Sponsors

	A workshop was held January 18-19, 2006 in Anchorage to discuss surveillance strategies and plans for the early detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Alaska.
Workshop Goal
To develop a field sampling plan, coordinate sample handling and processing, and data management and dissemination for early detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Alaska.
Please note that workshop sponsors do not control and cannot guarantee the relevance, timeliness, or accuracy of these outside materials.

Participants

Reports

An Early Detection System for Highly Pathogenic H5N1Avian Influenza in Wild Migratory Birds U.S. Interagency Strategic Plan

Avian Influenza Workshop Summary Report

Workshop Handouts

CDC: AI Types and Strains [Fact Sheet]

Interim Guidelines for the Protection of Persons Handling Wild Birds With Reference to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 [NWHC Wildlife Health Bulletin]

NWHC: Avian Influenza H5N1 Threat [Fact Sheet]

NWHC: Influenza H5N1 [FAQs]

NWHC: Sampling/ Data Protocol

WDIN: Data System Proposed Core Data Fields

Related Links

ADF&G - What Hunters Should Know About Avian Influenza [Fact Sheet]

FWS: Resources to AI in Wild Birds

NWHC: AI Surveillance - Government Initiates [ Fact Sheet]

NWHC: Updates and Resources on AI

WDIN - Fact Sheet on HEDDS AI Testing Database

WDIN: Gateway to AI Resources

Presentations

Photographs

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Photographs provided by workshop attendees Please use proper citations if you reference any materials from the workshop

Lethality to Ferrets of H5N1 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Humans and Poultry in 2004745 From abstract (free full-text available): The 2004 outbreaks of H5N1 influenza viruses in Vietnam and Thailand were highly lethal to humans and to poultry; therefore, newly emerging avian influenza A viruses pose a continued threat, not only to avian species but also to humans. We studied the pathogenicity of four human and nine avian H5N1/04 influenza viruses in ferrets (an excellent model for influenza studies). All four human isolates were fatal to intranasally inoculated ferrets. The human i... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Chemistry Genetics Humans Influenza A Virus, H5N1 subtype Microbiology Mortality Orthomyxoviridae Pathogenicity Poultry diseases Viral hemagglutinins

Pathogenicity of H5 Influenza Viruses for Ducks754 From abstract (online abstract only): Four H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses and an avirulent reassortant H5N1 virus were tested for their pathogenicity in domestic ducks. A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1) (Ck/Yamaguchi/04) isolated from a dead bird during the HPAI outbreak in Japan and A/duck/Yokohama/aq-10/03 (H5N1) (Dk/Yokohama/03) isolated from duck meat at a quarantine inspection for importation from China replicated in multiple organs including the brain of ducks. The duc... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Ducks Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Pathogenicity Virology

Characterization of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated during the 2003-2004 influenza outbreaks in Japan759 From abstract (online abstract only): In Japan, between the end of December 2003 and March 2004, four outbreaks of acute, highly transmissible and lethal disease occurred in birds in three prefectures separated by 150-450 km, involving three chicken farms and a group of chickens raised as pets. The cause of each outbreak was an H5N1 influenza A virus-the first highly pathogenic virus to be isolated from the outbreaks in Japan since 1925. The H5N1 virus was also isolated from dead crows, apparent... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Hemagglutinins Human Influenza Influenza A virus Japan Outbreaks Poultry diseases

Continued Circulation in China of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Encoding the Hemagglutinin Gene Associated with the 1997 H5N1 Outbreak in Poultry and Humans768 From abstract (free full-text available): Since the outbreak in humans of an H5N1 avian influenza virus in Hong Kong in 1997, poultry entering the live-bird markets of Hong Kong have been closely monitored for infection with avian influenza. In March 1999, this monitoring system detected geese that were serologically positive for H5N1 avian influenza virus, but the birds were marketed before they could be sampled for virus. However, viral isolates were obtained by swabbing the cages that housed ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Genetics Influenza A Virus Influenza A Virus, H5N1 subtype Microbiology Poultry diseases Viral hemagglutinins Virology

Evolution of H5 subtype avian influenza A viruses in North America773 From abstract (online abstract only): The phylogenetic relationships of the hemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural (NS) genes from avian influenza (AI) H5 subtype viruses of North American origin are presented. Analysis of the HA genes of several previously uncharacterized isolates from waterfowl and turkeys provided clear evidence of significant sequence variation and existence of multiple virus clades or sub-lineages, maintained in migratory waterfowl. Phylogenetic analysis of NS gene sequences... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Evolution Genetics Hemagglutinins Influenza A Virus Viral proteins

An Arg-Lys Insertion at the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of an H5N2 Avian Influenza Isolate778 From abstract (online abstract only): Recent isolations of H5N2 subtype avian influenza (AI) viruses in North America have raised questions concerning their origin, transmission to commercial poultry, and potential for virulence. One ratite-origin isolate of low pathogenicity, A/emu/TX/39924/93 (H5N2), was subjected to a procedure that rapidly selects and/or amplifies highly pathogenic (HP) strains. The resulting highly virulent derivative had an altered hemagglutinin (HA) gene containing an add... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Genetics Hemagglutinins Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype

Antigenic and Genetic Analyses of H1N1 Influenza A Viruses from European Pigs782 From abstract (free full-text available): H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated from pigs in Europe since 1981 were examined both antigenically and genetically and compared with H1N1 viruses from other sources. H1N1 viruses from pigs and birds could be divided into three groups: avian, classical swine and 'avian-like' swine viruses. Low or no reactivity of 'avian-like' swine viruses in HI tests with monoclonal antibodies raised against classical swine viruses was associated with amino acid substitut... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Europe Genetics Humans Immunology Influenza A Virus Influenza A Virus, H5N1 subtype Swine Variation (genetics) Viral antigens Viral hemagglutinins

An Influenza A (H1N1) Virus, Closely Related to Swine Influenza Virus, Responsible for a Fatal Case of Human Influenza [Case Reports]786 From abstract (free full-text available): In July 1991, an influenza A virus, designated A/Maryland/12/91 (A/MD), was isolated from the bronchial secretions of a 27-year-old animal caretaker. He had been admitted to the hospital with bilateral pneumonia and died of acute respiratory distress syndrome 13 days later. Antigenic analyses with postinfection ferret antisera and monoclonal antibodies to recent H1 swine hemagglutinins indicated that the hemagglutinin of this virus was antigenically rela... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Comparative studies Genetics Human influenza Influenza A virus Influenza A Virus, H5N1 subtype Maryland Microbiology Swine

Antigenic and Genetic Analysis of a Recently Isolated H1N1 Swine Influenza Virus787 From abstract (online abstract only): Hemagglutinins (HA) of H1N1 swine influenza viruses isolated in the United States have remained antigenically and genetically conserved for many years. In contrast to such conservation, the HA of A/Swine/Nebraska/1/92 (Sw/Neb) could readily be distinguished from those of contemporary porcine viruses. Twenty-eight amino acid mutations differentiated the HA of Sw/Neb and A/Swine/Indiana/1726/88, the most recent H1N1 swine influenza virus for which HA sequence ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Genetics Immunology Influenza A virus Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Metabolism Microbiology Pathology Swine Veterinary medicine Viral antigens Viral genes

The Hemagglutinins of Duck and Human H1 Influenza Viruses Differ in Sequence Conservation and in Glycosylation788 From abstract (free full-text available): We determined the deduced amino acid sequences of two H1 duck influenza A virus hemagglutinins (HAs) and found that the consensus sequence of the HA, determined directly from virus recovered from the intestinal tract, remains unchanged through many generations of growth in MDCK cells and chicken embryos. These two duck viruses differ from each other by 5 amino acids and from A/Dk/Alberta/35/1976 (F. J. Austin, Y. Kawaoka, and R. G. Webster, J. Gen. Virol... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Comparative studies Ducks Genetics Influenza A Virus Microbiology Molecular structure Viral hemagglutinins

Antigenic and Genetic Conservation of the Hemagglutinin in H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses790 From abstract (online abstract only): We examined the level of antigenic conservation amongst the haemagglutinins (HAs) of H1 swine influenza viruses, recently isolated from a wide geographical area, in haemagglutination inhibition assays against a panel of four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We found a high degree of conservation with a dominant variant (52 of 54 isolates) that reacted with all MAbs. Only two minor variants, each failing to react with one MAb, were found. Using a one-step PCR te... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Genetics Immunology Influenza A Virus Influenza A Virus, H1N1 subtype Viral antigens Viral hemagglutinins

Hemagglutinin Mutations Related to Antigenic Variation in H1 Swine Influenza Viruses791 From abstract (free full-text available): The hemagglutinin (HA) of a recent swine influenza virus, A/Sw/IN/1726/88 (H1N1), was shown previously to have four antigenic sites, as determined from analysis of monoclonal antibody (MAb)-selected escape mutants. To define the HA mutations related to these antigenic sites, we cloned and sequenced the HA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction of parent virus and MAb-selected escape mutants. The genetic data indicated the presence of four amino aci... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Comparative studies Genetics Immunology Influenza A Virus Mutations Swine Viral hemagglutinins

