Western United States Vegetation
Cover Types By The Natural Heritage Network
Classification System
Patrick S. Bourgeron and Lisa D. Engelking. 1992.
Preliminary compilation of a series level classification
of the vegetation of the Western U.S. using a
physiognomic framework. ICFWRU, Moscow, ID, 83843.
(Due to formatting requirements, the list of state of
occurence is unavailable. A hardcopy version is available
from Idaho
Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843.)
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I. Closed forest - Trees over 5 m tall forming
61 to 100 percent canopy cover.
I.A. Mainly evergreen forest (canopy never without
green foliage although some trees may shed their
leaves).
I.A.7. Winter-rain, broad-leaved sclerophyllous forest
(stiff-leathery-leaved trees).
I.A.7.a. Winter-rain evergreen sclerophyllous lowland and
submontane forest (over 50 m tall).
Lithocarpus densiflorus-Pseudotsuga menziesii series
Umbelluaria californica series
I.A.9. Temperate and subpolar needle-leaved forest
(mostly needle-leaved and scale-leaved trees).
I.A.9.a. Evergreen giant forest (over 50 m tall).
Abies amabilis series
Abies concolor series
Abies grandis series
Abies magnifica var. shastensis series
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana series
Picea breweriana series
Picea sitchensis series
Pinus ponderosa series
Pseudotsuga menziesii series
Pseudotsuga menziesii-Sequoia sempervirens series
Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla series
Thuja plicata series
Tsuga heterophylla series
Tsuga mertensiana series
I.A.9.b. Evergreen (nongiant) forest with rounded
crowns (5-50 m tall).
Pinus albicaulis series
Pinus contorta series
Pinus monticola series
Pinus ponderosa series
Pinus ponderosa-Pseudotsuga menziesii series
I.A.9.c. Evergreen (nongiant) needle-leaved forest with conical
crowns (5-50 m tall).
Abies amabilis series
Abies concolor series
Abies grandis series
Abies lasiocarpa series
Abies magnifica series
Abies magnifica var. shastensis series
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis series
Cupressus arizonica series
Picea engelmannii series
Picea glauca series
Picea pungens series
Picea sitchensis series
Picea species series
Pseudotsuga menziesii series
Thuja plicata series
Tsuga heterophylla series
Tsuga mertensiana series
I.B. Mainly deciduous forest (majority of trees shed
foliage as a result of drought and/or cold).
I.B.2. Cold-deciduous forest, with evergreen trees
(winter frost and freeze).
I.B.2.b. Cold-deciduous broad-leaved forest with evergreen
needle-leaved trees.
Acer macrophyllum series
Larix lyallii series
Populus angustifolia series
Populus tremuloides series
Quercus garryana series
I.B.3. Cold-deciduous forest, without evergreen trees
(winter frost and freeze).
I.B.3.b. Montane or boreal cold deciduous forest.
Acer grandidentatum series
Betula papyrifera series
Populus tremuloides series
I.B.3.c. Subalpine or subpolar cold-deciduous forest.
Larix lyallii series
I.B.3.d. Cold-deciduous alluvial forest.
Acer negundo series
Alnus rhombifolia series
Alnus rubra series
Fraxinus latifolia series
Fraxinus pennsylvanica series
Platanus wrightii series
Populus angustifolia series
Populus deltoides series
Populus fremontii series
Populus tremuloides series
Populus trichocarpa series
Populus wislizanii series
Salix laevigata series
Salix series
II. Woodlands. Open forest (trees over 5 m tall
forming 26 to 60 percent canopy cover).
II.A. Mainly evergreen woodland (canopy never without
green foliage although some trees may shed their
leaves).
II.A.2. Evergreen needle-leaved woodland.
II.A.2.a. Evergreen needle-leaved woodland with rounded crowns.
