywords: Analysis aspects Animals Antigens Avian influenza Chick embryo Cross reactions Genetic recombination Genetics Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Immunodiffusion Immunology Microbiology Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae Outbreaks Rabbits Species specificity Virus cultivation

A Common Surface Antigen in Influenza Viruses from Human and Avian Sources1748 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Analysis aspects Antigens Avian influenza Hemagglutinins Humans Immunology Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae Species specificity

A One-Size-Fits-All Flu Vaccine?1758 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antibodies Antigenic variation Avian influenza Clinical trials Hemagglutinins Humans Immunology Influenza A virus Mice Nucleoproteins Orthomyxoviridae infections Prevention and control Proteins RNA Vaccines

China Steps Up Drive to Vaccinate All Domestic Birds1776 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza China Humans Immunology Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Influenza in birds Poultry Prevention and control Vaccines Veterinary medicine Virology Zoonoses

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