Antigenic and Phenotypic Variants of a Virulent Avian Influenza Virus Selected During Replication in Ducks794 From abstract (free full-text available): To evaluate the replication of a highly virulent avian influenza A virus in a potential reservoir host, mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were inoculated with the virulent strain A/Ty/Ont/7732/66 (H5N9). Viruses recovered from the ducks were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and found to possess antigenically altered viral hemagglutinins. Plaque formation on the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) ce... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Ducks Influenza A Virus Microbiology Pathogenicity

Neutralizing Epitopes of the H5 Hemagglutinin from a Virulent Avian Influenza Virus and their Relationship to Pathogenicity796 From abstract (free full-text available): To define and characterize the major neutralizing epitopes of the H5 hemagglutinin, a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for the H5 hemagglutinin of the virulent avian influenza virus A/Turkey/Ontario/7732/66 (H5N9) was prepared. Antibodies which neutralized infectivity of the virus were used to select a panel of escape mutants. Reactivity patterns of the panel of monoclonal antibodies against the panel of mutants by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Analysis aspect Antigens Avian Influenza Immunology Influenza A Virus Viral hemagglutinins

Induction and Activity of Class II-Restricted, Lyt-2+ Cytolytic T Lymphocytes Specific for the Influenza H5 Hemagglutinin797 From abstract (online abstract only): In influenza A virus infections, CTL are a significant component of the host immune response which limits viral replication and promotes recovery. To examine the CTL response to the influenza virus A/Ty/Ont/7732/66[H5N9], particularly the H5 hemagglutinin, a long term CTL line was generated from spleen cells of A/Ty/Ont-immune Balb/c [H- 2d] mice secondarily stimulated in vitro with A/Ty/Cal/Hurst- 2/71[H5N2]. This CTL line was highly specific for influenza ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Antigens Avian Influenza Immunology Influenza A virus Lymphocyte activation Lymphocytes Viral hemagglutinins

Influenza Virus Neuraminidase with Hemagglutinin Activity804 ON-LINE ABSTRACT ONLY: Isolated intact influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) molecules of the N9 subtype have been found to possess hemagglutinin (HA) activity which, at equivalent protein concentration, was fourfold higher than that of isolated hemagglutinin molecules of the H3 subtype. The amino-terminal sequence of the N9 NA is the same as in neuraminidases of the eight other influenza A virus NA subtypes previously reported. Viruses possessing N9 NA therefore have two different HA activities an... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Enzymology Isolation & purification Mammals Nongovernmental Association Viral Viral hemagglutinins Viruses

Altered Tissue Tropism of Human-Avian Reassortant Influenza Viruses807 ON-LINE ABSTRACT ONLY: Avian influenza viruses replicate to high titers in the cells lining the intestinal tract of birds; however, human strains do not. A series of reassortant viruses with all six internal genes from an avian strain and one or both genes for the surface antigens from a human strain failed to transit and infect the intestinal tracts of ducks. However, these reassortants did replicate in the bursa of ducks after rectal inoculation. These studies provide the first evidence that t... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Ducks Enzymes Intestines Mammals Microbiology Physiology Viral hemagglutinins

Failure to Detect Hemagglutination-inhibiting Antibodies with Intact Avian Influenza Virions810 FREE FULL-TEXT AVIALABLE: Avian influenza viruses replicate in a variety of mammals and birds, yet hemagglutination inhibition tests show that postinfection sera from these animals (e.g., ferrets and ducks) have insignificant levels of antibodies (Hinshaw et al., Infect. Immun. 34:354-361, 1981). This suggested that avian influenza viruses, in contrast to mammalian viruses, may not induce a significant humoral response. Studies reported here indicate that avian influenza viruses do induce high l... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Analysis aspect Avian Influenza Birds Ducks Ferrets Immunology Mammals Mice Orthomyxoviridae infections Professional Association Viral Viral antibodies Viral hemagglutinins Viruses

Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Hemagglutinin Subtype of Influenza A Viruses from Gulls812 FREE FULL-TEXT AVAILABLE: Influenza A virus isolates from ring-billed, Franklin, blackback, and herring gulls in the United States possess a hemagglutinin (HA) distinct from the 12 reference HA subtypes. Serological assays (hemagglutination inhibition and double-immunodiffusion) with specific antisera to reference strains and to a representative gull isolate showed that the HA of the gull virus was not antigenically related to that of any known subtype. The gull virus did not replicate in ducks ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Immunology Mammals Microbiology Professional Association Viral Viral hemagglutinins Viruses

Influenza A viruses: Combinations of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Subtypes Isolated from Animals and Other Sources [Review]817 NO ON-LINE ABSTRACT AVAILABLE Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Classification Hemagglutinins Horse Humans Immunology Influenza A virus Microbiology Swine Viral antigens

The Ecology of Influenza Viruses in Ducks and Analysis of Influenza Viruses with Monoclonal Antibodies820 ON-LINE ABSTRACT ONLY: It has been suggested that influenza A viruses from lower animals may be involved in the origin of human pandemic strains. To test this hypothesis, we have been analyzing the influenza A viruses present in lower mammals and birds. Over the past few years, it has become increasingly evident that a major reservoir of influenza viruses exists in both domestic and feral avian species, particularly ducks. For example, studies on migratory ducks in Canada in 1978 showed that 50%... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Analysis aspect Avian Influenza Birds Ducks Ecology Isolation & purification Mammals Microbiology Nongovernmental Association Swine Viral Viral antigens Viruses

Characterization of a New Avian Influenza Virus Subtype and Proposed Designation of this Haemagglutinin as Hav10828 ON-LINE ABSTRACT ONLY: The haemagglutinin of A/Dk/alb/60/76, an influenza A virus isolated from feral ducks in Canada, possesses no antigenic relatedness to any of the 16 reference haemagglutinin subtypes. Results of serological tests (HI and double immunodiffusion) with monospecific antisera to the haemagglutinin of this virus indicate that it represents a new avian haemagglutinin subtype. We propose that this haemagglutinin be designated as Hav10 under the current system of nomenclature. Journal (Articles) Keywords: Avian Influenza Birds Chickens Ducks Immunology Mammals Microbiology Professional Association Viral Viral hemagglutinins Viruses

Novel Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Canadian Feral Ducks: Including Strains Antigenically Related to Swine Influenza (Hsw1N1) Viruses829 From abstract (online abstract only): Twelve influenza A viruses, antigenically related to the Ho, H1 and Hsw1 subtypes, were isolated from cloacal samples of feral ducks in Canada. Antigenic comparisons showed that these viruses were most closely related to the recent HSW1N1 isolates from man and pigs, whereas in vivo pathogenicity tests revealed differences between the Hsw1N1 viruses from the ducks and those from humans and pigs. Antigenic characterization of 94 additional influenza A viruses ... Journal (Articles) Keywords: Antigens Canada Ducks Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Neuraminidase

Measurement of Antibodies to Avian Influenza Virus A(H7N7) in Humans by Hemagglutination Inhibition Test848 From abstract (online abstract only): During the epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) in 2003 in The Netherlands, RT-PCR and culture confirmed infection was detected in 89 persons who were ill. A modified hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using horse erythrocytes and 2 hemagglutinating units of virus was applied to assess retrospectively the extent of human (subclinical) infection. Validation of the HI-test with sera from 34 RT-PCR and culture confirmed A(H7) infected perso... Journal Articles Keywords: Antibodies Hemagglutinins Human health Immunologic tests Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype

Mallards and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Ancestral Viruses, Northern Europe915 From abstract (free full-text available): Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which originate in poultry upon transmission of low pathogenic viruses from wild birds, have occurred relatively frequently in the last decade. During our ongoing surveillance studies in wild birds, we isolated several influenza A viruses of hemagglutinin subtype H5 and H7 that contain various neuraminidase subtypes. For each of the recorded H5 and H7 HPAI outbreaks in Europe since 1997, our collecti... Journal Articles Keywords: Classification Ducks Europe Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza in Birds Neuraminidase Wild birds

Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Waterfowl in Two Wildlife Management Areas of Pennsylvania966 From abstract (online abstract only): A survey was conducted at two wildlife management areas of Pennsylvania (USA) to evaluate an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) for the detection of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in cloacal swabs from waterfowl and to determine the influenza A virus subtypes and the distribution of these viruses among waterfowl. We collected 330 cloacal swabs from hunter-killed waterfowl in the fall of 1990 and from cage-captured waterfowl in the su... Journal Articles Keywords: Birds Cloaca Species specificity Viral hemagglutinins

Isolation of Type A Influenza Viruses from the Migratory Waterfowl Along the Mississippi Flyway969 From abstract (online abstract only): Four type A infleunza viruses were isolated from tracheal swabs taken from apparently healthy ducks (mallards, Anas platyrhynchos) along the Mississippi flyway in Minnesota. Inital identification of group A influenza was made possible by the use of the agar gel precipitin test. Journal Articles Keywords: Ducks Orthomyxoviridae Turkeys Viral hemagglutinins

Phylogenetic Analysis of H7 Haemagglutinin Subtype Influenza A Viruses973 From abstract (online abstract only): A 945 nucleotide region (bases 76-1020) of the HA1 part of the HA gene was obtained for 31 influenza viruses of H7 subtype isolated primarily from Europe, Asia and Australia over the last 20 years. These were analysed phylogenetically and compared with sequences of the same region from 23 H7 subtype viruses available in Genbank. The overall results showed two geographically distinct lineages of North American and Eurasian viruses with major sublineages of Au... Journal Articles Keywords: Poultry Viral genes Viral hemagglutinins