Juniperus deppeana series
Juniperus erythrocarpa series
Juniperus monosperma series
Juniperus occidentalis series
Juniperus osteosperma series
Juniperus osteosperma-Pinus monophylla series
Juniperus scopulorum series
Pinus albicaulis series
Pinus aristata series (Can occur as scree comm. in NM)
Pinus arizonica var. arizonica series (Syn P. ponderosa)
Pinus attenuata series
Pinus contorta series (Can occur as scree communities in MT)
Pinus discolor series
Pinus edulis series
Pinus edulis var. fallax series (Syn P. fallax per Will Moir)
Pinus engelmannii series
Pinus flexilis series (Can occur as scree communities in MT)
Pinus flexilis-Pinus longaeva series
Pinus jeffreyi series
Pinus leiophylla series
Pinus longaeva series
Pinus monophylla series
Pinus ponderosa series (Can occur as scree communities in AZ,MT, and NM)
Pinus ponderosa-Quercus garryana series
Pseudotsuga menziesii series (Occurs as scree communities in MT and NM)
Quercus emoryi series
II.A.2.b. Evergreen needle-leaved woodland with conical crowns.
Abies concolor series (Can occur as a scree community in AZ and NM)
Picea englemannii series Scree communities
Picea pungens series
Picea sitchensis series
Pseudotsuga menziesii series (Can occur as chasmophytic veg. in OR - rocks)
Tsuga mertensiana series
II.A.2.c. Evergreen needle-leaved woodland with very narrow
cylindro-conical crowns.
Abies lasiocarpa series (Occurs as scree comm. in AZ,NM,MT; can be scree in OR)
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis series
II.B. Mainly deciduous woodland (majority of trees
shed foliage as result of drought or cold).
II.B.2. Cold-deciduous woodland, with evergreen trees
(winter frost and freeze).
II.B.2.a. Evergreen broad-leaved woodland.
Quercus chrysolepsis series
Quercus garryana series
Quercus kelloggii series
II.B.2.b. Evergreen needle-leaved woodland.
Populus tremuloides series (Occurs as scree communities in MT)
II.B.3. Cold-deciduous woodland, without evergreen trees
(winter frost and freeze).
II.B.3.a. Broad-leaved deciduous woodland.
Cercocarpus ledifolius series
Fraxinus pennsylvanica series
Platanus wrightii series
Populus angustifolia series
Populus deltoides series
Populus fremontii series
Populus tremuloides series
Populus trichocarpa series
Quercus garryana series
Salix amygdaloides series
III. Shrubs 0.5 to 5 m tall forming 26 percent or greater
canopy cover.
III.A. Mainly evergreen shrubland (canopy never without
green foliage although some shrubs may shed their
leaves).
III.A.1. Broad-leaved shrubland.
III.A.1.c. Evergreen broad-leaved hemisclerophyllous shrubland.
Arctostaphylos sp. series
Arctostaphylos patula series
Arctostaphylos pungens series
Kalmia microphylla series
Ledum glandulosum series
III.A.1.d. Evergreen broad-leaved sclerophyllous shrubland.
Ambrosia deltoidea series
Ambrosia dumosa series (Can form shrub dunes in AZ)
Ceanothus cuneatus series
Ceanothus velutinus series
Encelia farinosa series
Encelia virginensis series
Gaultheria shallon series
Quercus arizonica-Quercus grisea series
Quercus emoryi series
Quercus hypoleucoides series
Quercus oblongifolia series
Quercus toumeyi series
Quercus turbinella series
Simmondsia chinensis series
III.A.2. Needle-leaved and microphyllous shrubland.
III.A.2.a. Evergreen needle-leaved shrubland.
Abies lasiocarpa series
Picea engelmannii series
III.A.2.b. Evergreen microphyllous shrubland.
Allenrolfea occidentalis series
Artemisia arbuscula series
Artemisa bigelovii Series
Artemisia cana series
Artemisia cana var. bolanderi series
Artemisia cana ssp. cana series
Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula series
Artemisia longifolia series (Scree community)
Artemisia longiloba series
Artemisia tridentata series
Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis series
Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata series
Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana series
Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis series
Artemisia tripartita series
Artemisia tripartita ssp. rupicola series
Coleogyne ramosissima series
Cowania mexicana series
Ephedra nevadensis series
Ephedra nevadensis-Ephedra viridis series
Ephedra viridis series
Ericameria cooperi series
III.B. Mainly deciduous shrubland (majority of shrubs shed
foliage as result of drought and/or cold).
