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Contents 1 What Are Surfactants? 1.1 History and Applications of Surfactants 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 Properties and Other Criteria Influencing Surfactant Choice 1.1.3 Surfactant Applications 1.1.4 Conclusion Appendix: Application Guide 1.2Market Overview: Importance in Different Industries 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Consumer Products Household Personal Care 1.2.3 Industrial 2 The Basic Theory 2.1 The Molecular Structure of Surfactants 2.2 Surface Activity 2.2.1 Surface Tension 2.2.2 Interfacial Tension 2.2.3 Surface and Interfacial Tension reduction 2.2.4 Test methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension Measurement 2.3 Self Assembled Surfactant Aggregation 2.3.1 Micelles and Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) 2.3.2 Aggregate Structures and Shapes 2.4 Adsorption of Surfactants and Surfaces 2.4.1 Adsorption at Liquid-Gas and Liquid-Liquid Surfaces 2.4.2 Adsorption at Liquid-Solid Surfaces References 3 Applied Theory 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Detergency 3.2.1 Fundamental processes 3.2.2 Basic Formulae of Detergents and Cleansers 3.2.3 Adsorption at the Solid/Liquid Interface 3.2.4 Surface Tension and Wetting 3.2.5 Interplay of Surfactants with Other Detergent Ingredients 3.3 Phase Behaviour of Surfactants 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Surfactant Phases 3.3.3 Impact of the Phase Behaviour on Detergency 3.4 Emulsions 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Emulsion Types 3.4.3 Breakdown of Emulsions 3.5 Foaming and Defoaming 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Stabilizing Effects in Foams 3.5.3 Correlation of Foamability with Interfacial Parameters 3.5.4 Foam Control 3.6 Rheology of Surfactant Solutions 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Rheological Terms 3.6.3 Rheological Behaviour of Monomeric Solutions and Non Interacting Micelles 3.6.4 Entanglement Networks of Rod-like Micelles 3.6.5 The Rheological Behaviour of Bilayer Phases References 4 Anionic Surfactants 4.1 Sulphonates 4.1.1 Alkylbenzene Sulphonates 4.1.2 Alpha Olefin Sulphonates 4.1.3 Paraffin Sulphonates 4.1.4 Sulphonated Methyl Esters (SME's) 4.1.5 Sulphonated Fatty Acids 4.1.6 Sulphosuccinates 4.2 Sulphates 4.2.1 Alkyl Sulphates 4.2.2 Alkyl Ether Sulphates 4.3 Phosphate Esters 4.4 Carboxylates 4.4.1 Soap 4.4.2 Ether Carboxylates 4.4.3 Acyl Sarcosinates 4.4.4 Alkyl Phthalamates 4.4.5 Isethionates 4.4.6 Taurates References 5 Nonionic Surfactants 5.1 Introduction 5.2 General Alkoxylation Reactions 5.3 Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates 5.4 Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates 5.5 Poloxyethylene Esters of Fatty Acids 5.6 Methyl Ester Ethoxylates 5.7 Polyalkylene Oxide Block Copolymers 5.8 Amine Ethoxylaates 5.9 Fatty Alkanolamides 5.10 Amine Oxides 5.11 Esters of Polyhydric Alcohols and Fatty Acids 5.12 Glycol Esters 5.13 Glycerol Esters 5.14 Anhydrohexitol Esters 5.15 Polyalkylene Polyol Esters 5.16 Alkyl Polyglucosides 5.17 Gemini Surfactants References 6 Other Types of Surfactants 6.1 Cationic Surfactants 6.1.1 Introduction & Background 6.1.2 Manufacturing Processes 6.1.3 Applications of Cationic Surfactants References 6.2 Amphoteric Surfactants 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Aminopropionates & Iminodipropionates 6.2.3 Imidazoline Based Amphoteric Surfactants 6.2.4 Betaine Surfactants 6.2.5 Other Amphoteric Surfactants 6.2.6 Summary 6.3 Silicone Surfactants 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Structures 6.3.3 Synthesis 6.3.4 Hydrolytic Stability 6.3.5 Surface Activity 6.3.6 Wetting 6.3.7 Phase Behaviour 6.3.8 Ternary Systems 6.3.9 Applications Polyurethane Foam Manufacture Personal Care Emulsification Supercritical CO2 Inks, Paints and Coatings Foam Control Textiles References 6.4 Polymerisable Surfactants 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Reactive Surfactants 6.4.2.1 Fractionalized Monomers Silicone Surfactants 6.4.2.2 Surface Active Initiators (Insurfs) 6.4.2.3 Surface Active Transfer Agents (Transurfs) 6.4.2.4 Polymerisable Surfactants (Surfmers) Ionic Surfmers Maleate Surfmers Performance Enhancement of Maleate Surfmers Nonionic Surfmers 6.4.3 Emulsion Polymerisation 6.4.3.1 Industrial Processes and Applications 6.4.3.2 Surfmers in Emulsion Polymerisation Acknowledgments References 6.5 Fluorinated Surfactants 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Uses 6.5.3 Applied Theory 6.5.4 Environmental Considerations 6.5.5 Latest developments References 7 Relevant European Legislation 7.1 Biodegradability 7.1.1 Biodegradation of Surfactants 7.1.2 Sewage Treatment Plants 7.1.3 Measurement of Biodegradability 7.1.4 Legislation 7.1.5 Detergents Regulation References 7.2 Classification and Labelling of Surfactants References 7.3 European Union New Chemicals Strategy 7.4 7.4.1 Introduction 7.4.2 History of Chemicals legislation 7.4.3 The Principles Behind REACH 7.4.4 REACH 7.4.5 The Impact on the Surfactant Industry 7.4.6 Testing Cost 7.4.7 Conclusion References 7.5 Biocidal Products Directive 7.5.1 Introduction 7.5.2 The Directive 7.5.3 Some definitions 7.5.4 Requirements and Operation 7.5.5 Costs 7.5.6 Transitional Measures 7.5.7 Data Protection and "Free-riding" 7.5.8 Impact 7.5.9 Final Comments References 8 Relevant Legislation, Australia, Japan and USA 8.1 Australia 8.1.1 Introduction 8.1.2 National Industrial Chemicals Notification & Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) 8.1.3 Australian Pesticides & Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) 8.1.4 Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FZANZ) 8.1.5 National Drugs & Poisons Scheduling Committee 8.1.6 Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) 8.1.7 Hazardous Substances 8.1.8 Dangerous Goods 8.1.9 Eco Labelling in Australia References 8.2 Japan 8.2.1 Chemical Substances Control Law & Use of Surfactants 8.2.2 Pollutant Release &Transfer Register (PRTR) System References 8.3 USA 8.3.1 TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) 8.3.2 FDCA (Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act) 8.3.3 FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act) 8.3.4 Other pertinent Legislation References 9 Major Manufacturers of Surfactants Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Surface chemistry.
Surface active agents.