Influenza Surveillance in Birds in Italian Wetlands (1992-1998): Is there a Host Restricted Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Sympatric Ducks and Coots? 976 From abstract (online abstract only): We report the results of a 6-year serological and virological monitoring performed in ducks and coots in Italy, in order to assess the degree of influenza A virus circulation in these birds during wintering. A total of 1039 sera collected from 1992 to 1998 was screened by a double antibody sandwich blocking ELISA (NP-ELISA): seroprevalence of antibodies to influenza A viruses was significantly higher in ducks compared to coots (52.2% vs. 7.1%, respectively).... Journal Articles Keywords: Bird diseases Cloaca Disease Reservoirs Ducks Orthomyxoviridae Infections Viral antibodies Viral hemagglutinins

Isolation of Influenza Virus from Wild Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos)982 From abstract (online abstract only): In the course of studies on influenza virus ecology, Influenzavirus A was isolated from a cloacal smear from a wild duck (Anas platyrhynchos) caught in west Slovakia. The strain was identified as A(Hav7Nav1). The results of virus isolation experiments from other species of aquatic and other small birds were negative. Journal Articles Keywords: Antigens Cloaca Cross reactions Czechoslovakia Ducks Hemagglutinins Neuraminidase Wild birds

Characterization of the Pathogenicity of Members of the Newly Established H9N2 Influenza Virus Lineages in Asia 984 From abstract (online abstract only): The reported transmission of avian H9N2 influenza viruses to humans and the isolation of these viruses from Hong Kong poultry markets lend urgency to studies of their ecology and pathogenicity. We found that H9N2 viruses from North America differ from those of Asia. The North American viruses, which infect primarily domestic turkeys, replicated poorly in inoculated chickens. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes indicated that th... Journal Articles Keywords: Mice Molecular structure Poultry diseases Viral DNA Viral hemagglutinins Viral RNA Virus replication

Survey of Influenza Viruses in Feral Birds in 1979 and Isolation of a Strain Possessing Hav6Nav5 from Cloaca of an Eastern Dunlin1006 No online abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Birds Cloaca Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Species specificity

Identification and Subtyping of Avian Influenza Viruses by Reverse Transcription-PCR 1025 From abstract (online abstract only): Avian influenza viruses have 15 different hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes (H1-H15). We report a procedure for the identification and HA-subtyping of avian influenza virus by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The avian influenza virus is identified by RT-PCR using a set of primers specific to the nucleoprotein (NP) gene of avian influenza virus. The HA-subtypes of avian influenza virus were determined by running simultaneously 15 RT-PCR reactions, each using a ... Journal Articles Keywords: Birds Humans Species specificity Viral DNA Viral hemagglutinins Viral RNA

The First Isolation of Animal Influenza Virus in Israel1045 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Birds Israel Poultry Viral hemagglutinins

The Surface Glycoproteins of H5 Influenza Viruses Isolated from Humans, Chickens, and Wild Aquatic Birds Have Distinguishable Properties1057 From abstract (free full-text available): In 1997, 18 confirmed cases of human influenza arising from multiple independent transmissions of H5N1 viruses from infected chickens were reported from Hong Kong. To identify possible phenotypic changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of the H5 viruses during interspecies transfer, we compared the receptor-binding properties and NA activities of the human and chicken H5N1 isolates from Hong Kong and of H5N3 and H5N1 viruses from wild aq... Journal Articles Keywords: Hong Kong Molecular structure Poultry Viral hemagglutinins Virus receptors

Occurrence of Hsw 1 N 1 Subtype Influenza A Viruses in Wild Ducks in Europe1077 From abstract (online abstract only): Two identical strains of influenza A viruses antigenically related to swine influenza (Hsw 1 N 1) have been isolated from adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in Southern Germany. They were designated A/Duck/Bavaria/1/77 and A/Duck/Bavaria/2/77. Serologic tests revealed a close antigenic relationship to the strain A/Duck/Alberta/35/76. Experimental infections of piglets with strain A/Duck/Bavaria/1/77 demonstrated the susceptibility of swine to this viru... Journal Articles Keywords: Ducks Orthomyxoviridae infections Swine Swine diseases Viral antigens Viral hemagglutinins West Germany

Avian Influenza Virus Subtypes Inside and Outside the Live Bird Markets, 1993-2000: a Spatial and Temporal Relationship1078 From abstract (online abstract only): Between 1993 and 2000, gallinaceous birds, waterfowl, and environmental specimens from the live bird markets (LBMs) of the northeastern United States and non-LBM premises were tested for the presence of avian influenza virus (AIV), pathogenic properties of AIV subtypes, especially of hemagglutinin (H) subtypes H5 and H7, and a possible association between LBM and non-LBM infections. Ten H subtypes of AIV were isolated from the LBM specimens: H1, H2, H3, H4, ... Journal Articles Keywords: Birds Chicken Classification Cloaca Genetics Influenza A virus Influenza in birds New England Polymerase chain reaction Viral hemagglutinins Virology

Structural Features of the Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin that Influence Virulence1079 From abstract (online abstract only): Analysis of the structure of the avian influenza (AI) virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene and protein has yielded a wealth of information on the virulence mechanisms of influenza viruses. The AI hemagglutinin appears to be unique in its capacity to accept basic amino acids at its proteolytic cleavage site (PCS). The association of multiple basic (MB) amino acids, HA cleavage, tissue spread and virulence by AI strains first proposed in the late 1970s and early 1980... Journal Articles Keywords: Numerical analysis Viral hemagglutinins Viral proteins

Do Hemagglutinin Genes of Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza Viruses Constitute Unique Phylogenetic Lineages?1082 From abstract (online abstract only): Avian influenza A viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes periodically cause severe outbreaks of disease in poultry. The question we wished to address in this study is whether these highly pathogenic strains constitute unique lineages or whether they and related nonpathogenic viruses are derived from common ancestors in the wild bird reservoir. We therefore compared the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 15 H5 and 26 H7 influenz... Journal Articles Keywords: Asia Birds Comparative studies Europe Viral genes Viral hemagglutinins

Isolation of Newcastle Disease and Type-A Influenza Viruses from Migratory Waterfowl in the Atlantic Flyway1089 From abstract (no online abstract available): Cloacal and tracheal swabbings were obtained from several species of migratory waterfowl that had been shot by hunters in Delaware and Maryland. From 159 birds sampled, 15 isolations were made of viruses that would agglutinate chicken red blood cells. Four of the isolants were identified as type-A influenza virus, and nine as lentogenic Newcastle disease virus; two could not be identified. Journal Articles Keywords: Birds Cloaca Delaware Ducks Geese Maryland Newcastle disease Orthomyxoviridae Viral hemagglutinins

Surveillance of Pelagic Birds for Influenza A Viruses1155 From abstract (online abstract only): Within a 4-year surveillance period for influenza A virus in pelagic birds, 351 influenza A strains were isolated from the trachea or cloaca of 3344 apparently healthy ducks, gulls, swans, terns and geese. The isolated influenza A viruses represent 14 subtypes. Their haemagglutinins (HA) were mainly related to avian HA, but also to the human HA H2 and to the swine HA Hswl. The neuraminidases (NA) were identified as avian, equine and human NA. The isolated in... Journal Articles Keywords: Birds Cloaca Ducks Geese Neuraminidase Viral hemagglutinins

Type A Influenza Virus Surveillance in Free-flying, Nonmigratory Ducks Residing on the Eastern Shore of Maryland1158 From abstract (online abstract only): Virus surveillance in free-flying, nonmigratory ducks living on the eastern shore of Maryland indicated that influenza A viruses were introduced into the area or that the prevalence of endemic infections increased between July 15 and August 27, 1998. Cloacal swabs collected between May 28 and July 15, 1998, were negative for influenza A virus recovery (0/233), whereas 13.9% (29/209) of swabs collected between August 27 and September 2, 1998, were positive fo... Journal Articles Keywords: Bird diseases Ducks Maryland Neuraminidase Viral hemagglutinins

Phylogenetic Analyses of Type A Influenza Genes in Natural Reservoir Species in North America Reveals Genetic Variation1169 From abstract (online abstract only): The matrix (M) (98 isolates), nucleoprotein (NP) (67 isolates), non-structural (NS) (107 isolates), H4 subtype HA1 (21 isolates) and H6 (38 isolates) subtype HA1 region of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene were sequenced from avian influenza viruses isolated from North American wild aquatic birds between 1969 and 2003. Sequences were compared phylogenetically with all available wild aquatic bird isolate sequences and sequences from isolates from gallinaceous poult... Journal Articles Keywords: Birds Disease reservoirs Humans Molecular structure North America Poultry Variation (genetics) Viral hemagglutinins