III.B.3. Cold-deciduous shrubland (winter frost and freeze).
III.B.3.a. Temperate deciduous shrubland.
Acer circinatum series
Acer glabrum series
Alnus incana series
Alnus ssp. series
Alnus oblongifolia series
Amelanchier alnifolia series
Amelanchier utahensis series
Betula glandulosa series
Betula occidentalis series
Celtis reticulata series (Scree community)
Ceratoides lanata series
Cercocarpus ledifolius series
Cercocarpus montanus series
Cornus sericea series
Crataegus sp. series
Crataegus douglasii series
Crataegus succulenta series
Elaeagnus commutata series
Eriogonum corymbosum series
Glossopetalon nevadense series
Junglans major series
Potentilla fruticosa series
Prunus emarginata series (Scree community)
Prunus virginiana series
Purshia tridentata series
Quercus arizonica series
Quercus gambellii series
Quercus Gambelii-Cercocarpus montanus Series
Quercus grisea series
Quercus macrocarpa series
Rhus aromatica series
Rhus glabra series (Scree community)
Rhus trilobata series
Ribes cereum series
Robinia neomexicana series
Rosa nutkana series
Rosa woodsii series
Sambucus racemosa series
Shepherdia argentea series
Spiraea douglasii series
Symphoricarpos albus series
Symphoricarpos occidentalis series
Symphoricarpos oreophilus series
III.B.3.b. Subalpine or subpolar deciduous shrubland.
Myrica californica-Salix hookeriana series
Rhus trilobata series
Ribes montigenum series
Rubus idaeus ssp. sachalinensis series
Salix eastwoodiae series
Salix glauca series
Salix hookeriana series
Salix planifolia series
Salix planifolia var. monica series
Salix pseudomonticola series
Vaccinium ssp. caespitosum-scoparium series
III.B.3.c. Deciduous alluvial shrubland.
Alnus incana series
Alnus sinuata series
Alnus sp. series
Baccharis sarothroides series
Baccharis sp. series
Betula occidentalis series
Celtis reticulata series
Chilopsis linearis series
Cornus sericea series
Hymenoclea monogyra series
Physocarpos malvaceus series (Scree community)
Salix bebbiana series
Salix boothii series
Salix candida series
Salix commutata series
Salix drummondiana series
Salix exigua series
Salix farriae series
Salix geyeriana series
Salix lasiandra series
Salix lasiolepis
Salix lutea series
Salix piperi series
Salix planifolia series
Salix wolfii series
III.B.3.d. Deciduous peat shrubland.
Alnus sinuata series
Betula glandulosa series
Pyrus fusca-Salix hookeriana series
Salix brachycarpa series
Salix geyeriana series
Salix planifolia series
Salix wolfii series
Vaccinium deliciosum series
Vaccinium occidentale series
Vaccinium uliginosum series
III.C. Extremely xeromorphic (subdesert) shrubland (arid climate).
III.C.1. Mainly evergreen shrubland.
III.C.1.b. Semideciduous subdesert shrubland.
Atriplex canescens series
Atriplex confertifolia series
Atriplex confertifolia-Sarcobatus vermiculatus series
Atriplex corrugata series
Atriplex cuneata series
Atriplex gardneri series
Atriplex hymenelytra series
Atriplex obovata series
Atriplex polycarpa series
Ceratoides lanata series
Chrysothamnus albidus series
Chrysothamnus nauseosus series
Chrysothamnus parryi series
Larrea tridentata series
Opuntia imbricata series
Poliomintha incana series
Sarcobatus vermiculatus series (Can form shrub dune communities in NV & OR)
Sarcobatus vermiculatus var. baileyi series
Tetradymia glabrata series
III.C.2. Deciduous shrubland.
III.C.2.a. Deciduous subdesert shrubland without succulents.
Acacia greggii series
Atriplex confertifolia series
Eriogonum fasciculatum series
Grayia spinosa series
Psorothamnus polydenius var. polydenius series
Rhus microphylla series
Sarcobatus vermiculatus series
III.C.2.b. Deciduous subdesert shrubland with succulents.
Cercidium microphyllum series
Fouquieria splendens series
Lycium berlanderii series
Prosopsis glandulosa series
Prosopsis pubescens series
Prosopsis velutina series (Syn= P. juliflora)
IV. Dwarf-Shrubland - Shrubs less than 0.5 m tall forming
26 percent or greater canopy cover.
IV.A. Mainly evergreen dwarf-shrubland (most dwarf
shrubs evergreen).
IV.A.1. Closed dwarf-shrubland (over 60 percent canopy cover).
IV.A.1.b. Evergreen creeping or matted dwarf-shrubland.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi series
IV.A.2. Open dwarf-shrubland (26 to 60 percent canopy cover).
IV.A.2.a. Evergreen cushion dwarf-shrubland.
Cassiope mertensiana series
Cassiope mertensiana-Phyllodoce empetriformis series
Empetrum nigrum series
Eriogonum ovalifolium var. depressum series
Haplopappus suffruticosus series
Kalmia microphylla series
Phyllodoce empetriformis series
Phyllodoce glanduliflora series
IV.A.3. Dwarf-shrubland mixed with herbaceous plants.
IV.A.3.a. Truly evergreen dwarf-shrub and herb mixed formation.
IV.A.3.b. Partially evergreen dwarf-shrub and herb mixed formation.
Juniperus horizontalis series
IV.B. Mainly deciduous dwarf-shrubland.
IV.B.3. Cold-deciduous dwarf shrubland (winter frost or freeze).
IV.B.3.a. Cold-deciduous caespitose dwarf-shrubland.
Baccharis pilularis series (Dunes along coast in OR)
Salix arctica series
Salix arctica-Salix reticulata series
IV.B.3.b. Cold-deciduous creeping or matted dwarf-shrubland.
Salix cascadensis series
Salix nivalis series
IV.B.3.c. Cold-deciduous cushion dwarf-shrubland.
Paronychia pulvinata series (Occurs as scree communities in CO)
IV.C. Extremely xeromorphic (subdesert) dwarf-shrubland.
IV.C.1. Mainly evergreen subdesert dwarf-shrubland.
IV.C.1.b. Semideciduous subdesert dwarf-shrubland.
Artemisia arbuscula series
Artemisia nova series
Artemisia pygmaea series
Atriplex gardneri series
Eriogonum pauciflorum series
Eriogonum sphaerocephalum series
Eriogonum thymoides series
IV.C.2. Deciduous dwarf-shrubland.
IV.C.2.a. Deciduous subdesert dwarf-shrubland without succulents.
Artemisia pedatifida series
Artemisia spinescens series
Menodora spinescens series
Salvia dorrii series
V. Herbaceous vegetation - Trees or shrubs occupy 25
percent or less of the canopy cover.
V.A. Tall grassland (grasses or forbs over 1 m tall).
V.A.1. Tall grassland with a tree layer (tree canopy cover is
11 to 25 percent (tree savannah).
V.A.1.c. Woody layer broad-leaved deciduous.
Populus deltoides series
V.A.2. Tall grassland with a shrub layer (shrub canopy cover
is 11 to 25 percent) (a shrub savannah).
V.A.2.a. Shrub layer broad-leaved evergreen.
Artemisia filifolia series
Leymus cinereus series
Leymus salinus var. salinus series
Yucca glauca series
V.A.2.c. Shrub layer broad-leaved deciduous.
Rhus aromatica series
V.A.4. Tall grassland without a woody layer (tree or shrub
canopy cover is 0 to 10 percent).
V.A.4.a. Tall grassland consisting mainly of sod grasses.