Avian Paramyxoviruses and Influenza Viruses Isolated from Mallard Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos) in New Zealand1180 From abstract (online abstract only): A comprehensive study using virological and serological approaches was carried out to determine the status of live healthy mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in New Zealand for infections with avian paramyxoviruses (APMV) and influenza viruses (AIV). Thirty-three viruses isolated from 321 tracheal and cloacal swabs were characterized as: 6 AIV (two H5N2 and four H4N6), 10 APMV-1 and 17 APMV-4. Of 335 sera samples tested for AIV antibodies, 109 (32.5%) sera w... Journal Articles Keywords: Cloaca Comparative studies Ducks Influenza A virus Isolation & Purification Molecular structure New Zealand Paramyxoviridae Viral antibodies Viral hemagglutinins Virology

Role of Hemagglutinin Cleavage for the Pathogenicity of Influenza Virus [Review]1181 From abstract (online abstract only): Although human epidemics of influenza occur on nearly an annual basis and result in a significant number of "excess deaths," the viruses responsible are not generally considered highly pathogenic. On occasion, however, an outbreak occurs that demonstrates the potential lethality of influenza viruses. The human pandemic of 1918 spread worldwide and killed millions, and the limited human outbreak of highly pathogenic avian viruses in Hong Kong at the end of 19... Journal Articles Keywords: Enzymes Humans Orthomyxoviridae Viral hemagglutinins Viral proteins

Stability of Infectious Influenza A Viruses to Treatment at Low pH and Heating1203 From abstract (online abstract only): We have measured the infectivity of influenza A virus strains grown either in embryonated eggs or in chick embryo cells in culture after treatment at low pH. At pH values at which hemolysis occurs there was an irreversible loss of infectivity. The threshold pH, at which the infectivity was lost, depended on the hemagglutinin subtype of the virus strain. All H5 and H7 strains tested were extremely labile at low pH. In contrast, all H3 strains were relatively ... Journal Articles Keywords: Heat Influenza A virus Pathogenicity

Isolation of Orthomyxoviruses from Migrating and Domestic Ducks in Northern Japan in 1976-19771232 From abstract (online abstract only): Ortho- and parmyxoviruses were isolated at high frequencies from cloacal and tracheal samples of 334 domestic and 161 migrating ducks in Miyagi and Akita Prefectures, Japan, in the winter of 1976--77. Forty-four hemagglutinating agents were isolated from these ducks. The frequency of virus isolation was much higher from the cloacal samples (6.3%) than the tracheal samples (2.6%). However, no significant difference was found in the isolation ratio between the... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian influenza Ducks Influenza A virus Japan Microbiology Viral antigens Viral hemagglutinins

The Ecology of Influenza. Isolation of Type 'A' Influenza Viruses from Australian Pelagic Birds.1238 From abstract (online abstract only): Three different type A influenza viruses have been isolated from pelagic birds nesting on islands of the Great Barrier Reef. One of these, isolated in 1972, was of subtype Hav6Nav5. The other two, which are described in this paper, were isolated in 1975 and belonged to subtypes Hav5Nav2 and Hav3Nav6. Of eight isolates of the latter virus, seven were recovered from cloacal swabs and only one from the trachea. Journal Articles Keywords: Australia Avian influenza Birds Cloaca Isolation & purification Microbiology Neuraminidase Viral antibodies Viral antigens Viral hemagglutinins

Isolation of Influenza Viruses from Exotic and Central European Birds1241 From abstract (online abstract only): In the course of a study which was made in order to contribute to the knowledge about influenza viruses in birds, 18 strains of avian Influenza-A-subtypes were isolated from cloaca swabs. From the Central European bird species, one strain of Influenza A/England/62 was isolated from a mallard. All other species of birds obtained from three different biotopes from Austria and Hungary showed negative results. The other 17 influenza strains were isolated from im... Journal Articles Keywords: Argentina Austria Avian influenza Birds Cloaca Hungary Isolation & purification Microbiology Senegal Viral hemagglutinins

Characterization of the Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Genes of Recent Influenza Virus Isolates from Different Avian Species in Thailand.1254 From abstract (online abstract only): The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of eight influenza A virus (H5N1) isolates obtained from various avian species in Thailand in 2003-2004 have been characterized in comparison with the Thai isolate A/Chicken/Nakorn-Pathom/Thailand/CU-K2/04(H5N1). Phylogenetic analyses of both genes revealed that all the eight avian isolates were closely related to the A/Chicken/Nakorn-Pathom/Thailand/CU-K2/ 04(H5N1). The amino acid sequence of the HA cleava... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian Influenza Chickens Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Neuraminidase Thailand

Avian Influenza Surveys in Waterfowl Part I: The Role of Wild and Domestic Waterfowl in Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Domestic Poultry1261 From introduction (free full-text available): It is generally accepted that waterfowl play an important role in the generation, spread, and enzootic transmission of avian influenza (AI). Published surveys indicate that all 15 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been isolated from wild waterfowl and aquatic shorebirds. Reported overall prevalence estimates vary considerably between studies and study years. For example, recently cited overall AI prevalence rates in waterfowl ... Newsletters/Bulletins Keywords: Avian influenza Birds Ducks Epidemiology Isolation & purification Neuraminidase Turkeys Vertical transmission (disease) Viral hemagglutinins Virology

A Multiplex RT-PCR for Detection of Type A influenza Virus and Differentiation of Avian H5, H7, and H9 Hemagglutinin Subtypes1293 From abstract (online abstract only): A multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was developed and optimized for the detection of type A influenza virus; the assay simultaneously differentiates avian H5, H7 and H9 hemagglutinin subtypes. Four sets of specific oligonucleotide primers were used in this test for type A influenza virus, H5, H7 and H9 heamagglutinin subtypes. The mRT-PCR DNA products were visualized by gel electrophoresis and consisted of fragments of 860bp... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian Influenza Diagnosis Genetics Hemagglutinins Polymerase chain reaction Viral subtypes

Host Range Restriction and Pathogenicity in the Context of Influenza Pandemic1314 From abstract (free full-text avialable): Influenza A viruses cause pandemics at random intervals. Pandemics are caused by viruses that contain a hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein to which human populations are immunologically naive. Such an HA can be introduced into the human population through reassortment between human and avian virus strains or through the direct transfer of an avian influenza virus to humans. The factors that determine the interspecies transmission and pathogenicity o... Journal Articles,Table or Spreadsheet Keywords: Avian Influenza Hemagglutinins Human health Interspecies transmission (disease) Reassortant viruses

Mutation Trend of Hemagglutinin of Influenza A virus: A Review from a Computational Mutation Viewpoint.1337 From abstract (online abstract only): Since 1999 we have developed two computational mutation approaches to analyze the protein primary structure whose methodology and implications were reviewed in 2002. Our first approach is the calculation of predictable and unpredictable portions of amino-acid pairs in a protein, and the second is the calculation of amino-acid distribution rank in a protein. Both approaches provide quantitative measures to present a protein, which we have used to study a numb... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Avian Influenza Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Mutation Statistics

Isolation of a Type A Influenza Virus from an Australian Pelagic Bird1387 From abstract (no online abstract available). A type A influenza virus was isolated from a tracheal swab taken from an apparently healthy shearwater bird (mutton bird, Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus) nesting on Tryon Island off the east coast of Australia. The hemagglutinin subunits of the shearwater virus were of antigenic subtype Havo, but the neuraminidase subunits were not related antigenically to those of any known virus and represent a new neuraminidase subtype, Nav5. The hemagglutinin ... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Australia Avian influenza Birds Chickens Electron microscopy Genetic recombination Hemagglutinins Isolation and purification Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae Viral antigens Viral proteins Virus cultivation

Isolation and Characterization of Influenza A Viruses from Wild Ducks in Northern Japan: Appearance of HSW1 Antigens in the Japanese Duck Population1399 From abstract (online abstract only): Twenty-six influenza A viruses were isolated from cloacal and tracheal samples of 235 resident and 396 migratory ducks in Miyagi prefecture, Japan, in 1977--78. Of these, twelve were antigenically related to the avian-origin HSW1 virus, A/duck/Alberta/35/76 (HSW1N1), but their neuraminidase antigens were characterized as Nav2-3, Nav4 or N2. These antigenic configuration have not previously been reported. In addition, one strain in which the neuraminidase ant... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Cloaca Ducks Hemagglutinins Isolation and purification Japan Microbiology Neuraminidase Viral antigens

Isolation of an Influenza Virus, Similar to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) from a Common Murre at Sakhalin Island in U.S.S.R. (Strain A/common murre/Sakhalin/1/74)1402 From abstract (online abstract only): An influenza A virus isolated from the cloaca of a common murre was characterized antigenically as H3N2 and was most closely related to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain. Serological studies of sera collected from common murres in the area of virus isolation showed that 21 per cent of the birds had antibodies to Hong Kong influenza virus. Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Birds Cloaca Hemagglutinins Isolation and purification Microbiology Neuraminidase USSR Viral antibodies Viral antigens

Wildlife Surveillance Associated with an Outbreak of Lethal H5N2 Avian Influenza in Domestic Poultry1407 From abstract (free full-text available): Wildlife surveillance was conducted for influenza viruses in conjunction with the 1983-84 lethal H5N2 avian influenza epizootic in domestic poultry in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. Virus-isolation attempts made on cloacal and tracheal swabs from 4,466 birds and small rodents within the quarantined areas and 1,511 waterfowl in nearby Maryland yielded only a single H5N2 isolate from a pen-raised chukar in Pennsylvania. Antibodies agains... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Birds Disease outbreaks Disease reservoirs Disease transmission Hemagglutinins Influenza in birds Microbiology Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae Pennsylvania Veterinary medicine