Andropogon gerardii series
Andropogon hallii series
Calamagrostis canadensis series
Phalaris arundinacea series
Phragmites australis series
Spartina pectinata series
V.A.4.b. Tall grassland consisting mainly of bunch grasses.
Calamovilfa longifolia series
Leymus cinereus series
Sporobolus airoides series
V.B. Medium tall grassland (grasses and forbs over 0.5
to 1 m tall).
V.B.1. Medium tall grassland with a tree layer (tree canopy
cover is 11 to 25 percent) (tree savannah).
V.B.1.a. Woody layer broad-leaved evergreen.
Cercocarpus ledifolius series
V.B.2. Medium tall grassland with a shrub layer (shrub
canopy cover is 11 to 25 percent) (shrub savannah).
V.B.2.a. Shrub layer broad-leaved evergreen.
Tridens pulchellus series
Yucca glauca series
V.B.2.b. Shrub layer broad-leaved semi-evergreen.
Gutierrezia sarothrae series
Sarcobatus vermiculatus series
V.B.2.c. Shrub layer broad-leaved deciduous.
Potentilla fruticosa series
Purshia tridentata series
Quercus toumeyi series
Rhus aromatica series
Rhus glabra series
V.B.2.e. Shrub layer of mainly needle-leaved evergreen.
Artemisia arbuscula series
Artemisia cana series
Artemisia longifolia series
Artemisia longiloba series
Artemisia nova series
Artemisia pedatifida series
Artemisia rigida series
Artemisia tridentata series
Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana series
Artemisia tripartita series
Bouteloua curtipendula series
Bouteloua eriopoda series
Cercocarpus montanus series
Hilaria mutica series
Hilaria rigida series
Sporobolus cryptandrus series
V.B.4. Medium tall grassland without a woody layer (tree or
shrub canopy cover is 0 to 10 percent).
V.B.4.a. Medium tall grassland consisting mainly of sod grasses.
Agrostis scabra series
Elymus flavescens series (Grass dune)
Elymus glaucus series
Elymus lanceolatus series
Glyceria borealis series
Glyceria grandis series
Juncus nevadensis series (Can be found in dune communities)
Panicum obtusum series
Pascopyrum smithii series
Pascopyrum smithii plains swale grassland series
Spartina gracilis series
V.B.4.b. Medium tall grassland consisting mainly of bunch grasses.
Alopecurus aequalis series
Aristida longeseta series
Bouteloua curtipendula series
Carex hoodii series
Danthonia californica series
Deschampsia caespitosa series
Festuca arizonica series
Festuca idahoensis series
Festuca rubra series
Festuca scabrella series
Festuca thurberi series
Festuca viridula series
Hilaria mutica series
Leymus ambiguus series
Leymus triticoides series
Muhlenbergia emersleyi series
Muhlenbergia montana series
Oryzopsis hymenoides series (In CO, WY, & UT can occur as chasmophytic veg.)
Panicum bulbosum series
Panicum virgatum series
Poa cusickii series
Poa nervosa series
Poa nevadensis series
Poa palustris series
Pseudoroegneria spicata series
Schizachyrium scoparium series
Sporobolus airoides series
Sporobolus flexuosus series
Sporobolus nealleyi series
Sporobolus wrightii series
Stipa comata series
Stipa nelsonii series
Stipa neomexicana series
Stipa richardsonii series
Stipa viridula series
V.C. Short grassland (grasses and forbs are 0.5 m or less tall).
V.C.1. Short grassland with a tree layer (tree canopy cover is
11 to 25 percent) (a tree savannah).
V.C.1.c. Woody layer broad-leaved deciduous.
Populus deltoides series
Quercus garryana series
V.C.1.d. Woody layer needle-leaved evergreen.
Juniperus occidentalis series
V.C.2. Short grassland with a shrub layer (Shrub canopy
cover is 11 to 25 percent).
V.C.2.a. Shrub layer broad-leaved evergreen.
Agropyron subsecundum series
Agrostis exarata series
Artemisia cana series
Carex stenophylla series
Eriogonum sp. series
V.C.2.b. Shrub layer broad-leaved semi-evergreen.
Bouteloua gracilis series
V.C.5. Short grassland without a woody layer (tree or
shrub canopy cover is 0 to 10 percent).
V.C.5.a. Short grass communities composed of sod forming species.
(Agropyron caninum)-Fes. rubra-(Koeleria cristata) series
Agropyron dasystachyum-Stipa comata series (Grass dune)
Bouteloua eriopoda series
Bouteloua gracilis series
Carex douglasii series
Carex obnupta series (Dune communities)
Carex straminiformis series
Elymus trachycaulus var. trachycaulus series
Festuca rubra series (Grass dune)
Muhlenbergia asperfolia series
Muhlenbergia filiculmis series
Poa secunda var. secunda series
V.C.5.b. Short grass communities composed of bunch grasses.
Bouteloua hirsuta series
Danthonia intermedia series
Danthonia parryi series
Danthonia unispicata series
Elymus mollis-Poa macrantha series (Grass dune)
Festuca ovina series
Hilaria jamesii series
Hordeum jubatum series
Puccinellia nutalliana series
Rhacomitrium canescens-Stipa lemmonii series
V.C.6. Mesophytic grassland (alpine and subalpine meadows).
V.C.6.a. Sod grass communities, usually dominated by
hemicrytophytes.
Carex aquatilis series
Carex brewerii series
Carex buxbaumii series
Carex flava series
Carex foenea series (Occurs as scree communities in CO)
Carex lanuginosa series
Carex lasiocarpa series
Carex limosa series
Carex lyngbyei series
Carex microptera series
Carex nardina var. hepburnii series (Occurs as scree communities in CO)
Carex nebrascensis series
Carex nigricans series
Carex obnupta series
Carex praegracilis series
Carex rostrata series
Carex scopulorum series
Carex simulata series
Carex sitchensis series
Carex spectabilis series
Carex unilateralis series
Carex vesicaria series
Distichlis spicata series
Distichlis spicata var. stricta series
Distichlis sp. series
Dulichium arundinaceum series
Eleocharis acicularis series
Eleocharis palustris series
Eleocharis pauciflora series
Eleocharis quinqueflora series
Eleocharis sp. series
Elymus triticoides series
Juncus arcticus series
Juncus balticus series
Ruppia maritima series
Scirpus acutus series
Scirpus americanus series
Scirpus caespitosus series
Scirpus maritimus series
Scirpus microcarpus series
Scirpus olneyi series
Scirpus pungens series
Scirpus validus series
Scirpus sp. series
Typha domingensis series
V.C.6.b. Alpine and subalpine meadows of the higher latitudes.
Agrostis variabilis series
Antennaria microphylla series
Arenaria obtusiloba series
Artemisia arctica ssp. saxicola series
Athyrium distentifolium series (Occurs as scree in CO)
Calamagrostis canadensis series
Calamagrostis purpurescens series
Carex albonigra series
Carex arapahoensis series (Occurs as scree in CO)
Carex elynoides series
Carex interior-Hypericum anagalloides series
Carex perglobosa series (Chasmophytic; rooting in fissures of rocks)
Carex pyrenaica series
Carex rupestris series
Carex saxatilis series
Carex scirpoidea var. pseudoscirpoidea series
Carex vernacula series
Carex ssp. series
Claytonia megarhiza series (Chasmophytic; rooting in fissures of rocks)
Danthonia intermedia series
Deschampsia caespitosa series
Dryas integrifolia series
Dryas octopetala series
Festuca brachyphylla series
Festuca idahoensis series
Geum rossii series
Ivesia gordonii series
Juncus drummondii series
Kobresia myosuroides series
Leucopoa kingii series
Lewisia pygmaea series
Ligusticum porteri series
Ligusticum tenuifolium series
Luetkea pectinata-Saxifraga tolmieii series
Minuartia obtusiloba series
Phippsia algida series
Phleum alpinum series
Phlox multiflora series
Phlox pulvinata series
Poa arctica series
Poa fendleriana series
Poa glauca series
Poa lettermanii series
Polemonium viscosum series
Polygonum bistortoides series
Potentilla ovina series
Potentilla sierrae-blancae series
Saxifraga chrysantha series (Chasmophytic; rooting in fissures of rocks)
Saxifraga oppositifolia series
Saxifraga rivularis series (Chasmophytic; rooting in fissures of rocks)
Sedum rhodanthum series
Senecio taraxacoides series (Occurs as scree comm. in CO)
Sibbaldia procumbens series
Silene acaulis series
Trifolium dasyphyllum series (Occurs as scree communities in CO & NM)
Trifolium parryi series (Occurs as scree communities in CO)
V.D. Forb-dominated vegetation (herbaceous communities with
forb cover exceeding 50 percent).