On the Origin of the Human Influenza Virus Subtypes H2N2 and H3N21446 From abstract (online abstract only): The RNA of the human influenza virus Singapore (H2N2) strain has been labeled in vivo by phosphorus-32 and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into eight segments, which were correlated to the corresponding gene functions and/or proteins. The base sequence homology between the individual genes (segments) of the H2N2 virus and those of different influenza A strains has been determined by molecular hybridization. Segments 1, 5, 7, and 8 of the Sing... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian influenza Genetic recombination Genetics Neuraminidase RNA Viral genes Viral hemagglutinins Viral proteins

Influenza Viruses in Birds of the Atlantic Flyway1448 From abstract (free full-text available): Isolation of type A influenza viruses from the feces of 5013 birds of 16 species was attempted during a 33-month study (1977-79). Seventy viruses were isolated from the feces of 3403 ring-billed gulls in Baltimore, Md., during 16 months of sampling. Six hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes in 15 combinations were found. The H13N6 virus was the only subtype found each year and accounted for 40% of the isolates. The rate of iso... Journal Articles Keywords: Age factors Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Baltimore Birds Epidemiology Feces Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Isolation and purification Microbiology Mid-Atlantic region Prevalence Research

H9N2 Influenza Viruses Possessing H5N1-Like Internal Genomes Continue To Circulate in Poultry in Southeastern China1452 From abstract (free full-text available): The transmission of H9N2 influenza viruses to humans and the realization that the A/Hong Kong/156/97-like (H5N1) (abbreviated HK/156/97) genome complex may be present in H9N2 viruses in southeastern China necessitated a study of the distribution and characterization of H9N2 viruses in poultry in the Hong Kong SAR in 1999. Serological studies indicated that H9N2 influenza viruses had infected a high proportion of chickens and other land-based birds (pigeo... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza China Genome Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Isolation and purification Poultry Temperature Virology Virus replication

Cocultivation of Avian Orthomyxoviruses and Paramyxoviruses in Embryonated Eggs: Implications for Surveillance Studies1454 From abstract (free full-text available): A series of avian orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses were cocultivated in embryonated chicken eggs. This resulted in two categories of behavior being observed: (i) one virus was preferentially detected over the other, as shown by five out of six influenza A viruses of differing hemagglutinin subtypes being preferentially detected over paramyxoviruses, and (ii) dual isolations, for example, dual isolations of paramyxoviruses. These findings are consider... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Growth and development Hemagglutinins Microbiology Orthomyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae Virus cultivation

Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-headed Gulls1456 From abstract (free full-text available): In wild aquatic birds and poultry around the world, influenza A viruses carrying 15 antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 antigenic subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) have been described. Here we describe a previously unidentified antigenic subtype of HA (H16), detected in viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in Sweden. In agreement with established criteria for the definition of antigenic subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition assays and immuno... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza DNA Europe Genes Hemagglutinins Immunology Influenza A virus Isolation and purification Molecular structure Sweden Virology

Isolation of Myxoviruses from Migratory Waterfowls in San-in District, Western Japan in Winters of 1997-20001460 From abstract (free full-text available): Between November 1997 and February 2000, winter migratory waterfowls of several species staying in San-in district, western Japan were surveyed for influenza A virus and paramyxovirus at four stations. A total of 18 influenza A viruses was isolated from 1,404 fecal samples of whistling swans, pintails, mallards, and white-fronted geese. Five different hemagglutinins and eight neuraminidases were identified in the viruses isolated, in 11 different combina... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Birds Feces Isolation and purification Japan Orthomyxoviridae Seasons Time factors Virology

Influenzavirus Neuraminidase and Neuraminidase-inhibition Test Procedures1461 From abstract (free full-text available): The adequate characterization of type A influenzaviruses requires the identification not only of the haemagglutinin but also of the neuraminidase. The neuraminidase-inhibition test, as performed in the two WHO international reference centres for influenza, is described and its use in other laboratories--particularly those collaborating in the WHO programme--is recommended. Journal Articles Keywords: Antigens Avian influenza Enzymology Hemagglutinins Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae

Cross-Reactive, Cell-Mediated Immunity and Protection of Chickens from Lethal H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Hong Kong Poultry Markets1462 From abstract (free full-text available): In 1997, avian H5N1 influenza virus transmitted from chickens to humans resulted in 18 confirmed infections. Despite harboring lethal H5N1 influenza viruses, most chickens in the Hong Kong poultry markets showed no disease signs. At this time, H9N2 influenza viruses were cocirculating in the markets. We investigated the role of H9N2 influenza viruses in protecting chickens from lethal H5N1 influenza virus infections. Sera from chickens infected with an H... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Chickens Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Immunology Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Lymphocytes Virology

Characterization of an Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Isolated from a Child with a Fatal Respiratory Illness 1463 From abstract (free full-text available): An avian H5N1 influenza A virus (A/Hong Kong/156/97) was isolated from a tracheal aspirate obtained from a 3-year-old child in Hong Kong with a fatal illness consistent with influenza. Serologic analysis indicated the presence of an H5 hemagglutinin. All eight RNA segments were derived from an avian influenza A virus. The hemagglutinin contained multiple basic amino acids adjacent to the cleavage site, a feature characteristic of highly pathogenic avian ... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Cell lines Chickens Disease outbreaks Genes Genetics Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Molecular structure Neuraminidase Pathogenicity Virology Virus replication

Virus Isolations from Pet Birds Submitted for Importation into the United States1464 From abstract (free full-text available): From October 1973 to September 1981, 2,882,111 birds were offered for importation into the United States. All were quarantined for 30 days, and specimens were submitted to the laboratory for virus-isolation studies. Viruses were isolated from specimens from 26.3% (598/2,274) of the quarantined lots of birds. Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV) was isolated from 141 lots. Nonviscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VNDV) was is... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Birds Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Isolation and purification Microbiology Newcastle disease Quarantine Species specificity United States Viruses

Survey of the Hemagglutinin (HA) Cleavage Site Sequence of H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses: Amino Acid Sequence at the HA Cleavage Site as a Marker of Pathogenicity Potential1465 From abstract (free full-text available): The deduced amino acid sequence at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site of 76 avian influenza (AI) viruses, subtypes H5 and H7, was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cycle sequencing techniques to assess pathogenicity. Eighteen of the 76 viruses were isolated in 1993 and 1994 from various sources in the United States. In addition, 34 H5 (4 highly pathogenic [HP] and 30 non-highly pathogenic [non-HP]) and 24 H7 (3 HP and 21... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Birds Chemistry DNA Hemagglutinins Immunology Influenza A virus Pathogenicity Polymerase chain reaction Species specificity United States

Changes in the Haemagglutinin and the Neuraminidase Genes Prior to the Emergence of Highly Pathogenic H7N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Italy1519 From abstract (online abstract only): Outbreaks of avian influenza due to an H7N1 virus of low pathogenicity occurred in domestic poultry in northern Italy from March 1999 until December 1999 when a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus emerged. Nucleotide sequences were determined for the HA1 and the stalk region of the neuraminidase (NA) for viruses from the outbreaks. The HPAI viruses have an unusual multibasic haemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site motif, PEIPKGSRVRRGLF. Phylogenetic ana... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Birds Chickens Comparative studies Genes Genetics Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Italy Molecular structure Neuraminidase Outbreaks Poultry diseases Proteins Turkeys Virology

Characterization of the Surface Proteins of Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Humans in 1997-19981521 From abstract (online abstract only): Influenza A (H5N1) viruses infected humans in Hong Kong between May and December, 1997. Sixteen viruses, including 6 from fatal cases, were isolated during this outbreak. Molecular analysis of the surface proteins genes encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of these H5N1 isolates, of a subtype not previously known to infect humans, are presented. The 16 human H5 HA sequences contain multiple basic amino acids adjacent to the cleavage site, a... Journal Articles Keywords: Antigens Avian influenza DNA Genes Genetics Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Influenza A virus Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Molecular structure Neuraminidase Outbreaks Virology

Multiple Genetic Reassortment of Avian and Human Influenza A Viruses in European Pigs, Resulting in the Emergence of an H1N2 Virus of Novel Genotype1522 From abstract (online abstract only): Novel H1N2 influenza A viruses which were first detected in pigs in Great Britain in 1994 were examined antigenically and genetically to determine their origins and establish the potential mechanisms for genetic reassortment. The haemagglutinin (HA) of all swine H 1 N2 viruses examined was most closely related to, but clearly distinguishable both antigenically and genetically from, the HA of human H1N1 viruses which circulated in the human population during ... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antigens Avian influenza DNA Europe Genes Genetics Hemagglutinins Humans Influenza A virus Molecular structure Swine

Development of Multiplex Real-time RT-PCR As a Diagnostic Tool for Avian Influenza1567 From abstract (free full-text available): A multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of the H5 and H7 avian influenza hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes was developed with hydrolysis type probes labeled with the FAM (H5 probe) and ROX (H7 probe) reporter dyes. The sensitivity of the H5-H7 subtyping assay was determined, using in vitro transcribed RNA templates, to have a reproducible detection limit for H7 of approximately 10(4) ... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Diagnosis Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Isolation and purification Polymerase chain reaction Poultry Poultry diseases RNA

Sequence Analysis of Recent H7 Avian Influenza Viruses Associated with Three Different Outbreaks in Commercial Poultry in the United States1568 From abstract (free full-text available): The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of H7 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated between 1994 and 2002 from live-bird markets (LBMs) in the northeastern United States and from three outbreaks in commercial poultry have been characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes demonstrates that the isolates from commercial poultry were closely related to the viruses circulating in the LBMs. Also, since 1994, two distinguishing genetic... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Epidemiology Genetics Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Molecular structure Neuraminidase Outbreaks Poultry Poultry diseases United States

Stability of Infectious Influenza A Viruses at Low pH and at Elevated Temperature1571 From abstract (online abstract only): After treatment of different strains of influenza A at low pH, the threshold pH, at which the infectivity was lost, depended on the haemagglutinin (HA) subtype of the virus strain. Strains with noncleaved HA were much more stable when compared to strains with cleaved HA. These observations might explain why duck influenza viruses spread well by lake water, while highly pathogenic strains with cleaved HA do not. There were also significant differences in heat... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Chickens Comparative studies Heat Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Pathogenicity Species specificity

Different Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site Variants of H7N7 in an Influenza Outbreak in Chickens in Leipzig, Germany1629 From abstract (online abstract only): The hemagglutinin (HA) genes from four avian H7N7 influenza A isolates, from a single outbreak, were shown to possess different cleavage sites that contain varying numbers of basic amino acid residues (KKKKR, KRKKR, KKRKKR, KKKKKKR). All four variants are highly pathogenic in chickens and share an immediate common ancestral HA with A/tern/Potsdam/342-6/79 (H7N7) and A/swan/Potsdam/63-6/81 (H7N7). These viruses are nonpathogenic and contain no extra basic ami... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Chickens DNA Geese Germany Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Metabolism Molecular structure Outbreaks Veterinary medicine Virology

Origin and Molecular Changes Associated with Emergence of a Highly Pathogenic H5N2 Influenza Virus in Mexico1630 From abstract (online abstract only): In October of 1993, there was decreased egg production and increased mortality among Mexican chickens, in association with serologic evidence of an H5N2 influenza virus. First isolated from chickens in May of 1994, after spreading widely in the country, the virus caused only a mild respiratory syndrome in specific pathogen-free chickens. Because eradication of the virus by destruction of infected birds posed major obstacles to the poultry industry in Mexico,... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Antibodies Antigens Avian influenza Chickens Genetics Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Mexico Molecular structure Pathogenicity Specific pathogen-free organisms Virology Virus replication

Alarms Ring Over Bird Flu Mutations1655 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Birds Disease transmission DNA Genetics Humans Influenza A virus Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Influenza in birds Mutation Pathogenicity Turkey Viral hemagglutinins Virology Virus receptors Virus replication Zoonoses

Development of a Real-time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Type A Influenza Virus and the Avian H5 and H7 Hemagglutinin Subtypes1676 From abstract (free full-text available): A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RRT-PCR) assay based on the avian influenza virus matrix gene was developed for the rapid detection of type A influenza virus. Additionally, H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtype-specific probe sets were developed based on North American avian influenza virus sequences. The RRT-PCR assay utilizes a one-step RT-PCR protocol and fluorogenic hydrolysis type probes. The matrix gene RRT-PCR assay has a detection limit of 10 fg... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Chick embryo Genetics Influenza in birds Isolation and purification Poultry Poultry diseases Sensitivity and specificity Viral hemagglutinins Virology

Human Infection with an Avian H9N2 Influenza A Virus in Hong Kong in 20031678 From abstract (free full-text available): Avian H9N2 influenza A virus has caused repeated human infections in Asia since 1998. Here we report that an H9N2 influenza virus infected a 5-year-old child in Hong Kong in 2003. To identify the possible source of the infection, the human isolate and other H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from Hong Kong poultry markets from January to October 2003 were genetically and antigenically characterized. The findings of this study show that the human H9N2 influe... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian influenza Comparative studies Cross reactions Hemagglutinins Humans Molecular structure Phylogeny RNA Species specificity Viral antigens Virology

Detection of Antibody to Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Human Serum by Using a Combination of Serologic Assays1681 From abstract (free full-text available): From May to December 1997, 18 cases of mild to severe respiratory illness caused by avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses were identified in Hong Kong. The emergence of an avian virus in the human population prompted an epidemiological investigation to determine the extent of human-to-human transmission of the virus and risk factors associated with infection. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, the standard method for serologic detection of influenza ... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Comparative studies Cross reaction Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Immunology Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Neutralization tests Sensitivity and specificity Seroepidemiologic studies Serology Viral antibodies

Molecular Evolution of H6 Influenza Viruses from Poultry in Southeastern China: Prevalence of H6N1 Influenza Viruses Possessing Seven A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1)-Like Genes in Poultry1683 From abstract (free full-text available): The A/teal/Hong Kong/W312/97 (H6N1) influenza virus and the human H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses possess similar genes encoding internal proteins, suggesting that H6N1 viruses could become novel human pathogens. The molecular epidemiology and evolution of H6 influenza viruses were characterized by antigenic and genetic analyses of 29 H6 influenza viruses isolated from 1975 to 1981 and 1997 to 2000. Two distinct groups were identified on the basis of the... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza China Genetics Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Molecular evolution Molecular structure Mutagenesis Neuraminidase Phylogeny Poultry Variation (genetics) Viral antibodies Viral genes Virology

Avian Influenza Antibody Detection by Immunodiffusion1689 From abstract (free full-text available): Convalescent levels of influenza antibodies were demonstrated by an agar gel precipitin (AGP) test in turkey sera after field out-breaks. The AGP test was positive with chicken sera for at least 8 weeks after laboratory exposure to any of 3 influenza strains, and positive with turkey sera for at least 12 weeks after exposure. The AGP test facilitates a diagnosis of avian influenza using a suspect virus or paired sera without the influences of strain-to-s... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antibodies Antigens Avian influenza Chickens Diagnosis Hemagglutinins Orthomyxoviridae Poultry diseases Turkeys

Genetic Characterization of the Pathogenic Influenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) Virus: Similarity of its Hemagglutinin Gene to those of H5N1 Viruses from the 1997 Outbreaks in Hong Kong1690 From abstract (online abstract only): Analysis of the sequences of all eight RNA segments of the influenza A/G oose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus, isolated from a sick goose during an outbreak in Guangdong province, China, in 1996, revealed that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virus was genetically similar to those of the H5N1 viruses isolated in Hong Kong in 1997. However, the remaining genes showed greater similarity to other avian influenza viruses. Notably, the neuraminidase gene did no hav... Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Chickens DNA Geese Genetics Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Influenza in birds Molecular structure Neuraminidase Outbreaks Phylogeny Viral genes Virology

Influenza Viruses in Birds: Rapid Identification by Counterimmunoelectrophoresis1691 From abstract (free full-text available): Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with an antiserum raised in rabbits against the M protein of the avian N virus proved to be particularly useful for large-scale identification of influenza A virus isolates. Of a total of 231 hemagglutinating agents isolated from 1,656 rectal swabs collected from shore and open-country birds, 158 could be identified as influenza A viruses by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and 75 were serologically related to Newcastle disease ... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Birds Hemagglutinins Immunodiffusion Isolation and purification Microbiology Paramyxoviridae Viral proteins

Imported Parakeets Harbor H9N2 Influenza A Viruses that Are Genetically Closely Related to those Transmitted to Humans in Hong Kong [Note]1692 From abstract (free full-text available): In 1997 and 1998, H9N2 influenza A viruses were isolated from the respiratory organs of Indian ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula Krameri manillensis) that had been imported from Pakistan to Japan. The two isolates were closely related to each other (>99% as determined by nucleotide analysis of eight RNA segments), indicating that H9N2 viruses of the same lineage were maintained in these birds for at least 1 year. The hemagglutinins and neuraminidases of ... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Disease transmission Hong Kong Humans Mice Molecular structure Parakeets Phylogeny RNA Viral proteins Virology

Presence of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) Subtypes H5N2 and H7N1 in Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and Rheas (Rhea americana): Virus Isolation and Serologic Findings1694 From abstract (free full-text available): Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5N2 and H7N1 were isolated from emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and rheas (Rhea americana) in Texas and North Carolina. All the rheas and emus had a history of respiratory disease except one emu, which was clinically normal. The isolates were not pathogenic for chickens and turkeys under the conditions of the experiment. Humoral antibodies to all known hemagglutinin (H) subtypes except H10, H13, and H14 and to all ni... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Birds Comparative studies Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus, H5N2 subtype Isolation and purification Microbiology Species specificity United States Viral antibodies

Evaluation of Antibody Responses of Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) to Avian Influenza Virus Infection1695 From abstract (free full-text available): Emu antibody responses to avian influenza virus (AIV) infection were evaluated by the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. All birds infected with AIV H5N1, H5N3, or H7N7 developed antinucleoprotein (NP) antibodies as early as 7 days postinfection as detected by the C-ELISA. The responses lasted 49 days for the emus receiving H5N3 and at least 56 days for emus... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Hemagglutinins Immunodiffusion Immunology Influenza in birds Sensitivity and specificity Time factors Viral antibodies