V.D.1. Tall forbs (forbs over 1 m tall).
V.D.1.a. Mainly perennial flowering forbs, and ferns.
Agastache urticifolia series
Aquilegia caerulea (Occurs as scree communities in CO)
Aquilegia micrantha series
Arnica longifolia series
Artemisia ludoniciana series
Gilia aggrigata series
Heracleum lanatum series
Ligusticum filicinum series
Lupinus argenteus series
Mertensia ciliata series
Veratrum californicum series
Veratrum viride series
Wyethia amplexicaulis series
V.D.2. Low forbs (forbs 1 m or less tall).
V.D.2.a. Mainly perennial flowering forbs, and ferns.
Aletes anisatus series (Scree communities)
Arenaria hookeri series (Chasmophytic; rooting in fissures of rocks)
Armeria maritima-Plantago maritima series
Aster subspicatus-Potentilla pacificia series
Caltha leptosepala series
Cardamine cordifolia series
Cirsium scopulorum series (Occurs as scree communities in CO)
Darlingtonia californica series
Equisetum fluviatile series (Reed swamp)
Eriogonum deserticola series (Forb dune communities)
Heuchera bracteata series (Chasmophytic; rooting in fissures of rocks)
Iva axillaris series
Lomatium martindalei series (Chasmophytic; rooting in fissures of rocks)
Ludwigia palustris-Polygonum hydropiperoides series (Reed swamp)
Lupinus littoralis series (Forb dune communities)
Mimulus primuloides series
Oenanthe sarmentosa series (Reed swamp)
Potentilla brevifolia series
Potentilla diversifolia series
Primula parryi series
Ranunculus aquatilis series
Saxifraga odontoloma series
Senecio triangularis series
Sparganium angustifolium series
Suaeda fructicosa series
Suaeda sp. series
Tanacetum nuttallii series
Triglochin maritimum series
V.D.2.b. Mainly annual forbs.
Salicornia rubra series
V.E. Hydromorphic freshwater vegetation.
V.E.1. Rooted vegetation (structurally supported by water but
rooted in substrate).
V.E.1.b. Middle and higher latitude forb formations with
seasonal contrasts.
Brasenia schreberi series
Chiloscyphus polyanthos series
Elodea canadensis series
Fontinalis antipyretica series
Menyanthes trifolia series
Myriophyllum exalbescens series
Nuphar luteum series
Polygonum amphibium series
Potamogeton sp. series
Rorippa curvipes var. alpina series
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum series
Ruppia maritima series
Saggitaria latifolia series
Typha latifolia series
Zostera marina series
V.E.2. Free-floating vegetation (full support by water and
not rooted in substrate).
V.E.2.b. Free-floating formations of the middle and higher
latitudes.
Ceratophyllum demersum series
Lemna minor series
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THE FOLLOWING SERIES APPEAR UNDER DISTURBED CONDITIONS
Poa pratensis series
THE FOLLOWING DO NOT FIT INTO DRISCOLL'S CLASSIFICATION
Great Basin unstabilized dunes (Bare sand dunes with isolated plants)
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