Molecular Analysis of the Hemagglutinin Genes of Australian H7N7 Influenza Viruses: Role of Passerine Birds in Maintenance or Transmission?1700 From abstract (online abstract only): In 1985 a fowl plague-like disease occurred in chickens in Lockwood, Victoria, Australia and caused high mortality. An H7N7 influenza virus was isolated from the chickens (A/Chicken/Victoria/1/85); additionally, an antigenically similar virus was isolated from starlings (A/Starling/Victoria/5156/85) and serological evidence of H7N7 virus infection was found in sparrows. Antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies to H7, oligonucleotide mapping of total vRN... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Australia Avian influenza Birds Chickens Comparative studies Disease reservoirs Genes Genetics Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus, H7N7 subtype Microbiology Molecular structure RNA Species specificity Virus replication Wild animals

Hemagglutinin Molecules of Hong Kong, Equine-2, and Duck/Ukraine Influenza Viruses Lack N-terminal Aspartic Acid1708 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Aspartic acid Avian influenza Genetic recombination Hemagglutinins Horses Influenza A virus RNA

Consistent Occurrence of Hemagglutinin Variants Among Avian Influenza Virus Isolates of the H7 Subtype1711 From abstract (online abstract only): Several field isolates of avian influenza virus of the H7 subtype were analyzed for the presence of hemagglutinin variants by labeling proteins in cells infected with virus clones, and reacting with monoclonal antibodies. Each strain was shown to contain two distinct electrophoretic variants of the uncleaved hemagglutinin. In the A/Tk/Ore/71 (H7N3) isolate, two variants remained in the population through 35 laboratory passages, indicating both are stable and... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Chick embryo Chickens Comparative studies Genes Genetics Glycosylation Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Mice RNA Viral proteins

Characterization of a Novel Influenza Hemagglutinin, H15: Criteria for Determination of Influenza A Subtypes1712 From abstract (online abstract only): Two viruses with a novel hemagglutinin (HA), A/duck/Australia/341/83 and A/shearwater/West Australia/2576/79, have been isolated from a duck and a shorebird in Australia. Hemagglutination inhibition and double immunodiffusion assays failed to reveal cross-reactivity with any of the known subtypes (H1 to H14). We therefore propose that these viruses constitute a new HA subtype, H15. Sequence analysis of the HA genes confirmed the serologic findings. When comp... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Antigens Avian influenza Comparative studies Genes Hemagglutinins Immunology Influenza A virus Molecular structure Phylogeny RNA Viral proteins

Antigenic and Genetic Conservation of H3 Influenza Virus in Wild Ducks1718 From abstract (online abstract only): The hemagglutinins of H3 influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks on the Pacific flyway in Japan during the period 1977 to 1985 were analyzed antigenically and genetically. Antigenic analysis using monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinins of A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and A/duck/Hokkaido/8/80 (H3N8) viruses showed that antigenic drift occurred extensively in human strains, whereas the hemagglutinins of duck viruses were highly conserved. It was also found... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Base sequence Comparative studies Ducks Hemagglutinins Humans Immunology Influenza A virus Japan Microbiology

European Swine Virus As a Possible Source for the Next Influenza Pandemic?1721 From abstract (online abstract only): According to phylogenetic data, about 100 years ago an avian influenza virus passed the species barrier (possibly first) to pigs and (possibly from there) to humans. In 1979 an avian influenza A virus (as a whole, without reassortment) again entered the pig population in northern Europe, forming a stable lineage. Here it is shown that the early North European swine viruses exhibit higher than normal evolutionary rates and are highly variable with respect to ... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antibodies Antigens Avian influenza Chick embryo Europe Genes Genetics Hemagglutinins Humans Molecular evolution Molecular structure Mutagenesis Neutralization tests Outbreaks Phylogeny RNA Species specificity Swine

Heterogeneity in the Haemagglutinin Gene and Emergence of the Highly Pathogenic Phenotype Among Recent H5N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from Mexico1724 From abstract (online abstract only): Molecular changes in the haemagglutinin (HA)-coding regions and proteolytic cleavage sites from multiple H5N2 subtype viruses isolated during a recent outbreak of avian influenza (AI) in central Mexico have been characterized. Eighteen isolates, collected during a 15 month period (October 1993 to January 1995) from six central states, were sequenced. None of the 18 predicted HA1 amino acid sequences were identical and changes were not restricted to a specifi... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Chick embryo Chickens DNA Endopeptidases Genetics Glycosylation Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza A virus, H5N2 subtype Influenza in birds Mexico Molecular structure Outbreaks Phylogeny RNA Virology Virulence

Hong Kong A-2 Influenza Virus Infection Among Swine During a Human Epidemic in Taiwan1725 No abstract available (free full-text available). Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Complement fixation tests Hemagglutinins Humans Microbiology Outbreaks Serotyping Swine Swine diseases Taiwan Veterinary medicine

Identification of a Swine Influenza Virus (Hsw1N1) Isolated from a Duck in Hong Kong1726 From abstract (online abstract only): An influenza A virus isolated from a duck during a recent surveillance study on commercial poultry from the People's Republic of China and the New Territories, Hong Kong, was shown to possess Hswl antigens related to that of the swine (Hsw1N1) influenza virus. The isolation of an Hsw1N1 influenza virus from ducks indicates that avian species, as well as pigs, may serve as a reservoir of this potential pathogen for humans. The virus was avirulent for ducks, t... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antigens Avian influenza Chickens Ducks Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Influenza A virus Isolation and purification Microbiology Neuraminidase Species specificity Swine Turkeys

Origin of the Hemagglutinin Gene of H3N2 Influenza Viruses from Pigs in China1729 From abstract (online abstract only): Influenza viruses of the H3N2 subtype similar to Aichi/2/68 and Victoria/3/75 persist in pigs many years after their antigenic counterparts have disappeared from humans (Shortridge et al. (1977). Science 19, 1454-1455). To provide information on the mechanism of conservation of these influenza viruses in pigs, the hemagglutinin (HA) of four isolates from swine derived from Taiwan and Southern China were analyzed antigenically and genetically. The reactivity ... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Antibodies Avian influenza Base sequence China Comparative studies Genes Genetics Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus Influenza A virus, H3N2 subtype Molecular structure Swine

Molecular Evidence for a Role of Domestic Ducks in the Introduction of Avian H3 Influenza Viruses to Pigs in Southern China, Where the A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) Strain Emerged1730 From abstract (online abstract only): The haemagglutinins (HAs) of five H3 influenza A viruses isolated from domestic ducks and one from a goose in southern China were analysed antigenically and genetically. The patterns of reactivity of two of the duck viruses and the goose virus with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to 10 different epitopes on the H3 HA were similar to those of influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks and pigs, as well as those of the earliest human H3 viruses. The other thr... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Base sequence China DNA Ducks Geese Hemagglutinins Humans Immunology Influenza A virus Influenza A virus, H3N2 subtype Microbiology Molecular structure Swine

H7N1 Avian Influenza in Italy (1999 to 2000) in Intensively Reared Chickens and Turkeys1734 From abstract (free full-text available): From the end of March to the beginning of December 1999, an epidemic of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) affected the industrial poultry population of northern Italy. The virus responsible for the epidemic was subtyped as H7N1 with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) of 0.0, and a deduced amino acid sequence of the region coding for the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule typical of low pathogenicity viruses. The circulation of the... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Birds Chickens Hemagglutinins Italy Orthomyxoviridae Pathogenicity Turkeys Virology

Studies on the Origin of Pandemic Influenza. II. Peptide Maps of the Light and Heavy Polypeptide Chains from the Hemagglutinin Subunits of A 2 Influenza Viruses Isolated Before and After the Appearance of Hong Kong Influenza1740 From abstract (online abstract only): Hemagglutinin subunits were isolated from three strains of A2/Asian influenza obtained in 1968 before the occurrence of the Hong Kong influenza pandemic, and from three strains of Hong Kong influenza isolated in different parts of the world in 1968, 1970 and 1971. The hemagglutinin subunits were dissociated by treatment with guanidine hydrochloride and dithiothreitol and the light and heavy polypeptide chains were separated by centrifugation. Each of the iso... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Analysis aspects Avian influenza Genetic recombination Genetics Guanidines Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Microbiology Mutation Orthomyxoviridae Outbreaks Peptides Trypsin Virus cultivation

Studies on the Origin of Pandemic Influenza. 3. Evidence Implicating Duck and Equine Influenza Viruses as Possible Progenitors of the Hong Kong Strain of Human Influenza1741 From abstract (online abstract only): Two strains of influenza virus isolated from horses and ducks in 1963, A/equine/Miami/1/63 (Heq2 Neq2) and A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 (Hav7 Neq2) were found to possess hemagglutinin subunits which cross-reacted in hemagglutination-inhibition and immunodiffusion tests with those of the Hong Kong strain of human influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3 N2). Peptide maps of the heavy polypeptide chains from the hemagglutinin subunits of these three strains showed a number of... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Cross reactions Ducks Etiology Genetic recombination Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Horse diseases Horses Humans Immunodiffusion Orthomyxoviridae Peptides Poultry diseases Proteins

Studies on the Origin of Pandemic Influenza. I. Antigenic Analysis of A 2 Influenza Viruses Isolated Before and After the Appearance of Hong Kong Influenza Using Antisera to the Isolated Hemagglutinin Subunits1742 From abstract (online abstract only): Specific antisera to the isolated hemagglutinin subunits of representative A2 influenza viruses were used to examine antigenic variation among influenza A2 viruses and, in particular, the origin of the Hong Kong strain of influenza (A2/Hong Kong/68). These sera were used in hemagglutination-inhibition tests with the A2 viruses grown in duck embryos, thus avoiding the problem of steric inhibition of hemagglutination by antibodies to the neuraminidase and host... Journal Articles Keywords: Analysis aspects Animals Antigens Avian influenza Chick embryo Cross reactions Genetic recombination Genetics Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Immunodiffusion Immunology Microbiology Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae Outbreaks Rabbits Species specificity Virus cultivation

A Common Surface Antigen in Influenza Viruses from Human and Avian Sources1748 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Analysis aspects Antigens Avian influenza Hemagglutinins Humans Immunology Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae Species specificity

Isolation of an Unidentified Hemagglutinating Virus from the Respiratory Tract of Turkeys1750 No abstract available (free full-text available). Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Hemagglutinins Newcastle disease Poultry diseases Veterinary medicine Viruses

The "In Vivo" Production of "New" Influenza Viruses. 3. Isolation of Recombinant Influenza Viruses Under Simulated Conditions of Natural Transmission1751 From abstract (online abstract only): Recombination between influenza A viruses from man and pigs and from chickens and turkeys was demonstrated under experimental conditions of natural transmission. The viruses were allowed to spread naturally from infected to contact animals, and recombinant viruses present in the contact animals were studied. In all experiments recombinant viruses were detected in the contact animals. The percentage of contact animals with recombinant viruses varied; it was a... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antigens Avian influenza Birds Chick embryo Hemagglutinins Humans Isolation and purification Microbiology Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae Poultry diseases Swine Swine diseases Turkeys Veterinary medicine Virus cultivation Virus replication

Structure and Receptor Specificity of the Hemagglutinin from an H5N1 Influenza Virus1752 From abstract (free full-text available): The hemagglutinin (HA) structure at 2.9 angstrom resolution, from a highly pathogenic Vietnamese H5N1 influenza virus, is more related to the 1918 and other human H1 HAs than to a 1997 duck H5 HA. Glycan microarray analysis of this Viet04 HA reveals an avian alpha2-3 sialic acid receptor binding preference. Introduction of mutations that can convert H1 serotype HAs to human alpha2-6 receptor specificity only enhanced or reduced affinity for avian-type re... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Antigenic variation Avian influenza Binding sites Birds Chemistry Glycosylation Hemagglutinins Humans Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Metabolism Molecular structure Pathogenicity Proteins Species specificity Virulence

Predictability and Preparedness in Influenza Control 1753 From abstract (free full-text available): The threat of pandemic human influenza looms as we survey the ongoing avian influenza pandemic and wonder if and when it will jump species. What are the risks and how can we plan? The nub of the problem lies in the inherent variability of the virus, which makes prediction difficult. However, it is not impossible; mathematical models can help determine and quantify critical parameters and thresholds in the relationships of those parameters, even if the re... Journal Articles Keywords: Antigenic variation Avian influenza Disease outbreaks Hemagglutinins Humans Influenza A virus, H3N2 subtype Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Molecular evolution Mutation Prevention and control Quarantine

Surveillance for Avian Influenza in the United States1754 From abstract (online abstract only): In the United States, some 1.7 million agar gel immuno diffusion (AGID) tests for avian influenza (AI) are conducted yearly by various poultry groups, governmental sectors, and private industry. In addition to the AGID test, additional testing includes virus isolations, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions, and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. HI and neuraminidase inhibition tests are conducted... Journal Articles Keywords: Avian influenza Bird diseases Birds Hemagglutinins Neuraminidase Poultry Prevention and control United States Veterinary medicine

A One-Size-Fits-All Flu Vaccine?1758 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antibodies Antigenic variation Avian influenza Clinical trials Hemagglutinins Humans Immunology Influenza A virus Mice Nucleoproteins Orthomyxoviridae infections Prevention and control Proteins RNA Vaccines

Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus to Dogs1763 From abstract (online abstract only): Molecular and antigenic analyses of three influenza viruses isolated from outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds revealed that they are closely related to H3N8 equine influenza virus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the canine influenza virus genomes form a monophyletic group, consistent with a single interspecies virus transfer. Molecular changes in the hemagglutinin suggested adaptive evolution in the new host. The etiologic role... Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Disease outbreaks Disease transmission Dog diseases Dogs Florida Hemagglutinins Horse diseases Horses Influenza A virus, H3N8 subtype Molecular structure Orthomyxoviridae infections Phylogeny RNA Species specificity United States Veterinary medicine Virology Virus shedding

Influenza B Virus in Seals1764 From abstract (online abstract only): Influenza B virus is a human pathogen whose origin and possible reservoir in nature are not known. An influenza B virus was isolated from a naturally infected harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and was found to be infectious to seal kidney cells in vitro. Sequence analyses and serology indicated that influenza virus B/Seal/Netherlands/1/99 is closely related to strains that circulated in humans 4 to 5 years earlier. Retrospective analyses of sera collected from 97... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Disease reservoirs Dogs Genes Hemagglutinins Humans Influenza B virus Isolation and purification Orthomyxoviridae infections Proteins Seals Veterinary medicine Virology Virus shedding

Virology: Resurrected Influenza Virus Yields Secrets of Deadly 1918 Pandemic1766 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Bioterrorism Chickens Disease outbreaks Genes Genetics Genome Hemagglutinins Humans Influenza A virus Metabolism Mice Neuraminidase Pathogenicity RNA United States Virology Virulence Virus replication

Virology: Clues to the Virulence of H5N1 Viruses in Humans1767 No abstract available. Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Birds Chemistry DNA Hemagglutinins Humans Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Influenza in birds Metabolism Pathogenicity Protein RNA Virology Virulence

Infectious diseases: Genetic Analyses Suggest Bird Flu Virus Is Evolving1771 From abstract (online abstract only): New genetic analyses of samples from recent human H5N1 avian influenza patients reinforce epidemiological evidence suggesting that new strains of the virus may be emerging in northern Vietnam. Journal Articles Keywords: Acetamides Animals Antiviral agents Asia Avian influenza Disease outbreaks Genes Genetics Hemagglutinins Humans Influenza A virus Influenza in birds Molecular evolution Poultry Vietnam Virology

Molecular Basis for High Virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 Influenza A Viruses1773 From abstract (online abstract only): In 1997, an H5N1 influenza A virus was transmitted from birds to humans in Hong Kong, killing 6 of the 18 people infected. When mice were infected with the human isolates, two virulence groups became apparent. Using reverse genetics, we showed that a mutation at position 627 in the PB2 protein influenced the outcome of infection in mice. Moreover, high cleavability of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein was an essential requirement for lethal infection. Journal Articles Keywords: Amino acid sequence Animals Avian influenza Birds DNA Epidemiology Genetics Hemagglutinins Hong Kong Humans Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Mice Mutation Pathogenicity Proteins Virology

Avian Flu: Multiple Introductions of H5N1 in Nigeria1777 From abstract (online abstract only): As the avian influenza virus H5N1 swept from Asia across Russia to Europe, Nigeria was the first country in Africa to report the emergence of this highly pathogenic virus. Here we analyse H5N1 sequences in poultry from two different farms in Lagos state and find that three H5N1 lineages were independently introduced through routes that coincide with the flight paths of migratory birds, although independent trade imports cannot be excluded. Journal Articles Keywords: Agriculture Animals Asia Avian influenza Disease transmission Europe Genetics Hemagglutinins Influenza A virus, H5N1 subtype Influenza in birds Isolation and purification Migration (animal) Nigeria Phylogeny Poultry Russia Virology

Large-scale Sequencing of Human Influenza Reveals the Dynamic Nature of Viral Genome Evolution [Letter]1779 From abstract (online abstract only): Influenza viruses are remarkably adept at surviving in the human population over a long timescale. The human influenza A virus continues to thrive even among populations with widespread access to vaccines, and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The virus mutates from year to year, making the existing vaccines ineffective on a regular basis, and requiring that new strains be chosen for a new vaccine. Less-frequent major changes, known a... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Avian influenza Genetics Genome Hemagglutinins Humans Influenza A virus Molecular evolution Mutation Neuraminidase New York Phylogeny Time factors Vaccines Virology Virus replication

Enhanced Virulence of Influenza A Viruses with the Haemagglutinin of the 1918 Pandemic Virus [Letter]1788 From abstract (online abstract only): The 'Spanish' influenza pandemic of 1918-19 was the most devastating outbreak of infectious disease in recorded history. At least 20 million people died from their illness, which was characterized by an unusually severe and rapid clinical course. The complete sequencing of several genes of the 1918 influenza virus has made it possible to study the functions of the proteins encoded by these genes in viruses generated by reverse genetics, a technique that perm... Journal Articles Keywords: Animals Antibodies Avian influenza Dogs Epidemiology Genes Genetic recombination Hemagglutinins Humans Immune sera Influenza A virus Metabolism Mice Neuraminidase Pathogenicity Time factors Virology Virulence

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